View source for Shelta

{{short description|Language spoken by Irish Travellers}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Shelta
| altname          = The Seldru, the Cant, {{lang|ga|Seiltis}}
| nativename       = {{lang|sth|De Gammon}}, {{lang|sth|Tarri}}
| region           = [[Ireland]]
| ethnicity        = [[Irish Travellers]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|50,700|1}}
| date             = 2008
| ref              = e25
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| familycolor      = mixed
| family           = {{Hlist|[[Indo-European]], as mixed [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[English language|English]]}}
| iso3             = sth
| glotto           = shel1236
| glottorefname    = Shelta <!--Middle English-->
| lingua           = 50-ACA-a
| notice           = IPA
| fam1             = 
| fam2             = 
}}
'''Shelta''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|l|t|ə}};<ref>{{cite book |first=Laurie |last=Bauer |date=2007 |title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] / [[Oxford University Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/linguisticsstude0000baue |via=Internet Archive |url-access=registration |isbn=9780195332841 |doi=10.1017/S0332586509002078|s2cid=143915949 }}</ref> [[Gaeilge|Irish]]: {{lang|ga|Seiltis}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tearma.ie/Search.aspx?term=shelta |title=shelta |work=tearma.ie – Dictionary of Irish Terms – Foclóir Téarmaíochta |access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> is a [[language]] spoken by [[Irish Travellers]] ({{lang|ga|Mincéirí}}), particularly in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="McArthur">{{cite book |editor-last=McArthur |editor-first=T. |title=The Oxford Companion to the English Language |date=1992 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-214183-X}}</ref> It is also widely known as '''the [[Cant (language)|Cant]]''', known to its native speakers in Ireland as '''{{lang|sth|de Gammon}}''' or '''{{lang|sth|Tarri}}''', and known to the academic or professional linguistic community as Shelta.<ref name="Queen's">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kirk |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Ó Baoill |editor2-first=D. |title=Travellers and Their Language |date=2002 |publisher=[[Queen's University Belfast]] |isbn=0-85389-832-4}}</ref> Other terms for it include '''the''' '''Seldru''', and '''Shelta Thari''', among others (see below).  

The exact number of native speakers is hard to determine due to [[sociolinguistic]] issues<ref name="Queen's" /> but ''[[Ethnologue]]'' puts the number of speakers at 30,000 in the UK, 6,000 in Ireland, and 50,000 in the US (the figure for at least the UK is dated to 1990; it is not clear if the other figures are from the same source).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sth |title=Shelta |work=[[Ethnologue]] |date=2009 |access-date=9 March 2010}}</ref>

Linguistically Shelta is today seen as a [[mixed language]] that stems from a community of travelling people in Ireland that was originally predominantly [[Irish language|Irish]]-speaking. The community later went through a period of widespread bilingualism that resulted in a language based heavily on [[Hiberno-English]] with significant influences from Irish.<ref name="Queen's" /> As different varieties of Shelta display different degrees of anglicisation, it is hard to determine the extent of the Irish [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]]. The ''Oxford Companion to the English Language'' puts it at 2,000–3,000 words.<ref name="McArthur" />

==Names and etymology==
The language is known by various names. People outside the Irish Traveller community often refer to it as ''[[Cant (language)|[the] Cant]]'', the etymology of which is a matter of debate.<ref name="Queen's" /> Speakers of the language refer to it as ''[the] Cant'',<ref name="McArthur" /> {{lang|sth|[de] Gammon}}<ref name="McArthur" /><ref name="Queen's" /> or {{lang|sth|Tarri}}.<ref name="McArthur" /> Amongst linguists, the name ''Shelta'' is the most commonly used term.<ref name="Queen's" />

Variants of the above names and additional names include ''Bog Latin'',<ref name="McArthur" /> ''Gammon'',<ref name="Dolan">{{cite book |editor-last=Dolan |editor-first=Terence Patrick |title=A Dictionary of Hiberno-English |date=2004 |publisher=[[Gill & MacMillan]] |isbn=0-7171-3535-7}}</ref> ''Sheldru'',<ref name="McArthur" /> ''Shelter'',<ref name="McArthur" /> ''Shelteroch'',<ref name="McArthur" /> ''the Ould Thing'',<ref name="McArthur" /> ''Tinker's Cant'',<ref name="McArthur" /> and ''Shelta Thari''.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Leland on the Gypsies |date=September 1882 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |page=417 |url= https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1882/09/leland-on-the-gypsies/633024/}} Select "View This Story as a PDF" to bypass the partial pay-wall.</ref>

