View source for Shefa-Amr

{{Short description|Arab city in northern Israel}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Shefa-Amr
| native_name            = {{Hlist
 | {{Script/Hebrew|שפרעם}}
 | {{Lang|ar|شفاعمرو}}
 }}
| settlement_type        = [[List of cities in Israel|City]] 
| translit_lang1         = Hebrew
| translit_lang1_type1   = [[ISO 259]]
| translit_lang1_info1   = Šparˁam
| translit_lang1_type3   = English Official
| translit_lang1_info3   = Shefar'am<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.gov.il/dataset/citiesandsettelments/resource/8f714b6f-c35c-4b40-a0e7-547b675eee0e?filters=city_name_en:SHEFAR'AM |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=data.gov.il}}</ref>
| image_skyline          = View of Shefa Amr.jpg
| image_caption          = View of Shefa-Amr
| image_blank_emblem     = Coat of arms of Shefa-'Amr.svg
| blank_emblem_type      = Coat of arms
| pushpin_map_alt        = 
| pushpin_map            = Israel northwest#Israel
| pushpin_mapsize        = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption    = 
| coordinates            = {{coord|32|48|20|N|35|10|10|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name              = Grid&nbsp;position
| grid_position          = 166/245 [[Palestine grid|PAL]]
| subdivision_type       = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name       = {{ISR}}
| subdivision_type1      = 
| subdivision_name1      = 
| subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Israel|District]]
| subdivision_name2      = [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern]]
| subdivision_type3      = Subdistrict
| subdivision_name3      = [[Acre Subdistrict|Acre]]
| established_title      = Founded
| established_date       = Bronze age
| unit_pref              = dunam
| area_total_dunam       = {{formatnum:19766|R}}
| population_footnotes   = <ref name="cbs populations" />
| population_total       = {{Israel populations|Shefar'am}}
| population_as_of       = {{Israel populations|Year}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| leader_title           = Mayor
| leader_name            = Nahid Khazem (from March, 2024)<ref name="ListOfMayors" />
| website                = [https://www.shefaram.muni.il/ www.shefaram.muni.il]
}}
'''Shefa-Amr''' or '''Shefar'am''' ({{langx|ar|شفاعمرو|Šafāʻamru}}; {{langx|he|שְׁפַרְעָם|Šəfarʻam}}) is an [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab city]] in the [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]] of [[Israel]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Shefar'am}} with a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] majority and large [[Arab Christians|Christian Arab]] and [[Druze in Israel|Druze]] minorities.<ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=Central Bureau of Statistics - Communities |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/CBSNewBrand/Pages/community.aspx?semel=8800&mode=Yeshuv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250304154920/https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/cbsNewBrand/Pages/community.aspx?inc=https://boardsgenerator.cbs.gov.il/pages/WebParts/YishuvimPage.aspx%3Fmode=Yeshuv |archive-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[Edward Henry Palmer|Palmer]] writes that the name meant: "The margin or edge of 'Amr. Locally and erroneously supposed to mean the healing of 'Amer ([[Zahir al-Umar|ed Dhaher]])."<ref>Palmer, 1881, p.[https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/116/mode/1up 116]</ref> The city is identified with ''Shefar'am'', an ancient Jewish town of great significance during [[Talmud]]ic times. Some have proposed that its original meaning may be linked to the Hebrew words "''Shefer''" (שֶׁפֶר), signifying something nice, beautiful or good, and "''<nowiki/>'Am''", (עַם) which translates to people.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hareuveni |first=Imanuel |url=https://kotar.cet.ac.il/KotarApp/Viewer.aspx?nBookID=93576566#926.751.6.default |title=Eretz Israel Lexicon |publisher=CET |year=2010 |pages=926}}</ref>

==History==
===Ancient period===
[[File:Byzant.jpg|thumb|Christian Byzantine graves, 5th and 6th century CE.<ref name=SWP339/>]]

Walls, installations and pottery [[sherd]]s from the [[Bronze Age#Near East timeline|Early Bronze Age IB]] and the [[Bronze Age#Near East timeline|Middle Bronze Age IIB]], [[Ancient Near East#Iron Age|Iron]], [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] periods have been excavated at Shefa-ʻAmr.<ref>Feig, 2014, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=9564&mag_id=121 ‘En Shefar‘am, Final report]</ref>

Shefa-Amr is first mentioned under the name ''Shefar'am'' ({{langx|he|שפרעם}}) in the [[Tosefta]] ([https://www.sefaria.org/Tosefta_Mikvaot.6.1?lang=he&vside=Sefaria_Community_Translation|en&with=Translation%20Open&lang2=he Tractate Mikvaot 6:1]), followed by the [[Talmud]] redacted in 500 [[Common Era|CE]] where it is mentioned in several places, in Tractate [https://www.sefaria.org/Avodah_Zarah.8b.14?lang=bi ''Avodah Zarah'' 8b] and [https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.31b?lang=bi ''Rosh Hashanah'' 31b], ''et al.''

