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{{Short description|Book by T. E. Lawrence}}
{{About|the T.E. Lawrence autobiography|the song by Sabaton|The Great War (Sabaton album)}}
{{Redirect|Pillars of Wisdom|the three novels by Alexander McCall Smith|The 2½ Pillars of Wisdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| name        = Seven Pillars of Wisdom
| image       = seven pillars tooling.jpeg
| caption     = <small>Tooling on the cover of the first public printing, showing twin [[scimitar]]s and the legend: "the sword also means clean-ness + death"</small>
| author      = [[T. E. Lawrence]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist=
| country     = United Kingdom
| language    = English
| publisher   = private edition
| pub_date    = [[1926 in literature|1926]] (completed 1922)
| media_type  =
| pages       =
| isbn        = 0-9546418-0-9
| oclc        = 54675462
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Seven Pillars of Wisdom''''' is the [[autobiography|autobiographical]] account of the experiences of [[British Army]] Colonel [[T. E. Lawrence]] ("Lawrence of Arabia") while serving as a [[military advisor]] to [[Bedouin]] forces during the [[Arab Revolt]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] of 1916 to 1918.

It was completed in February 1922, but first published in December 1926<ref name="Lawrence2008">{{citation|last=Lawrence|first=T. E.|title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFJGiLqdCpkC&pg=PA16|year=2008|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-09-951178-6|pages=16–}}</ref> originally published for the US market in 1927 as '''''Revolt in the Desert''''' and is the only version that was commercially released while he was alive. ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' (1935) is a longer form of the book at almost double the page count and released to the international market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Steven |date=March 7, 2022 |title=T. E. Lawrence — Revolt in the Desert |url=https://stevenewmanwriter.medium.com/t-e-lawrence-revolt-in-the-desert-4b389792a83a |website=Medium.com |access-date=5 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105160045/https://stevenewmanwriter.medium.com/t-e-lawrence-revolt-in-the-desert-4b389792a83a |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Revolt in the Desert.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''Revolt in the Desert'' was the only version of ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' published for the general public in Lawrence’s lifetime.]]

==Title==
The title comes from the [[Book of Proverbs]]:<ref>Letter from T. E. Lawrence to [[Robert Vere Buxton|R. V. Buxton]], 22 September 1923</ref> "Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out her seven pillars" ({{bibleverse|Proverbs| 9:1|KJV}}) ([[King James Version]]). Before the [[First World War]], Lawrence had begun work on a scholarly book about seven great cities of the [[Middle East]],{{efn|The seven cities were [[Cairo]], [[Smyrna]], [[Constantinople]], [[Beirut|Beyrout]], [[Aleppo]], [[Damascus]], and [[Medina]].<ref name=Graves-1927>{{cite book |last=Graves |first=R. |author-link=Robert Graves |year=1927 |title=Lawrence and the Arabs | publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]] |location=London, UK |isbn= 978-0-7861-0781-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40148}}</ref>}} to be called ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom''. It was incomplete when war broke out and Lawrence stated that he destroyed the manuscript. He used his original title for the later work.

The book had to be rewritten three times, once following the loss of the manuscript on a train at [[Reading railway station]]. From ''Seven Pillars'', "...&nbsp;and then lost all but the Introduction and drafts of Books&nbsp;9 and 10 at Reading Station, while changing trains. This was about Christmas, 1919." (p.&nbsp;21)

[[File:Seven Pillars 2008 e5.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|"The Seven Pillars" rock formation in <br>[[Wadi Rum]], [[Jordan]]]]

''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' is an autobiographical account of his experiences during the [[Arab Revolt]] of 1916–1918, when Lawrence was based in [[Wadi Rum]] in [[Jordan]] as a member of the British Forces. With the support of [[Faisal I of Iraq|Emir Faisal]] and his tribesmen, he helped organise and carry out attacks on the Ottoman forces from [[Aqaba]] in the south to [[Damascus]] in the north. Many sites inside the Wadi Rum area have been named after Lawrence to attract tourists, although there is little or no evidence connecting him to any of these places, including the rock formations near the entrance now known as "The Seven Pillars".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Seven Pillars? |series=Jordan, Aqaba, southern desert, Wadi Rum |website=roughguides.com |url=https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/middle-east/jordan/aqaba-southern-desert/wadi-rum/seven-pillars/ |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730223647/https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/middle-east/jordan/aqaba-southern-desert/wadi-rum/seven-pillars/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Manuscripts and editions==
{{Quotation|
Some Englishmen, of whom [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Kitchener]] was chief, believed that a rebellion of Arabs against Turks would enable England, while fighting Germany, simultaneously to defeat Turkey.<br />
Their knowledge of the nature and power and country of the Arabic-speaking peoples made them think that the issue of such a rebellion would be happy: and indicated its character and method.<br />
So they allowed it to begin&nbsp;...|''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'', Introduction}}

