View source for Severus of Antioch

{{Short description|Patriarch of Antioch from 512 to 538}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = Saint
| name             = Severus of Antioch
| title            = [[List of patriarchs of Antioch|Patriarch of Antioch]]
| image            = Severus of Antioch (Coptic icon).jpg
| image_size       = 220px
| caption          = 
| enthroned        = 16 November 512
| ended            = 5 February 538
| predecessor      = [[Flavian II of Antioch]]
| successor        = [[Sergius of Tella]]
| church           = [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = {{circa|459}} or {{circa|465}}
| birth_place      = [[Sozopolis, Pisidia|Sozopolis]], [[Eastern Roman Empire]]
| death_date       = 5 February 538
| death_place      = [[Sakha, Egypt|Xois]], [[Eastern Roman Empire]]
| buried           = [[Enaton|Zogag Monastery]]
| nationality      = [[Roman Empire|Roman]]
| religion         = [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodoxy]]
| feast_day        = 8 February (Coptic Church),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/6_9.html |title=Amshir 9 - Lives of Saints: Synaxarium - CopticChurch.net}}</ref> 29 September (Syriac Orthodox)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbbYEAAAQBAJ |title=Jacobite Arab Synaxarium - Volume I |isbn=9781088061237 |last1=Curtin |first1=D. P. |date=July 2015 |publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company}}</ref>
| venerated        = [[Oriental Orthodox Church]]
}}
{{Oriental Orthodox sidebar|expanded=figures}}
'''Severus of Antioch''' ({{langx|el|Σεβῆρος}}; {{langx|syr|ܣܘܝܪܝܘܣ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ}}),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://syriaca.org/person/51 |title=Severus of Antioch |author=Jeanne-Nicole Mellon Saint-Laurent |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=Qadishe: A Guide to the Syriac Saints |date=17 August 2016}}</ref> also known as '''Severus of Gaza''',<ref>Evans (2000), p. 106</ref> or the '''Crown of Syrians'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=emorales |date=17 May 2016 |title=The Biography of Patriarch Severus of Antioch (512–538) Written by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Cyriacus of Tikrit (793–817) |url=https://www.atla.com/blog/the-biography-of-patriarch-severus-of-antioch-512-538-written-by-the-syriac-orthodox-patriarch-cyriacus-of-tikrit-793-817/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=atla.com |language=en}}</ref> ({{langx|syr|link=no|ܬܓܐ ܕܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ|Tagha d'Suryoye}}; {{langx|ar|تاج السريان|Taj al-Suriyan}}), was the [[list of patriarchs of Antioch|Patriarch of Antioch]] and head of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] from 512 until his death in 538. He is venerated as a saint in the [[Oriental Orthodox Church]], and his feast day is [[8 February]].

==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Severus was born in the city of [[Sozopolis, Pisidia|Sozopolis]] in [[Pisidia]] in {{circa}} 459,<ref name="Barsoum92">Barsoum (2003), p. 92</ref> or {{circa|465}},<ref>Sources that state Severus' birth in circa 465: Gregory (1991), Menze (2012), Witakowski (2004), p. 115</ref> into an affluent [[Christian]] family, however, later [[Miaphysitism|Miaphysite]] sources would assert that his parents were [[Paganism|pagan]].<ref name="Witakowski">Witakowski (2004), pp. 115–116</ref> His father was a [[Senate|senator]] in the city,<ref name="Chapman">Chapman (1911)</ref> and his paternal grandfather,<ref name="Barsoum92" /> also named Severus,<ref name="NADMOSC">[http://www.neamericandiocese.org/feasts-memorials.69/st-severus-of-antioch.aspx ''St. Severus of Antioch'']. Northeast American Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</ref> was the Bishop of Sozopolis and had attended the [[Council of Ephesus]] in 431.<ref name= Chapman/> According to Severus' hagiography, he was named after his paternal grandfather as he had received a vision in which he was told, "the child who is for your son will strengthen [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Orthodoxy]], and his name will be after your name".<ref name= NADMOSC/>