Settlement has existed there without interruption since the Roman period, when it was one of the cities mentioned in the [[Talmud]] as containing the seat of the Jewish [[Sanhedrin]] during the reign of [[Marcus Aurelius]].<ref name="Zaharoni1978">Zaharoni (1978), p. 125</ref><ref name="Babli">{{cite book  | title = Talmud Bavli Rosh Hashana | page = 31b }}</ref> The seat of the Sanhedrin was traditionally thought to be where the Old Synagogue "Maḥaneh Shekhinah" was built in later times.<ref name="Zaharoni1978" /> Old Shefa-'Amr was settled in the area where are now built the Police Station, the various Churches and Jews' Street.<ref>Zaharoni (1978), p. 126</ref> Decorated burial caves were documented by the [[Survey of Western Palestine]] in the late nineteenth century; they were found to be Christian tombs from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era, dating to the 5th and 6th century CE. [[Greek language|Greek]] inscriptions were also found.<ref name=SWP339>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/339/mode/1up 339] -343</ref>

Archaeological excavations of a cave and [[quarries]] revealed that they were used in the Roman and Byzantine eras.<ref>Atrash, 2016, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=25021&mag_id=124 Shefar‘am, Highway 79]</ref> Shefa-ʻAmr contains Byzantine remains, including a church and tombs.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/33/mode/1up p. 343]; Guérin, 1880, p [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n427/mode/1up 414], TIR, 230. All cited in Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 276]</ref>

A [[Rescue archaeology|salvage dig]] was conducted in the southern quarter of the old city exposing remains from five phases in the Late Byzantine and early [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] periods. Finds include a [[tabun oven]], a pavement of small fieldstones, a mosaic pavement that was probably part of a [[wine press]] treading floor, a small square wine press, handmade [[krater]]s, an imported Cypriot bowl and an open cooking pot. Also discovered were glass and pottery vessels.<ref>Abu Raya, 2010,
[http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1428&mag_id=117 Shefar‘am Final Report]</ref>

===Middle Ages===
Under the [[Crusades|Crusaders]] the place was known as "Safran", "Sapharanum", "Castrum Zafetanum", "Saphar castrum" or "Cafram".<ref name="Pringle">Pringle, 1997, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA115 p. 115]</ref> The Crusaders built a [[List of Crusader castles|fortress]], used by the [[Knights Templar]], in the village. At the foot of the castle was a fortified settlement with a church, inhabited either by local Christians or Crusaders.<ref>Ellenblum, 2003, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA143 143]</ref> The village, then called "Shafar 'Am", was used by Muslim leader [[Saladin]] between 1190–91 and 1193-94 as a military base for attacks on [[Acre, Israel#Crusader and Ayyubid period|Acre]].<ref>[[Abu Shama]] [[Recueil des Historiens des Croisades|RHC]] (or.), IV, [https://archive.org/stream/recueildeshistor04acad_0#page/487/mode/1up p. 487]. [[Yaqut al-Hamawi|Yaqut]], p. 304, Both cited in Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 277]</ref>

By 1229, the place was back in Crusader hands; this was confirmed by Sultan [[Baybars]] in the peace treaty of 1271, and by Sultan [[Qalawun]] in 1283.<ref>Barag, 1979, p. 207, No. 63.</ref> Italian monk [[Riccoldo da Monte di Croce]] visited the village in 1287–88, and noted that it had Christian inhabitants.<ref>Ellenblum, 2003, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA144 144]</ref> It apparently was under [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] control by 1291,<ref>[[Ibn al-Furat]], Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 277]</ref><ref name=Pringle1998>Pringle, 1998, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA301 301]-4</ref> as it was mentioned in that year when sultan [[al-Ashraf Khalil]] allocated the town's income to a [[Waqf|charitable organization]] in [[Cairo]].<ref>Barag, 1979, p. 203</ref>

===Ottoman period===
The region became part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517. In the Ottoman tax census of 1525–26, Shefa-Amr had a population of 150, 90% of whom were Muslims and 10% Jews. The population increased to 388 in the 1538–39 census, with Jews constituting 13% of the inhabitants. According to the records of 1547–48 and 1555–56, Shefa-Amr had a population 423 and 594 respectively, all Muslims.{{sfn|Rhode|1979|p=189}} In 1564, the revenues of the village of Shefa-Amr were designated for the new [[waqf]] (endowment) of [[Hasseki Sultan Imaret]] in Jerusalem, established by Hasseki Hurrem Sultan ([[Roxelana]]), the wife of Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>Singer, 2002, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&pg=PA126 126]</ref>