===Etymology===
The word ''Shelta'' appeared in print for the first time in 1882, in the book ''The Gypsies'' by the "gypsiologist" [[Charles Leland]], who claimed to have discovered it as the "fifth Celtic tongue". The word's etymology has long been a matter of debate. Modern [[Celtic studies|Celticists]] believe that Irish {{lang|ga|siúl}} {{IPA|ga|ʃuːlʲ|}} "to walk" is at the root, either via a term such as {{lang|ga|siúltóir}} {{IPA|ga|ˈʃuːl̪ˠt̪ˠoːɾʲ|}} 'a walker' or a form of the [[verbal noun]] {{lang|ga|siúladh}}; thus, {{lang|ga|an lucht siúlta}} {{IPA|ga|ənˠ ˌl̪ˠʊxt̪ˠ ˈʃuːl̪ˠt̪ˠə|}}, 'the walking people', lit. 'the people of walks',<ref>{{cite book |title=Collins Irish Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |date=2006}}</ref> is the traditional Irish term for Travellers.<ref name="Queen's" /> 

The ''Dictionary of Hiberno-English'' cites it as possibly a corruption of the word ''[[Celt]]''.<ref name="Dolan" /> Since Shelta is a mixture of English and Irish grammar, the etymology is not straightforward. The language is made up mostly of Irish lexicon, being classified as a grammar-lexicon language with the grammar being English-based.<ref name="Velupillai 2015 381">{{harvp|Velupillai|2015|p=381}}</ref>

==Origins and history==
[[Linguist]]s have been documenting Shelta since at least the 1870s. The first works were published in 1880 and 1882 by Charles Leland.<ref name="Queen's" /> [[Celtic studies|Celticist]] [[Kuno Meyer]] and [[Romani language|Romani]] expert [[John Sampson (linguist)|John Sampson]] both assert that Shelta existed as far back as the 13th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Kuno |author-link=Kuno Meyer |date=1909 |title=The secret languages of Ireland |journal=[[Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society]] |series=New Series |volume=2 |pages=241–246}}</ref>

In the earliest but undocumented period, linguists surmise that the Traveller community was [[Irish language|Irish-speaking]] until a period of widespread [[bilingualism]] in Irish and [[Hiberno-English]], and [[Scots language]] in Scotland set in, leading to [[Creole language|creolisation]] (possibly with a trilingual stage).<ref name="Queen's" /> The resulting language is referred to as Old Shelta, and it is suspected that this stage of the language displayed distinctive features, such as non-English syntactic and morphological features, no longer found in Shelta.<ref name="Queen's" />

Within the [[diaspora]], various sub-branches of Shelta exist. Shelta in England is increasingly undergoing [[anglicisation]]. American Irish-Traveller's Cant, originally synonymous with Shelta, has by now been almost fully anglicised.<ref name="McArthur" />

==Linguistic features==
[[Sociologist]] Sharon Gmelch describes the Irish Travellers' language as follows:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gmelch |first=Sharon |title=Nan: The Life of an Irish Travelling Woman |date=1986 |publisher=Souvenir Press |location=London |isbn=0-285-62785-6 |page=234}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Irish Travellers use a secret argot or cant known as Gammon. It is used primarily to conceal meaning from outsiders, especially during business transactions and in the presence of police. Most Gammon utterances are terse and spoken so quickly that a non-Traveler might conclude the words merely had been garbled. Most Gammon words were formed from [[Irish language|Irish]] by applying four techniques: reversal, [[Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]], [[affix]]ing, and substitution. In the first, an Irish word is reversed to form a Gammon one – {{lang|ga|mac}}, or 'son', in Irish became {{lang|sth|kam}} in Gammon. In the second, consonants or consonant clusters were transposed. Thirdly, a sound or cluster of sounds were either prefixed or suffixed to an Irish word. Some of the more frequently prefixed sounds were ''s'', ''gr'', and ''g''. For example, {{lang|ga|obair}}, 'work or job', became {{lang|sth|gruber}} in Gammon. Lastly, many Gammon words were formed by substituting an arbitrary consonant or consonant cluster in an Irish word. In recent years, modern slang and [[Romani language|Romani]] (the language of the [[Romani people|gypsies]]) words have been incorporated. The [[grammar]] and [[syntax]] are English. The first [[vocabulary]] collected from Irish Travellers was published in 1808, indicating that Gammon dates at least back to the 1700s. But many early Celtic scholars who studied it, including [[Kuno Meyer]], concluded it was much older.}}

Thus, by design, it is not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] with either English or Irish.

