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{{Short description|Second pharaoh of the 25th Dynasty of Egypt}}
{{Infobox pharaoh
|Name= Shebitku
|Image= Shabatka portrait, Aswan Nubian museum.jpg
|Caption=Shebitku's statue in the [[Nubian Museum]]
|NomenHiero=<hiero>SA E10 tA kA</hiero>
|Nomen=''Shebitku''
|PrenomenHiero=<hiero>ra Dd kA kA kA</hiero> 
|Prenomen=''Djed-ka-re''<br>Enduring is the Soul of Re<ref name=clayton190>[[Peter A. Clayton|Clayton, Peter A.]] <cite>Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt</cite>. Thames &amp; Hudson. p. 190. (2006). {{ISBN|0-500-28628-0}}</ref>
|Golden=''Aakhepesh-hupedjetpesdjet''
|Nebty=''Aashefitemtawnebu''
|HorusHiero= <hiero>-Dd xa:a-</hiero>
|Horus=''Djedkhaw''
|Reign= 714–705 BC<ref name=pay>Payraudeau, F., [https://web.archive.org/web/20200519183710/https://nehet.fr/NEHET1/NEHET%201-05-Payraudeau.pdf Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo], Nehet 1, (2014), p. 115-127.</ref> 
|Died= 705 BC
|Predecessor=[[Piye]] 
|Successor=[[Shabaka]] 
|Dynasty=[[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt|25th&nbsp;Dynasty]] 
|Spouse= [[Arty (queen)|Arty]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|cuneiform}}
{{Kushite Monarchs}}
'''Shebitku''' or '''Shabataka'''<ref>The more neutral spelling, according to Jurman 2017: 124, n. 1, 128.</ref> ({{langx|egy|šꜣ-bꜣ-tꜣ-kꜣ}}, {{langx|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒃻𒉺𒋫𒆪𒀪}}|translit=Šapatakuʾ}}, {{langx|grc|Σεθῶν}} {{Transliteration|grc|Sethōn}} or {{langx|grc|Σαβάκων}} {{Transliteration|grc|Sabakōn}})<ref>{{cite web|title=Šapatakuʾ [KING OF MELUHHA] (RN)|url=http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/sig?%E2%98%A3%40rinap%2Frinap2%25akk%3A%7Bm%7D%C5%A1a%E2%82%82-pa-ta-ku-u%CA%BE%3D%C5%A0apataku%CA%BE%5Bking%20of%20Meluhha%2F%2Fking%20of%20Meluhha%5DRN%C2%B4RN%24%C5%A0apataku%CA%BE|website=Oracc: The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus}}</ref><ref>The identification with Sabakōn rathern than with Sebikhos (Σεβιχὼς) is the result of the recent reappraisal of the order of Shabataka and Shabaka and the order and reign-lengths in the epitomes of Manetho.</ref> also known as '''Shebitqo''', was the second pharaoh of the [[Kushite]] [[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt]] who ruled from 714 BC – 705 BC. He was a son of [[Piye]], the founder of this dynasty. Shebitku's [[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|prenomen]] or throne name, Djedkare, means "Enduring is the Soul of [[Ra|Re]]."<ref name=clayton190/> Shebitku's queen was [[Arty (queen)|Arty]], who was a daughter of king Piye, according to a fragment of statue JE 49157 of the High Priest of Amun Haremakhet, son of Shabaka, found in the temple of the Goddess [[Mut]] in
Karnak.<ref>[[:de:Karl Jansen-Winkeln|Jansen-Winkeln, Karl]], Inschriften der Spätzeit: Teil III: Die 25. Dynastie, (in German) (2009). pp. 347-8. [52.5].</ref>