In the census of {{circa|1572}}, the village had a population of 510 Muslims.{{sfn|Rhode|1979|p=189}} A 1573 [[Firman (decree)|firman]] (decree) mentioned that Shefa-Amr was among a group of villages in the ''[[nahiya]]'' (sub district) of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] in rebellion against the state. By 1577, the village had accumulated an arsenal of 200 muskets.<ref>Heyd, 1960, pp. 84-85, no. 2. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 277]</ref> In the 1596 [[Defter|tax records]], Shefa-Amr was part of the ''nahiya'' of Acre, part of [[Safed Sanjak]], with a population of 83 households (''khana''), and eight bachelors, all Muslims. The total revenue was 13,600 [[akçe]], most of which was given in fixed amounts.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192</ref> The taxable produce also comprised occasional revenues, goats and beehives, and the inhabitants paid for the use or ownership of an olive oil press.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192. Also quoted in Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 277]</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.</ref>

[[File:Fort in Shefa Amr.jpg|thumb|Zahir al-Umar fort]]
[[File:Shfa3amer 1910.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Shefa-Amr, 1910]]

During the 18th century Shefa-Amr was the center of its own fiscal district in the province of [[Sidon Eyalet|Sidon]]. Its importance derived from its position in the heart of the Galilee's cotton-growing area and its natural and man-made defenses. The significance of cotton to the growth of Shefa-Amr was fundamental. Tax returns for the village attest to the large returns expected of this crop.<ref>Cohen, 1973, p. 128. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 277]</ref> Its local prominence was headed by the [[sheikh]]s of the [[Zayadina]] (sing. Zaydani), a local family of [[multazim]]s (limited-term tax farmers), in charge of collecting taxes for the governor of Sidon.{{sfn|Petersen|2001|p=[https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 277]}} As early as 1704, the village was held as a tax farm by the Zaydani sheikh Ali ibn Salih, along with other villages in the [[Lower Galilee]].{{sfn|Cohen|1973|pp=9–10}} At an unknown point after, the Zayadina lost Shefa-Amr but Ali's son Muhammad of [[al-Damun]] had regained control of it by {{circa|1740}}, during a period when the Zayadina were expanding their holdings across the Galilee under the leadership of [[Zahir al-Umar]] (Muhammad's first cousin).{{sfn|Philipp|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=95I5QVdp4_gC&pg=PA33 33]}} 

It is known that there was a castle in the village by this time.{{sfn|Petersen|2001|p=[https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 277]}} Its fortifications were strengthened by the Zayadina in {{circa|1742}} during a respite in the [[sieges of Tiberias (1742–1743)|sieges of the Zaydani stronghold of Tiberias]] by the governor of [[Damascus Eyalet|Damascus]].{{sfn|Joudah|2013|p=37}} Afterward, in 1743, Muhammad was arrested and executed by Zahir's order to remove him as an obstacle to Zahir's regional ambitions.{{sfn|Philipp|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=95I5QVdp4_gC&pg=PA35 35]}} In 1761, Zahir offered to grant Shefa-Amr to his son Uthman in exchange for the latter assassinating Zahir's brother Sa'd. Although Uthman complied, Zahir reneged following protestations by Shefa-Amr's inhabitants. Uthman and his brothers Ahmad and Sa'id besieged the village in 1765 but were repulsed by its local defenders with Zahir's support.{{sfn|Joudah|2013|pp=54–56}} Uthman was nevertheless granted Shefa-Amr at some point by Zahir.{{sfn|Cohen|1973|pp=84–85}}{{sfn|Joudah|2013|pp=143–144}} He is generally credited as the builder of its large fortress.{{sfn|Conder|Kitchener|1881|p=[https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/272/mode/1up 272]}}

After Zahir's death in 1775, the Ottoman-appointed governor [[Jazzar Pasha]] allowed Uthman to continue as subgovernor of Shefa-Amr in return for a promise of loyalty and advance payment of taxes.{{sfn|Cohen|1973|p=93}} Jazzar Pasha ignored orders from [[Constantinople]] to demolish the village's fortress.{{sfn|Cohen|1973|p=106}} Several years later Uthman was removed and replaced by Ibrahim Abu Qalush, an appointee of Jazzar Pasha,{{sfn|Petersen|2001|p=[https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 277]}} who rebelled against him in 1789.{{sfn|Cohen|1973|p=25}} A map by [[Pierre Jacotin]] from [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Napoleon's invasion of 1799]] showed the place, named as ''Chafa Amr''.<ref>Karmon, 1960, [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf p. 162] (PDF)</ref>
[[File:Constantine and Helena Church Shefa-'Amr.jpg|thumb|Ss. Constantine and Helena Church]]

