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{{Short description|Capital of Liaoning, China}}
{{About|the city|the aircraft manufacturer |Shenyang Aircraft Corporation|other uses|Shen Yang (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Shenyang
| native_name        = 沈阳市
| native_name_lang   = zh-Hans
| settlement_type    = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] and [[sub-provincial city]]<ref name="govln">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:行政区划 |trans-title=Administrative division |url=http://www.ln.gov.cn/zjln/xzqh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104341/http://www.ln.gov.cn/zjln/xzqh/ |archive-date=7 November 2018 |access-date=1 October 2018 |publisher=Liaoning People's Government |language=zh |script-quote=zh:截至2016年底, 辽宁省辖14个地级市(其中沈阳、大连为副省级城市}}</ref>
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = 沈阳浑河大桥天际线.jpg
| caption1= Shenyang skyline skyline and the [[Hun River (Liao River tributary)|Hun River]]
| image2 = 沈阳故宫大政殿.jpg
| caption2 = [[Mukden Palace]]
| image3 = Sacred Heart Cathedral of Shenyang 3.jpg
| caption3= Sacred Heart Cathedral of Shenyan
| image4 = 沈阳铁西广场.jpg 
| caption4= Tiexiguangchang
| image5 = Shenyang Railway Station at night.jpg
| caption5 = [[Shenyang railway station]]
| image6 = 沈阳中街与正阳街交口.jpg
| caption6 = [[Zhongjie]]
| image7 = 沈阳九一八纪念馆1.jpg
| caption7 = [[Mukden incident|9.18]] Historical Museum
}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|zoom=6}}
| image_map1         = File:Location of Shenyang Prefecture within Liaoning (China).png
| map_caption1       = Location of Shenyang within Liaoning
| pushpin_map        = Liaoning#Eastern China#China
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city center within Liaoning
| coor_pinpoint      = [[Shenhe]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|41|48|09|N|123|25|41|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-21_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[China]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Liaoning]]
| seat_type          = Municipal seat
| seat               = [[Hunnan District]]
| parts_type         = [[County-level division]]s
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = 13
| government_type    = [[Sub-provincial city]]
| governing_body     = [[Shenyang Municipal People's Congress]]
| leader_title       = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
| leader_name        = Zhang Lei
| leader_title1      = [[Shenyang Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
| leader_name1       = Fu Zhongwei
| leader_title2      = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = Wang Xinwei
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = Han Dongtai
| area_total_km2     = 12869
| elevation_m        = 55
| population_total   = 9070093
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_urban   = 7885142
| population_metro   = 8192848
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/liaoning/admin/|title=China: Liáoníng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| area_metro_km2     = 4222.2
| area_urban_km2     = 3658.2
| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref name="shenyang">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.shenyang.gov.cn/sjfb/sqfx/202501/t20250121_4799594.html | title=zh: 2024年沈阳市地区生产总值统一核算结果 | publisher=shenyang.gov.cn| date=January 20, 2025| access-date=February 20, 2025}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = City
| demographics2_info1 = {{ubl|[[CN¥]] 903 billion|[[US$]] 127 billion}}
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = {{ubl|CN¥ 99,527|US$ 13,975}}
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 110000
| area_code          = [[Telephone numbers in China|24]]
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-LN-01]]
| website            = {{URL|www.shenyang.gov.cn}}
| timezone           = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset         = +8
| blank_name         = [[License Plate (China)|License plate prefixes]]
| blank_info         = {{lang|zh-cn|辽A}}
| blank3_name        = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank3_info        = [[Humid continental climate|Dwa]]
| module             = {{Infobox place symbols|embedded=yes|tree=''[[Pinus tabuliformis]]''|flower=''[[Rosa rugosa]]''}}
| total_type         = City
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Shenyang_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Shenyang" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.4
| pic2 = mukden1.png
| piccap2 = "Mukden" in Manchu script
| picsize2 = 50px
| t = 瀋陽
| s = 沈阳
| p = {{Audio|Shenyang pronunciation.ogg|Shěnyáng|help=no}}
| w = {{tone superscript|Shên3-yang2}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|sh|en|3|.|yang|2}}
| gr = Sheenyang
| bpmf = ㄕㄣˇ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄧㄤˊ
| j = Sam2-joeng4
| y = Sám-yèuhng
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|am|2|.|j|oeng|4}}
| wuu = Sen<sup>上</sup>-yan<sup>平</sup>
| poj = Sím-iông
| l = north bank of the Shen River
| altname = Mukden
| c2 = 盛京
| p2 = Shèngjīng
| psp2 = Mukden
| l2 = Prosperous [capital]
| mnc = ᠰᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ <br />ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠨ
| mnc_rom = simiyan/mukden
| showflag = p
| order = st
}}
{{Contains special characters |Manchu}}

'''Shenyang''',{{efn|{{lang-zh|s=沈阳|p=Shěnyáng}}; {{IPAc-en|S|E|n|'|j|ae|N}} {{respell|shen|YANG}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Shenyang |encyclopedia=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Shenyang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519044046/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Shenyang |archive-date=May 19, 2021 }}</ref> Mandarin pronunciation: {{IPAc-cmn|sh|en|3|.|yang|2}}; formerly known as '''Fengtian'''{{efn|{{zhi|c=奉天}}; Mandarin pronunciation: {{IPAc-cmn|f|eng|4|t|ian|1}}}}}} formerly known by its [[Manchu language|Manchu]] name '''Mukden''',{{efn|{{IPA|mnc|mukʰtən|IPA}}}} is a [[sub-provincial city]] in [[China]] and the [[list of capitals in China#Province capitals|provincial capital]] of [[Liaoning province]]. It is the province's most populous city with a population of 9,070,093 as of the [[2020 Chinese census|2020 census]],<ref name=":1" /> also making it the largest city in [[Manchuria]] by [[urban population]], and the second-largest by [[metropolitan population]] (behind [[Harbin]]).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Liaoning |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43593.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303203025/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43593.htm |archive-date=2014-03-03 |access-date=2014-04-22}}.</ref> The Shenyang [[metropolitan area]] is one of the major [[megalopolises in China]], with a population of over 23 million. The city's administrative region includes the ten metropolitan [[district (China)|district]]s, the [[county-level city]] of [[Xinmin, Liaoning|Xinmin]], and the [[counties of the People's Republic of China|counties]] of [[Kangping County|Kangping]] and [[Faku County|Faku]].

Shenyang has been controlled by numerous different states and peoples during its history. In the 14th century, the city came under the control of the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644), for whom it served as an important military stronghold. The 1621 [[Battle of Shen-Liao]] resulted in Shenyang briefly serving as the capital of the Jurchen [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] dynasty, the direct predecessor of the [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1912).<ref name=Ebrey2010pp220224/> The 1905 [[Battle of Mukden]] took place south of Shenyang as part of the [[Russo-Japanese War]]. The subsequent Japanese victory allowed its annexation of the region west of the old city and the increase of Japanese influence in Shenyang. In 1931, the [[Mukden incident]] led to the Japanese invasion and occupation of the rest of Manchuria, and the establishment of the puppet state of [[Manchukuo]]. After the [[Japanese surrender]] in 1945, Shenyang remained a stronghold of the [[Kuomintang]] until its capture by the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communists]] in 1948 following the [[Liaoshen campaign]].

Together with its surrounding cities, Shenyang is an important industrial center in China,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-06 |script-title=zh:陈海波: 坚定不移朝着建设先进装备制造业基地目标加速前行 |url=http://www.shenyang.gov.cn/zwgk/system/2013/03/06/010065753.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927092347/http://www.shenyang.gov.cn/zwgk/system/2013/03/06/010065753.shtml |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-04-28 |publisher=Shenyang People's Government |language=zh}}</ref> and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China's northeast—particularly involved in links with Japan, Russia, and Korea.<ref name="东北中心">{{Cite web |date=2012-10-09 |script-title=zh:沈阳 |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/city/2012-10/09/c_123799589.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208191501/http://news.xinhuanet.com/city/2012-10/09/c_123799589.htm |archive-date=2013-12-08 |access-date=2013-11-21 |website=[[Xinhua]] |language=zh}}</ref> A center of [[heavy industry]] in China since the 1930s, and the spearhead of the Chinese central government's [[Northeast Area Revitalization Plan]],<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:东北地区振兴规划 |url=http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2007-08/20/content_721632.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822160123/http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2007-08/20/content_721632.htm |archive-date=22 August 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=China State Council |language=zh}}</ref> the city has been diversified its industry in the 21st century, including expanding into the [[service sector]]. Growing industries include software, automotive and electronics. Shenyang is also a major city for scientific research and education in Manchuria. {{As of|2025}}, it was listed among the top 100 [[List of cities by scientific output|cities by scientific output]] in the world, as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> The city is home to [[List of universities and colleges in Liaoning|several major universities]], notably [[Northeastern University (China)|Northeastern University]] and [[Liaoning University]], listed as prestigious universities in the [[Double First-Class Construction]].

==Name==
''Shenyang'' literally means "the ''[[yin and yang|yang]]'' side of the Shen River" and refers to the location of the [[Hun River (Liao River tributary)|Hun River]] (formerly called the Shen River, {{lang-zh|t=瀋水|p=Shěn Shuǐ|labels=no}}), on the southern side of the city. According to Chinese naming tradition, a river's north bank and a mountain's south slope are angled more towards direct sunlight and thus are considered the "sunny", or "yang", side.<ref name="理论界">{{cite journal |author=顾奎相 |date=January 2013 |script-title=zh:沈阳名称由来考——因"沈水"而得名,非"合成"说 |script-journal=zh:《理论界》 |issue=1}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Xinle Civilisation Shenyang China.JPG|thumb|left|Xinle Ruins]]
Archaeological findings show that humans resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 8000&nbsp;years ago. The remains of the [[Xinle culture]], a late [[Neolithic period]] society over 6800–7200&nbsp;years old,<ref name=":1">''Archaeology of Asia'', pp.&nbsp;129</ref> are located in a museum in the north part of [[Huanggu District]]. It is complemented by a recreated village on site.

The city now known as Shenyang was first established {{circa|300&nbsp;BCE}} during the [[Warring States period]] by [[Yan (state)|Yan]] general [[Qin Kai (general)|Qin Kai]], who conquered the [[Liaodong]] region from [[Old Chosŏn|Gojoseon]].<ref>{{cite book |language=zh |author=陈寿 |script-title=zh:三国志·魏志·东夷传 |year=2000 |publisher=浙江古籍出版社 |script-quote=zh:昔萁子之后北朝鲜侯, 自称为王, 后子孙稍骄虐, 燕乃遣将秦开, 攻其西方, 取地两千余里, 至满番汗为界, 朝鲜遂弱.}}</ref> It was then named Hou City ({{zhi|t=侯城|p=Hóu Chéng}}). Around 350 years later, during the reign of [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]], the city was sacked and burnt by the [[Donghu people|Donghu]] nomads and subsequently abandoned. The area of modern Shenyang was divided between two [[commandery (China)|commanderies]] called [[Liaodong Commandery|Liaodong]] and [[Xuantu Commandery|Xuantu]] {{circa|107&nbsp;CE|lk=no}}. Liaodong was seized by a Han governor in 189 while Liaodong and Xuantu were briefly united under [[Cao Wei]] and the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]]. The region was in disarray during the fourth century until the [[Goguryeo]] occupied both commanderies in 404. Under Goguryeo, the city was called Gaemo. They established the cities of Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng in the region. The [[Sui dynasty]] recaptured the area and established a new Liaodong Commandery in what is now modern Shenyang. In 645, the [[Tang dynasty]] [[Goguryeo–Tang War|invaded Goguryeo]] and captured Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng. Soon after, Liaodong was administratively reorganized and enjoyed nearly 250 years of stability and development.<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |year=1996 |isbn=1-884964-04-4 |editor-last=Schellinger |editor-first=Paul |location=Chicago |page=744 |editor-last2=Salkin |editor-first2=Robert}}</ref>

In 916, the Shenyang region was captured by the [[Liao dynasty]] and was known as Shen Prefecture ({{zhi|t=瀋州|p=Shěn Zhōu}}) until the end of [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] (who conquered the region in 1116). The area became known as the Shenyang Circuit ({{zhi|t=瀋陽路|p=Shěnyáng Lù}}) during the [[Yuan dynasty]].<ref name="中国网沈阳历史">{{cite web |url=http://www.china.com.cn/city/zhuanti/07lnx/2007-06/07/content_8357641.htm |script-title=zh:沈阳历史 |script-website=zh:中国网 |access-date=2014-05-29 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318032642/http://www.china.com.cn/city/zhuanti/07lnx/2007-06/07/content_8357641.htm |archive-date=2013-03-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the fall of the Yuan, Shenyang came under the control of the [[Ming dynasty]], and it was designated a guard town named Shenyang Central Guard ({{zhi|t=瀋陽中衛|p=Shěnyáng Zhōngwèi}}). During the Ming dynasty, Shenyang became one of the most important Chinese military strongholds beyond the [[Shanhai Pass]].

===Manchu period===
[[File:Mukden Palace in Shenyang.jpg|thumb|The [[Mukden Palace]]]]
[[File:盛京城阙图.jpg|thumb|Map of Shengjing Inner City in 1660s]]
In 1625, the Jurchen leader [[Nurhaci]] [[Battle of Shen-Liao|captured Shenyang from the Ming]] and decided to relocate his entire administrative infrastructure to the city, which was then called {{tlit|mnc|Simiyan}} hoton ({{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠰᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ <br />ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ}}}}) in the [[Manchu language]], Simiyan itself being the Manchu's homophonic translation of the Korean's rendering of the name Shenyang (심양).<ref name=Ebrey2010pp220224>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China |first=Patricia |last=Ebrey |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-12433-1 |pages=220–224}}</ref> The official name was changed to Mukden ({{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠨ}}}}), or Shengjing ({{zhi|t=盛京|p=Shèng Jīng|l=rising capital}}) in 1634. The new name derives from the [[Manchu]] word, {{tlit|mnc|mukdembi}} ({{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ}}}}), meaning 'to rise' as reflected also by its Han Chinese name.<ref name="盛京史话"/> Under [[Nurhaci]]'s orders, the [[Mukden Palace|Imperial Palace]] was constructed in 1626, symbolizing the city's emerging status as the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] political center. The palace featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as a symbol of power and grandeur.<ref name="盛京史话">{{cite web |url=http://www.lndangan.gov.cn/lnsdaj/jcln/msmf/content/4028eaa228fb517a0128fb557fae1891.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233938/http://www.lndangan.gov.cn/lnsdaj/jcln/msmf/content/4028eaa228fb517a0128fb557fae1891.html |archive-date=2013-12-02 |script-title=zh:盛京城史话 |publisher=辽宁省档案信息网 |access-date=2014-05-28 |language=zh}}</ref>

After the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644 and the routing of the [[Shun dynasty|Shun]] army in the [[Battle of Shanhai Pass]] just a day later, the Manchus successfully entered the [[Shanhai Pass]] to establish the [[Qing dynasty]] in [[China proper]]. The capital was subsequently relocated from Shenyang to [[Beijing]]. However, Shenyang retained considerable importance as the secondary capital and spiritual home of the [[Qing dynasty]] through the centuries.<ref name="盛京史话"/> Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture ({{zhi|t=奉天府|p=Fèngtiān Fǔ}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ <br />ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ <br />ᡶᡠ}}|v=abkai imiyangga fu|a=abkai imiyangga fu}} or {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡶᡠᠩ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ}}|v=fung tiyian|a=fung tiyian}}) was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cathay.ce.cn/history/201005/14/t20100514_21397914.shtml |script-title=zh:三陵巷 三陵衙门和盛京将军 |script-work=zh:中国经济网 |access-date=2013-05-01 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515132813/http://cathay.ce.cn/history/201005/14/t20100514_21397914.shtml |archive-date=2013-05-15}}</ref>