Shelta is a secret language.<ref>{{harvp|Velupillai|2015|p=80}}</ref> Travellers do not like to share the language with outsiders, named {{lang|sth|Buffers}}, or non-travellers.<ref>{{harvp|Velupillai|2015|p=80}}</ref> When speaking Shelta in front of Buffers, Travellers will disguise the structure so as to make it seem like they aren't speaking Shelta at all.<ref>{{harvp|Velupillai|2015|p=80}}</ref>

===Lexicon===
While Shelta is influenced by English grammar, it is a mixture of Irish words as well. The word order is altered, syllables are reversed, and many of the original words are Irish that have been altered or reversed. Many Shelta words have been disguised using techniques such as [[back slang]], where sounds are transposed. For example, {{lang|sth|gop}} 'kiss' from Irish {{lang|ga|póg}}, or the addition of sounds, for example {{lang|sth|gather}} 'father' from Irish {{lang|ga|athair}}.<ref name="McArthur" /> Other examples include {{lang|sth|lackín}} or {{lang|sth|lakeen}} 'girl' from Irish {{lang|ga|cailín}}, and the word {{lang|sth|rodas}} 'door' from Irish {{lang|ga|doras}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harper |first1=Jared |last2=Hudson |first2=Charles |date=1971 |title=Irish Traveler Cant |journal=Journal of English Linguistics |volume=5 |pages=80 |doi=10.1177/007542427100500105 |s2cid=144672161}}</ref>

===Grammar===
Shelta shares its main syntactic features with Hiberno-English and the majority of its morphological features such as ''-s'' plurals and past tense markers.<ref name="Queen's" /> Compare:
{|class="wikitable" style="width:50%; font-size: 100%"
!Shelta
!English
|-
|{{lang|sth|de gyuck, de gloꭕ}}; {{lang|sth|gloꭕi}}
| 'the man'; 'men'
|-
|{{lang|sth|de byor, de byohr, de beoir}}
| 'the woman'
|-
|{{lang|sth|lohsped, lósped}}
| 'married'
|-
|{{lang|sth|sooblik, sublick, subla, subleen}}
| 'boy, lad'
|-
|{{lang|sth|kam}}
| 'son'
|-
|{{lang|sth|lackin, lakeen}}
| 'girl'
|-
|{{lang|sth|máilles}}
| 'hands'
|-
|{{lang|sth|lúrógs}}
| 'eyes'
|-
|{{lang|sth|groog}}
| 'hair'
|-
|{{lang|sth|pí}}
| 'mouth'
|-
|{{lang|sth|gop}}
| 'kiss'
|-
|{{lang|sth|ríspa}}
| 'trousers'
|-
|{{lang|sth|guillimins}}
| 'shoes'
|-
|{{lang|sth|tugs}}
| 'clothes'
|-
|{{lang|sth|griffin}}
| 'coat'
|-
|{{lang|sth|lorch}}
| 'car'
|-
|{{lang|sth|lí}}
| 'bed'
|-
|{{lang|sth|nucel}}
| 'candle'
|-
|{{lang|sth|rodas}}
| 'door'
|-
|{{lang|sth|talósc}}
| 'day'
|-
|{{lang|sth|olomi}}
| 'night'
|-
|{{lang|sth|luscán}}
| 'fish'
|- 
|{{lang|sth|solk, bug}}
| 'take'
|-
|{{lang|sth|bug}}
| 'go'; 'give', 'get'
|-
|{{lang|sth|krosh}}
| 'go', 'come'
|-
|{{lang|sth|gloke, gratch, oagle, dashe}}
| 'look', 'see', 'watch'
|-
|{{lang|sth|nook}}
| 'head'
|-
|{{lang|sth|innic}}
| 'thing, gizmo'; can refer to just about anything
|-
|{{lang|sth|shay joug}}
| 'police'
|-
|{{lang|sth|gruber}}
| 'work', 'job'
|-
|{{lang|sth|gayge}}
| 'to be persistent about wanting something'
|-
|{{lang|sth|carb}}
| 'to hit something or someone'
|-
|{{lang|sth|yonk}}
| 'steal, rob' 
|-
|{{lang|sth|thary}}
| 'talk, speak'
|-
|{{lang|sth|wisht}}
| 'shut up, stop talking' (see also Scots and dialectal English ''[[wikt:whisht|whisht]]'')
|-
|{{lang|sth|glon}}
| 'money'
|-
|{{lang|sth|hawking}}
| 'looking for'
|-
|{{lang|sth|tack}}
| 'one's personal items' (usually)
|-
|{{lang|sth|lush}}
| 'eat', 'food'
|-
|{{lang|sth|crudgy}}
| 'to leave somewhere in a hurry'
|-
|{{lang|sth|skraꭕo}}
| 'tree, bush'
|}