A Jewish community had been established in the village under the auspices of Zahir's rule.{{sfn|Barnai|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GdEDefYc4u0C&pg=PA156 156]}} In 1839, [[Moses Montefiore]] counted 107 [[Sephardic Jews]] living in Shefa-Amr.<ref>Zaharoni (1978), p. 127</ref> Their condition worsened with the departure of the autonomous leader of [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]], [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]], during which time Shefa-Amr was nearly emptied of its Jewish residents, who had opted to move to [[Haifa]] and [[Tiberias]].<ref>Zaharoni (1978), p. 127–128</ref> [[James Finn]] wrote in 1877 that "The majority of the inhabitants are Druses. There are a few Moslems and a few [[Palestinian Christians|Christians]]; but [in 1850] there were thirty Jewish families living as agriculturists, cultivating grain and olives on their own landed property, most of it family inheritance; some of these people were of Algerine descent. They had their own synagogue and legally qualified butcher, and their numbers had formerly been more considerable." However, "they afterwards dwindled to two families, the rest removing to [Haifa] as that port rose in prosperity."<ref>Finn, 1877, p. [https://archive.org/stream/byewaysinpalesti00finniala#page/243/mode/1up 243]</ref> 

Conder and Kitchener, who visited in 1875, was told that the community consisted of "2,500 souls—1,200 being Moslems, the rest Druses, Greeks, and Latins."<ref name="SWPI">Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/272/mode/1up p. 272]</ref> The town's Druze community dwindled considerably in the 1880s as its members migrated east to the [[Hauran]] plain to avoid conscription by the Ottoman authorities.<ref>Firro, 1992, p. 168.</ref> A population list from about 1887 showed that Shefa-Amr had about 2,750 inhabitants; 795 Muslims, 95 [[Melkites|Greek Catholics]], 1,100 Catholics, 140 Latins, 175 [[Maronites]]/Protestants, 30 Jews and 440 Druze.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n200/mode/1up 175]</ref> That year, some 42 Jewish families from [[Morocco]] settled in Shefa-Amr.<ref name="Zaharoni128">Zaharoni (1978), p. 128</ref>

=== British Mandate ===
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 11504 Oldest first market.JPG|thumb|The old market in Shefa-Amr]]
The [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] was established in 1920. By then, all of Shefa-Amr's Jews had moved out.<ref name="Zaharoni128"/> According to the [[1922 census of Palestine]], Shefa-Amr had a population of 2,288: 1,263 Christians, 623 Muslims, and 402 Druze.<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p.[https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n35/mode/1up 33]</ref> Of the Christians, 1,054 were Melkites (Greek Catholics), 94 Anglicans, 70 Roman Catholics, 42 Greek Orthodox and three Maronitew.<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p.[https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n51/mode/1up 49]</ref> By the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], Shefa-Amr had 629 occupied houses and a population of 1,321 Christians, 1,006 Muslims, 496 Druze, and one Jew. A further 1,197 Muslims in 234 occupied houses was recorded for "Shafa 'Amr Suburbs".<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas p. 96] (PDF)</ref>

Statistics compiled by the Mandatory government in the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] showed an urban population of 1,560 Christians, 1,380 Muslims, 10 Jews and 690 "others" (presumably Druze) and a rural population of 3,560 Muslims.<ref name=DoS1945>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p15.jpg 15]</ref><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Haifa/Page-049.jpg p. 49]</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Sami Hadawi | title = Land Ownership in Palestine | publisher = Palestine Arab Refugee Office | location = New York | year = 1957 | page = 44 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010745381 }}</ref>

=== Israel ===
==== 20th century ====
[[File:Shfaram-K-652.jpg|thumb|A traditional house in the old town of Shefa-Amr]]
In 1948 Shefa-Amr was captured by the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli Army]] during the first phase of [[Operation Dekel]], from 8 to 14 July. The Druze population actively cooperated with the IDF. The Muslim quarter was heavily shelled and thousands of inhabitants fled to [[Saffuriya|Saffuriyeh]]. Following the fall of Nazareth some of the refugees were allowed to return to their homes.<ref>[[Benny Morris|Morris]], 1987, pp. 199, 200, 202</ref> After the end of the war, the Arab population was placed under [[Martial law#Israel|strict martial law]] until 1967.

Ibraheem Nimr Hussein, a former mayor of Shefa-Amr, was chairman of the Committee of Arab Mayors in Israel (later the Arab Follow-Up Committee) from its inception in 1975. In 1981 an [[NGO]] to promote health care in the Arab community was set up in Shefa-Amr. It called itself ''{{ill|The Galilee Society|qid=Q6573412}}'' - the Arab National Society for Health Research and Services.<ref>[[Ilan Pappe|Pappe, Ilan]] (2011) ''The Forgotten Palestinians. A History of the Palestinians in Israel.'' Yale. {{ISBN|978-0-300-13441-4}}. p.198</ref> In 1982, following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Mayor Ibrahim Nimr Husayn formed the "Supreme Follow-Up Committee" based on a committee that had been formed following [[Land Day]]. It consisted of 11 heads of local councils as well as Arab Members of Knesset. By the 1990s the committee, meeting in Nazareth, had expanded and become a mini-parliament representing Palestinians in the Galilee.<ref>Pappe. p.146</ref>