===Russian and Japanese influence===
[[File:Map of Shenyang in 1919.jpg|thumb|Japanese-administered zone (red) and the old Shenyang city (violet) in 1919]]
After the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] of 1894–1895, [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] coerced the annexation of the [[Liaodong Peninsula]] with the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] in 1895, but had to give it up due to diplomatic pressure from the 1895 [[Triple Intervention]]. In the aftermath of the Japanese threat, [[Qing China|Qing]] viceroy [[Li Hongzhang]] visited Moscow in 1896 and [[Li–Lobanov Treaty|signed a secret treaty]] with Russian foreign minister [[Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky]], allowing the [[Russian Empire]] to build [[Chinese Eastern Railway|a Russian-gauge railway]] through Manchuria, which opened the door towards further Russian expansionism in the form of [[Convention for the Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula|another lease convention in 1898]], effectively allowing Russia to annex [[Lüshunkou District|Port Arthur]] in all but name. However, after the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in 1900, [[Russian Empire|Russian]] forces used that anti-foreigner insurgency as a pretext to formally invade and occupy most of Manchuria, and Mukden became a Russian stronghold in the [[Far East]] with the building of what would become the [[South Manchurian Railway]] - from [[Harbin]] via Mukden to [[Russian Dalian|Dalny]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_93gAAAAAYAAJ |quote=mukden russians day before formally. |title=The Century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 68 |year=1904 |publisher=The Century Co. |location=NEW YORK |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_93gAAAAAYAAJ/page/n588 581] |access-date=2011-07-06}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOfUAAAAMAAJ&q=russians+mukden+formally |title=The Century: a popular quarterly, Volume 68 |author=Making of America Project |year=1904 |publisher=Scribner & Co. |location=NEW YORK |page=581 |access-date=2011-07-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130527132705/http://books.google.com/books?id=fOfUAAAAMAAJ&q=russians+mukden+formally#v=snippet&q=russians%20mukden%20formally&f=false |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status= live}}(Original from the University of Michigan)</ref>

During the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905), Mukden became the site of the [[Battle of Mukden]] from February 19 to March 10, 1905.<ref name="historyofmodernworld">{{Harvnb|Palmer|Colton|Kramer|2007|p=673}}</ref><ref name="Tucker2009">{{cite book |author=Spencer C. Tucker |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1542 |access-date= 27 April 2013 |date=23 December 2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-672-5 |page=1542 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140111115553/http://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1542 |archive-date= 11 January 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Involving more than 600,000 combat participants, it was the largest battle since the [[Battle of Leipzig]] in 1813, and also the largest modern-era battle ever fought in Asia before [[World War II]].<ref name="Menning p.187">Menning p.187</ref> Following this Japanese victory, Mukden became one of the chief bases of Japanese presence and economic expansion into southern [[Manchuria]]. It also became the government seat of [[Fengtian province]] in 1910.<ref name="zyj">{{cite journal |author=刘思铎、陈伯超 |year=2013 |script-title=zh:奉天省咨议局建筑特点研究 |script-journal= zh:《华中建筑》 |issue=4}}</ref> Mukden became one of the main epicenters of the [[Manchurian plague]] (1910–1911), which ultimately resulted in approximately 60,000 deaths.<ref name=":0">
{{Cite web |url=https://disasterhistory.org/the-manchurian-plague-1910-11 |title=Manchurian plague, 1910-11 |last=Meiklejohn |first=Iain |website=Disaster History |language=en-GB |access-date=23 April 2020}}
</ref>

===Warlord Era and Japanese occupation===
[[File:Huanggutun Incident.jpg|thumb|left|Zhang Zuolin's train after the [[Huanggutun Incident]]]]
[[File:Mukden 1931 japan shenyang.jpg|thumb|left|Japanese troops entering Shenyang during Mukden Incident]]
In 1914, the city changed back to its old name Shenyang,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shenhe.mofcom.gov.cn/gk.shtml |script-title=zh:沈阳市沈河区外经贸之窗 |publisher=[[Ministry of Commerce (China)|Ministry of Commerce]], Shenhe District |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131221093933/http://shenhe.mofcom.gov.cn/gk.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-21}}</ref> but continued to be known as Mukden (sometimes spelled Moukden) in some English sources and in Japan through much of the first half of the 20th century. The postmark of the Chinese postal administration kept the spelling "MOUKDEN/{{lang|zh|奉天}}" for usage on international mails until the late 1920s. After that, a Chinese–Manchurian bilingual type "SHENYANG (MUKDEN)/{{lang|zh-hant|瀋陽}} ({{lang|zh|奉天}})" datestamp was used until 1933.

In the early 20th century, Shenyang began expanding out of its old city walls. The [[Shenyang Railway Station]] on the [[South Manchurian Railway]] and the [[Shenyang North Railway Station]] on the [[Beijing–Harbin Railway|Jingfeng Railway]], both west of the old city, became the new commercial centers of Shenyang.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-10/29/content_954633.htm |script-title=zh:追溯沈阳行政区划的百年印记 |script-work=zh:《沈阳晚报》 |date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111530/http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-10/29/content_954633.htm |archive-date=2013-12-24}}</ref> In the 1920s, Mukden was the capital of the warlord [[Zhang Zuolin]], who was later assassinated when [[Huanggutun Incident|his train was blown up on 4 June 1928]]<ref>Hata 288</ref> at a Japanese-guarded railway bridge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2005-05/27/content_3010148.htm |script-title=zh:日本早期对华侵略: 皇姑屯事件 |work=[[Xinhua]] |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230181600/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2005-05/27/content_3010148.htm |archive-date=2013-12-30 }}</ref> At the time, several factories were built by Zhang to manufacture [[ammunition]] in the northern and eastern suburbs. These factories laid the foundation for Shenyang's industrial development.<ref name="syrb">{{cite news |url=http://epaper.syd.com.cn/syrb/html/2009-02/12/content_437143.htm |script-title=zh:奉天军械厂 |date=2009-02-12 |script-work=zh:《沈阳日报》 |access-date=2014-05-29 |author=李彤 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228002719/http://epaper.syd.com.cn/syrb/html/2009-02/12/content_437143.htm |archive-date=2013-12-28 }}</ref>

At around 10:20 pm on 18 September 1931, a small quantity of dynamite was detonated close to a railway line near Mukden owned by the Japanese [[South Manchuria Railway Company]] by [[Kwantung Army]] Lt. Kawamoto Suemori.<ref>''The Cambridge History of Japan: The twentieth century'', p. 294, Peter Duus, John Whitney Hall, Cambridge University Press: 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-521-22357-7}}</ref><ref name="sjzrb">{{cite news |script-title=zh:82年前"九一八" |url=http://history.gmw.cn/2013-09/16/content_8923090.htm |script-work=zh:《石家庄日报》 |date=2013-09-16 |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130061640/http://history.gmw.cn/2013-09/16/content_8923090.htm |archive-date=2014-11-30 }}</ref> The [[Imperial Japanese Army]], accusing Chinese dissidents of the act, then used the [[false flag]] explosion as pretext to launch a full attack on Mukden, and captured the city the following morning (September 19).<ref name="sjzrb"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Behr |first=Edward |title=The Last Emperor |publisher=Bantam |date=1987 |isbn=0-553-34474-9 |page=182}}</ref> After the [[Mukden Incident]], the Japanese further invaded and occupied the rest of Manchuria, and created the [[puppet state]] of [[Manchukuo]] with the deposed emperor [[Aisin Gioro Puyi]] as the [[figurehead]].<ref>Fenby, Jonathan. ''Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost''. Carroll & Graf: 2003, p. 202</ref> During the Manchukuo era (1932–1945), the city was again called Fengtian (and Mukden in English),<ref name="满洲奉天">{{cite news |author=詹德华 |script-title=zh:初建,一个工业区的诞生 |url=http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2012-04/06/content_790221.htm |script-work=zh:《沈阳晚报》 |date=2012-04-06 |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412062948/http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2012-04/06/content_790221.htm |archive-date=2012-04-12}}</ref> and was developed by the Japanese into a center of heavy industry.<ref name="满洲奉天"/><ref name="四次城市规划">{{cite web |author=卫岚 |url=http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/467/4223467.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111659/http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/467/4223467.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-24 |script-title=zh:沈阳四次编制城市总体规划 |script-work=zh:东北新闻网 |access-date=2014-05-29}}</ref> Japan was able to exploit resources in Manchuria using the extensive network of railroads.<ref name="日本占领时期">{{cite web |script-title=zh:辽宁沈阳简介 |url=http://ua.sjtu.edu.cn/specialsubject/36city/shenyang.htm |publisher=农业部都市重点实验室 |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212180556/http://ua.sjtu.edu.cn/specialsubject/36city/shenyang.htm |archive-date=2013-12-12}}</ref> For example, vast expanses of Manchurian forest were chopped down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-Prasenjit-Duara/1715 |title=The New Imperialism and the Post-Colonial Developmental State: Manchukuo in comparative perspective |author=Prasenjit Duara |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=25 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616115234/http://japanfocus.org/-Prasenjit-Duara/1715 |archive-date=16 June 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The development of Shenyang was also unbalanced in this period; municipal facilities were mostly located in Japanese residential areas, while Chinese residential areas had poor living conditions.<ref name="四次城市规划"/>

===Post-World War II===
[[File:The Fall of Shenyang.jpg|thumb|left|[[People's Liberation Army]] [[Type 97 Chi-Ha]] tanks advancing into Shenyang during the [[Liaoshen Campaign]]]]
Under [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]], the Far East Command<ref name="Battlefield Series">[https://archive.today/20121209092119/http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001DI5IA "Battlefield – Manchuria – The Forgotten Victory"], [[Battlefield (documentary series)]], 2001, 98 minutes.</ref> of the [[Red Army]] occupied Manchuria in early August 1945 following the surrender of Japan.<ref name="Glantz">LTC David M. Glantz, [http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/LP7_AugustStormTheSoviet1945StrategicOffensiveInManchuria.pdf "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171601/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/LP7_AugustStormTheSoviet1945StrategicOffensiveInManchuria.pdf|date=March 3, 2016}}. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, [[Fort Leavenworth]] [[Kansas]].<!-- Mirrored at, or redirected from/to, {{cite web |url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621210601/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |archive-date=2009-06-21}} --></ref> On 16 August 1945, Manchurian Emperor [[Puyi]] was captured in Shenyang Airport by the Soviets while he was in an airplane fleeing to Japan.<ref name="Li Shuxian, 73, Widow of Last China Emperor">{{cite news |last=Mydans |first=Seth |title=Li Shuxian, 73, Widow of Last China Emperor |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 June 1997}}</ref> On 20 August, Soviet troops captured Shenyang. British and US reports indicate that the Soviet troops that occupied [[Manchuria]] and Eastern Inner Mongolia region looted and terrorized the people of Shenyang, and were not discouraged by [[Soviet occupation of Manchuria|Soviet occupation authorities]] from "three days of rape and pillage".<ref name=CSM>Christian Science Monitor, 12 October 1945.<br />''Japanese armies were guilty of appalling excesses, both in China and elsewhere, and had the Russians dealt harshly with only Japanese nationals in Manchuria this would have appeared as just retribution. But the indiscriminate looting and raping inflicted upon the unoffending Chinese by the Russians naturally aroused the keenest indignation.''</ref><ref name=FCJones>{{cite book |author=F. C. Jones |year=1949 |title=Manchuria since 1931 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |location=London, Oxford University Press |chapter=Chapter XII – Events in Manchuria, 1945–47 |pages=224–5, 227–9 |url=http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/13712/216873_Manchuria_Since_1931.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219040912/http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/13712/216873_Manchuria_Since_1931.pdf?sequence=2 |archive-date=2013-12-19}} ''(The relevant sections also appear at [[Talk:Soviet invasion of Manchuria/Events in Manchuria, 1945-47]])''</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0 |url-access=registration |quote=mukden berlin rape and pillage. |title=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China |author=Hannah Pakula |year=2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=[https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0/page/530 530] |isbn=978-1-4391-4893-8 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCDv67C2BzkC&q=red+army+rape+manchuria&pg=PA82 |title=The Soviet Union and communist China, 1945–1950: the arduous road to the alliance |author=Dieter Heinzig |year=2004 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=82 |isbn=0-7656-0785-9 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617221659/http://books.google.com/books?id=yCDv67C2BzkC&pg=PA82&dq=red+army+rape+manchuria#v=onepage&q=red%20army%20rape%20manchuria&f=false |archive-date=2014-06-17 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=falbrObQ11IC&q=red+army+rape+manchuria&pg=PA86 |title=The geopolitics of East Asia: the search for equilibrium |author=Robyn Lim |year=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |page=86 |isbn=0-415-29717-6 |access-date=2010-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214021526/http://books.google.com/books?id=falbrObQ11IC&lpg=PA86&dq=red%20army%20rape%20manchuria&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q=red%20army%20rape%20manchuria&f=false |archive-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hE2xFxbca0C&q=red+army+rape+manchuria&pg=PA33 |title=In the Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia |author=[[Ronald H. Spector]] |year=2008 |publisher=Random House, Inc. |page=33 |isbn=978-0-8129-6732-6 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617221650/http://books.google.com/books?id=9hE2xFxbca0C&lpg=PA33&dq=red%20army%20rape%20manchuria&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q=red%20army%20rape%20manchuria&f=false |archive-date=2014-06-17 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sydjfycgjg"/><ref name="沈阳解放改变世界">{{cite news |language=zh-hans |url=http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-10/29/content_954617.htm |script-title=zh:1948年, 沈阳解放改变了中国与世界 |script-work=zh:《沈阳晚报》 |date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023081405/http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-10/29/content_954617.htm |archive-date=2014-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://culture.inewsweek.cn/20131102/detail-74055-all.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214151127/http://culture.inewsweek.cn/20131102/detail-74055-all.html |archive-date=2013-12-14 |script-title=zh:1948年11月2日 沈阳解放 |script-work=zh:中国新闻周刊网 |access-date=2014-05-29}}</ref>

The Soviets were replaced by the [[Republic of China Army]], who were flown in on U.S. transport planes.<ref>{{cite book |author=Zhang Mingjin ({{lang|zh-hant|張明金}}) |author2=Liu Liqin ({{lang|zh-hant|劉立勤}}) |script-title=zh:《國民黨歷史上的158個軍》 |year=2007 |publisher=解放軍出版社 |location=Beijing }}</ref> During the [[Chinese Civil War]], Shenyang remained a [[Kuomintang]] stronghold supplied by [[Claire Lee Chennault]]'s [[Civil Air Transport]] from 1946 to 1948, although the [[Chinese Communist Party]] controlled the surrounding countryside.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dikötter |first=Frank. |title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-62040-347-1 |edition=1 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Zhu Yuepeng ({{lang|zh-hans|朱悦鹏}}) |script-title=zh:《东北解放战争纪实》 |publisher=长征出版社 |location=Beijing }}</ref> By February 1948 the city was suffering from drastic shortages, and by the summer 140,000 refugees per month were fleeing. It was captured by the [[People's Liberation Army]] on October 30, 1948, following a series of offensives led by [[Lin Biao]] known as the [[Liaoshen Campaign]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="sydjfycgjg">{{Citation |author=Yu Huating ({{lang|zh|于化庭}}) |script-title=zh:沈阳的解放与成功接管 |script-journal=zh:《党史纵横》 |issue=8 |year=2008 }}</ref><ref name="亲历记">{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=文史资料研究委员会 |script-title=zh:辽沈战役亲历记 -原国民党将领的回忆 |edition=1992年版 |publisher=[[Chinese Literature and History Press]] |location=Beijing |date=April 1992 |isbn=7-5034-0559-7}}</ref>

Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang managed to grow and increase its industrial might during consecutive wars with [[Russo-Japanese War|Russia]] and [[First Sino-Japanese War|Japan]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Second World War]], and [[Chinese Communist Revolution|China's Civil War]] (Shenyang became the main battleground between the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] and [[Kuomintang|Nationalists]]).