After his father's death,<ref name= Chapman/> in 485, Severus travelled to [[Alexandria]] in Egypt to study grammar, rhetoric,<ref>Menze (2012)</ref> and philosophy,<ref name="Witakowski" /> in both Greek and Latin.<ref name="Barsoum93">Barsoum (2003), p. 93</ref> At [[Alexandria]], he met [[Zacharias of Mytilene]], a fellow student and friend, who persuaded him to read the works of [[Gregory of Nazianzus]], and [[Basil of Caesarea]], in particular his correspondence with [[Libanius]]. According to Zacharias, whilst students at Alexandria, he and Severus discovered and destroyed a hoard of pagan idols at the neighbouring city of [[Menouthis]].<ref name="Chapman"/>

In the autumn of 486,<ref name="Chapman"/> Severus travelled to [[Berytus]] in [[Phoenicia]] and studied law and philosophy at the [[Law school of Berytus|law school]],<ref name="Barsoum93" /> where he was later joined by Zacharias in 487.<ref name="Chapman"/> At Berytus, Severus and Zacharias led the expulsion of necromancers and enchanters from the city, and Severus began to dedicate his free time to studying the works of the [[Fathers of the Church]]. At this time, he joined a group of students led by a certain Evagrius who prayed together at the Church of the Resurrection every evening. Severus was convinced to be baptised, as he had not yet undergone baptism due to Pisidian custom in which men could not be baptised until they had grown a beard.<ref name="Chapman"/> In 488,<ref name="Witakowski" /> he was baptised at the Church of Saint [[Leontius, Hypatius and Theodulus|Leontius]] at [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripolis]] with Evagrius as his sponsor.<ref name="Chapman"/>

===Monkhood===
Severus subsequently adopted an ascetic life whereby he rejected bathing and adopted fasting. He initially intended to return to Pisidia and practise law, however, after a pilgrimage to the Church of Saint Leontius in Tripolis, the head of [[John the Baptist]] at [[Homs|Emesa]], and [[Jerusalem]], he resolved to join Evagrius and become a monk.<ref name="Chapman"/> Severus entered the monastery of [[Peter the Iberian]] near [[Maiuma (city)|Maiuma]] in [[Palaestina Prima|Palestine]], a prominent centre of [[Non-Chalcedonian Christianity|non-Chalcedonianism]], and remained there for several years.<ref name="Youssef">Youssef (2015), p. 228</ref> He later joined a monastic brotherhood in the desert near [[Bayt Jibrin|Eleutheropolis]] under the [[archimandrite]] Mamas.<ref name="Venables1">Venables (1911a)</ref> Severus practised asceticism in the desert until c. 500,<ref name="Youssef" /> at which time he became ill and was convinced to recover at the Monastery of Saint Romanus in [[Maiuma (city)|Maiuma]],<ref name="Torrance3" >Torrance (1998), p. 3</ref> where he was ordained a priest by Epiphanius, Bishop of [[Magydus]].<ref name="Youssef" /> At Maiuma, Severus received his inheritance from his parents; he shared the property with his brothers, donated most of his share to the poor,<ref name="Torrance3" /> and constructed a monastery.<ref name="Barsoum93" />

On a walk outside the city, Severus came upon a hermit who left his cave to call out, "welcome to you Severus, teacher of Orthodoxy, and Patriarch of Antioch", despite never meeting Severus, the hermit thus prophesied Severus' ascension to the patriarchal throne.<ref name="NADMOSC"/> He remained at his monastery until 507/508, at which time Nephalius, a [[Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian]] monk, arrived at Maiuma and preached against Severus and other non-Chalcedonians.<ref name="Chapman"/> In 508, Nephalius wrote an ''apologia'' of the [[Council of Chalcedon]],<ref name="Torrance4">Torrance (1998), p. 4</ref> to which Severus replied in his two ''Orationes ad Nephalium''.<ref name="Youssef" /> In the same year, Patriarch [[Elias I of Jerusalem]] commissioned Nephalius to expel non-Chalcedonian monks from their monasteries in Palestine, and Severus was sent to [[Constantinople]] to complain to [[list of Byzantine emperors|Emperor]] [[Anastasius I Dicorus|Anastasius I]].<ref>Horn (2006), pp. 108–109</ref>