Lawrence kept extensive notes throughout the course of his involvement in the Revolt. He began work on a clean narrative in the first half of 1919 while in Paris for the [[Paris Peace Conference of 1919|Peace Conference]] and, later that summer, while back in [[Egypt]]. By December 1919, he had a fair draft of most of the ten books that make up the ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' but lost it (except for the introduction and final two books) when he misplaced his briefcase while changing trains at [[Reading railway station]].{{efn|[[Robert Graves|Graves]] refers to this incident not as a misplacement but as a theft: "[Lawrence] has never imagined a political motive for the theft, but his friends have. They even whisper darkly that one day the lost text may reappear in certain official archives."<ref name=Graves-1927/>
}}{{efn|
[[Jeremy Wilson]], author of ''[[Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence]]'', also describes it as having been stolen.<ref name=Wilson-7pillars-1/>
}}
National newspapers alerted the public to the loss of the "hero's manuscript", but the draft was not recovered. Lawrence refers to this version as "Text&nbsp;I" and says that had it been published, it would have been some 250,000&nbsp;words in length.

In early 1920, Lawrence set about the daunting task of rewriting as much as he could remember of the first version. Working from memory alone (he had destroyed many of his wartime notes upon completion of the corresponding parts of Text&nbsp;I), he was able to complete this "Text&nbsp;II", 400,000&nbsp;words long, in three months. Lawrence described this version as "hopelessly bad" in literary terms, but historically it was "substantially complete and accurate". This manuscript, titled by Lawrence ''The Arab Revolt'', is held by the [[Harry Ransom Center]] of the University of Texas with a letter from Lawrence's brother authenticating it as the earliest surviving manuscript of what would become ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom''.<ref>{{cite web |title=T.E. Lawrence: An inventory of his collection at the Harry Ransom Center |publisher=norman.hrc.utexas.edu |url=http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00073 |access-date=2017-02-09 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080042/http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00073 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With Text&nbsp;II in front of him, Lawrence began working on a polished version ("Text&nbsp;III") in London, [[Jeddah]], and [[Amman]] during 1921. Lawrence completed this text comprising 335,566&nbsp;words in February&nbsp;1922.

To eliminate any risk of losing the manuscript again, and to have copies that he could show privately to critics, he considered having the book typed out. However, he discovered that it would be cheaper to get the text typeset and printed on a proofing press at the ''[[Oxford Times]]'' printing works. Just eight copies were produced, of which six survive. In bibliographical terms the result was the first "edition" of ''Seven Pillars'' (because the text was reproduced on a printing press).{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} In legal terms, however, these substitutes for a typescript were not "published". Lawrence retained ownership of all the copies and chose who was allowed to read them. The proof-printing became known as the "Oxford Text" of ''Seven Pillars''. As a text it is unsatisfactory because Lawrence could not afford to have the proof corrected. It therefore contains innumerable transcription errors, and in places lines and even whole paragraphs are missing. He made corrections by hand in five of the copies and had them bound.<ref name=Wilson-7pillars-1>{{cite web |author-link=Jeremy Wilson |author=Wilson, J. |series=T.E. Lawrence Studies |title=''Seven Pillars of Wisdom''—triumph and tragedy |publisher=telstudies.org |url=http://www.telstudies.org/discussion/writings_and_criticism/wilson_7_pillars_1.shtml |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205172306/http://www.telstudies.org/discussion/writings_and_criticism/wilson_7_pillars_1.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2001, the last time one of these rough printings came on to the market, it fetched almost $1&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1|2001|r=2}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) at auction.<ref>{{cite web |title=LAWRENCE, Thomas Edward (1888-1935). Seven Pillars of Wisdom. A triumph, 1919-1920. Oxford: Privately Printed for the author at The Oxford Times, 1922. |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-2053014 |website=Christie's |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321015730/https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-2053014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Instead of burning the manuscript, Lawrence presented it to the [[Bodleian Library]] in Oxford.