=== 21st century ===
Directed by state efforts to reduce [[Pollution in China|pollution]] and close unprofitable industry, the city has undergone [[deindustrialization]], with the shutdown of large plants.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Emerging Identity: Envisioning Eco-cultural Infrastructure in Post Industrial Shenyang, China |url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu:443/researchworks/handle/1773/40213 |date=2017 |degree=MLA |language=en-US |first=Shuyi |last=Gao |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shin |first=Sangbum |date=2004 |title=Economic Globalization and the Environment in China: A Comparative Case Study of Shenyang and Dalian |journal=The Journal of Environment & Development |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=263–294 |doi=10.1177/1070496504268352 |jstor=44319696 |s2cid=154554360 |issn=1070-4965}}</ref> Most notably, a large 1930s [[Smelting|smelter]] in the central city was closed in 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Byrd |first=William |title=The Shenyang smelter: a case study of problems and reforms in China's nonferrous metals industry |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1985/12/01/000009265_3980901130825/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf |journal=World Bank Staff Working Papers |series=766 |language=English |publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shenyang Shuts Down Polluting Smelter |url=http://en.people.cn/english/200007/03/eng20000703_44500.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=[[People's Daily]]}}</ref> The redevelopment of former polluted industrial land has resulted in [[gentrification]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tomba |first=Luigi |date=2017-08-21 |title=Gentrifying China's Urbanization? Why Culture and Capital Aren't Enough: Interventions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2427.12494 |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |language=en |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=508–517 |doi=10.1111/1468-2427.12494|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Old City==
[[File:Map of Mukden 1912.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Layout of Shenyang's old city walls]]
The old city of Shenyang resided almost entirely within the modern day [[Shenhe District]], and used to have two [[Chinese city wall|city wall]]s.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/moukden_1912.jpg |title=Map of Mukden in 1912 |access-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214221455/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/moukden_1912.jpg |archive-date=2010-02-14 |url-status=live}}
</ref>

Situated roughly within the area bounded by the four "Shuncheng" ({{lang-zh|s=顺城|l=along the city|labels=no}}) roads/streets in Shenhe District, the (now-demolished) square-shaped inner city wall marked the bounds of ancient Shenyang. The earliest wall was built in 926 during early [[Liao dynasty]] to settle [[Northern Song]] civilians the [[Khitan people|Khitans]] abducted from raids to use as [[unfree labour|slave labourer]]s,{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} and was then made of [[rammed earth]] because the city was merely a small settlement at the time (historically the administrative center of the [[Liaodong]] region was at [[Liaoyang]]).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} However, in 1368, [[Hongwu Emperor]] of the newly founded [[Ming dynasty]] ordered a new regional military command—the Liaodong Regional Military Commission ({{lang-zh|t=遼東都指揮使司|labels=no}})—to be established, and Shenyang was made a prominent regional "guard town" ({{lang-zh|t=衛所|labels=no}}). In 1388, Min Zhong ({{lang-zh|t=閔忠|labels=no}}), the newly appointed city commissioner of the Shenyang Central Guard, wrote to Hongwu Emperor immediately upon his tenure requesting permission to upgrade the city wall, and the old wall was made taller and thoroughly reinforced with overlaid bricks.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} According to ''[[History of Ming]]'', the reconstructed Ming-era wall was 2.5 ''[[zhàng]]'' ({{convert|8|m|disp=or|abbr=off}}) tall, more than 1 ''zhàng'' ({{convert|3.2|m|disp=or|1|abbr=off}}) wide at the top, and 9 ''[[li (unit)|li]]'' and 30 ''bu'' (about {{convert|5.2|km|disp=or|1|abbr=off}}) long. It has two layers of [[moat]]s dug outside, each being 3 ''zhàng'' ({{convert|9.6|m|disp=or|1|abbr=off}}) wide and 8 ''[[chi (unit)|chi]]'' ({{convert|2.56|m|disp=or|1|abbr=off}}) deep, fed with water from the Little Shen River (the present day South Canal). There were four [[city gate]]s, each at the center of one side, connected by two main roads that intersected at Central Temple of the city's center in a "+" fashion.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

This Ming wall was heavily damaged in 1625 when the Manchus laid siege and captured the city, with only the north wall and [[gate tower]] (which had undergone reinforcing reconstructions in 1545 under the orders of [[Jiajing Emperor]]) remained intact.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The Manchu leader [[Nurhachi]] however saw the city's strategic value and decided to formally relocate his [[Qing dynasty|Later Jin]] capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang, and ordered the wall to be rebuilt.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} According to ''Annals of Mukden'' ({{lang-zh|t=盛京通志|labels=no}}), the new city wall was a standard [[brick#Fired brick|black brick]] [[defensive wall|wall]] standing at a height of 3.5 ''zhàng'' (about {{convert|12.5|m|disp=or|1|abbr=off}}), a width of 1.8 ''zhàng'' (about {{convert|6.4|m|disp=or|1|abbr=off}}) and a total length of 9 ''li'' and 332 ''bu'' (about {{convert|6.4|km|disp=or|1|abbr=off}}), complete with 12 [[fortified tower|tower]]s (8 gates and 4 corners) and a widened 14.5-''zhàng'' (about {{convert|52|m|disp=or|adj=mid|abbr=off}}) moat. The city gates were increased from four to eight, though the old Ming-era north gate tower was preserved but sealed shut, later known as the "Ninth Gate" ({{lang-zh|t=九門|labels=no}}).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The outer city wall, called the "peripheral wall" ({{lang-zh|t=邊牆|p=Biān Qiáng|labels=no}}) or "[[fortification|pass]] wall" ({{lang-zh|t=關牆|p=Guān Qiáng|labels=no}}), was actually a [[rammed earth]] [[rampart (fortification)|rampart]] built in 1680 to expand the urban area outside the inner city.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} It was almost round in shape, standing at a height of 7.5 ''chi'' (around {{convert|2.7|m|disp=or|1|abbr=off}}) and an overall length of 32 ''li'' and 24 ''bu'' (about {{convert|20.7|km|disp=or|1|abbr=off}}), and also had eight towerless gates known as the "peripheral gates" ({{lang-zh|t=邊門|p=Biān Mén|labels=no}}). The corresponding inner and outer gates were linked by roads that intersected within the inner city in a "#" pattern around the [[Mukden Palace]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Nearly all of these city walls and gates were demolished after 1949.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Two gates and one corner tower of the inner wall were rebuilt during the 1990s.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} There had, however, been proposals to rebuild the other gates and towers in preparation to the [[2013 National Games of China|12th National Games in 2013]].

Around {{convert|2.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} outside Shenyang's former outer wall, there were four [[pagoda]]s each located within an associated [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] temple, namely the East Pagoda in Yongguang Temple ({{lang-zh|t=永光寺|labels=no}}), the South Pagoda in Guangci Temple ({{lang-zh|t=廣慈寺|labels=no}}), the West Pagoda in Yanshou Temple ({{lang-zh|t=延壽寺|labels=no}}) and the North Pagoda in Falun Temple ({{lang-zh|t=法輪寺|labels=no}}). They were built in 1643 and completed in 1645.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The four pagodas are identical white Buddha-[[stupa]]s as tall as {{convert|26|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Nowadays only the temple for the North Pagoda is well preserved, the East and South has only the pagodas left, and the temple for the West Pagoda was rebuilt in 1998.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Both the [[Temple of Heaven]] and Temple of Earth were also to be found in the old city during the [[Qing dynasty]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} They were smaller replicas of Beijing's counterparts. Neither exists today.

==Geography==
[[File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nk51-8.jpg|thumb|Map including Shenyang (labeled as {{lang|zh-hant|瀋陽}} SHEN-YANG (MUKDEN)) ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1956)]]
[[File:CITY OF SHENYANG CHINA TAKEN AT 33000 FEET AIR KORYO FLIGHT JS 152 P881 IL62M EN ROUTE BEIJING CAPITAL TO PYONGYANG DPR KOREA OCT 2012 (8178497681).jpg|thumb|Aerial photograph of Shenyang]]
Shenyang ranges in latitude from 41° 11' to 43° 02' N and in longitude from 122° 25' to 123° 48' E, and is located in the central part of Liaoning province. The western parts of the city's administrative area are located on the [[alluvial plain]] of the [[Liao River]] system, while the eastern part consists of the hinterlands of the [[Changbai Mountains]], and is covered with forests.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syghgt.gov.cn/ywpd/kczy/content/4028e48233b28ecb01343f9e7c6822ad.html |script-title=zh:沈阳区域地质概述 |publisher=Shenyang Planning and Land and Resources Bureau ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳市规划和国土资源局}}) |access-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219065711/http://www.syghgt.gov.cn/ywpd/kczy/content/4028e48233b28ecb01343f9e7c6822ad.html |archive-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest point in Shenyang is {{convert|414|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} [[metres above sea level|above sea level]] and the lowest point only {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://minsheng.youth.cn/mszxgch/mswzxx/201308/t20130814_3698864.htm |script-title=zh:沈城母亲河:水光异彩 璀璨浑河 |script-work=zh:中国青年网 |access-date=2013-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106050430/http://minsheng.youth.cn/mszxgch/mswzxx/201308/t20130814_3698864.htm |archive-date=2013-11-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> The average elevation of the urban area is {{convert|45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="jdsycsfzyshbq">{{Cite thesis |degree=博士 |script-title=zh:近代沈阳城市发展与社会变迁 |author=孙鸿金 |year=2012}}</ref>

The city's main urban area is located to the north of '''[[Hun River (Liao River tributary)|Hun River]]''', formerly the largest tributary of the Liao River ''proper'' and often locally referred as the city's "mother river". The central urban area is surrounded by three [[canal|artificial river]]s — respectively the '''South Canal''' ({{lang|zh-hans|南运河}}) from the south and southeast, the '''Xinkai River''' ({{lang|zh-hans|新开河}}, formerly the '''North Canal''') from the north and northeast, and the '''Weigong River''' ({{lang|zh-hans|卫工河}}, formerly the Weigong [[Nullah]]) from the west, all interconnected by channels as a continuous [[waterway]]. The South Canal in particular, famous for the series of [[linear park]]s and gardens along it, was [[canalized]] from the old course of the '''Wanquan River''' ({{lang-zh|t=萬泉河|l=ten thousand springs river|labels=no}}), historically also called the '''Little Shen River''' ({{lang-zh|t=小瀋水|labels=no}}) or '''Wuli River''' ({{lang-zh|t=五里河|l=five-''[[li (unit)|li]]'' river|labels=no}}), which was a principal water source for the old city.<ref name="southcanal">{{cite web |url=http://www.shenhe.gov.cn/dev~shenheweb/home/article/A5978D2B-1760-438A-A4BB-FA0EABAA710D.html |script-title=zh:南运河的今与昔 |publisher=Shenhe District People's Government |access-date=2016-10-31 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101759/http://www.shenhe.gov.cn/dev~shenheweb/home/article/A5978D2B-1760-438A-A4BB-FA0EABAA710D.html |archive-date=2016-11-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> These are reinforced on the peripheries by smaller rivers such as Xi River ({{lang|zh-hans|细河}}), Puhe River ({{lang|zh-hans|蒲河}}) and Mantang River ({{lang|zh-hans|满堂河}}), and drains into the Hun River at three different locations on the southeast, due south and southwest side of the city. There was also previously another canal on the east side called Huishan Nullah ({{lang|zh-hans|辉山明渠}}) that drains into Xinkai River's lower section, but is now no longer existent due to [[land reclamation]] from urban constructions.

===Environment===
[[File:Rudbeckia hirta kz03.jpg|thumb|''Rudbeckia hirta'']]
Shenyang has many [[park]]s, among the most famous are the {{cvt|14.5|km}} '''South Canal Linear Parks''' ({{lang-zh|s=南运河带状公园|labels=no}}) situated along the homonymous river traversing the southern parts of Dadong, Shenhe and Heping Districts. It comprises 6 large [[park]]s and 18 [[linear park|riverside garden]]s covering an area of approximately {{cvt|1400000|m2|acre}}, with exotic variety of vegetations such as [[Chinese rose|rose]], [[Siberian apricot|apricot]], [[bladder cherry]], [[Chinese honeylocust|honeylocust]], [[natal lily]], [[scarlet sage]], [[ivy morning glory|morning glory]] and [[Rudbeckia hirta|black-eyed-Susan]], and extensive [[greenway (landscape)|greenspace]]s of [[peach]], [[Chinese pear|pear]], [[Asiatic apple|crabapple]]s, [[ginkgo]]s, [[weeping willow (tree)|weeping willow]]s, [[pine]]s and [[black locust]]s.<ref name="southcanal"/> It is the largest stretch of vegetated [[urban open space]] in Shenyang, contributing significantly to the city's 40-percent "[[greening]] ratio", and was instrumental in the city being awarded the "national forest city" title in 2005.

According to the Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau, winter usage of coal by [[heat-only boiler station|boiler station]]s for [[hydronic]] [[district heating]] is the source of 30 percent of the air pollution in Shenyang. Half of the 16 million metric tons of coal consumed by the city during the winter of 2013–2014 were used for heating. Other major factors include dust from construction sites (20 percent), vehicle exhaust (20 percent), industrial emissions (10 percent) and extraterritorial dust (20 percent, mostly [[yellow dust]] from [[Gobi Desert]]). However, air quality was described by the Bureau as "slowly improving".<ref name=CE111313>{{cite news |author1=Liu Ce |title=Coal for heating identified as top air polluter in NE China |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-11/13/content_17103212.htm |access-date=December 10, 2014 |work=China Daily |publisher=chinadaily.com.cn |date=2013-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033901/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-11/13/content_17103212.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Climate===
[[File:Shenyang-Fushun urban agglomeration, LandSat-5, 2010-09-29.jpg|left|thumb|350px|Satellite image of Shenyang-[[Fushun]] urban agglomeration<br />(larger western part is Shenyang, eastern part is Fushun), [[Landsat 5]], 2010-09-29.]]
{{climate chart
|Shenyang
|−17.0 |−4.8 |  6.0
|−12.9 | 0.1 |  9.7
|− 3.9 | 7.5 | 16.7
|  4.3 |17.1 | 35.2
| 11.5 |24.0 | 63.6
| 16.9 |27.6 | 92.5
| 20.6 |29.5 |167.0
| 19.4 |28.8 |167.1
| 12.1 |24.4 | 50.8
|  4.0 |16.3 | 44.1
|− 4.7 | 5.8 | 22.8
|−13.5 |−2.5 | 12.0
|float = right
|clear = right
|source = CMA<ref name = "cma graphical"/>}}

Shenyang has a [[monsoon]]-influenced [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dwa'', [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]] ''Dcac'') characterised by hot, humid summers due to the monsoon, and dry, cold winters due to the [[Siberian anticyclone]]. The four seasons here are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. Monthly mean temperatures range from {{convert|−11.4|C|F|1}} in January to {{convert|24.9|C|F|1}} in July, for an annual average of {{convert|8.6|C|F|1}}. The frost-free period is 183 days, which is long considering the severity of the winters.<ref name="Shenyang Introduction">{{cite web |url=http://www.shenyang.gov.cn/web/resource/hlzd-yw/hlzd-yw-01.htm |title=A city full of vitality – Shenyang, China |publisher=People′s Government of Shenyang |access-date=2011-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041552/http://www.shenyang.gov.cn/web/resource/hlzd-yw/hlzd-yw-01.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2011}}</ref> The city receives 2,421 hours of bright sunshine annually; monthly percent of possible ranges from 42&nbsp;percent in July to 64&nbsp;percent in February. Extreme temperatures range from {{convert|−33.1|C|F|0}} to {{convert|38.4|C|F|0}}.<ref name=Mherrera>[http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm Extreme Temperatures around the World] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804202145/http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |date=2014-08-04 }}. Accessed 2010-10-27</ref>
{{clear}}