==Reign before Shabaka==
Until recent times, Shebitku was placed within the 25th Dynasty between [[Shabaka]] and [[Taharqa]]. Although the possibility of a switch between the reigns of Shabaka and Shebitku had already been suggested before by Brunet<ref>Brunet, Jean-Frédéric, "The 21st and 25th Dynasties Apis Burial Conundrum", ''Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum'' 10 (2005), p. 29.</ref> and Baker had outlined nine reasons for the reversal,<ref name=bak>[http://www.egyptologyforum.org/bbs/Sabataka&Sabaka.txt Joe Baker (2005), on egyptologyforum.org]</ref> it was Michael Bányai in 2013<ref>Michael Bányai, "Ein Vorschlag zur Chronologie der 25. Dynastie in Ägypten", JEgH 6 (2013) 46-129 and "Die Reihenfolge der kuschitischen Könige", JEgH 8 (2015) pp. 81–147.</ref> who first published in a mainstream journal many arguments in favor of such a relocation. After him, Frédéric Payraudeau<ref name=pay/> and Gerard P. F. Broekman<ref>Broekman, Gerard P. F., "The order of succession between Shabaka and Shabataka; A different view on the chronology of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty", GM 245 (2015) 17–31.</ref> independently expanded the hypothesis. The archaeological evidence discovered in 2016/2017 by Claus Jurman confirms a Shebitku-Shabaka succession. Gerard Broekman's [[Göttinger Miszellen|GM]] 251 (2017) paper shows that Shebitku reigned before Shabaka since the upper edge of Shabaka's NLR #30 Year 2 Karnak quay inscription was carved over the left-hand side of the lower edge of Shebitku's NLR#33 Year 3 inscription.<ref>Broekman, G.P.F., Genealogical considerations regarding the kings of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty in Egypt, GM 251 (2017), p. 13.</ref> The Egyptologist Claus Jurman's personal re-examination of the Karnak quay inscriptions of Shebitku (or Shabataka) and Shabaka in 2016 and 2017 conclusively demonstrate that Shebitku ruled before Shabaka and confirmed Broekman's arguments that Shebitku's Nile Text inscription was carved before Shabaka's inscription; hence, Shebitku ruled before Shabaka.<ref>Jurman, Claus; The Order of the Kushite Kings According to Sources from the Eastern Desert and Thebes. Or: Shabataka was here first!, Journal of Egyptian History 10 (2017), pp. 124–151. See [https://www.academia.edu/44208909/The_Order_of_the_Kushite_Kings_According_to_Sources_from_the_Eastern_Desert_and_Thebes_Or_Shabataka_was_here_first PDF]</ref>

Critically, it was first pointed out by Baker<ref name=bak/> and then later by Frédéric Payraudeau who wrote in French that "the [[Divine Adoratrice of Amun|Divine Adoratrix]] ie. [[God's Wife of Amun]] [[Shepenupet I]]," the last Libyan Adoratrix, was still alive during the reign of Shebitku/Shabataqo because she is represented performing rites and is described as "living" in those parts of the Osiris-Héqadjet chapel built during his reign (wall and exterior of the gate).<ref>[45 – G. Legrain, "Le temple et les chapelles d'Osiris à Karnak. Le temple d’Osiris-Hiq-Djeto, partie éthiopienne", RecTrav 22 (1900) 128; JWIS III, 45.]</ref><ref name=pay/> In the rest of the room it is [[Amenirdis I]], (Shabaka's sister), who is represented with the Adoratrix title and provided with a coronation name. The succession Shepenupet I – Amenirdis I as God's Wife of Amun or Divine Adoratrice of Amun thus took place during the reign of Shebitku. This detail in itself is sufficient to show that the reign of Shabaka cannot precede that of Shebitku.<ref name=pay/>

[[File:King Shebitqo making offerings to Egyptian Gods.jpg|thumb|left|King Shebitku making offerings to Egyptian gods]]
The construction of the tomb of Shebitku (Ku. 18) resembles that of Piye (Ku. 17) while that of Shabaka (Ku. 15) is similar to that of Taharqa (Nu. 1) and Tantamani (Ku. 16).<ref>[39 – D. Dunham, El-Kurru, The Royal Cemeteries of Kush, I, (1950) 55, 60, 64, 67; also D. Dunham, Nuri, The Royal Cemeteries of Kush, II, (1955) 6-7; J. Lull, Las tumbas reales egipcias del Tercer Periodo Intermedio (dinastías XXI-XXV). Tradición y cambios, BAR-IS 1045 (2002) 208.]</ref><ref name=pay/> One of the strongest evidence that Shabaka ruled after Shebitku was demonstrated by the architectural features of the Kushite royal pyramids in El Kurru. Only in the pyramids of Piye (Ku 17) and Shebitku (Ku 18) are the burial-chambers open-cut structures with a [[corbel]]led roof, whereas fully tunneled burial chamber substructures are found in the pyramids of Shabaka (Ku 15), [[Taharqa]] (Nu 1) and [[Tantamani]] (Ku 16), as well as with all subsequent royal pyramids in [[El Kurru]] and [[Nuri]].<ref>[[Dows Dunham|Dunham, Dows D.]]; El Kurru; The Royal Cemeteries of Kush (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1950).</ref> The fully tunneled and once-decorated burial chamber of Shabaka's pyramid was clearly an architectural improvement since it was followed by Taharqa and all his successors.<ref>Broekman, G.P.F., The order of succession between Shabaka and Shabataka. A different view on the chronology of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, GM 245, (2015), pp. 21-22.</ref>