By mid-1922, Lawrence was in a state of severe mental turmoil: the psychological after-effects of war were taking their toll, as were his exhaustion from the literary endeavours of the past three years, his disillusionment with the settlement given to his Arab comrades-in-arms, and the burdens of being in the public eye as a perceived "national hero". It was at this time that he re-enlisted in the armed forces under an assumed name, for the most part in the [[Royal Air Force]], as described in his book [[The Mint (book)|''The Mint'']] with the byline "by 352087 [[Aircraftman|A/c]] Ross", with a period in the [[Royal Tank Corps]] as "Private Shaw". Concerned over his mental state and eager for his story to be read by a wider public, his friends persuaded him to produce an abridged version of ''Seven Pillars'', to serve as both intellectual stimulation and a source of much-needed income. In his off-duty evenings, he set to trimming the 1922 text down to 250,597&nbsp;words for a [[subscriber]]s' edition.

In a chapter of the 1922 Oxford text not included in the subscriber's edition, Lawrence expresses in a heartfelt tone his feeling of shame at how the revolt was betrayed by the colonial powers (France and United Kingdom) with the secret [[Sykes-Picot agreement]] for the partition of the Middle East. An extremely rare copy of the original manuscript, which includes the excluded chapter, was auctioned in England in 2022 at the starting price of £65,000.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Revealed: T. E. Lawrence felt 'bitter shame' over UK's false promises of Arab self-rule |last=Barnett |first=David |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/30/revealed-te-lawrence-felt-bitter-shame-over-uks-false-promises-of-arab-self-rule |journal=The Guardian |date=30 October 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 }}</ref> With Lawrence's words: "[That was] an Arab war waged and led by Arabs for an Arab aim in Arabia … a new nation, to restore a lost influence [and build] an inspired dream palace of their national thoughts".

The Subscribers' Edition—in a limited print run of about 200&nbsp;copies, each with a unique, sumptuous, hand-crafted binding—was published in late 1926, with the subtitle ''A Triumph''. It was printed in London by Roy Manning Pike and [[Herbert John Hodgson]], with illustrations by [[Eric Kennington]], [[Augustus John]], [[Paul Nash (artist)|Paul Nash]], [[Blair Hughes-Stanton]] and his wife [[Gertrude Hermes]]. Copies occasionally become available in the antiquarian trade and can easily command prices of up to US$100,000.  Unfortunately for Lawrence, the edition cost £13,000 to produce compared with £6,300 raised by sale of 200 thirty [[Guinea (British coin)|guinea]] subscriptions.{{efn|"He was so keen to do things well that he actually spent £13,000 on the edition—the reproduction of the pictures alone cost him more than the subscriptions—leaving him £10,000 out of pocket."<ref name=Graves-1927/>}}

The Subscribers' Edition was a little over 25% (84,669 words) shorter than the Oxford Text, but Lawrence did not abridge uniformly. The deletions from the early books are much less drastic than those of the later ones: for example, Book&nbsp;I lost 17% of its words and Book&nbsp;IV lost 21%, compared to 50% and 32% for Books&nbsp;VIII and IX. Critics differed in their opinions of the two editions: [[Robert Graves]], [[E. M. Forster]], and [[George Bernard Shaw]] preferred the 1922 text, although, from a legal standpoint, they appreciated the removal of certain passages that could have been considered libellous (or at least indiscreet), while [[Edward Garnett]] preferred the 1926 version.

Literary merits aside, however, producing the Subscribers' Edition had left Lawrence facing bankruptcy. He was forced to undertake an even more stringent pruning to produce a version for sale to the general public: this was the 1927 ''Revolt in the Desert,'' a work of some 130,000&nbsp;words: "An abridgement of an abridgement", remarked Shaw, not without disdain.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}  Nevertheless, it received wide acclaim by the public and critics alike, the vast majority of whom had never seen or read the less-abridged Subscribers' Edition.

After the 1926 release of the Subscribers' Edition, Lawrence stated that no further issue of ''Seven Pillars'' would be made during his lifetime. Lawrence was killed in a motorcycle accident in May&nbsp;1935, at age&nbsp;46; within weeks of his death, the 1926 abridgement, as well as the first unabridged US edition by Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., were released to the general public.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[T. E. Lawrence|Lawrence, T. E.]] |isbn=978-0-385-07015-7 |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom |year=1935 |publication-date=1935 |publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. |place=Garden City, New York|edition=first unabridged US}}</ref> The Doubleday edition was first released in a limited run of 750 copies, with a standard run released afterward. An unabridged edition was not published again until 1997, when the unabridged Oxford Text of 1922 appeared as a "best text" edited by [[Jeremy Wilson]] from the manuscript in the Bodleian Library, alongside Lawrence's amended copy of the 1922 proof printing. Wilson made some further minor amendments in a new edition published in 2003.