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Shenyang, elevation {{convert|51|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan high C = -4.8
| Feb high C = 0.1
| Mar high C = 7.5
| Apr high C = 17.1
| May high C = 24.0
| Jun high C = 27.6
| Jul high C = 29.5
| Aug high C = 28.8
| Sep high C = 24.4
| Oct high C = 16.3
| Nov high C = 5.8
| Dec high C = -2.5
| Jan mean C = -11.4
| Feb mean C = -6.3
| Mar mean C = 1.7
| Apr mean C = 10.8
| May mean C = 17.8
| Jun mean C = 22.3
| Jul mean C = 24.9
| Aug mean C = 23.8
| Sep mean C = 17.9
| Oct mean C = 9.8
| Nov mean C = 0.3
| Dec mean C = -8.4
| Jan low C = -17.0
| Feb low C = -12.0
| Mar low C = -3.9
| Apr low C = 4.3
| May low C = 11.5
| Jun low C = 16.9
| Jul low C = 20.6
| Aug low C = 19.4
| Sep low C = 12.1
| Oct low C = 4.0
| Nov low C = -4.7
| Dec low C = -13.5
| Jan record high C = 8.6
| Feb record high C = 17.2
| Mar record high C = 26.1
| Apr record high C = 30.0
| May record high C = 36.3
| Jun record high C = 37.5
| Jul record high C = 38.3
| Aug record high C = 38.4
| Sep record high C = 32.9
| Oct record high C = 29.9
| Nov record high C = 23.9
| Dec record high C = 14.1
| Jan record low C = -33.1
| Feb record low C = -28.4
| Mar record low C = -25.0
| Apr record low C = -12.5
| May record low C = 0.1
| Jun record low C = 3.6
| Jul record low C = 12.0
| Aug record low C = 5.7
| Sep record low C = -2.6
| Oct record low C = -8.3
| Nov record low C = -22.9
| Dec record low C = -30.5
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 6.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 9.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 16.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 35.2
| May precipitation mm = 63.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 92.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 167.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 167.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 50.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 44.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 22.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 12.0
| Jan humidity = 63
| Feb humidity = 57
| Mar humidity = 52
| Apr humidity = 49
| May humidity = 54
| Jun humidity = 67
| Jul humidity = 77
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 72
| Oct humidity = 66
| Nov humidity = 63
| Dec humidity = 64
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 3.7
| Feb precipitation days = 3.4
| Mar precipitation days = 4.8
| Apr precipitation days = 6.6
| May precipitation days = 9.0
| Jun precipitation days = 11.7
| Jul precipitation days = 12.2
| Aug precipitation days = 10.6
| Sep precipitation days = 6.5
| Oct precipitation days = 7.0
| Nov precipitation days = 5.8
| Dec precipitation days = 4.8
| Jan sun = 172.4
| Jan percentsun = 58
| Feb sun = 192.0
| Feb percentsun = 64
| Mar sun = 227.3
| Mar percentsun = 61
| Apr sun = 228.7
| Apr percentsun = 57
| May sun = 250.3
| May percentsun = 55
| Jun sun = 218.4
| Jun percentsun = 48
| Jul sun = 191.8
| Jul percentsun = 42
| Aug sun = 204.3
| Aug percentsun = 48
| Sep sun = 219.9
| Sep percentsun = 59
| Oct sun = 204.8
| Oct percentsun = 60
| Nov sun = 158.5
| Nov percentsun = 54
| Dec sun = 153.0
| Dec percentsun = 54
| Jan snow days = 4.8
| Feb snow days = 4.5
| Mar snow days = 4.3
| Apr snow days = 1.1
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0.6
| Nov snow days = 4.3
| Dec snow days = 5.8
| year snow days = 
| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
|script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
|publisher =  [[China Meteorological Administration]]
 | language = zh | access-date = 2023-04-11
|title = Experience Template
}}</ref><ref name="CMA old">
{{cite web |url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集(1971-2000年) |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-hans |access-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21}}</ref><ref name="cma graphical">
{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=2018-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923231541/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherbk.html |archive-date=2017-09-23 |url-status=live |title=Index}}
</ref> all-time extreme temperature<ref name = Mherrera/>
| date = August 2010
| source = 
}}
<div style="width: 80%;"></div>
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Shenyang.tab
| title=Shenyang temperature
}}

==Administrative divisions==
[[File:Txu-oclc-6654394-nk-51-4th-ed.jpg|thumb|Map of Shenyang (labeled as SHEN-YANG) and surrounding region (1975)]]
Shenyang's metropolitan area traditionally consisted of the 5 small inner urban districts, surrounded by 4 larger outer suburban districts, and accompanied by 4 rural counties on the north and west sides. In general, [[agriculture]], [[animal husbandry]] and agricultural product processing dominate northeastern Shenyang; eastern Shenyang is an [[automotive parts]] hub; southern Shenyang is a high-tech industrial base; and western Shenyang is home to [[heavy machinery]] manufacturing. The city center specialises in retail and [[financial services]].<ref name="Critical Eye on Shenyang"/>

Out of the rural counties, the Xinmin County was upgraded to a [[county-level city]] in 1993, and the Liaozhong County was incorporated into a new suburban district in 2016 as part of the [[Northeast Area Revitalization Plan|provincial/national development plan]].

As a result, Shenyang now officially has direct jurisdiction over 10 [[District of China|city districts]], 1 [[satellite city]] and 2 [[County (People's Republic of China)|rural counties]]:
{|class="wikitable"  style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="6" |Map
|-
|colspan="6" |<div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Shenyang.png|width=400|link=}}
{{Image label|x=990|y=1810|scale=400/1440|text=[[Heping District, Shenyang|{{small|'''Heping'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=1040|y=1760|scale=400/1440|text=[[Shenhe District|'''Shenhe''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1085|y=1670|scale=400/1440|text=[[Dadong District|{{small|'''Dadong'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=995|y=1630|scale=400/1440|text=[[Huanggu District|{{small|'''Huanggu'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=720|y=1850|scale=400/1440|text=[[Tiexi District, Shenyang|'''Tiexi''']]}}
{{Image label|x=970|y=2040|scale=400/1440|text=[[Sujiatun District|'''Sujiatun''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1170|y=1830|scale=400/1440|text=[[Hunnan District|'''Hunnan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1060|y=1400|scale=400/1440|text=[[Shenbei New Area|'''Shenbei''']]}}
{{Image label|x=810|y=1570|scale=400/1440|text=[[Yuhong District|'''Yuhong<br />※''']]}}
{{Image label|x=935|y=1790|scale=400/1440|text=[[Yuhong District|'''※''']]}}
{{Image label|x=330|y=2040|scale=400/1440|text=[[Liaozhong District|'''Liaozhong''']]}}
{{Image label|x=830|y=400|scale=400/1440|text=[[Kangping County|'''Kangping<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=760|y=900|scale=400/1440|text=[[Faku County|'''Faku<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=400|y=1440|scale=400/1440|text=[[Xinmin, Liaoning|'''Xinmin<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label end}}</div>
|-
! Name
! Simplified Chinese
! Hanyu Pinyin
! Population<br />(2014)
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Density (/km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
|colspan="7"  style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''City ''proper'''''
|-
|[[Shenhe District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|沈河区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Shěnhé Qū}}
|716,417
|60
|12,037
|-
|[[Heping District, Shenyang|Heping District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|和平区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Hépíng Qū}}
|645,399
|59
|10,849
|-
|[[Dadong District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|大东区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Dàdōng Qū}}
|689,576
|100
|6,887
|-
|[[Huanggu District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|皇姑区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Huánggū Qū}}
|817,288
|66
|12,349
|-
|[[Tiexi District, Shenyang|Tiexi District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|铁西区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Tiěxī Qū}}
|907,091
|286
|3,171
|-
|colspan="7"  style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Suburban'''
|-
|[[Hunnan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|浑南区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Húnnán Qū}}
|324,074
|734
|442
|-
|[[Sujiatun District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|苏家屯区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Sūjiātún Qū}}
|428,859
|782
|548
|-
|[[Shenbei New Area]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|沈北新区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Shěnběi Xīnqū}}
|320,370
|884
|362
|-
|[[Yuhong District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|于洪区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Yúhóng Qū}}
|435,333
|499
|872
|-
|[[Liaozhong District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|辽中区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Liáozhōng Qū}}
|532,900
|1,645
|324
|-
|colspan="7"  style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Satellite city'''
|-
|[[Xinmin, Liaoning|Xinmin City]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|新民市}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Xīnmín Shì}}
|690,703
|3,297
|210
|-
|colspan="7"  style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Rural'''
|-
|[[Kangping County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|康平县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Kāngpíng Xiàn}}
|352,434
|2,167
|163
|-
|[[Faku County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|法库县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Fǎkù Xiàn}}
|447,952
|2,281
|196
|}

===Districts===

====Shenhe District====
[[File:Shenyang Qingnian Street.JPG|thumb|right|Buildings along Youths Avenue (Qingnian Street, 青年大街) in southern Shenhe District]]
The '''Shenhe District''' ({{lang-zh|s=沈河区|l=Shen River district|links=no|labels=no}}) is a part of the downtown and was also the most developed district in Shenyang. Until 2015, it held the [[seat of government|seat]] of the City Government.<ref name="State Council govt move">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-14 |title= |script-title=zh:国务院批复同意沈阳市政府搬迁 新址位于浑南区全运村附近 |url=https://www.guancha.cn/politics/2015_10_14_337498.shtml |work={{ill|lt=The Paper|澎湃新闻|zh|vertical-align=sup}} |via=guancha.cn}}</ref> The old city wall is entirely located in Shenhe District. It has an area of {{convert|60|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="sysinet.gov.cn">{{cite web |script-title=zh:《沈阳统计年鉴(2015)》——分地区土地面积和人口密度 |url=http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2015sy/01综合/1综合14.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009213436/http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2015sy/01%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88/1%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%8814.htm |archive-date=October 9, 2016 |publisher=Shenyang People's Government}}</ref> and a [[Hukou system|registered]] population of 716,417 (as per 2014).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |script-title=zh:《沈阳统计年鉴(2015)》——分地区户籍人口数 |url=http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2015sy/14人口/14人口4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009213511/http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2015sy/14%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3/14%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A34.htm |archive-date=2016-10-09 |publisher=Shenyang People's Government}}</ref> There is the Central Temple ({{lang-zh|s=中心庙|p=Zhōngxīn Mìao|labels=no}}), built during the [[Ming dynasty]], showing the center of ancient Shenyang. This temple is located just south of the '''Middle Street''' ({{lang-zh|s=中街|t=|hp=Zhōng Jiē|labels=no}}), one of the most famous shopping streets and the first commercial [[pedestrian zone]] in China. Shenhe District is also home to the famous Wu'ai Market ({{lang-zh|s=五爱市场|p=Wǔài Shìchǎng|labels=no}}), the largest [[light industry]] wholesale trading center in the entire [[Bohai Economic Rim]].

Shenhe District is the site of the [[Mukden Palace]], just south of the Central Temple. It is also the site of [[Zhang Zuolin]]'s former home and headquarters, Shengjing Ancient Cultural Street. In the western Shenhe District there is a [[Muslim]] town, and the South Pagoda ({{lang-zh|c=南塔|hp=Nán tǎ|labels=no}}) is located in southern Shenhe District. There are a lot of high-end hotels located in Shenhe District, such as [[Sheraton Hotels and Resorts|Sheraton]], [[Kempinski]], Lexington, [[Marriott Hotels & Resorts|Marriott]] (which is the first Marriott Hotel directly named "Marriott" in [[mainland China]], but due to finance conflicts is not administered by [[Marriott International]]). The major thoroughfare of '''Youths Avenue''' ({{lang-zh|c=青年大街|hp=Qīngnián Dà Jiē|labels=no}}), the city's primary north–south [[arterial road]] that traverses past the '''City Government Square''' ({{lang-zh|s=市府广场|p=Shìfǔ Guǎngchǎng|labels=no}}) at the modern center of the city linking [[Beiling Park]] to the [[Taoxian Airport]], separates the southern portion of Shenhe District from the neighbouring southern Heping District. The iconic {{convert|305.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower]] is situated alongside this avenue.
[[File:沈阳北站南广场逐日雕塑.jpg|thumb|Shenyang North railway station]]
Shenhe District is also home to Manchuria's main [[railway hub]], the [[Shenyang North Railway Station]] (locally known as the "North Station"). The railways leading to the station forms the border between Shenhe District and the neighbouring eastern portion of Huanggu District. The station building has recently {{when|date=November 2016}} undergone a major overhaul and extension.

====Heping District====
[[File:Mao Statue at Zhong Shan Guang Chang.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Long Live the Victory of Mao Tse-Tung Thought (Shenyang)|Chairman Mao statue]] at Zhongshan Square]]
[[File:Northeastern University in Heping District.jpg|thumb|Northeastern University (China) in Heping District, Shenyang]]
The '''Heping District''' ({{lang-zh|s=和平区|l=peace district|labels=no}}) is located in the [[downtown]] of Shenyang, bordered Shenhe District. It is currently the most developed district in Shenyang. It has an area of {{convert|59|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="sysinet.gov.cn"/> and a population of 645,399 (2014).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Heping District has all manner of commercial businesses that are brightly [[neon light|neon]]-lit at night, centered around '''Taiyuan Street''' ({{lang-zh|s=太原街|p=Taìyuán Jīe|labels=no}}), one of the most famous shopping district in the Northeast. The [[Project 985]] university, [[Northeastern University (China)|Northeastern University]], is also located in Heping District.

The district, better known as the downtown, sprung up around [[Shenyang Railway Station]] (known locally as the "South Station" in contrast to the "North Station" in Shenhe District), the former hub of the [[South Manchurian Railway]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} At the center of the district is '''Zhongshan Square''' ({{lang-zh|s=中山广场|hp=Zhōngshān Guǎngchǎng|labels=no}}), which features [[Long Live the Victory of Mao Tse-Tung Thought (Shenyang)|one of China's largest statues of Chairman Mao]]—a record of the era of the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Northwest of Zhongshan Square lies the [[Xita (Shenyang)|West Pagoda]] Korean Neighborhood or [[Koreatown]]. Many of the boulevards in this area are lined of very large [[ginkgo]] trees, which become golden in color and produce their distinctive fruits in autumn.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Heping District is also the core area for many political institutions in the Northeast, including [[Communist Party of China|CPC]] Liaoning Provincial Committee, headquarters of the [[Northern Theater Command]] (previously the [[Shenyang Military Region]]), [[General Logistics Department]] and the [[consulate|consulates-general]] of the United States, Japan. South Korea, North Korea and other countries. Northeast Electricity, [[China Post]], railways, other such industrial hubs and many media outlets such as [[Liaoning Television|Liaoning Radio and Television]], Shenyang Radio and Television and ''Shenyang Daily'' newspaper are also located in this district.

====Dadong District====
The '''Dadong District''' ({{lang-zh|s=大东区|l=great east district|labels=no}}) is an industrial zone and used to be the largest of the inner city districts. Its name derives from the fact that the district started off as the residential area immediately outside the old inner city wall's Fujin Gate ({{lang-zh|t=撫近門|labels=no}}), which is also called Great East Gate ({{lang-zh|t=大東門|labels=no}}). It has an area of {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="sysinet.gov.cn"/> and a population of 689,576 (2014).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The district contains popular tourist landmarks such as the [[Mukden Incident|9.18]] Historical Museum, the North and East Pagodas, Bawang Temple and the Wanquan Park. The oldest airfield in Shenyang, the now-defunct East Pagoda Airport, is also located in Dadong District.