Severus travelled to [[Constantinople]] alongside 200 non-Chalcedonian monks,<ref name="Barsoum93" /> and gained favour with the emperor soon after his arrival.<ref name="Torrance4" /> Patriarch [[Macedonius II of Constantinople]] attempted to sway Anastasius to support the Council of Chalcedon and presented the emperor with a collection of edited excerpts from the works of [[Cyril of Alexandria]], an important Father of the Church who had died prior to the council.<ref name="Torrance4" /> Severus, however, wrote ''Philalethes'', and refuted Macedonius as the work of Cyril presented to the emperor was shown to be taken out of context.<ref name="Torrance4" /> At Constantinople, Severus became friends with [[Julian of Halicarnassus|Julian]], Bishop of [[Halicarnassus]].<ref name="Zissis" /> Under Severus' influence, in 510, Anastasius allowed non-Chalcedonians to retake their monasteries, and, in 510/511, the emperor issued a ''typos'' (edict) that adopted the non-Chalcedonian interpretation of the ''[[Henotikon]]'' as law.<ref name="Horn">Horn (2006), p. 110</ref> After Macedonius' deposition and his succession by [[Timothy I of Constantinople]], a non-Chalcedonian, in August 511, Severus returned to his monastery in Palestine.<ref name="Chapman"/>

===Patriarch of Antioch===
In 512, [[Flavian II of Antioch|Flavian II]], Patriarch of Antioch, was deposed by Anastasius,<ref name="Horn" /> and a synod was held at [[Laodicea in Syria]] to elect a successor.<ref name="Witakowski" /> Severus was elected on 6 November and consecrated at the [[Domus Aurea (Antioch)|Great Church of Antioch]] on 16 November.<ref name="Allen" /> The consecration ceremony was attended by the bishops Dionysius of Tarsus, Nicias of Laodicea, [[Philoxenus of Mabbug]], Peter of Beroea, Simeon of Chalcis, Marion of Sura, Eusebius of Gabbula, Silvanus of Urima, [[Sergius of Cyrrhus]], John of Europus, Philoxenus of Doliche, and Iulianus of Salamias.<ref>Honigmann (1947), p. 157</ref> During the consecration ceremony, he affirmed the councils of [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicaea]], [[First Council of Constantinople|Constantinople]], and [[Council of Ephesus|Ephesus]], and the ''Henotikon''.<ref name="Torrance5">Torrance (1998), p. 5</ref> Despite orders from Anastasius to not act or speak against the Council of Chalcedon,<ref>Horn (2006), p. 21</ref> Severus condemned the council, as well as Pope [[Leo's Tome]], [[Nestorius]], [[Eutyches]], [[Diodorus of Tarsus]], [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Ibas of Edessa]], Barsauma, and Cyrus and John of Aigai.<ref name="Torrance5"/> However, Severus could not be heard due to shouting and commotion, and he signed a declaration of faith at the ceremony's conclusion.<ref name="Allen">Allen & Hayward (2004), p. 12</ref>

Upon his consecration, Severus had the baths at the patriarchal palace destroyed and the cooks sent away, in keeping with his abstinence from luxurious bathing and eating.<ref name="Torrance5"/> He was accepted as Patriarch of Antioch by Patriarch [[Timothy I of Constantinople]] and [[Pope John II (III) of Alexandria]], but Patriarch [[Elias I of Jerusalem]] and other bishops refused to acknowledge him.<ref name="Chapman"/> Couriers taking synodical letters from Severus to Jerusalem were expelled from the city by [[Sabbas the Sanctified]] and a crowd congregated at the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] and chanted, "anathema to Severus and his fellow communicants".<ref name="Evans">Evans (2000), p. 107</ref> Within Syria, Severus was popular amongst the population of the province of [[Syria Prima]], which had largely adopted non-Chalcedonianism, whereas the province of Syria Secunda, which was home to a large Greek population who favoured Chalcedonianism, was hostile towards Severus.<ref name="Evans"/>