The pyramid design evidence also shows that Shabaka must have ruled after—and not before—Shebitku. This also favours a Shebitku-Shabaka succession in the 25th dynasty. In the Cairo CG 42204 of the High Priest of Amun, [[Haremakhet]]—son of Shabaka—calls himself as "king's son of Shabaka, justified, who loves him, Sole Confidant of king Taharqa, justified, Director of the palace of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Tanutamun/[[Tantamani]], may he live for ever."<ref>Broekman, G.P.F., The order of succession between Shabaka and Shabataka. A different view on the chronology of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, GM 245, (2015), p. 23.</ref> However, as first noted by Baker,<ref name=bak/> no mention of Haremakhet's service under Shebitku is made; even if Haremakhet was only a youth under Shebitku, this king's absence is strange since the intent of the statue's text was to render a chronological sequence of kings who reigned during Haremakhet's life, each of their names being accompanied by a reference to the relationship that existed between the king mentioned and Haremakhet.<ref>Broekman, G.P.F., GM 245 (2015), p. 24.</ref> A possible explanation for Shebitku's omission from the statue of Haremakhet was that Shebitku was already dead when Haremaket was born under Shabaka.

Payraudeau notes that Shebitku's [[Ushabti|shabtis]] are small (about 10&nbsp;cm) and have a very brief inscription with only the king's birth name in a cartouche preceded by "the Osiris, king of Upper and Lower Egypt" and followed by ''mȝʿ-ḫrw''.<ref>[41 – JWIS III, 51, number 9; D. Dunham, (see footnote 39), 69, plate 45A-B.].</ref><ref name=pay/> They are thus very close to those of Piye/Piankhy [42 – D. Dunham, (see footnote 39), plate 44.]. However, Shabaka's shabtis are larger (about 15–20&nbsp;cm) with more developed inscriptions, including the quotation from the Book of the Dead, which is also present on those Taharqo, Tanouetamani and Senkamanisken."<ref name=pay/> All this evidence also suggests that Shebitku ruled before Shabaka. Finally, as first pointed out by Baker,<ref name=bak/> and then later by Payraudeau who observed that in the traditional Shebitku-Shabaka chronology, the time span between the reign of Taharqa and Shabaka seems to be excessively long. They both noted that Papyrus Louvre E 3328c from Year 2 or Year 6 of Taharqa mentions the sale of a slave by his owner who had bought him in Year 7 of Shabaka, that is 27 years earlier in the traditional chronology but if the reign of Shabaka is placed just before that of Taharqa (with no intervening reign of Shebitku), there is a gap of about 10 years which is much more credible.<ref>Payraudeau, Nehet I, (2014), p. 119.</ref>

The German scholar Karl Jansen Winkeln also endorsed a Shebitku-Shabaka succession in a JEH 10 (2017) N.1 paper titled 'Beiträge zur Geschichte der Dritten Zwischenzeit', Journal of Egyptian History 10 (2017), pp.&nbsp;23–42 when he wrote a postscript stating "Im Gegensatz zu meinen Ausführungen auf dem [2014] Kolloquium in Münster bin ich jetzt der Meinung, dass die (neue) Reihenfolge Schebitku—Schabako in der Tat richtig ist..." or 'In contrast to my exposition at the [2014] Munster colloquium, I am now of the opinion that the (new) succession Shebitku-Shabako is in fact correct...'<ref>[[:de:Karl Jansen-Winkeln|Jansen-Winkeln, Karl]], ''Journal of Egyptian History'' 10 (2017), N1, p. 40.</ref>

==Alleged coregency with Shabaka==
[[File:Stela Shebitqo Met.jpg|thumb|Donation Stela of Shebitku, with the [[cartouche]] identifying him (bottom left). [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]]