== Synopsis ==
The narrative begins with Lawrence's assignment to the [[Arab Bureau]] in Cairo, where he is tasked with intelligence gathering, mapmaking, and analyzing Ottoman military positions in the Middle East. Through his work, he recognizes the strategic value of an Arab uprising, which could divert Ottoman resources and support the Allied war effort. Lawrence is subsequently sent to the Hejaz to assess the Arab rebellion, led by [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Sherif Hussein of Mecca]] and his sons, against Ottoman rule.

In the Hejaz, Lawrence forms a close working relationship with [[Faisal I of Iraq|Emir Faisal]], the third son of Sherif Hussein, and becomes his primary British liaison. Lawrence adopts Arab customs and attire, integrating into the local culture and gaining a deep understanding of tribal dynamics. He observes the limitations of the traditional Arab fighting methods, which are primarily based on tribal skirmishes, and proposes a new strategy of irregular warfare. This approach emphasizes swift, mobile operations, psychological impact, and disruption of key Ottoman infrastructure, particularly the [[Hejaz railway|Hejaz Railway]], which serves as the logistical lifeline for the Ottoman garrison in Medina.

A pivotal moment in the book is the [[Battle of Aqaba|capture of Aqaba]] in July 1917. Lawrence leads a group of Arab irregulars on a challenging desert journey to outflank the Ottoman defenses along the Red Sea coast. The campaign culminates in a surprise landward assault, which overwhelms the Ottoman garrison and results in the strategic capture of Aqaba. This victory secures a vital supply route for British naval forces and significantly boosts the morale and operational capabilities of the Arab Revolt.

Following the capture of Aqaba, Lawrence continues to lead raids against the Hejaz Railway, focusing on the destruction of bridges, culverts, and rail tracks. These operations, carried out under harsh desert conditions, severely disrupt Ottoman supply lines and force them to divert resources to repairs and protection. The sabotage efforts contribute to the isolation of Ottoman forces in Medina and weaken their overall position in the region.

As the revolt progresses into 1918, Lawrence coordinates with General Allenby's [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force|British Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] in Palestine, planning synchronized offensives to pressure retreating Ottoman forces. The narrative culminates with the Arab army's advance into Syria, culminating in the capture of Damascus in October 1918. This victory marks the end of Ottoman control over the city and is a symbolic triumph for the Arab cause.

In the aftermath of the capture of Damascus, Lawrence describes the efforts to establish an Arab administration in the city. He details the logistical difficulties of maintaining order and forming a provisional government from the various Arab factions. However, Lawrence soon witnesses the implications of secret agreements such as the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which had secretly divided the Middle East into British and French spheres of influence. These agreements prevent the realization of a unified Arab state and instead lead to the establishment of [[League of Nations mandate|mandates over the territories liberated by the revolt]]. Lawrence's account provides a critical reflection on the political realities that followed the Arab Revolt and the eventual disillusionment of many who had hoped for greater Arab autonomy.

==Critical comments==

The diplomat and academic [[Charles Hill (diplomat)|Charles Hill]] has called ''Seven Pillars'' "a novel traveling under the cover of autobiography", capturing Lawrence's highly personal version of the historical events described in the book.<ref name=CHill>{{cite book |author-link=Charles Hill (diplomat) |first=C. |last=Hill |year=2010 |title=Grand Strategies: Literature, statecreft, and world order |publisher=Yale University Press |place=New Haven, CT |page=8}}</ref>

An advertisement for the 1935 edition quotes [[Winston Churchill]] as saying, "It ranks with the greatest books ever written in the English language. As a narrative of war and adventure it is unsurpassable."<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom [advertisement] |date=4 October 1935 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |place=London, UK |page=6}} <!-- original citation adds trivial remark "crossword 1,761 appears on page 5" as its only clue for issue date --></ref>

As a specialist in the Middle East, [[Fred Halliday]] praised ''Seven Pillars'' as a "fine work of prose" but described its relevance to the study of Arab history and society as "almost worthless".<ref>Halliday, ''100 Myths About the Middle East'', 2005, p. 147, {{ISBN|0-86356-529-8}}.</ref>

[[Stanford University|Stanford]] historian [[Priya Satia]] observes that ''Seven Pillars'' presents the Middle East with a broadly positive, yet '[[Orientalism|Orientalist]]' perspective. Lawrence's romanticised and vivid depictions transformed him into a sought-after symbol of Britain's leadership and goodwill in the Middle East. This occurred during a time when Britain's global influence was waning, and the nation was grappling with the aftermath of the First World War. Therefore, his "...books evoked a vision of redemption from the troubled spirit of the age" and offered a "reassurance of continuity" with Britain's triumphant history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satia |first=Priya |title=Spies in Arabia: The Great War and the Cultural Foundations of Britain's Covert Empire in the Middle East |date=Apr 2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |pages=190–203}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The book was partially the basis of the film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' (1962), which won seven [[Academy Awards]] including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] in [[35th Academy Awards|1963]].