A synod was held at [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] in Phoenicia in {{circa|514}}, at which the Council of Chalcedon and Leo's Tome was denounced, and Severus declared that the ''Henotikon'' had annulled the acts of the Council of Chalcedon.<ref name="Torrance5"/> Severus began to exchange letters with Sergius the Grammarian at this time as Sergius had written to Antoninus, Bishop of [[Aleppo]], who had asked Severus to respond.<ref name="Youssef229" /> Sergius argued that the Synod of Tyre had made serious concessions to Chalcedonians,<ref name="Youssef229" /> to which Severus responded with a treatise against Sergius.<ref name="Barsoum93" /> As patriarch, Severus and [[Peter of Apamea]], Archbishop of [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]], were alleged to have hired Jewish mercenaries to kill 250 Chalcedonian pilgrims and leave their bodies unburied by the roadside.<ref name="Knezevich"/> Chalcedonians also claimed that the monasteries that the pilgrims had fled to were set alight and the monks that had protected them were also killed.<ref name="Knezevich"/> Between 514 and 518,<ref>Kazhdan (1991)</ref> [[John of Caesarea (theologian)|John of Caesarea]] wrote an ''apologia'' of the Council of Chalcedon in response to Severus' ''Philalethes''.<ref name="Youssef229">Youssef (2015), p. 229</ref> Severus wrote a treatise in defence of ''Philalethes'', and began work on a reply to John of Caesarea.<ref name="Barsoum93" />

===Exile and death===
Following Anastasius' death and his succession by Emperor [[Justin I]] in July 518, the bishops of Syria Secunda travelled to Constantinople and clamoured for Severus' deposition.<ref>Venables (1911b)</ref> Justin I demanded Severus affirmed the Council of Chalcedon, to which he refused,<ref name="NADMOSC"/> and the emperor subsequently ordered Irenaeus, [[Diocese of the East|Count of the East]], to arrest Severus and cut out his tongue.<ref name="Knezevich">Knezevich (1991)</ref> [[Theodora (6th century)|Theodora]], wife of [[Justinian]], Justin I's nephew and heir, discovered Justin I's orders and warned Severus.<ref name="NADMOSC"/> On 25 September 518,<ref name="Barsoum93" /> Severus fled [[Antioch]] by boat to Alexandria, where he was well received by [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church|Pope]] [[Timothy II of Alexandria|Timothy III of Alexandria]] and the city's inhabitants.<ref name="Knezevich"/> Severus' arrival in Egypt is celebrated by the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] on 12 October.<ref>[http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/2_2.html#1 ''The Coming of Saint Severus, Patriarch of Antioch, to Egypt'']. Coptic Orthodox Church Network</ref> Despite his deposition, Severus did not cease to be seen as the legitimate Patriarch of Antioch by non-Chalcedonians.<ref>Arthur (2008), p. 102</ref>

During his exile in Egypt, Severus resided at the [[Enaton|monastery of the Ennaton]] with Pope Timothy,<ref name="Zissis">Zissis (1987)</ref> and is known to have performed a number of miracles.<ref name="NADMOSC"/> He completed his three volume book,<ref name="Barsoum93" /> ''liber contra impium grammaticum'', against John of Caesarea in {{circa|519}}.<ref name="Torrance5"/> In his exile, Julian of Halicarnassus also took up residence at the monastery of the Ennaton and exchanged letters with Severus on the topic of the body of [[Jesus|Christ]].<ref name="Chapman"/> Whereas Julian had adopted aphthartodocetism, which argued that the body of Christ was incorruptible, Severus argued that the body of Christ was corruptible until the resurrection.<ref name="Chapman"/> He wrote five treatises against Julian,<ref name="Zissis"/> who responded in ''peri aphtharsias'' and an ''apologia''.<ref>Constantelos (1987)</ref> The non-Chalcedonian community was quickly divided between "Severians", followers of Severus, and [[aphthartodocetae]],<ref name="Chapman"/> and divisions remained unresolved until 527.<ref name="Youssef229" /> The Severians were also known as the ''Pthartolatrae''.<ref>Bates (1852), p. 137</ref>