====Huanggu District====
[[File:BeilingTripleDecker.jpg|thumb|upright|[[World Heritage Site]]: [[Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)|Zhao Mausoleum]] (Beiling park)]]
The '''Huanggu District''' ({{lang-zh|s=皇姑区|l=royal aunt district|labels=no}}) is named after [[Huanggutun Railway Station|Huanggutun]] ("tun" means village), where the [[Huanggutun Incident]] took place. The name is actually a mis-transliteration of the pronunciation for ''Fiyanggū'' ({{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡶᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡡ}}}}, {{lang-zh|t=費揚武|links=no}}, 1605–1643), the Manchu [[Prince Zheng|Prince Jian of the First Rank]] whose tomb was in the area. It has an area of {{convert|66|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="sysinet.gov.cn"/> and a population of 817,288 (2014).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The district is the site of [[Beiling park]], the large historical mausoleum of [[Qing dynasty]] emperor [[Huang Taiji]], as well as the Liaoning Mansion Hotel. It also hosts the seat of the Provincial Government of Liaoning.

====Tiexi District====
The '''Tiexi District''' ({{lang-zh|s=铁西区|l=railway's west district|labels=no}}) is the most populous district and makes up the western part of the inner city, west of the [[South Manchurian Railway]] (hence the district's name) and south of the [[Beijing–Harbin Railway|Jingshen Railway]], and is famous for its [[heavy industry]]. This mixed-use district also contains large blocks of residential complexes, so as well as strips of small to medium-sized shopping districts. It previously had only an area of {{convert|39|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:《沈阳统计年鉴(2004)》——土地面积 |url=http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2004sy/01zh/zh.htm |publisher=Shenyang People's Government |access-date=2016-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009213634/http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2004sy/01zh/zh.htm |archive-date=2016-10-09}}</ref> and a population of 764,419.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:《沈阳统计年鉴(2004)》——分地区人口数 |url=http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2004sy/13rk/13rk.htm |publisher=Shenyang People's Government |access-date=2016-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009213515/http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2004sy/13rk/13rk.htm |archive-date=2016-10-09}}</ref> In May 2002, the Shenyang city government annexed a large area of suburban land from the neighbouring Yuhong District to establish a new state-level development zone—the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳经济技术开发区}}), and transferred its administration to Tiexi District to form the '''Tiexi New District''' ({{lang|zh-hans|铁西新区}}), thus giving Tiexi District the current "necked" shape on the map. The new Tiexi District now has a population of 907,091 (2014),<ref name="ReferenceA"/> a total area of {{convert|286|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="sysinet.gov.cn"/> and enjoys the same administrative rank as a municipality (Administrative Committee of Shenyang).

The district is featured in a 9-hour epic documentary film ''[[Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks|West of the Tracks]]'' by a young filmmaker Wang Bing. It shows the transition in this [[rust belt]] district—a [[palimpsest]] of not only Chinese but also world history. The first factories of this place were built in 1934 by the Japanese to produce war goods for the Imperial Army and nationalized after World War II. As late as the early 1980s, the factories here employed about one million workers, but all of them went jobless in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc50.2008/WestofTracks/index.html |title="West of the Tracks" by Jie Li |publisher=Ejumpcut.org |date=1999-02-22 |access-date=2011-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614011549/http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc50.2008/WestofTracks/index.html |archive-date=2011-06-14 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Hunnan District====
[[File:Shenyang Dongling.jpg|thumb|[[World Heritage Site]]: [[Fuling Tomb]] (Dongling Park)]]
The '''Hunnan District''' ({{lang-zh|s=浑南区|l=South of Hun River|labels=no}}), was formerly called the '''Dongling District''' ({{lang-zh|s=东陵区|l=[[Fuling Tomb|East Mausoleum]] district|labels=no}}) before June 17, 2014, referring to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]-listed tombs dedicated to [[Nurhachi]], the founder of [[Qing dynasty|Later Jin]], and his empress [[Empress Xiaocigao (Qing dynasty)|Monggo-Jerjer]]. The large suburban district is located on the east and southeast side of urban Shenyang, with most of its territory south of the Hun River, hence its current name. It has an area of {{convert|734|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="sysinet.gov.cn"/> and a population of 324,074 (2014).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Shenyang municipal government moved to Hunnan District on 13 October 2015.<ref name="State Council govt move"/> The Shenyang Botanical Garden and the Shenyang International Expo Garden (which hosted the [[Shenyang China International Horticultural Exposition 2006|2006 International Horticultural Exposition]]) are also located in this district.

Hunnan District hosts the city's only operational commercial airport, the [[Taoxian International Airport]], and is rapidly becoming high-end residential areas with luxury apartments, fine neighbourhoods and commercial developments,{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} as Hunnan becomes the new center of Shenyang steadily with the new government being developed there.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The district is traversed by two corridors along two major highways, one leading to the Eastern Mausoleum and the neighbouring city of [[Fushun]], and the other leading to the airport.

Launched in 1988 as the Shenyang National New and High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and elevated to a national-level zone in 1991,{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} the Hunnan New Area ({{lang|zh-hans|浑南新区}}) focuses on electronic and information technology products such as software, computers, network systems, communication equipment and audio/visual equipment; advanced manufacturing technologies, especially for automobiles, medical equipment; advanced materials and biological and pharmaceutical products.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Foreign companies such as the [[General Electric Co.]], [[Tyco International]], and [[Mitsubishi Group]] operate in the zone.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

====Sujiatun District====
The '''Sujiatun District''' ({{lang-zh|s=苏家屯区|l=[[Su (surname)|Su]] family village district|labels=no}}) forms the southernmost part of the suburbs, located {{convert|15|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} away from central Shenyang. The 2014 registered population of Sujiatun is 428,859.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and it has an area of {{convert|782|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="sysinet.gov.cn"/> Sujiatun is known mostly for its agricultural and industrial activity. It borders the districts of Yuhong and Heping to the north, Dongling to the northeast, Tiexi to the northwest; it also borders the [[prefecture-level cities]] of [[Fushun]] to the east, [[Benxi]] to the southeast, and [[Liaoyang]] to the southwest.

====Shenbei New District====
The '''Shenbei New District''' ({{lang-zh|s=沈北新区|l=Shenyang's north new district|labels=no}}), formerly '''Xinchengzi District''' ({{lang-zh|s=新城子区|l=new town district|labels=no}}), is a new development zone and forms the majority of the northern suburbs. It has an area of {{convert|884|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="sysinet.gov.cn"/> and a population of 320,370 (2014).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> It borders Hunnan District to the southeast, Dadong and Huanggu Districts to the south, Yuhong District to the southwest, [[Xinmin City]] and [[Faku County]] to the northwest; it also borders the prefecture-level cities of [[Tieling]] to the northeast and [[Fushun]] to the southeast.

====Yuhong District====
The '''Yuhong District''' ({{lang-zh|s=于洪区|l=[[Yu (surname 于)|Yu]] and [[Hong (Chinese surname)]] district|labels=no}}) forms part of the northwestern and western suburbs. It has an area of {{convert|499|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="sysinet.gov.cn"/> and a population of 435,333 (2014).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> It borders Shenbei New District to the northeast, Huanggu District to the east, Tiexi District to the south, and [[Xinmin City]] to the west. [[China Resources Beverage]], the distributor of C'estbon Water, has its Northeast regional office in the district.

The large southwestern part of the neighbouring Tiexi District also used to belong to Yuhong District, but in May 2002, the southwestern part of Yuhong District was ceded on order of the city government to establish the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and the administration of the region was later transferred to Tiexi District instead. This annexation of land left an [[exclave]] territory lying between Tiexi District, Heping District and Sujiatun District, separated from the main body of Yuhong District, hence making the Tiexi District flanked at the "neck" by the two parts of Yuhong.

====Liaozhong District====
The '''Liaozhong District''' ({{lang-zh|s=辽中区|l=Liaoning's center district|labels=no}}, referring to its central location within the province) is the newest and largest suburban district. Formerly the '''Liaozhong County''' ({{lang|zh-hans|辽中县}}), its rural county status was made defunct in January 2016, and formally instated as a suburban city district on April 11, 2016. It lies {{convert|67|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} southwest of downtown Shenyang, near the intersection of G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway and G91 Liaozhong Ring Expressway. {{As of|2014}}, it had a population of 532,900<ref name="ReferenceA"/> residing in an area of {{convert|1645|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="sysinet.gov.cn"/> It is the most southwestern part of Shenyang City, bordering Xinmin City to the north, and Tiexi District to the northeast, as well as the prefecture-level cities of [[Liaoyang]] to the southeast, [[Anshan]] to the south and southwest, and [[Jinzhou]] to the west.

===Rural counties===

====Kangping County====
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
The '''Kangping County''' ({{lang-zh|s=康平县|l=prosperous and peaceful county|labels=no}}) is the northernmost and most remote part of the Greater Shenyang area, and has an area of {{convert|2,167|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} with a population of 352,434 (2014). It was historically first established in 1880 under the blessing of the [[Guangxu Emperor]], hence the name. The county borders the [[Faku County]] to the south, the [[prefecture-level cities]] of [[Tieling]] to the east, [[Fuxin]] to the southwest and [[Inner Mongolia]]'s [[Tongliao]] to the north. The county is mostly agricultural, with majority of its GDP coming from crop and fruit planting. However, in recent years the [[synthetic fabric]], [[carbon fiber]] and [[alternative energy]] industries begin to take hold in Kangping. The county currently has the third largest [[wind farm]] in the whole province.

==Demographics==
[[File:West Pagoda (Xi Ta) Street.jpg|thumb|[[Xita]], world's 2nd largest [[Koreatown]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_1651dbcd50102yhav.html |script-title=zh:世界第二大的朝鲜族风情街, 获称"北方小汉城"的沈阳西塔美食街_聚食国际美食_新浪博客 |website=blog.sina.com.cn |access-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121174628/http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_1651dbcd50102yhav.html |archive-date=2016-11-21 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xici.net/d110193782.htm |script-title=zh:世界第二大朝鲜风情街--沈阳西塔_走进朝鲜_人文_西祠胡同 |website=www.xici.net |access-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121171116/http://www.xici.net/d110193782.htm |archive-date=2016-11-21}}</ref>]]
Shenyang has a population of 9.07&nbsp;million, 85.12% of which reside in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anthony |date=2025-04-21 |title=Shenyang, the largest city in Northeast China #current |url=https://www.thechinajourney.com/shenyang/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population: Census: Liaoning: Shenyang {{!}} Economic Indicators {{!}} CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/population-prefecture-level-city-by-census/population-census-liaoning-shenyang |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}</ref> Ethnically and culturally diverse, Shenyang has 38 of China's 56 recognized [[ethnic groups]], including the [[Han Chinese]] majority that make up 91.26&nbsp;percent of Shenyang's population. The 37 minority groups are [[Manchu]], [[Ethnic Koreans in China|Korean]], [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Xibe people|Xibo]], [[Ethnic Mongols in China|Mongolian]], [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]], [[Miao people|Miao]], [[Tujia people|Tujia]], [[Dong people|Dong]], [[Daur people|Daur]], [[Bai people|Bai]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Taiwanese aborigines|Taiwanese Aboriginal People]], [[She people|She]], [[Bouyei people|Bouyei]], [[Yao people|Yao]], [[Akha people|Akha]], [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]], [[Dai people|Dai]], [[Li people|Li]], [[Shui people|Shui]], [[Nakhi]], [[Jingpo people|Jingpo]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Tu people|Tu]], [[Mulao people|Mulao]], [[Qiang people|Qiang]], [[Maonan people|Maonan]], [[Gelao people|Gelao]], [[Ethnic Russians in China|Russian]], [[Evenks]], [[Tatars]], [[Oroqen people|Oroqen]], [[Nani people|Nanai]] and [[Lhoba]].<ref>http://www.shenyang.cn/lyfw/msfq-ml.htm {{Dead link|date=January 2010}}</ref> Most of these groups are not native to the Shenyang area; a few, such as the Manchus and the Xibe, are.

Shenyang has numerous [[temple]]s, [[mosque]]s, [[Church (building)|churches]] and other religious [[places of worship]].

==Economy==
[[File:Shenyang Zhongjie.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The arch entrance of [[Zhongjie|Middle Street]] (Zhongjie), a 3.5 km-long [[pedestrian zone|pedestrian]] [[shopping mall|shopping strip]] in central Shenyang beside [[Mukden Palace]],<ref>{{cite news |author=高薇 |script-title=zh:沈阳中街步行街东延2公里 全长3.5公里 |url=http://sy.focus.cn/news/2007-07-02/330769.html |script-work=zh:《沈阳晚报》 |date=2007-07-02 |access-date=2014-06-27 |archive-date=2021-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129204237/http://news.focus.cn/sy/2007-07-02/330769.html }}</ref> and is the longest shopping street in China.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://m.sohu.com/n/459773156/?_once_=000201_Click_Flow_related_1 |script-title=zh:中街"东拓西延"成最长商业街-新闻频道-手机搜狐 |website=m.sohu.com |access-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121235519/http://m.sohu.com/n/459773156/?_once_=000201_Click_Flow_related_1 |archive-date=2016-11-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Shenyang is an important industrial center in China and is the core city of the Shenyang Economic Zone, a New Special Reform Zone. It has been focused on heavy industry, particularly aerospace, machine tools, heavy equipment and defence, and recently on software, automotive and electronics.<ref name="nfc">{{cite journal |author=刘妮 |script-title=zh:沈阳: "共和国装备部"重新"工业立市" |script-journal=zh:《南风窗》 |url=http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/22220/29090/29092/2027404.html |access-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214032736/http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/22220/29090/29092/2027404.html |archive-date=2013-12-14}}</ref> The heavy industry started in the 1920s and was well developed before the second world war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinesefirearms.com/110108/history/shenyang.htm |script-title=zh:沈阳兵工厂 |access-date=2013-11-22 |script-work=zh:火器堂 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222423/http://www.chinesefirearms.com/110108/history/shenyang.htm |archive-date=2013-12-02 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="八大厂">{{cite news |url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/151935/170754/10298490.html |script-title=zh:沈阳解放-中国共产党新闻 |script-work=zh:人民网 |access-date=2013-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511074338/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/151935/170754/10298490.html |archive-date=2012-05-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the first five-year plan (1951–1956) many factories were built in Tiexi district.<ref name="第一个五年计划">{{cite news |author=张毅 |script-title=zh:1953, 沈阳人的黄金小时代 |url=http://news.gmw.cn/newspaper/2013-11/19/content_2449835.htm |script-work=zh:《沈阳晚报》 |date=2013-11-19 |access-date=2013-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213002310/http://news.gmw.cn/newspaper/2013-11/19/content_2449835.htm |archive-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> At its peak in the 1970s, Shenyang was one of the top three industrial centers in China alongside [[Shanghai]] and [[Tianjin]], and was at one time being considered for upgrading to a [[direct-controlled municipalities of China|direct-controlled municipality]]. However, as the [[planned economy]] fell out of favor after the 1980s, the heavy industry had declined gradually and the city became a [[rust belt]] city, with hundreds of thousands of people [[laid off]] from bankrupted state-owned factories.<ref>{{cite news |author=皮树义, 孙健, 何勇, 陈仁泽 |script-title=zh:东北振兴看沈阳 |url=http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2012-07/30/nw.D110000renmrb_20120730_2-01.htm |work=[[People's Daily]] |date=2012-07-30 |access-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320160500/http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2012-07/30/nw.D110000renmrb_20120730_2-01.htm |archive-date=2013-03-20}}</ref><ref name="沈阳铁西: 新型工业化引领发展">{{cite news |script-title=zh:沈阳铁西: 新型工业化引领发展 |url=http://ln.people.com.cn/n/2013/0201/c340334-18116917.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521071230/http://ln.people.com.cn/n/2013/0201/c340334-18116917.html |archive-date=2013-05-21 |work=[[Workers' Daily]] |date=2013-02-01 |access-date=2013-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=何勇 |script-title=zh:沈阳——国企破产在这里"破题" |url=http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/14748/8247204.html |work=People's Daily |date=2008-10-29 |access-date=2014-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203124709/http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/14748/8247204.html |archive-date=2014-02-03 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nonetheless, the economy of the city has revived significantly in recent years, thanks to the [[Central People's Government|central government]]'s "[[Revitalize Northeast China]]" campaign and the rapid development of software and auto manufacture industries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.com.cn/zhuanti/115/txt/2003-11/26/content_5449437.htm |script-title=zh:国务院将成立东北办公室 |script-website=zh:中国网 |access-date=2013-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113174332/http://www.china.com.cn/zhuanti/115/txt/2003-11/26/content_5449437.htm |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> Investment subsidies are granted to [[multinational corporation]]s (MNCs) that set up offices or headquarters in Shenyang.<ref name="Critical Eye on Shenyang">{{cite web |title=china business review. |url=http://chinabusinessreview.net/public/0709/criticaleye.html |publisher=china business review |year=2009 |access-date = 2010-03-22 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120710073409/http://chinabusinessreview.net/public/0709/criticaleye.html |archive-date = 2012-07-10}}</ref>