==== 21st century ====
[[File:Orsan Yasen 01.jpg|upright=.8|thumb|Orsan Yasen, mayor of Shefa-Amr (2018-2024)<ref name="ListOfMayors">{{cite web |trans-title=Former Mayors |title=رؤساء بلدية سابقون |url=https://shefaram.muni.il/ar/CmsPage/Page?pageId=1405 |website=Shfar'am municipal website |access-date=2024-07-18 |language=ar}}</ref>]]
On 16 May 2004, Whehebe Moheen, a man in his sixties, murdered Manal Najeeb Abu Raed, his widowed daughter-in-law, wife of his son, and mother of his two granddaughters.<ref name=sulha>{{cite web |url=http://www.sulha.org/2009/03/04/sulha-in-shefaram/ |title=Sulha in Shefaamer « Sulha Research Center |website=www.sulha.org |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522172229/http://www.sulha.org/2009/03/04/sulha-in-shefaram/ |archive-date=2011-05-22}}</ref> Manal had lost her husband to cancer two years earlier, and was living in the couple's home, in the Druze village of [[Daliat El Carmel]], near Haifa. Following this event there was conflict between the families of the victim and of the killer. The final reconciliation took place on 27 February 2009, when about 300 family members, dignitaries and residents of the mixed city of Shefa-Amr and Daliyat al-Carmel participated in the reconciliation ritual.<ref name=sulha/> They gathered, along with Christian and Muslim dignitaries, including mayors of the two towns involved, [[Knesset]] members (Druze and Muslim), the religious leader of Israel's Druze community, and a sizable contingent of Druze religious leaders from many villages in northern Israel.<ref name=sulha/> Following the speeches, the dignitaries signed the ''sulha'' (reconciliation) agreement, and after the document was declared officially endorsed, the killer's family handed the leader of the ''sulha'' committee, Sheikh [[Muafak Tarif]], a bag containing the blood money (''diya'') compensation, and Tarif handed the bag to cousins of the murdered woman.<ref name=sulha/> The bag contained 200,000 NIS (about [[US$]]50,000), about half what a "normal" conciliation payment would be, but the killer's family refused to bring more money, claiming that they had no resources, and were not prepared to make themselves bankrupt because of a "crazy" uncle.<ref name=sulha/>

On 4 August 2005, an Israeli soldier who was [[absent without leave]], [[Eden Natan-Zada]], opened fire while aboard a bus in the city, killing four Arab residents and wounding twenty-two others. After the shooting, Natan-Zada was overcome by nearby crowds, [[lynched]] and beaten with rocks. According to witnesses, the bus driver was surprised to see a ''[[kippah]]''-wearing Jewish soldier making his way to Shefa-Amr via public bus, so inquired of Natan-Zada whether he was certain he wanted to take his current route. The four fatalities were two sisters in their early twenties, Hazar and Dina Turki, and two men, bus driver Michel Bahouth and Nader Hayek. In the days following the attack, 40,000 people attended mass funeral services for the victims. The sisters were buried in an Islamic cemetery and the men were buried in the Catholic cemetery. The wounded were taken to [[Rambam Hospital]] in Haifa. The Shefa-Amr municipality established a monument to commemorate the victims.<ref>{{ Cite book
| first=Tamir| last=Sorek
| title=Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs
| publisher=Stanford University Press
| year=2015
| isbn=9780804795203
| location=Stanford, CA 
| url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23855
}}, p. 109</ref>

In January 2008, Mayor Ursan Yassin met with officials of the Israeli state committee on the celebrations for the 60th anniversary of independence, and announced that Shefa-Amr intended to take part in the celebrations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3501480,00.html|title=Arab town plans big celebration for Israel's Independence Day|work=ynet|date=February 2008|last1=Roffe-Ofir |first1=Sharon }}</ref> In 2011, 7,000 Christians, Druze and Muslims held a solidarity march in [[Persecution of Christians in Iraq|support of Christians in Iraq]] and [[Persecution of Copts|Egypt]] who were suffering from religious persecution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=204034|title=Shfaram: 7,000 march in solidarity with Christians|work=The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com|date=23 November 2011 }}</ref>

On November 18, 2024, a [[Hezbollah]] rocket struck a residential building in the city, killing a woman in her 50s and causing injuries to 56 others, including 18 children and teenagers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Hezbollah rocket kills woman in Shfaram, wounds dozens |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-829732 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X}}</ref>

==Geography==
Shefa-Amr is located in the [[North District of Israel]] at the entrance to the [[Galilee]]. It is located {{convert|13|km|mi}} from the Mediterranean Sea and {{convert|20|km|mi}} from each of three cities, Haifa, [[Acre (city)|Acre]] and Nazareth, where many of the inhabitants are employed. The city is located on seven hills, which gives it the name "Little Rome". {{citation needed|date=October 2011}} The elevation of the city and its strategic location as the connection between the valleys and mountains of Galilee made it more than once the center of its district, especially in the period of Uthman, the son of Zahir al-Umar, who built a castle in it, and towers around it. The [[bay of Haifa]] with the sea stretching between Haifa and Acre and the high mountains of Galilee and the valleys surrounding the city could be seen from high points in the city.