Emperor Justinian, who succeeded his uncle Justin I in 527, held a three-day synod at the [[Boukoleon Palace|Palace of Hormisdas]] in the spring of 532 at Constantinople to restore unity to the church through dialogue between five Chalcedonians and five or more non-Chalcedonians.<ref name="Evans111">Evans (2000), p. 111</ref> The emperor invited Severus and promised immunity,<ref name="Torrance5"/> however, he chose not to attend on the grounds of age and as he was accused of corruption and bribery, which he vehemently denied.<ref>Arthur (2008), p. 108</ref> In {{circa|534}}, the non-Chalcedonian community faced further division with the separation of the [[Agnoetae|Themistians]] from the Severians. Their leader, [[Themistius]], a deacon at Alexandria, saw himself as defending the Severan view, nevertheless, a new sect was founded after him{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2009}}{{sfn|Stokes|1887}} advocating a more extreme belief of Christ's corruptibility.<ref>Frend (1991)</ref> At the invitation of Justinian, in the winter of 534/535,<ref>Torrance (1998), pp. 5–6</ref> Severus travelled to Constantinople alongside Peter of Apamea and the monk [[Zooras]].<ref name="Roche">Roche (2003)</ref> At this time, [[Anthimus I of Constantinople]], Archbishop of [[Trabzon|Trebizond]], was consecrated Patriarch of Constantinople and refused to affirm the Council of Chalcedon.<ref name="Torrance6">Torrance (1998), p. 6</ref> Severus successfully convinced Anthimus I to adopt a position in line with himself and [[Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria]].<ref name="Evans111"/>

Severus' fortunes were quickly overturned as [[Pope Agapetus I]] of Rome arrived at Constantinople in March 536.<ref name="Evans111"/> Agapetus swayed Justinian to adopt a firm Chalcedonian position and Anthimus I was replaced by [[Menas of Constantinople]].<ref name="Torrance6" /> Menas held [[Council of Constantinople (536)|a synod from 2 May to 4 June]],<ref name="Roche" /> at the conclusion of which Severus, Anthimus, Peter of Apamea, and Zooras were excommunicated.<ref>Bacchus (1913)</ref> On 6 August 536, Justinian issued an edict that charged Severus, Anthimus, Peter, and Zooras with [[Nestorianism]] and [[Eutychianism]], banned Severus' books,<ref name="Torrance6" /> and banished them from the capital and all major cities.<ref name="Roche" /> Severus fled Constantinople with the aid of Empress Theodora and returned to Egypt.<ref name="Torrance6" /> He resided at the residence of Dorotheus in the city of [[Xois|Sakha]] until his death on 5 February 538.<ref>Evans (2000), p. 184</ref><ref name="Relocation">[http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/4_10.html ''The Relocation of the Body of St. Severus, Patriarch of Antioch''], Coptic Orthodox Church Network</ref> Dorotheus had Severus' body moved to the [[Enaton|Zogag Monastery]], and the relocation of his body is celebrated on 19 December.<ref name="Relocation" />