The services sector—especially banking—has been developing in Shenyang. Shenyang has several foreign banks, such as South Korea's [[Hana Financial Group|Hana Bank]], Japan's [[Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ]], Hong Kong's [[Bank of East Asia]], Singapore's [[United Overseas Bank]] and the Britain-based [[HSBC]]. In 2006, the city hosted a total of 1,063 banks and bank branches and 144 insurance-related companies. By 2010, it aims to attract 30 foreign banks and 60 [[non-bank financial institution]]s.<ref name="Critical Eye on Shenyang"/>{{Update inline|date=April 2014}}

The city has been identified by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the [[CHAMPS (China)|CHAMPS]] ([[Chongqing|'''C'''hongqing]], [[Hefei|'''H'''efei]], [[Anshan, Liaoning|'''A'''nshan]], [[Maanshan|'''M'''aanshan]], [[Pingdingshan|'''P'''ingdingshan]] and '''S'''henyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sourcewire.com/releases/rel_display.php?relid=60590 |title=The Rise Of The 'Champs' – New Report Maps Business Opportunity In China's Fastest Growing Cities |publisher=Sourcewire.com |date=2010-11-09 |access-date=2011-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406135228/http://www.sourcewire.com/releases/rel_display.php?relid=60590 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Shenyang has three development zones:
* Shenyang Finance and Trade Development Zone
* Shenyang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone
* Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone

{{Further|Development zones of Shenyang}}

Numerous major industrial companies have their headquarters in Shenyang. [[Brilliance Auto]] is a major Chinese automobile manufacturer, and most of its production plants are also located in Shenyang.<ref name="沈经济总量">{{cite news |url=http://epaper.syd.com.cn/syrb/html/2013-05/19/content_911292.htm |script-title=zh:2012年沈阳市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |script-work=zh:《沈阳日报》 |date=2013-05-19 |access-date=2014-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609031852/http://epaper.syd.com.cn/syrb/html/2013-05/19/content_911292.htm |archive-date=2013-06-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://cn.nikkei.com/industry/icar/6058-20130722.html |script-title=zh:宝马开启沈阳时代 |work=[[The Nikkei]] Chinese |access-date=2014-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323105149/https://cn.nikkei.com/industry/icar/6058-20130722.html |archive-date=2014-03-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shenyang Aircraft Corporation]] produces airplanes for civilian use as well as for the [[PLAAF]].<ref name="沈飞航空">{{cite news |url=http://military.people.com.cn/GB/42966/4822371.html |script-title=zh:沈阳飞机工业(集团)有限公司 |script-work=zh:人民网 |access-date=2013-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215125605/http://military.people.com.cn/GB/42966/4822371.html |archive-date=2013-12-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Neusoft Group]] is the biggest software company in China.<ref>{{cite news |author=杨吉平 |script-title=zh:东软集团成为最大软件外包提供商 |url=http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2005-03/29/content_205469.htm |work=[[Guangming Daily]] |date=2005-03-29 |access-date=2013-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214022348/http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2005-03/29/content_205469.htm |archive-date=2013-12-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shenyang Machine Tool Group is the largest [[machine tool]] manufacturer in China.<ref>{{cite news |author=熊建 林丽鹂 罗艾桦 何勇 |script-title=zh:沈阳机床 攀上制高点 |url=http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n1180/n4175042/n4936827/n4936976/n5032829/5033293.html |work=[[People's Daily]] |date=2008-07-04 |access-date=2013-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618163329/http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n1180/n4175042/n4936827/n4936976/n5032829/5033293.html |archive-date=2012-06-18}}</ref> [[Tyco International]], [[General Motors]] and [[Michelin]] Shenyang Tyre Corporation are expanding their operations in Shenyang.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

The [[GDP per capita]] of the city of Shenyang is 78,490 yuan in 2009 (ranked 3rd out of all 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province).<ref name="GDP of cities and counties in Liaoning">{{cite book |title=Liaoning Statistical Yearbook |year=2009}}</ref>

==Transportation==
As the [[transport hub]] of Northeast China, Shenyang is served by air, rail, a currently Five-line subway system and an extensive network of streets and expressways, with bus services throughout the city.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:11月19日早晨6时 沈阳主干道全部"打通" |script-work=zh:《沈阳日报》 |date=2013-11-20}}</ref> Terminal 3 at [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport]] is the largest terminal in northeast China.<ref name="东北地区最大航站楼启用(组图)">{{cite news |author=潘昱龙 |script-title=zh:东北地区最大航站楼启用(组图) |url=http://roll.sohu.com/20130815/n384265773.shtml |website=Sohu |date=2013-08-15 |access-date=2014-06-27}}</ref> A new tram network system was built in the city's south in 2013.

===Rail===
[[File:CRH5-001A_Beijing_20090728.jpg|thumb|The [[China Railways CRH5|CRH5-001A]] [[electric multiple unit|EMU]] serving the [[Beijing–Shenyang high-speed railway]]]]
Shenyang is the [[railway hub]] of [[Northeast China]]. Eight railways connect Shenyang with [[Beijing]], [[Dalian]], [[Changchun]], [[Harbin]] and [[Fushun]]. The city is also served by the [[Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway]], the main passenger transport corridor in and out across the [[Shanhai Pass]], and the first passenger-specific railway line in China. In early 2007, a {{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}} high-speed train decreased travel time between [[Beijing]] and Shenyang by almost three-fold to around 4 hours. The [[Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway]] opened in late 2012 and connects Shenyang with other major cities in Northeast China such as [[Harbin]], [[Changchun]] and [[Dalian]] at speeds of up to {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harbin-Dalian High-speed railway starts summer schedule |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2013-04/21/c_132327435.htm |publisher=Xinhua |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001214413/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2013-04/21/c_132327435.htm |archive-date=1 October 2013}}</ref>

Shenyang has two major railway stations: the [[Shenyang North railway station]] in [[Shenhe District]], and the [[Shenyang railway station]] in [[Heping District, Shenyang|Heping District]].<ref>中国铁道出版社地图制作中心 编. 中华人民共和国铁路地图集. 2008. {{ISBN|978-7-113-05554-7}}</ref>[[File:Liaoning Station before 1949.jpeg|thumb|The old Liaoning General Station]]
[[File:Shenyangbei Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Shenyangbei Railway Station in 2024]]
The '''Shenyang North Railway Station''' ({{lang-zh|s=沈阳北站|p=Shěnyáng Běi Zhàn}}) was formerly the '''Liaoning General Station''' ({{lang-zh|t=遼寧總站|p=Liáoníng Zǒngzhàn|labels=no}}) before 1946, and colloquially known as the "Old North Station". The original station building (now an [[Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level|MHCSPNL]]-listed heritage building), initially named the '''Fengtian City Station''' ({{lang-zh|t=奉天城站|p=Fèngtīan Chéng Zhàn|labels=no}}) at the time of completion, was built in 1927 at the terminal point of [[Beijing–Harbin Railway|Jingfeng Railway]], about {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of the current station site, on the orders of warlord [[Zhang Zuolin]] to compete with the then Japanese-administered Shenyang Railway Station. The Main Station Building ({{lang-zh|c=主站房|labels=no}}) of the current "New North Station" began construction in 1986 and was commissioned for operation in December 1990, and became one of the five most important railway hubs in China, earning itself the nickname "'''Northeast's No. 1 Station'''" ({{lang-zh|s=东北第一站|labels=no}}).<ref name="hscb">{{cite news |author=李淑娟 |script-title=zh:沈阳北站被称为"东北第一站" |url=http://news.liao1.com/epaper/hscb/html/2009-09/26/content_129031.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212043350/http://news.liao1.com/epaper/hscb/html/2009-09/26/content_129031.htm |archive-date=2013-12-12 |script-work=zh:《华商晨报》 |location=Shenyang, Liaoning |date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2013-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:沈阳北站: "京哈铁路"动脉上的心脏 |url=http://news.liao1.com/newspage/2009/08/4319472.html |script-work=zh:《沈阳日报》 |date=2009-08-23 |access-date=2013-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203112158/http://news.liao1.com/newspage/2009/08/4319472.html |archive-date=2013-12-03}}</ref> In 2011, a huge expansion project known as the "North Station Transport Hub Reconstruction Project" ({{lang-zh|s=北站交通枢纽改造工程|labels=no}}) was initiated in response to the growing demand of floor area posed by the increasing passenger traffic after introduction of the [[High-speed rail in China|high-speed rail]] service. The station now has an additional 3-storey "Sub-Station Building" ({{lang-zh|s=子站房|labels=no}}) and a "North Square" ({{lang-zh|s=北广场|labels=no}}) on the northern (Huanggu District) side of the railways, while the old waiting lounge in the original 16-storey Main Station Building is now relocated to a large elevated concourse that bridges over the rail tracks, with a pillar-less roof (the largest in mainland China) doming the platforms. The original South Square ({{lang-zh|s=南广场|labels=no}}) outside the Main Station Building was rebuilt into a multi-levelled complex, with two above ground forming an elevated airport-style drop-off zone and a large ground-level area for bus stops, as well as a three-level underground city providing shopping malls, parking lots, taxi pick-up and interchange with [[Line 2, Shenyang Metro|Subway Line 2]], while also capable of rapid conversion into an [[air raid shelter]] if needed.

[[File:Shenyang Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Shenyang Railway Station]]
The '''Shenyang Railway Station''' ({{lang-zh|s=沈阳站|p=Shěnyáng Zhàn}}) has a history of more than 100 years. It was built by the Russians in 1899 on the eastern side of the [[South Manchurian Railway]] and was named the '''Fengtian Station''' ({{lang-zh|t=奉天站|p=Fèngtiān Zhàn}}) at the time. It was later expanded by the Japanese after the [[Russo-Japanese War]] and renamed to '''Fengtian [[Yam (route)|Yam]]''' ({{lang-zh|t=奉天驛|p=Fèngtiān Yì}}) until the end of the [[World War II]]. Before adopting its current name, the station was known as the '''Shenyang South Railway Station''' ({{lang-zh|t=瀋陽南站|p=Shěnyáng Nán Zhàn}}) or simply the "South Station" (in contrast to the forementioned "North Station") between 1945 and 1950, a name the locals still use colloquially to present days (though the current [[Shenyang South railway station]] is actually at the suburban junction between [[Hunnan]] and [[Sujiatun]]). Today, the station focuses on regular-speed passenger service and is being refurbished with a large archway and new terminal, reducing access to the boarding platforms by rerouting customers under and over ground while construction is completed. The station was expanded in 2010 with the addition of a new West Station Building ({{lang-zh|s=西站房|labels=no}}) and a West Square ({{lang-zh|s=西广场|labels=no}}) on the western side of the railways.<ref name="沈阳站西">{{cite news |author=李莉 |script-title=zh:沈阳站西出口明年底建成 西广场建设规划已敲定 |url=http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/223/3678223.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212193719/http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/223/3678223.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-12 |script-work=zh:《沈阳日报》 |publisher=沈阳日报传媒集团 |date=2010-12-21 |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref> The old East Station Building ({{lang-zh|s=东站房|labels=no}}) is currently on the provincial protected heritage list.

Since 2011, a daily direct [[rail freight transport|container rail service]] has carried automotive parts {{convert|11000|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Leipzig]], Germany to Shenyang through [[Siberia]] with a 23-day transit time.<ref name="siberia">[http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/db-schenker-to-launch-daily-freight-train-to-china.html DB Schenker to launch daily freight train to China] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621041859/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/db-schenker-to-launch-daily-freight-train-to-china.html |date=June 21, 2012 }} ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'', 30 September 2011. Accessed: 4 October 2011.</ref>

===Road===
[[File:ShenyangDistrictAndLandmark.jpg|thumb|Shenyang's districts, landmarks and major roads]]
In the [[Manchukuo]] era, the initial road transportation network was laid out, as is now in the central districts of Shenyang.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The city follows a largely [[grid plan|grid]]-style urban layout, with the roads follow a slightly tilted northwest-to-southeast orientation due to the [[South Manchurian Railway]], which runs perpendicular to that direction. The streets in Shenyang are almost always named according to a routine convention — one that runs more in the north–south direction is called a "street" ({{lang-zh|s=街|p=Jīe|labels=no}}) or "avenue" ({{lang-zh|s=大街|p=Dà Jīe|l=big street|labels=no}}), and one that runs more east–west are call a "road" ({{lang-zh|s=路|p=Lù|labels=no}}) or "boulevard" ({{lang-zh|s=大道|p=Dà Dào|l=big path|labels=no}}). The only exceptions to this rule are the east–west Middle Street in [[Shenhe District]], which takes its historical name from ancient times (though its modern official name is actually the "[[Zhongjie|Middle Street Road]]"); and the north–south Minzhu Road ({{lang-zh|s=民主路|labels=no}}) in [[Heping District, Shenyang|Heping District]] that traverses diagonally across the [[City block#Superblock|superblock]] between the [[Shenyang Railway Station]] and the Zhongshan Park, but as one of the only three diagonal streets in the entire city it is accommodated as a "road" instead of "street" in keeping with the other two diagonal counterparts that run east–west.

In addition to the grid streets, Shenyang also was developing several [[ring road]] systems, going back as early as the "Fengtian City Plan" ({{lang-zh|t=奉天都邑計劃|labels=no}}) proposed by the Japanese-controlled [[puppet state|puppet]] [[Manchukuo]] government in 1932.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Outside of the (now demolished) city walls, the city initially planned three [[beltway]]s, namely the "inner ring", "middle ring" and "outer ring" roads. Gradually with urban development, the inner ring idea faded away into the inner city grids, but the middle ring concept was retained and later transformed into the nowadays '''1st Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=一环路|labels=no}}, officially called the "Middle Ring Road" until 1995), and the outer ring morphed roughly into parts of the present day '''2nd Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=二环路|labels=no}}). The '''3rd Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=三环路|labels=no}}) was completed in 1995, and in 2013 was upgraded into an 8-lane, {{convert|82|km|mi|abbr=on}} freeway—the G15<sub>01</sub> [[G1501 Shenyang Ring Expressway|Shenyang Ring Expressway]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|沈阳绕城高速公路}}). The 10-lane, {{convert|132|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''4th Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=四环路|labels=no}}) is a [[limited-access highway]] about {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} out from the 3rd Ring, completed in 2013. The planned 6-lane, {{convert|198|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''5th Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=五环路|labels=no}}) and the proposed {{convert|399|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''6th Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=六环路|labels=no}}), also known as the [[G91 Liaozhong Ring Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=辽中环线高速公路|labels=no}}), are both currently under construction.