The Turin Stela 1467, which depicts Shabaka and Shebitku seated together (with Shebitku behind Shabaka) facing two other individuals across an offering table, was once considered to be clear evidence for a royal co-regency between these two [[Nubian people|Nubian]] kings in [[William J. Murnane]]'s 1977 book, ''Ancient Egyptian Coregencies''.<ref>[[William J. Murnane|Murnane, William]], ''Ancient Egyptian Coregencies'', (SAOC 40: Chicago 1977), p. 190.</ref> However, the Turin Museum has subsequently acknowledged the statue to be a forgery. [[Robert Morkot]] and Stephen Quirke, who analysed the stela in a 2001 article, also confirmed that the object is a forgery which cannot be used to postulate a possible coregency between Shabaka and Shebitku.<ref>[[Robert Morkot|R. Morkot]]; Quirke, S., "Inventing the 25th Dynasty: Turin stela 1467 and the construction of history", ''Begegnungen&nbsp;— Antike Kulturen im Niltal Festgabe für Erika Endesfelder, Karl-Heinz Priese, Walter Friedrich Reineke, Steffen Wenig'' (in German) (Leipzig 2001), pp. 349–363.</ref>

Secondly, Shebitku's Year 3, 1st month of Shemu day 5 inscription in Nile Level Text Number 33 has been assumed to record a coregency between Shabaka and Shebitku among some scholars. This Nile text records Shebitku mentioning his appearing (''ḫꜥj'') in Thebes as king in the temple of Amun at Karnak where "Amun gave him the crown with two uraei like Horus on the throne of Re" thereby legitimising his kingship.<ref>[[László Török|L. Török]], ''The Royal Crowns of Kush: A Study in Middle Nile Valley Regalia and Iconography in the 1st Millennia B. C. and A.D.'', ''Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology'' 18 (Oxford 1987), p. 4. {{doi|10.30861/9780860544326}}. {{ISBN|086054432X}}. {{OCLC|18832791}}. {{OL|22160809M}}.</ref> [[Jürgen von Beckerath]] argued in a GM 136 (1993) article that the inscription recorded both the official coronation of Shebitku and the very first appearance of the king himself in Egypt after comparing this inscription with Nile Level Text No.30 from Year 2 of Shebitku when Shabaka conquered all of Egypt.<ref>[[Jürgen von Beckerath|von Beckerath, J.]], "Die Nilstandsinschrift vom 3. Jahr Schebitkus am kai von Karnak," GM 136 (1993), pp. 7–9.</ref> If correct, this would demonstrate that Shebitku had truly served as a coregent to Shabaka for 2 years.

[[Kenneth Kitchen]], however, observes that the "verb ḫꜥj (or appearance) applies to any official 'epiphany' or official manifestation of the king to his 'public appearances'."<ref name=tip170>[[Kenneth Kitchen|Kitchen, A.]], ''The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)'' [TIPE], 3rd edition, 1986, Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd, p. 170.</ref> Kitchen also stresses that the period around the first month of Shemu days 1–5 marked the date of a Festival of Amun-Re at Karnak which is well attested during the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom Period]], the 22nd Dynasty and through to the Ptolemaic period.<ref name=tip170/> Hence, in the third Year of Shebitku, this Feast to Amun evidently coincided with both the Inundation of the Nile and a personal visit by Shebitku to the Temple of Amun "but we have no warrant whatever for assuming that Shebitku...remained uncrowned for 2 whole years after his accession."<ref>Kitchen, TIPE, p. 171.</ref> William Murnane also endorsed this interpretation by noting that Shebitku's Year 3 Nile Text "need not refer to an accession or coronation at all. Rather, it seems simply to record an 'appearance' of Shebitku in the temple of Amun during his third year and to acknowledge the god's influence in securing his initial appearance as king."<ref>Murnane, Coregencies, p. 189.</ref> In other words, Shebitku was already king of Egypt and the purpose of his visit to Karnak was to receive and record for posterity the god [[Amun]]'s official legitimization of his reign. Therefore, the evidence for a possible coregency between Shabaka and Shebitku is illusory at present.