==Manichaeism==
Severus of Antioch's 123rd homily is famously anti-[[Manichaean]]. It has been lost in its original Greek version but a Syriac translation has been preserved. Parts of Severus' 123rd homily was translated and presented, together with the original Syriac text, by Kugener and Cumont.<ref>Kugener & Cumont, 1912</ref><ref>Baker-Brian 2011, 82</ref> In this work he mentions an unnamed book by [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]], which is possibly ''[[The Pragmateia]]'', a Manichaean work now lost (this is however not certain; see doubts expressed in Baker-Brian 2011, 82-83). Although he opposed the Manichaeans, as he writes "From where did the Manichaeans, who are more wicked than any other, get the idea of introducing two principles, both uncreated and without beginning, that is good and evil, light and darkness, which they also call matter?",<ref>Gardner & Lieu 2004: 161</ref> his direct citations and explanations of Manichaean beliefs are considered a valuable source by Western scholarship, as the works he cites from are otherwise lost, and his citations of Manichaean texts are among the longest we possess.<ref>Kugener & Cumont 1912, 83f.</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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* {{Cite book |last1=Horn |first1=Cornelia B. |title=Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine - The Career of Peter the Iberian |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GQTDAAAQBAJ&q=Darling,+R.+(1982)+The+Patriarchate+of+Severus+of+Antioch&pg=PA20 |isbn=978-0-19-927753-7}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Kazhdan |first=Alexander |date=1991 |title=John of Caesarea |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2628?rskey=GrH4gj&result=3 |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Knezevich |first=Linda |date=1991 |entry=Severus of Antioch |entry-url=http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/cce/id/1739/rec/2 |encyclopedia=[[Coptic Encyclopedia]] |volume=7}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kugener |first1=M.-A. |last2=Cumont |first2=Franz |date=1912 |title=Recherches sur le Manichéisme - II Extrait de la CXXIIIe Homélie de Sévère d'Antioche |publisher=Lamertin |lang=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Menze |first=Volker |date=2012 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient History |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah12190 |isbn=978-1-4443-3838-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Meyendorff |first=John |date=1989 |title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions - The Church 450-680 A.D. |publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-0-88141-055-6}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Roche |first=P. |date=2003 |entry=Peter of Apamea |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/peter-apamea |encyclopedia=New Catholic Encyclopedia |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]]}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Stokes |first=G. T. |title=Themistius (1) |encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Christian Biography |volume=4 |page=898 |publisher=John Murray |date=1887 |editor-first1=William |editor-last1=Smith |editor-first2=Henry |editor-last2=Wace}}
* {{Cite book |last=Torrance |first=Iain |title=Christology After Chalcedon - Severus of Antioch and Sergius the Monophysite |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2hKAwAAQBAJ&q=Christology+After+Chalcedon:+Severus+of+Antioch+and+Sergius+the+Monophysite |isbn=978-1-57910-110-7}}
* {{Cite DCBL |author-link=Edmund Venables |date=1911a |wstitle=Severus, patriarch of Antioch}}
* {{cite DCBL |author-link=Edmund Venables |date=1911b |wstitle=Petrus, bp. of Apamea}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Witakowski |first1=Witold |chapter=Severus of Antioch in Ethiopian Tradition |title=Studia Aethiopica |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |date=2004 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUppV49qw6AC&q=severus+of+antioch |isbn=978-3-447-04891-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Youssef |first=Youhanna Nessim |chapter=Severus of Antioch |title=Wiley Blackwell Companion to Patristics |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zOkBgAAQBAJ&q=Bishop+Epiphanius+of+Magydos+in+Pamphilia&pg=PA228 |isbn=978-1-118-43871-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zachhuber |first=Johannes |chapter=Personhood in Miaphysitism - Severus of Antioch and John Philoponus |title=Personhood in the Byzantine Christian Tradition - Early, Medieval, and Modern Perspectives |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=29–43 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/25704705 |doi=10.4324/9781315600185-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Zissis |first=Theodore |date=1987 |chapter=Severus of Antioch, trans. Philip M. McGhee |entry-url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/severus-antioch |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]]}}
{{div col end}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Wolfram |first=Gerda |date=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Severus of Antioch |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25529 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000025529 }} {{Grove Music subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last=Youssef |first=Youhanna Nessim |editor-last1=D'Alton |editor-first1=John |date=2016 |title=Severus of Antioch - His Life and Times |chapter=Hymns of Severus of Antioch and the Coptic Theotokia |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-30799-5 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=rrS9CwAAQBAJ}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017062456/https://repository.divinity.edu.au/2878/1/_Youssef_Severus_Book__my_chapter.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2021 |chapter-url=https://repository.divinity.edu.au/2878/1/_Youssef_Severus_Book__my_chapter.pdf}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Flavian II of Antioch|Flavian II]]
| title  = [[List of patriarchs of Antioch|Patriarch of Antioch]]
| years  = 512–518
| after  = [[Paul the Jew]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = Office created
| title  = [[List of Syriac Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]]
| years  = 512–538
| after  = [[Sergius of Tella]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Patriarchs of Antioch}}
{{Patriarchs of the Syriac Orthodox Church}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Severus I of Antioch}}
[[Category:465 births]]
[[Category:538 deaths]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox saints]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox theology]]
[[Category:Church Fathers]]
[[Category:Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch]]
[[Category:5th-century Byzantine bishops]]
[[Category:6th-century Byzantine bishops]]
[[Category:6th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]
[[Category:6th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:6th-century Christian theologians]]
[[Category:People from Roman Syria]]
[[Category:Byzantine Anatolians]]
[[Category:Saints from Anatolia]]
[[Category:Ancient Christians involved in controversies]]
[[Category:Miracle workers]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Byzantine jurists]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of Antioch]]
[[Category:6th-century Byzantine writers]]
[[Category:6th-century jurists]]
[[Category:Nature of Jesus Christ]]
[[Category:Syrian Christian saints]]
[[Category:Hymnographers]]