[[File:Jingshen Expwy Jul2004.jpg|thumb|G1 Beijing-Harbin Expressway, Shenyang segment]]
Shenyang is connected to the other regions by several major expressways in radial pattern. The [[Shenyang–Dalian Expressway|G15 Shenda Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=沈大高速公路|labels=no}}) to the southwest is the first expressway built in China and is an 8-lane, {{convert|348.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[controlled-access highway]] with a maximum speed limit of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, connecting Shenyang to [[Dalian]], one of the largest port city in China. The {{convert|222|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Shendan Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=沈丹高速公路|labels=no}}) to the southeast, part of the [[G1113 Dandong–Fuxin Expressway|G11<sub>13</sub> Dandong–Fuxin Expressway]] that traverses Shenyang from the northwest, is a 4-lane expressway leading to [[Benxi]] and [[Dandong]], and also serves [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport]]. The 4-lane [[G1212 Shenyang–Jilin Expressway|G12<sub>12</sub> Shenji Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=沈吉高速公路|labels=no}}) to the east was completed in 2011, linking Shenyang to [[Jilin City|Jilin]] via [[Fushun]]. The 8-lane [[Beijing–Shenyang Expressway|Jingshen Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=京沈高速公路|labels=no}}) to the west is an integral part of the extended [[G1 Jingha Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=京哈高速公路|labels=no}}) beyond the northeast, and is a major interprovincial "trunk road" across the [[Shanhai Pass]] linking to the national capital [[Beijing]] some {{convert|658|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. There are other smaller provincial-level expressways ("S routes") to other cities like [[Fushun]], [[Liaoyang]] and [[Panjin]], as well as many long-distance and express bus routes to Beijing and other large Northeastern regional centers via major national roads such as the [[China National Highways]] [[China National Highway 101|101]], [[China National Highway 102|102]], [[China National Highway 203|203]] and [[China National Highway 304|304]].

===Airport===
[[File:Shenyang Taoxian International Airport Terminal 3.jpg|thumb|right|Taoxian International Airport]]
The city is served by the [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport]], located in [[Hunnan District]]. It is one of the eight major [[airline hub]]s and [[List of the busiest airports in China|the 23rd busiest airport]] in China.<ref name="桃仙机场">{{cite web |url=http://www.syghgt.gov.cn/ywpd/cxgh/ghbz/xjxxxgh/content/4028e4822ee17ee6012ee23f9b8101a7.html |script-title=zh:桃仙机场T3航站楼 |publisher=Shenyang Planning and Land and Resources Bureau ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳市规划和国土资源局}}) |access-date=2013-05-05 |language=zh-hans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726235414/http://www.syghgt.gov.cn/ywpd/cxgh/ghbz/xjxxxgh/content/4028e4822ee17ee6012ee23f9b8101a7.html |archive-date=2013-07-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="桃仙机场2">{{cite web |url=http://jt.china.com.cn/jtzs/jtjs/2012-12-12/242741.html |script-title=zh:沈阳桃仙国际机场T3航站明年投入使用 |script-website=zh:中国网 |access-date=2013-05-05 |language=zh-hans |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628080922/http://jt.china.com.cn/jtzs/jtjs/2012-12-12/242741.html |archive-date=2013-06-28}}</ref>

There are three other airports in Shenyang, none of them open to public. The East Pagoda Airport ({{lang-zh|s=东塔机场|labels=no}}) in Dadong District is the oldest airport in Shenyang, opened in 1920s and retired in the 1980s,<ref name="最早机场东塔机场">{{cite news |author=Yang Qinglin ({{lang|zh-hans|杨清林}}) |script-title=zh:27年前, 遭劫持的飞机从东塔机场起飞 |url=http://www.lnfzb.com/news_view.aspx?id=20101209205707356 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227152020/http://lnfzb.com/news_view.aspx?id=20101209205707356 |archive-date=2011-12-27 |publisher={{lang|zh-hans|《辽宁法制报》}}|date=2010-12-09 |access-date=2014-01-08}}</ref><ref name="东塔机场">{{cite news |script-title=zh:沈阳东塔机场曾是奉系空军诞生地 |url=http://epaper.lnd.com.cn/html/lnrb/20130525/lnrb1206617.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219021927/http://epaper.lnd.com.cn/html/lnrb/20130525/lnrb1206617.html |archive-date=2013-12-19 |work=Liaoning Daily |date=2013-05-25 |access-date=2013-12-18}}</ref> though there has been proposals in 2013 to relocate and reopen it in [[Xinmin, Liaoning|Xinmin]]. The Beiling Airport ({{lang-zh|s=北陵机场|labels=no}}) in Huanggu District is used by [[Shenyang Aircraft Corporation]] for [[test flight]]s. The Yuhong Airport ({{lang-zh|s=于洪机场|labels=no}}) in Yuhong District is commissioned for military use only by the local [[Northern Theater Command]] garrisons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caac.gov.cn/h1/w1/200701/t20070118_1219.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203034919/http://www.caac.gov.cn/H1/W1/200701/t20070118_1219.html |archive-date=2007-12-03 |script-title=zh:于洪全胜机场 |publisher={{lang|zh-hans|中国民用航空局}} |access-date=2013-11-20 |language=zh-hans}}</ref>

===Public transport===
[[File:Trams in Shenyang1.JPG|thumb|Hunnan Tram, a [[Changchun Railway Vehicles|CRV]] [[low-floor tram|70% Low-Floor Tram]] serving Hunnan District]]
In Shenyang, there are more than 160 bus routes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syboke.com/user1/coolboy/archives/2006/6956.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929070544/http://www.syboke.com/user1/coolboy/archives/2006/6956.html |archive-date=2007-09-29 |script-title=zh:沈阳公交线路表(市区线路)-心·路}}</ref> Shenyang used to have about 20 [[trolley bus]] routes, one of the biggest trolley bus networks in China.<ref name="沈阳公交通史4">{{cite web |url=http://www.shenyangbus.com/a/gjls/2010/0614/249.html |script-title=zh:沈阳市区公共交通史(四)新中国成立后的公共交通(1949–1957 |access-date=2013-11-19 |publisher=Shenyang Bus |date=2010-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219141016/http://www.shenyangbus.com/a/gjls/2010/0614/249.html |archive-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> The entire network was demolished in 1999 after [[1998 Shenyang trolleybus electrocution accident|a serious electrocution accident]] that killed 5 passengers on August 12, 1998, and was replaced by gas and diesel-powered buses.

[[Trams in Shenyang]] were introduced in 1924, and had 6 lines in operation up until 1945. It suffered major disruptions during the [[Chinese Civil War]] from [[power outage]] and [[Kuomintang]] bombings, but quickly resumed operation after the conclusion of the [[Liaoshen Campaign]]. After the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]], the tram network was gradually replaced by the buses and trolley buses, and eventually closed in 1974.<ref>{{cite book |script-title=zh:沈阳市志 |publisher=沈阳出版社 |author=沈阳市人民政府地方志编撰办公室 |year=1989 |page=51 |isbn=7-80556-000-5}}</ref> In December 2011, the Shenyang city government announced plans to rebuild the [[light rail transit]] network in 2012, comprising 4 lines with {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} distance in the [[Hunnan New District]]. The [[Shenyang Modern Tram]] network started operation on August 15, 2013.

[[File:Shenyang Metro Zhongjie Station.jpg|thumb|[[Shenyang Metro]] [[Line 1 (Shenyang Metro)|Line 1]]]]
Shenyang has been planning an underground [[rapid transit]] system since 1940, but was unable to materialize the idea due to the city's [[geology]] and engineering limitations.<ref name="地铁故事">{{cite web |url=http://www.shenyangbus.com/a/sydt/dtdsj/2010/0628/329.html |script-title=zh:沈阳地铁大事记(1940年-2010年) |publisher=Shenyang Bus |access-date=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105051656/http://shenyangbus.com/a/sydt/dtdsj/2010/0628/329.html |archive-date=2012-01-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> On November 18, 2005, the construction of the first [[Shenyang Metro]] line began<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.symtc.com |script-title=zh:沈阳地铁官方网站 |publisher=Symtc.com |access-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211094836/http://www.symtc.com/ |archive-date=2010-02-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the construction of the second line started on November 18, 2006. The first (east–west) line was opened September 27, 2010, and the second (north–south) was opened on January 9, 2012. in 2023, the second line, running north to south, extended its southern portion to connect with the [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport|Shenyang Taoxian International]] airport. As of 2023, there are 5 running lines, with the latest of which (line 4) opening on September 29, 2023. Construction is difficult due to the [[granite]]-rich [[bedrock]] on which the city is built.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Healthcare==
Shenyang has 731 medical and healthcare centers, 63,000 healthcare staff and 3.02 healthcare worker per 1,000 people. There are 34,033 hospital beds and 45,680 various kinds of medical and technical personnel, among whom there are 17,346 licensed doctors, 1,909 assistant licensed doctors, and 16887 certified nurses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ttcln.com/food_drink1.asp?id=81#top |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717110915/http://ttcln.com/food_drink1.asp?id=81#top |archive-date=2011-07-17 |title=Teach Travel China Liao Ning |publisher=Ttcln.com |date=2009-10-19 |access-date=2011-03-29}}</ref> The average expected life-span of the people in Shenyang is 73.8 years.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The [[China Medical University (PRC)|China Medical University]] ({{lang-zh|s=中国医科大学|p=Zhōngguó Yīkē Dàxué|labels=no}}) in [[Huanggu District]] is one of the top 10 [[medical school]]s in China and is [[International Medical Education Directory|IMED]]-listed. Its diplomas are accredited worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bethhealth.com/faq.html#q3 |title=beth health center US/CMU program |publisher=beth health |access-date=2010-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330090900/http://bethhealth.com/faq.html#q3 |archive-date=2010-03-30 }}</ref>

Shenyang is home to China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University 1st, 2nd (renamed Shengjing Hospital in 2003)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2003-12/29/content_1252107.htm |script-title=zh:中国医科大学附属第二医院恢复"盛京医院"名称 |publisher=[[Xinhua News]] |access-date=2003-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031231064729/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2003-12/29/content_1252107.htm |archive-date=2003-12-31 }}</ref> and 4th Affiliated Hospital, 202 Hospital, Liaoning Tumor Hospital, Shenyang No.7 People's Hospital, Shenyang Orthopaedics Hospital, Shenyang Army General Hospital, North Hospital, and various other hospitals and clinics.

==Military==
Shenyang hosts the headquarters of the [[People's Liberation Army]]'s [[Northern Theater Command]] (formerly the [[Shenyang Military Region]]) and garrisons its [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|air force]] divisions.

Shenyang is also famous for its defense industries, with the [[Shenyang Aircraft Corporation]] (SAC), nicknamed "the cradle of Chinese jetfighters" ({{lang-zh|s=中国歼击机摇篮|labels=no}})", being the People's Republic's oldest and largest aircraft manufacturer, responsible for the design and manufacturing of the currently operational [[Shenyang J-8|J-8]], [[Shenyang J-11|J-11]], [[Shenyang J-15|J-15]], [[Shenyang J-16|J-16]] [[fighter aircraft]] and the in-development [[Shenyang J-31|J-31]] [[stealth aircraft]]. The [[Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute]], a subdivision of SAC, is also responsible for designing the indigenous [[Shenyang WS-10|WS-10]], [[Xian WS-15|WS-15]] and [[Shenyang WS-20|WS-20]] [[turbofan]] engines.

In 2014, South Korea and China agreed to repatriate the remains of 400 [[People's Volunteer Army]] soldiers killed during the [[Korean War]], which had been buried in [[Paju]], and scheduled to be reburied in a state military cemetery in Shenyang.<ref>{{cite news |title=S. Korea, China to hold talks on remains of Chinese war dead |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-news-agency/140120/s-korea-china-hold-talks-remains-chinese-war-dead |newspaper=[[GlobalPost]] |date=January 20, 2014 |agency=[[Yonhap]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226010540/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-news-agency/140120/s-korea-china-hold-talks-remains-chinese-war-dead |archive-date=February 26, 2014}}; {{cite news |title=China to build new site for burial of its war dead from S. Korea |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-news-agency/140216/china-build-new-site-burial-its-war-dead-s-korea |newspaper=[[GlobalPost]] |date=February 16, 2014 |agency=[[Yonhap]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217072035/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-news-agency/140216/china-build-new-site-burial-its-war-dead-s-korea |archive-date=February 17, 2014}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Mud Brazier BBQ in Shenyang.jpg|thumb|Korean-Chinese style barbecue in mud brazier (泥炉烧烤) is exclusively in Shenyang]]

===Shenyang dialect===
People native to Shenyang speak the [[Shenyang dialect]], a variant of [[Northeastern Mandarin]].<ref name="振兴东北网">{{cite web |url=http://chinaneast.xinhuanet.com/2007-07/11/content_10547138.htm |script-title=zh:别具特色的"沈阳话" |script-work=zh:振兴东北网 |via=Xinhua |access-date=2013-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821133340/http://chinaneast.xinhuanet.com/2007-07/11/content_10547138.htm |archive-date=2009-08-21}}</ref> The dialect was formed in the early period of the Qing dynasty.<ref name="sywbsyh">{{cite news |script-title=zh:沈阳话是咋回事, 你"直"道不? |url=http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-12/17/content_965600.htm |script-work=zh:《沈阳晚报》 |date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2014-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202130120/http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-12/17/content_965600.htm |archive-date=2014-02-02}}</ref><ref name="syrbsyh">{{cite news |author=陈凤军 |script-title=zh:专家称"沈阳话"对北京方言影响很大 共同性很多 |url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2011/11-01/3429390.shtml |script-work=zh:《沈阳日报》 |date=2011-11-01 |access-date=2013-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211130850/http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2011/11-01/3429390.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is similar to the other Northeastern dialects and also to the national standard of Mandarin, ''[[Putonghua]]'', but is known as a form of ''[[Dongbeihua]]'' and has a wide range of vocabulary that is not part of the country's official language.<ref name="振兴东北网"/>

===Art===
[[File:Binus Operet 24-10-2009 Yangge.JPG|thumb|Yangge]]
Two northeast [[folk dance]]s, ''[[Errenzhuan]]'' and ''[[Yangge]]'', are very popular in Shenyang.<ref name="文化志概述">{{cite web |url=http://www.lnsdfz.gov.cn/lnsz/kjwwl/whz/201011/t20101127_594509.html |script-title=zh:文化志概述 |publisher={{lang|zh-hans|辽宁省地方志}} |access-date=2013-05-03 |language=zh-hans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204064305/http://www.lnsdfz.gov.cn/lnsz/kjwwl/whz/201011/t20101127_594509.html |archive-date=2013-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="秧歌">{{cite web |url=http://www.showchina.org/zjsz/jxzh/07/201103/t882175.htm |script-title=zh:沈阳秧歌 |publisher={{lang|zh-hans|看中国}} |access-date=2013-05-11 |language=zh-hans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523091226/http://www.showchina.org/zjsz/jxzh/07/201103/t882175.htm |archive-date=2012-05-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Big Stage Theatre ({{lang-zh|s=大舞台剧场|labels=no}}) near Middle Street is famous for its ''Errenzhuan'' and Chinese comedy skit performances by [[Zhao Benshan]] and his students. Due to the popularity enjoyed by many Shenyang-based comedians, the city is nationally recognized as a stronghold of [[Chinese comedy]].

Shenyang is home of many [[performance art]] organizations, such as Shenyang Acrobatic Troupe of China, Liaoning Song and Dance Ensemble, and Liaoning Ballet.<ref>{{cite web |archive-date=2007-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127190033/http://www.cn-liaoba.com/ |url=http://www.cn-liaoba.com/ |script-title=zh:辽宁芭蕾舞团 |publisher=Liaoning Ballet}}</ref> Many artists are from Shenyang, such as [[Zimei]], [[Na Ying]] and the pianist [[Lang Lang]].