Dan'el Kahn also carefully considered but rejected arguments against a division of the 25th dynasty kingdom under Shabaka's reign with Shabaka ruling in Lower and Upper Egypt and Shebitku, acting as Shabaka's junior coregent or viceroy, in Nubia in an important 2006 article.<ref>Kahn, Dan'el., [https://www.academia.edu/404060/Was_there_a_Coregency_in_the_25th_Dynasty Divided Kingdom, Co-regency, or Sole Rule in the Kingdom(s) of Egypt-and-Kush?, Egypt and Levant] '''16''' (2006), pp. 275-291.</ref> Kahn notes that there was always only one Nubian king ruling over all of the 25th dynasty's domain including both Egypt and Nubia and that problems of communication and control "did not hinder the kushite king to be the supreme ruler of this vast territory."<ref>Kahn, Egypt and Levant '''16''', p. 290.</ref> Kahn stresses that the Great Triumphal stela of Piye indicates it took only 39 days to travel by boat from [[Napata]] to [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] while the [[Nitocris I (Divine Adoratrice)#The Adoption Stela|Nitocris Adoption Stela]] shows that "the time to travel the distance between [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] (or possibly Tanis) and Thebes by boat (c. 700 km or more for Tanis) is [only] 16 days."<ref>Kahn, Egypt and Levant 16, p. 290. Kahn cites RA Caminos, The Nitocris Stela, JEA '''50''' (1964), pp. 81–84 for the Nitocris stela evidence.</ref>

==Timeline==
{{Update|section|date=May 2017}}
In 1999, an Egypt-Assyrian synchronism from the Great Inscription of Tang-i Var in Iran was re-discovered and re-analysed. Carved by [[Sargon II]] of Assyria (722–705 BC), the inscription dates to the period around 707/706 BC and reveals that it was Shebitku, king of Egypt, who extradited the rebel king [[Iamani]] of Ashdod into Sargon's hands, rather than Shabaka as previously thought.<ref>Grant Frame, "The Inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var," ''Orientalia'' '''68''' (1999), pp.31-57 and pls. I-XVIII.</ref> The pertinent section of the inscription by Sargon II reads:
{{cquote|(19) I (scil. Sargon) plundered the city of Ashdod, Iamani,<ref>[[Robin Lane Fox]], ''Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer'', 2008:30, makes a case for Iamani to be simply "the [[Ionia|Ionian Greek]]": "Ionian Greeks were sometimes written in cuneiform script as ''ia-am-na-a'': could this usurping Iamani be a Greek? ...would Assyrian scribes be exact about the name of a lowly rebel?"</ref> its king, feared [my weapons] and...He fled to the region of the land of Meluhha and lived (there) stealthfully (literally:like a thief). (20) Shapataku' (Shebitku) king of the land of Meluhha, heard of the mig[ht] of the gods Ashur, Nabu (and) Marduk which I had [demonstrated] over all lands...(21) He put (Iamani) in manacles and handcuffs...he had him brought captive into my presence.<ref>Frame, p. 40.</ref>}}

It was noted by Kenneth Kitchen that the Assyrian term used "sharru" was not exclusively used to mean king but rather various levels of officials. He also contended that Meluha referred to Nubia (Kush). This supported Kitchen's contention that Shebitku was a deputy ruler for Shabaka, in Nubia, at that time. The net result was to move the 12-year reign of Shebitku to 702 BC and following.<ref>[[Kenneth Kitchen|Kitchen, Kenneth A.]], "The Strengths and Weaknesses of Egyptian Chronology — A Reconsideration", Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, '''16''', pp. 293–308, 2006.</ref>

The Tang-i Var inscription dates to Sargon's 15th year between Nisan 707 BC to Adar 706 BC.<ref>A. Fuchs, Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad (Gottingen 1994) pp.76 & 308</ref> This shows that Shebitku was ruling in Egypt by April 706 BC at the very latest, and perhaps as early as November 707 BC to allow some time for Iamanni's extradition and the recording of this deed in Sargon's inscription.<ref>Kahn, p. 3.</ref> A suggestion that Shebitku served as Shabaka's viceroy in Nubia and that Shebitku extradited Iamanni to Sargon II during the reign of king Shabaka has been rejected by the Egyptologist [[Karl Jansen-Winkeln]] in ''Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies),'' which is the most updated publication on Egyptian chronology.<ref name="Karl Jansen-Winkeln 2006. pp.258-259">Jansen-Winkeln, Karl, "The Third Intermediate Period" in Hornung et al. 2006: 258-259.</ref> As Jansen-Winkeln writes:

:there has never been the slightest hint at any form of coregency of the Nubian kings of Dynasty 25. Had Shabaka been ruler of Egypt in the year 707/706 and Shebitku [was] his "viceroy" in Nubia, one would definitely expect that the opening of diplomatic relations with Assur as well as the capture and extradation of Yamanni would have been part of Shabaka's responsibility. Sargon can also be expected to have named the regent of Egypt and senior king, rather than the distant viceroy Shebitku [in Nubia]. If, on the other hand, Shebitku was already Shabaka's successor in 707/706 [BC], the reports of the Yamani affair become clearer and make more sense. It had hitherto been assumed that the Nubian king (Shabaka) handed over Yamani more or less immediately after his flight to Egypt. Now it appears...certain that Yamani was only turned over to the Assyrians a couple of years later (under Shebitku instead).<ref name="Karl Jansen-Winkeln 2006. pp.258-259"/>