There is not as much importance put on gender in Shelta as in Irish. Plurals are shown with the English suffix /-s/ or /-i/, such as {{lang|sth|gloꭕ}} for 'man' becomes {{lang|sth|gloꭕi}} for 'men'.<ref>{{harvp|Velupillai|2015|p=382}}</ref>

=== Phonology ===
Shelta has 27 consonants and 6 phonemic vowels.

Many words are complex by incorporating numerous consonants within, as in the word {{lang|sth|skraꭕo}} for 'tree, bush' with the consonant /ꭕ/ being a hissing sound that is held in the back of the throat, and is held longer than other consonants.<ref name="Velupillai 2015 381" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+Consonants<ref name="Velupillai 2015 381" />
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| 
!colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan="2" | [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
!rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!colspan="2" | [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
!rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|- class=small
! [[velarization|broad]]
! [[Palatalization (phonetics)|slender]]
! [[velarization|broad]]
! [[Palatalization (phonetics)|slender]]
! [[velarization|broad]]
! [[Palatalization (phonetics)|slender]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|mʲ}}
| {{IPAlink|n}} || {{IPAlink|nʲ}}
| || || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|pʲ}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} || {{IPAlink|tʲ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}} || {{IPAlink|kʲ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}}|| {{IPAlink|bʲ}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}|| {{IPAlink|dʲ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}|| {{IPAlink|ɡʲ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small>
| ||
| {{IPAlink|θ}} || {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| || || ||
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| ||
| {{IPAlink|ð}} ||
| || ||
| {{IPAlink|χ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
| ||
| || {{IPAlink|tʃ}}
| || || ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
| ||
| {{IPAlink|r}} || {{IPAlink|rʲ}}
| || || ||
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| ||
| {{IPAlink|l}} ||
| {{IPAlink|ʎ}}
| || ||
|-
!colspan=2| [[Approximant]]
| ({{IPAlink|w}}) ||
| ||
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}} || ||
|}
The vowel system features phonemic lengthening for all vowels except for /{{IPAlink|ə}}/. Additionally, [ey, iy, ow, uw] can be realized as diphthongs in certain varieties of Shelta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aceto |first1=Michael |last2=Bakker |first2=Peter |last3=Mous |first3=Maarten |date=December 1995 |title=Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/415772 |journal=Language |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=842 |doi=10.2307/415772|jstor=415772 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Vowels<ref name="Velupillai 2015 381" />
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|i}}
|
| {{IPAlink|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|ə}}
| {{IPAlink|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

==Loanwords==
Some Shelta words have been borrowed by mainstream English speakers, such as the word "[[bloke]]" meaning 'a man' in the mid-19th century.<ref>Oxford Dictionary – etymology</ref>{{full citation needed|date=December 2023|reason=It's not even clear which of the many Oxford dictionaries this is referring to, in what editon, at what page or entry. One presumes a "bloke" entry in one of them.}}

==Orthography==
There is no standard orthography. Broadly speaking, Shelta can either be written following an Irish-type orthography or an English-type orthography. For example, the word for 'married' can either be spelled {{lang|sth|lósped}} or {{lang|sth|lohsped}}; the word for 'woman' can either be spelled {{lang|sth|beoir}} or {{lang|sth|byohr}}.<ref name="Queen's" />