"Seven Pillars of Wisdom" is a song by power metal group [[Sabaton (band)|Sabaton]] about Lawrence, released in July 2019 on the album [[The Great War (Sabaton album)|''The Great War'']].

In [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]]'s novel ''The Murder Bag'' (2014), the ''Seven Pillars'' is referenced as part of the curriculum at Potters Field school, and has a formative influence on a group of former pupils.

==Editions==
===Unabridged===
# ''The Arab Revolt'' (1920) - earliest surviving but still unpublished unabridged manuscript of Text II containing approximately 400,000 words which later became the ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' authenticated by [[A. W. Lawrence]] with a letter and held currently by the [[Harry Ransom Center]] of the [[University of Texas]]<ref>{{cite web |title=T.E. Lawrence: An inventory of his collection at the Harry Ransom Center |publisher=norman.hrc.utexas.edu |url=http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00073 |access-date=2017-02-09 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080042/http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00073 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' (1922) - unabridged manuscript of Text III in [[Oxford University]] collection. Edited by Jeremy Wilson (1997) isbn=0-9546418-0-9
# ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' (1940) - published by [[Jonathan Cape]] Limited - first uncensored publication of the Subscribers' Edition that restores the suppressed introduction that was omitted from the previous book publications

===Abridged===
# {{cite book |author=[[T. E. Lawrence|Lawrence, T. E.]] |isbn=0-385-41895-7 |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom |year=1926 |publisher=Subscribers’ editions |type=first publication}}
# {{cite book |author=[[T. E. Lawrence|Lawrence, T. E.]] |isbn=1-56619-275-7 |title=Revolt in the Desert |year=1927 |edition=abridged}}
# ''War in the Desert'' (2016) - the abandoned abridgement of the 1922 Oxford Text that has never been published before, co-authored with Edward Garnett (Edited by Jeremy and Nicole Wilson).

====Mass Market Editions of the Subscribers' Edition====
# {{cite book |author=[[T. E. Lawrence|Lawrence, T. E.]] |isbn=0-385-07015-2 |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom |year=1935 |publication-date=29 July 1935 |publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]] |place=London, UK & Toronto, CA |edition=posthumous}}<ref>Publ. date inferred from {{Cite news |last=Firth |first=J. B. |date=29 July 1935 |title=How Lawrence of Arabia Saw Himself |type=Book review |newspaper=[[The Observer]] |place=London, UK |quote=published this day}}.</ref>
# {{cite book |author=[[T. E. Lawrence|Lawrence, T. E.]] |isbn=978-0-385-07015-7 |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom |year=1935 |publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. |place=Garden City, New York, USA |edition=unabridged}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist|22em}}

== General and cited sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Graves |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Graves |title=Lawrence and the Arabs |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40148 |year=1927 | publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]] |location=London |isbn= 978-0-7861-0781-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Wilson |title=[[Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence]] | year=1989 |publisher=[[William Heinemann]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-434-87235-0 }}
* {{cite web|last=Wilson |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Wilson |url=http://telawrence.net/telawrencenet/works/spw/publication_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502035332/http://telawrence.net/telawrencenet/works/spw/publication_history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-05-02 |title=T. E. Lawrence, ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'': Publishing History |access-date=2008-07-17 |work=T. E. Lawrence Studies }}
* {{cite web|last=Wilson |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Wilson |url=http://telawrencestudies.org/telawrencestudies/writings_and_criticism/7_pillars_wilson_1.htm |title=''Seven Pillars of Wisdom''—Triumph and Tragedy |access-date=2008-07-17 |work=T. E. Lawrence Studies |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517104807/http://telawrencestudies.org/telawrencestudies/writings_and_criticism/7_pillars_wilson_1.htm |archive-date=2008-05-17 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Seven Pillars of Wisdom}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/t-e-lawrence/seven-pillars-of-wisdom}}
* {{FadedPage|id=20130802|name=Revolt in the Desert}}
* {{gutenberg Australia |id=plusfifty-a-m.html#lawrence2 |name=Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926)}}
* {{librivox book | title=Revolt In the Desert | author=T. E. Lawrence}}

{{T. E. Lawrence}}
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