==Identification with Herodotus' Sethos==
The Greek historian [[Herodotus]] in his ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' (book II, chapter 141) writes of a [[High Priest of Ptah]] named Sethos ({{langx|grc|Σεθῶν}} ''Sethon'') who became pharaoh and defeated the Assyrians with divine intervention. This name is probably a corruption of Shebitku.<ref>Strassler, Robert B. (ed.), ''The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories'' (Anchor, 2007), p. 182.</ref><ref>Lloyd, Alan B., Commentary on Book II, in ''A Commentary on Herodotus, Books I–IV'' (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 237.</ref> Herodotus' account was the inspiration for the 18th-century fantasy novel ''[[Life of Sethos]]'', which has been influential among [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentrists]].

==Identification with Manetho's Sabakōn or Sebikhōs==
The epitomes of Manetho name the first two kings of his Dynasty 25 respectively '''Sabakōn''', reigning for 8 years after burning to death his predecessor [[Bakenranef|Bokhkhōris (Bakenrinef)]], and '''Sebikhōs''', reigning for 15 years. It was long assumed that Shabaka reigned first and that therefore he was Manetho's ''Sabakōn'', while "Shebitku" (of which a more neutral realization would be "Shabataka") was his successor ''Sebikhōs''.<ref>As summarized in Payraudeau 2014: 116.</ref> The reconsideration of the order of these kings, with Shebitku preceding Shabaka, and the reign-lengths associated with them, indicate the reverse identifications, of Shebitku with Manetho's ''Sabakōn'' for 8 years and of Shabaka with Manetho's ''Sebikhōs'' for 15 years. This is no less natural than the previous understanding, with the Greek renditions of the names both imperfect, for Kushite *''Šabataku'' (Cuneiform ''Šapatakûʾ''<ref>K. Kessler, s.v. "Šabakû," in: Baker 2011: 1228.</ref>) and *''Šabaku'' (Cuneiform ''Šabakû''<ref>H. D. Baker, R. Mattila, s.v. "Šabakû," in: Baker 2011: 1180.</ref>).<ref>Payraudeau 2014: 119.</ref><ref>Jurman 2017: 124, n. 1, 128.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*Baker, Heather D., ed., ''The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 3.2 Š-Z'', Helsinki, 2011.
*Bányai, Michael, "Ein Vorschlag zur Chronologie der 25. Dynastie in Ägypten", ''Journal of Egyptian History'' 6 (2013) 46–129.
*Bányai, Michael, "Die Reihenfolge der kuschitischen Könige", ''Journal of Egyptian History'' 8 (2015) pp.&nbsp;81–147.
*[[Erik Hornung|Hornung, Erich]], Rolf Krauss & David Warburton, eds., ''Ancient Egyptian Chronology'' (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Leiden: Brill, 2006.
*Jurman, Claus, "The Order of the Kushite Kings According to Sources from the Eastern Desert and Thebes. Or: ''Shabataka was here first!'', ''Journal of Egyptian History'' 10 (2017) 124-151.
*Kahn, Dan'el, "The Inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var and the Chronology of Dynasty 25," ''Orientalia'' 70 (2001) 1–18.
*Kitchen, Kenneth A., ''The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)'', 3rd edition, Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1986.
*[[Robert Morkot|Morkot, Robert]], ''The Black Pharaohs: Egypt's Nubian Rulers'', The Rubicon Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-948695-23-4}}.
*Payraudeau, Frédéric, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200519183710/https://nehet.fr/NEHET1/NEHET%201-05-Payraudeau.pdf Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo]," ''Nehet'' 1 (2014) 115–127.
*Redford, Donald, "A Note on the Chronology of Dynasty 25 and the Inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var," ''Orientalia'' 68 (1999) 58–60.

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Shebitku}}

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{{s-ttl|title=[[Pharaoh|Pharaoh of Egypt]]|years=714 BC&nbsp;– 705 BC <br /> [[Twenty-fifth Dynasty]] }}
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[[Category:700s BC deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century BC pharaohs]]
[[Category:8th-century BC monarchs of Kush]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Kush]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]