== Demographics ==
{{Arab citizens of Israel}}
In 1951, the population was 4450, of whom about 10% were internally displaced persons from other villages.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00263208708700721 | author = Kamen | title = After the Catastrophe I: The Arabs in Israel, 1948-51 | journal = Middle Eastern Studies | volume = 23 | year = 1987 | pages = 453–495 | issue = 4}}</ref> During the early 1950s, about 25,000 dunams of the land of Shefa-Amr were expropriated by the following method: the land was declared a closed military area, then after enough time had passed for it to have become legally "uncultivated", the Minister of Agriculture used his powers to "ensure that it was cultivated" by giving it to neighboring Jewish majority communities. Some of the land was owned by Jews.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1525/jps.1973.2.4.00p0099c | author = Jiryis, S. | author-link =Sabri Jiryis | title = The Legal Structure for the Expropriation and Absorption of Arab Lands in Israel | journal = Journal of Palestine Studies | volume = 2 | year = 1973 | pages = 82–104 | issue = 4| doi-broken-date = 1 July 2025 }}</ref> Another 7,579 dunams were expropriated in 1953–4.<ref name="Jiryis76">{{cite journal | author = Jiryis, S. | author-link =Sabri Jiryis | title = The Land Question in Israel | journal = MERIP Reports | volume = 47 | issue =47 | year = 1976 | pages = 5––20+24–26| doi =10.2307/3011382 | jstor =3011382 }}</ref> The total land holdings of the village fell from 58,725 dunams in 1945 to 10,371 dunams in 1962.<ref name="Jiryis76"/>

According to CBS, in 2012 the religious and ethnic makeup of the city was mostly [[Israeli Arab|Arab]]s (consisting of 59.2% Muslim, 26.5% Christian, and 14.3% Druze). Shefa-Amr is home to the fourth-largest Arab [[Christianity in Israel|Christian community in Israel]], and are mostly [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Greek-Melkite Catholics]].<ref name=Christian2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/400/11_19_400e.pdf|title=Christmas 2019 - Christians in Israel|date=29 December 2019|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)}}</ref> According to CBS, in 2012 there were 38,300 registered citizens in the city. 40.4% of the population was not over 19 years old, 14.9% between 20 and 29, 21.1% between 30 and 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% 65 or older. In 2022, 62% of the population was Muslim, 24.4% was Christian and 13.6% was Druze.<ref>{{Cite web |title=שפרעם
|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2024/local_authorities22_1957/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9D.pdf |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|Central Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>

Population in Shefa-Amr over the years:
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  bar:1961 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:7200  width:15  text:7200 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
  bar:1972 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:11600  width:15  text:11600 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
  bar:1983 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:16900  width:15  text:16900 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
  bar:1995 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:24500  width:15  text:24500 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
  bar:2005 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:32800 width:15  text:32800 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
  bar:2006 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:33500  width:15  text:33500 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
  bar:2009 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:35300  width:15  text:35300 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
  bar:2012 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:38343  width:15  text:38343 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
  bar:2017 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:41024  width:15  text:41024 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
 bar:2022 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:43543  width:15  text:43543 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
</timeline>

==Economy==
According to CBS, in 2012 there were 12,494 salaried and 1062 self-employed workers in the city. The mean monthly wage in 2012 for a salaried worker in the city was [[New Israeli Shekel|ILS]]&nbsp;5,412. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of ILS&nbsp;6,312 versus ILS&nbsp;3,904 for females. The mean income for the self-employed was ILS&nbsp;7,381. 235 people received unemployment benefits and 3,971 received an income guarantee.

==Education and culture==
In 2012, there were 24 schools serving a student population of 9,459: 15 elementary schools with 5,360 students and 13 high schools with 4,099 students. In 2012, 53.7% of twelfth grade students earned a matriculation certificate. In the eastern part of the city, [[Mifal HaPayis]] built a public computer center, a public library, a large events hall and more.