==Comparison texts==
Below are reproductions of the ''[[Lord's Prayer]]'' in Shelta as it occurred a century ago{{when|date=December 2023}}, current Shelta Cant, and modern English and Irish versions for comparison. The 19th-century Shelta version shows a high Shelta lexical content while the later Cant version shows a much lower Shelta lexical content. Both versions are adapted from Hancock<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/454664 |last=Hancock |first=I. |date=1986 |title=The cryptolectal speech of the American roads: Traveller Cant and American Angloromani |journal=American Speech |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=207–208 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |jstor=454664}}</ref> who notes that the Cant reproduction is not exactly representative of actual speech in normal situations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Shelta (old)
!Shelta (current)
!English
![[Irish language|Irish]]
|-
|{{lang|sth|Mwilsha's gater, swart a manyath,}}
|{{lang|sth|Our gathra, who cradgies in the manyak-norch,}}
|Our Father, who art in heaven,
|{{lang|ga|Ár n-Athair atá ar neamh,}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Manyi graw a kradji dilsha's manik.}}
|{{lang|sth|We turry kerrath about your moniker.}}
|Hallowed be thy name.
|{{lang|ga|Go naofar d'ainm,}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Graw bi greydid, sheydi laadu}}
|{{lang|sth|Let's turry to the norch where your jeel cradgies,}}
|Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done,
|{{lang|ga|Go dtaga do ríocht, Go ndéantar do thoil}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Az aswart in manyath.}}
|{{lang|sth|And let your jeel shans get greydied nosher same as it is where you cradgie.}}
|On earth as it is in heaven.
|{{lang|ga|ar an talamh, mar a dhéantar ar neamh.}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Bag mwilsha talosk minyart goshta dura.}}
|{{lang|sth|Bug us eynik to lush this thullis,}}
|Give us today our daily bread.
|{{lang|ga|Ár n-arán laethúil tabhair dúinn inniú,}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Geychel aur shaaku areyk mwilsha}}
|{{lang|sth|And turri us you're nijesh sharrig for the eyniks we greydied}}
|And forgive us our trespasses,
|{{lang|ga|Agus maith dúinn ár bhfiacha}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Geychas needjas greydi gyamyath mwilsha.}}
|{{lang|sth|Just like we ain't sharrig at the needies that greydi the same to us.}}
|As we forgive those who trespass against us.
|{{lang|ga|Mar a mhaithimid ár bhfiachóirí féin}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Nijesh solk mwil start gyamyath,}}
|{{lang|sth|Nijesh let us soonie eyniks that'll make us greydi gammy eyniks,}}
|And lead us not into temptation,
|{{lang|ga|Is ná lig sinn i gcathú}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Bat bog mwilsha ahim gyamyath.}}
|{{lang|sth|But solk us away from the taddy.}}
|but deliver us from evil.
|{{lang|ga|ach saor sinn ó olc.}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Diyil the sridag, taajirath an manyath}}
|
|Yours is the kingdom, the power and the glory
|{{lang|ga|Óir is leatsa an Ríocht agus an chumhacht agus an Ghlóir,}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Gradum a gradum.}}
|
|For ever and ever
|{{lang|ga|Tré shaol na saol}}
|-
|{{lang|sth|Naemia.}}
|
|Amen.
|{{lang|ga|Áiméan.}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Beurla Reagaird]]
* [[Bungi dialect]]
* [[Polari]]
* [[Scottish Cant]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |author-link=R. A. Stewart Macalister |first=R. A. Stewart |last=Macalister |date=1937 |title=The Secret Languages of Ireland: with special reference to the origin and nature of the Shelta language |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/the-secret-languages-of-ireland_202307 |via=Internet Archive}} Also reissued by Armagh: Craobh Rua Books (1997).
*{{Cite book |last=Velupillai |first=Viveka |title=Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction |publisher=[[John Benjamins]] |date=2015 |isbn=978-90-272-5271-5 |location=Amsterdam}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140920033126/http://www.travellersrest.org/sheltanocant990418.htm Shelta lexicon and pronunciation guide]

{{Languages of Ireland}}
{{Celtic languages}}
{{Irish Travellers}}

{{Ireland topics}}

[[Category:Cant languages]]<!--Mostly not English-based.-->
[[Category:English-based argots]]<!--Only English-based in part. Whether it's a cant or pidgin varies by source.-->
[[Category:English-based pidgins and creoles]]<!--Only English-based in part. Whether it's a cant or pidgin varies by source.-->
[[Category:Irish dialects]]<!--Technically not a dialect, but we have no narrower Irish category for it yet.-->
[[Category:Macaronic forms of English]]<!--Only in part.-->
[[Category:Irish Travellers]]
[[Category:Languages of Ireland]]
[[Category:Mixed languages]]