Shefa-Amr is also home to Tamrat El Zeitoun, an elementary school (about 150 students) notable for serving Muslim, Christian, and Druze together and being the only Arabic language [[Waldorf education|Waldorf school]]. In collaboration with Waldorf educators at [[Harduf]] the school developed a language curriculum accommodating the differences between written and spoken Arabic. The school celebrates the festivals from all three religions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freunde-waldorf.de/en/waldorf-worldwide/organisations-worldwide/asia/israel/shfaram/ | title=Waldorf Worldwide: Learning for peace | publisher=Freunde der Erziehungskunst Rudolf Steiners | access-date=March 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.waldorftoday.com/2011/02/445/ | title=Shalaam Shalom: Teaching children in the Middle East pathways to peace | publisher=Waldorf Today | access-date=March 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gilad |last=Goldshmidt |title=Interkultureller Brückenschlag |url=http://www.erziehungskunst.de/artikel/freunde-der-erziehungskunst/interkultureller-brueckenschlag/ |publisher=Bund der Freien Waldorfschulen e.V. |date=December 2011 |access-date=March 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014834/http://www.erziehungskunst.de/artikel/freunde-der-erziehungskunst/interkultureller-brueckenschlag/ |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Beit musica.jpg|thumb|Beit almusica]]
The Beit Almusica conservatory was founded in 1999 by musician Aamer Nakhleh in the center of Shefa-ʻAmr. It offers a year-round programs of music studies in various instruments, and holds music performances and concerts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beit-almusica.org/|title=بيت الموسيقى - شفاعمرو|work=beit-almusica.org}}</ref> Every year Shefa-ʻAmr holds a music festival known as the "Fort Festival." Arab children from all over the country compete in singing classic Arabic songs and one is chosen as "Voice of the Year." The [[Ba'ath choir]], established by Raheeb Haddad, performs all over the country and participates in many international events. {{citation needed|date=October 2011}} Singer [[Reem Talhami]] performs all over the Arab world. [[Oud]] player and violinist Tayseer Elias, on the Beit Almusica staff, is a composer, conductor and musicologist who also lectures at [[Bar-Ilan University]].<ref>[[:he:תייסיר אליאס|Tayseer Elias]] in the Hebrew Wikipedia. Retrieved 21 December 2016</ref> Butrus Lusia, a painter, specializes in [[icon]]s.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

[[File:Ghurbalshf.jpg|thumb|Al Ghurbal center in Shefa-Amr]]
The first plays in Shefa-Amr were performed in the 1950s by the Christian scouts. Since the 1970s, many theaters have opened. among them the sons of Shefa-ʻAmr theater, Athar theater, house of the youth theater, Alghurbal Al Shefa-Amry theater and Al Ufok theater. The largest theater in the city is the Ghurbal Establishment, a national Arab theater. Sa'eed Salame, an actor, comedian and pantomimist, established a 3-day international pantomime festival that is held annually.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

Shefa-Amr is known for its [[Mastic (plant resin)|mastic]]-based ice cream, ''bozet Shefa-'Amr''.The Nakhleh Coffee Company is the leading coffee producer in Israel's Arab community.
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[File:awtcafe.jpg|thumb|Awt Cafe]] -->New restaurant-cafes opened in parts of the old city{{When|date=September 2020}} and encouraged nightlife, being patronised by the youth of Shefa-ʻAmr. The Awt Cafe started holding musical nights where local singers and instruments players including [[oud]] and others perform for the audience.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

==Landmarks and religious sites==
[[File:Zzzfrance 385.jpg|thumb|[[St. Peter & St. Paul Church, Shefa-Amr|St. Peter & St. Paul Church]]]]
*A fort was built in 1760 by Zahir al-Umar to secure the entrance to Galilee. The fort was built on the ruins of a Crusader fort called "Le Seffram". The ground floor of the fort stabled the horses, the first floor above ground was for Zahir's residential quarters. Zahir's fort is considered the biggest fort remaining in the Galilee. After the establishment of the state, the fort was used as a police station. After a new station was built in the "Fawwar" neighbourhood, the fort was renovated and converted to a youth center, which has since closed down.<ref>Syon and Hillmann, 2006, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=339&mag_id=111 Shefar‘am, Final report]</ref>
*"The Tower" or "al Burj" is an old Crusader fort located in the southern part of the city.
[[File:Shfaram-890.jpg|thumb|The old market of Shefa-Amr]]
*The old market of Shefa-Amr was once the bustling heart of the city. Now all that remains is one coffee shop where elderly men gather every day to play backgammon and drink coffee. According to the mayor of Shefa-Amr, Nahed Khazem, the government provided a budget for improving and reviving the old market and developing the area around the fort as a tourist attraction.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}
*The [[Shfaram Ancient Synagogue]] is an old synagogue on the site of an even older structure. It is recorded as being active in 1845. A Muslim resident of the town holds the keys.<ref>{{cite news |author=שי ניר |newspaper=[[Davar|Davar Rishon]] |url=https://www.davar1.co.il/146557/ |title=אופטימיות ופחד (Optimism and Fear) |date=August 31, 2018 |access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> The synagogue was renovated in 2006. The tomb of Rabbi [[Judah ben Baba]], a well-known rabbi from the 2nd century who was captured and executed by the Romans, is still standing and many Jewish believers come to visit it.
*Byzantine period tombs are located in the middle of the city. They were the graves of the 5th and 6th-century Christian community. The tomb entrances are decorated with sculptures of lions and Greek inscriptions which make mention of [[Jesus]].<ref name=SWP339/>
*In the center of the city, where the [[Sisters of Nazareth convent - Shefa-Amr|Sisters of Nazareth convent]] now stands, was a 4th-century church, St. Jacob's. This church is mentioned in the notes of ecclesiastical historians, although the original church has been replaced by the monastery. Some marble columns remain, similar to those used to build the earliest churches.
*[[St. Peter & St. Paul Church, Shefa-Amr|St. Peter & St. Paul Church]] is located in one of the town's peaks near the fort, it has a high bell tower and a large purple dome. The church was built by Otman, who made a promise to build it if his fort was finished successfully. The walls of the church began to weaken, and in 1904 the entire church building was reinforced and renovated. This is the main church of the local Greek Catholic community.
*The Mosque of Ali Ibn Abi Talib (Old Mosque) was constructed near the castle in the days of [[Sulayman Pasha al-Adil|Sulayman Pasha]]

==Notable people==
[[File:Ghassan Alian 1.png|thumb|180px|[[Ghassan Alian]]]]

*[[Jumana Emil Abboud]] (born 1971), Palestinian artist<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ankori |first=Gannit |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/P/bo3622115.html |title=Palestinian Art |publisher=Reaktion Books |page=203 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Karimeh Abbud]] (1893–1940), photographer and artist
*[[Ghassan Alian]] (born 1972), first non-Jewish commander of the [[Golani Brigade]]
*[[Hamad Amar]] (born 1974), Member of the [[Knesset]]
*[[Mansour F. Armaly]] (1927–2005), physician who studied glaucoma
*[[Zahi Armeli]] (born 1957), former footballer
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG195204 Asad Azi] (born 1955), Palestinian painter<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ankori |first=Gannit |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/P/bo3622115.html |title=Palestinian Art |publisher=Reaktion Books |page=211 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG195204 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.britishmuseum.org}}</ref>
*[[Mohammad Barakeh]] (born 1955), Member of the Knesset
*[[Emile Habibi]] (1922–1996), Christian Israeli-Palestinian writer and communist politician. his father originated in Shefa-Amr
*[[Salah-Hassan Hanifes]] (1913–2002), Member of the Knesset
*[[Rami Hamadeh]] (born 1994), Palestinian footballer, who represented Palestine at the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]]
* [[Saleh Shahin]] (born 1982), Israeli Paralympic medalist rower
*[[Iyad Shalabi]] (born 1987), represented Israel at the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]], where he won two gold medals in swimming

==See also==
*[[Arab localities in Israel]]
*[[:Category:People from Shefa-'Amr|People from Shefa-'Amr]]

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
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*{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Rhode |first=H. |author-link=Harold Rhode |date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}
*Rogers, Mary Eliza, (1865):  ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KG09qepFmJAC Domestic Life in Palestine]'' (Also cited in Petersen, 2001)
*{{cite journal |last=Schumacher |first=G. |author-link=Gottlieb Schumacher |title=Population list of the Liwa of Akka |journal=Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund |volume=20 |pages=169–191 |url=https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale |year=1888}}
*{{cite book |last=Singer |first=A. |author-link=Amy Singer (historian) |title=Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC |year=2002 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |isbn=0-7914-5352-9}}
* {{Cite book |first=Tamir |last=Sorek |title=Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780804795203 |location=Stanford, CA |url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23855}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Syon |first1=Danny |last2=Hillmann |first2=Avner |date=2006-04-24 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=339&mag_id=111 |journal= |title='En Shefar'am Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=118}}
*{{cite book |author1=Tsafrir, Y. |author-link1=Yoram Tsafrir |author2=Leah Di Segni |author3=Judith Green |title=(TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJtAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities |location=Jerusalem |year=1994 |isbn=965-208-107-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Zaharoni |first=M. |author-link=:he:מנחם זהרוני |title=Israel Guide - Lower Galilee and Kinneret Region (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) |volume=3 |publisher=[[Keter Publishing House]], in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence |location=Jerusalem |year=1978 |language=he |oclc=745203905}}, s.v. {{Script/Hebrew|שפרעם}} 
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shefa-'Amr}}
*{{Official website|https://shefaram.muni.il/}} (in Arabic or Hebrew)
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Shafa_Amr_1573/index.html Welcome To Shafa Amr]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8368 IAA], [[commons:File:Survey of Western Palestine 1880.05.jpg|Wikimedia commons]]
{{Arab localities in Israel footer|uncollapsed}}
{{North District (Israel)}}
{{Largest Israeli cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arab localities in Israel]]
[[Category:Arab Christian communities in Israel]]
[[Category:Cities in Northern District (Israel)]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]]
[[Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee]]
[[Category:Druze communities in Israel]]