===Museums===
[[File:Jiǔ-yībā Lìshǐ Bówùguǎn九・一八歴史博物館106997.jpg|thumb|9.18 Historical Museum]]
* [[Liaoning Provincial Museum]] ({{lang|zh-hans|辽宁省博物馆}}), the largest museum in Northeast China. The museum hold many ancient relics and artefacts, including a selection of inscriptions in [[Written Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Khitan scripts|Khitan]] that are some of the earliest known forms of writing.
* Shenyang Steam Locomotive Museum ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳蒸汽机车博物馆}}), with 16 steam engines from America, Japan, Russia, Belgium, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia and China.
* 9.18 Historical Museum ({{lang|zh-hans|九·一八历史博物馆}}), a museum in memory of the [[Mukden Incident]] on September 18, 1931. The museum is in the shape of an opened calendar, and is located on the site where the Japanese troops destroyed the [[South Manchuria Railway]], the prelude to the invasion of Manchuria.
* Xinle Relic ({{lang|zh-hans|新乐遗址}}), located on the location where the [[Xinle culture|Xinle civilisation]] was first discovered, containing a reconstructed Xinle settlement and housing artefacts discovered there.[[File:Xinle culture 348.JPG|thumb|right|Front of statue about Xinle culture]]

===Sports===
Shenyang is famous for its [[association football|football]] tradition. The local football club, [[Liaoning F.C.]], who last played in the [[China League One|Chinese League One]], dissolved in 2020. Liaoning F.C. was once the consecutive national champion for 10 years from 1984 to 1993, and the first Chinese team to win the [[AFC Champions League]] in 1990.<ref name="秧歌"/> Another [[Chinese Super League]] team, [[Shenyang Jinde]] moved to [[Changsha]] in 2007. [[Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium]], a 60,000-seated soccer stadium, was a venue for the football preliminary of [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/venues/shy/index.shtml |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080702003259/http://en.beijing2008.cn/venues/shy/index.shtml |archive-date = 2 July 2008 |title=Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium |publisher=The Official Website of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad |access-date = 18 May 2014}}</ref>

Shenyang also has one of the five full-length (400 m) [[speed skating rink]] in China, the Bayi Speed Skating Arena ({{lang-zh|s=八一速滑馆|labels=no}}).

Shenyang Sport University<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syty.edu.cn/ |script-title=zh:沈阳体育学院欢迎您! |publisher=Shenyang Sport University}}</ref> is a professional sports university, and acts as {{citation needed span|the training base for winter sports in China and has many Olympic champions.|date=May 2020}}

===Religion===
The Shenyang city government, legally, recognizes five religious beliefs—[[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Islam]] and Christianity ([[Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]). During the period between 1949 and 1976, religious practices were significantly repressed, but have recovered since the end of the [[Cultural Revolution]]. {{As of|2012}}, Shenyang has seven city-level religious organizations, with 289 legally registered places of worship, 483 [[clergy|clerics]] and about 400,000 followers.

Famous religious sites include:

[[File:Shenyang East Pagoda.jpg|thumb|Shenyang East Pagoda]]
Buddhism
* Chang'an Temple ({{lang|zh-hans|长安寺}}), a [[Zen Buddhism]] temple, first built during the [[Tang dynasty]]
* Bore Temple ({{lang|zh-hans|般若寺}}), built during the [[Qing dynasty]]
* Ci'en Temple ({{lang|zh-hans|慈恩寺}}), a [[Pure Land Buddhism]] temple,
* Wugoujingguang Śarīra Pagoda ({{lang|zh-hans|无垢净光舍利塔}}), a 33-m-high Buddhist pagoda erected in 1044 during the [[Liao dynasty]]
* Shisheng Temple ({{lang|zh-hans|实胜寺}}), once known as Imperial Temple ({{lang-zh|s=皇寺|labels=no}}), a [[Tibetan Buddhist]] temple built in 1636 for the [[Qing]] royal family
* The East Pagoda ({{lang|zh-hans|东塔}}), North Pagoda ({{lang|zh-hans|北塔}}), [[Xita (Shenyang)|West Pagoda]] ({{lang|zh-hans|西塔}}) and South Pagoda ({{lang|zh-hans|南塔}}), collectively known as the "Four Pagodas of Early Qing" ({{lang-zh|s=清初四塔|hp=Qīngchū Sì Tǎ|links=no|labels=no}}) are four white Tibetan Buddhist pagodas built by [[Hong Taiji]] in 1639.

Taoism
* Taiqing Palace ({{lang|zh-hans|太清宫}}), built in 1663
* Pengying Palace ({{lang|zh-hans|蓬瀛宫}}), the only female Taoist temple in Northeast China, built in 1994
* Doumu Palace ({{lang|zh-hans|斗姆宫}}), formerly the second largest Taoist temple in Shenyang

Christianity
* [[Sacred Heart Cathedral of Shenyang]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳圣心教堂}}), a [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral
* [[Dongguan Church]] ({{lang|zh-hans|东关教会}}), one of the largest and oldest Protestant churches in Northeast China, also known as the cradle of Christianity of the Koreans in China and in the Korean Peninsula
* [[Xita Church]] ({{lang|zh-hans|西塔教会}}), a Protestant church for the Korean Chinese

Islam
* South Mosque ({{lang|zh|清真南寺}}), the largest mosque in Northeast China, built in Qing dynasty

===Cuisine===
Shenyang has classic [[northeastern Chinese cuisine]]. Traditional dishes in the region are ''[[suan cai]]'' (also called Chinese sauerkraut), stewed chicken and mushroom, and [[bing (bread)|meat pie]]<!-- not the same as British meat pies -->.<ref name="沈阳饮食">{{cite web |url=http://wenhua.syd.com.cn/content/2011-12/30/content_25940042.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725015457/http://wenhua.syd.com.cn/content/2011-12/30/content_25940042.htm |archive-date=2012-07-25 |script-title=zh:游转沈阳特色美食 |script-website=zh:盛京文化网 |access-date=2013-05-06}}</ref> [[Korean food]], such as [[Rice cake#In Korean cuisine|rice cake]] ({{Korean|hangul=떡|rr=tteok}}) and [[Naengmyeon|cold noodle]] ({{korean|hangul=냉면|hanja={{linktext|冷麵}} |rr=naengmyeon}}; {{lang-zh|s={{linktext|冷面}} |p=Lěng Miàn}}), is a part of Shenyangers' diet as there is a sizeable ethnic Korean population in the city, specifically in Nanta ({{lang-zh|s={{linktext|南塔}}|p=Nanta}})<ref name="沈阳饮食"/> Also, as the area was traditionally occupied by Manchus, the cuisine in Shenyang was fundamentally influenced by Manchu food, as well as the famous [[Manchu Han Imperial Feast]].<ref name="盛京满汉">{{cite web |url=http://subject.syd.com.cn/content/2009-05/08/content_24481982.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219003825/http://subject.syd.com.cn/content/2009-05/08/content_24481982.htm |archive-date=2013-02-19 |script-title=zh:盛京满汉全席 |script-website=zh:沈阳网 |access-date=2013-12-10}}</ref>

Due to the sizeable [[Hui people|Hui]] population in Shenyang, [[halal]] foods are a common and also enjoyed by non-Muslim people.

==Tourism==

===Attractions===
[[File:Shenjing Grand Theatre, Shenyang, China.jpg|thumb|Shenjing Grand Theatre, Shenyang; also known as The Diamond]]
* [[Mukden Palace]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳故宫}}): the former imperial palace of the early [[Qing dynasty]]. It is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
* [[Fuling Tomb|East Mausoleum]] ({{lang|zh-hans|东陵}}): the tomb of the first Qing emperor, [[Nurhaci]]. It is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
* [[Beiling Park]] and [[Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)|North Mausoleum]] ({{lang|zh-hans|北陵}}): the tomb of the second Qing emperor, [[Huang Taiji]]. The park covers an area of {{convert|3,300,000|m2|abbr=off}}, and is serviced by trams for visitors who do not wish to (or cannot) traverse the length of the park. It is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
* Qipan Mountain ({{lang|zh-hans|棋盘山}}): a recreation resort in [[Shenbei New District]], northeast of Shenyang.
* Strange Slope ({{lang|zh-hans|怪坡}}): an {{convert|80|m|yd|abbr=on}}-long, {{convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}}-wide slope on the western side of Mao Mountain in Shenbei District, famous for the unexplained phenomenon of vehicles seemingly able to move uphill unpowered.
* Shenyang Botanical Garden ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳植物园}}) is located within the Qipanshan Tourism District. With a total area of {{convert|2.46|km2|acre|abbr=on}}, the garden hosted the [[Shenyang China International Horticultural Exposition 2006|International Horticultural Exposition]] in 2006. Since then it has also been known as the Shenyang International Expo Garden ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳世博园}}). A variety of botanical exhibitions are held throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syszwy.com.cn/ |title=Shenyang Botanical Garden&Shenyang EXPO Garden |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819043229/http://www.syszwy.com.cn/ |archive-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Meteorite Mountain Forest Park ({{lang|zh-hans|陨石山森林公园}}), located in the southeast of Shenyang in [[Hunnan District]]. The biggest meteorite lies on the Huashitai Mountain of Lixiang County, and is {{convert|160|m|ft|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|54|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide, {{convert|42|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and about {{convert|2000000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} in weight. It is the oldest meteorite in the world which was formed 4.5 billion years ago and fallen into the Earth 1.9 billion years ago.{{Citation needed|reason=Park probably exists, but the claims about the size and age of their meteorite(s) seem specious.|date=June 2013}}
* Xiaonan Cathedral of Shenyang ({{lang|zh-hans|小南天主教堂}}), the construction of the cathedral started in 1875 and finished in 1878.
* [[Qipanshan International Scenery and Tourism Development Zone|Qipanshan Tourism Development Zone]]

===Shopping areas===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}

Shenyang has many shopping areas that provide necessities, luxuries and entertainments. One of the shopping districts is [[Middle Street (Shenyang)|Middle Street]] ({{lang|zh-hans|中街}}). Middle Street has a history of more than 100 years. In 2005, Middle Street gained the title of China top 10 famous commercial shopping streets and in 2008; it won the International Golden Street title. Middle Street is also the first commercial pedestrian street in China. Middle Street features many western-style stores and restaurants. The largest shopping mall in Shenyang is also located on Middle Street, selling products from all around the world.

Taiyuan Street ({{lang|zh-hans|太原街}}) is another shopping area which is similar to Middle Street. Taiyuan Street many restaurants and theaters for people to enjoy. Many spend their holidays shopping on these two streets. There is also a very large underground shopping center, offering many items, especially fashion jewelries, accessories and clothing.

Another area, Wu'ai Market ({{lang|zh-hans|五爱市场}}), features a large multi-story shopping center with a size comparable to that of many city blocks. It is famous for wholesaling cheap clothes and household items.

The [[information technology]] center is in Sanhao street ({{lang|zh-hans|三好街}}) in the southern part of the city. There are large superstores located throughout the city that sell everything from meat and dairy to clothes and electronics.

==Research and education==
Shenyang is a major city for scientific research and education in [[Northeast China]]. Shenyang has one of the highest concentrations of educational institutes in China. Roughly 30 colleges and universities and numerous research and training institutions are located in Shenyang, including core institutes of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]. As of 2025, it was list among the top 100 [[List of cities by scientific output|science cities]] in the world as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref>

Research institutes
* Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences ({{lang|zh-hans|中国科学院金属研究所}})
* Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences ({{lang|zh-hans|中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所}})
* Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences ({{lang|zh-hans|中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所}}), formerly the Institute of Forestry and Pedology ({{lang|zh-hans|林业土壤研究所}})
* Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences ({{lang|zh-hans|中国科学院沈阳计算机技术研究所}})
* [[Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳飞机设计研究所}}), also known as the "601 Institute"
* [[Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳发动机设计研究所}}), also known as the "606 Institute"

===International schools===
* [[Shenyang Transformation International School]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳国际学校}}), founded in 1998 by the International Schools of China (ISC), a United States [[non-profit organization]] committed to educational work in China.
* Shenyang Pacific International Academy ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳太平洋国际学校}}), located in Shenbei District. The school offers an American-style high school education.
* Canadian International School Shenyang ({{lang|zh-Hans|加拿大国际学校}}), located in Shenbei District, founded in 2017 with joint co-operation of AKD International Education and the Canadian government. The school offers a Canadian-style education ranging from kindergarten to middle school.
* [[QSI International School of Shenyang]] (QSI)<ref>[https://www.qsi.org/shenyang/ QSI International School of Shenyang (QSI)]</ref> ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳科爱赛国际学校 中国}}), founded in 2012 and located at Sekisui House, Hunnan New District

===Universities===
* [[China Medical University (PRC)|China Medical University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|中国医科大学}})
* [[Liaoning University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|辽宁大学}})
* Liaoning Communication University ({{lang|zh-hans|辽宁传媒学院}}){{ill|辽宁传媒学院|zh|vertical-align=sup}}
* [[Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine]] ({{lang|zh-hans|辽宁中医药大学}})
* [[Lu Xun Academy of Fine Arts]] ({{lang|zh-hans|鲁迅美术学院}})
* [[Northeastern University (Liaoning, China)|Northeastern University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|东北大学}})
* [[Shenyang Jianzhu University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳建筑大学}})
* [[Shenyang University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳大学}})
* Shenyang City University ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳城市学院}})
* [[Shenyang Aerospace University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳航空航天大学}})
* [[Shenyang Agricultural University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳农业大学}})
* [[Shenyang Conservatory of Music]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳音乐学院}})
* [[Shenyang Institute of Engineering]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳工程学院}})
* [[Shenyang Ligong University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳理工大学}})
* [[Shenyang Medical College]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳医学院}})
* [[Shenyang Normal University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳师范大学}})
* [[Shenyang Pharmaceutical University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳药科大学}})
* Shenyang Sport University ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳体育学院}})
* [[Shenyang University of Chemical Technology]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳化工大学}})
* [[Shenyang University of Technology]] ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳工业大学}})

===Defunct universities===
* [[Fengyong University]] ({{lang|zh-hant|馮庸大學}}) was the first [[private university]] in China to follow western teaching methods. It was established on August 8, 1927, with private funding by retired [[Fengtian clique]] [[major general]] Feng Yong ({{lang|zh-hant|馮庸}}, 1901–1981, later re-enlisted as a [[Republic of China Air Force|ROCAF]] [[lieutenant general]]). It contained the departments of Engineering, Law and Education. After the [[Mukden Incident]], the campus was looted by Japanese troops and converted into an aircraft repair camp. The staffs and students were later forced to evacuate to [[Beiping]], where the university continued teaching for two more years before merging with the [[Northeastern University (Liaoning, China)|National Northeastern University]] in September, 1933. Many of the university's [[alumni]] were active members of [[anti-Japanese volunteer armies]].

==International relations==

===Foreign consulates===
Japan, Russia, South Korea, France, Germany, North Korea, Australia and the United States all have [[consulate]]s in Shenyang, located in [[Heping District, Shenyang|Heping District]]. These eight consulates make Shenyang the sixth major city to host more foreign representatives than any other city in China after [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Chengdu]], and [[Chongqing]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yongqi |first1=Hu |title=New Australian consulate general planned to facilitate appliers in Northeast China |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017livisitausnzl/2017-03/24/content_28671310.htm |access-date=25 November 2017 |agency=[[China Daily]] |date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042159/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017livisitausnzl/2017-03/24/content_28671310.htm |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/Pages/2017/jb_mr_171124.aspx?w=tb1CaGpkPX%2FlS0K%2Bg9ZKEg%3D%3D |publisher=Australian Government |date=24 November 2017 |title=Celebrating 45 years of Australia-China relations |first=Julie |last=Bishop |access-date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316065115/https://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/Pages/2017/jb_mr_171124.aspx?w=tb1CaGpkPX%2FlS0K%2Bg9ZKEg%3D%3D |archive-date=16 March 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Australian Trade Commission Extends its Reach in China |url=http://china.embassy.gov.au/bjng/20111115AustradeShenyangopening-eng.html |website=Australian Embassy, China |publisher=DFAT |access-date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033330/http://china.embassy.gov.au/bjng/20111115AustradeShenyangopening-eng.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.embassypages.com/city/shenyang|title=Consulates in Shenyang, China|website=www.embassypages.com}}</ref>

===Twin towns – Sister cities===
Shenyang has established [[twin towns and sister cities|sister/friendship city]] [[paradiplomacy|relationships]] with many other cities around the world. These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, educational and other ties.

'''Sister cities'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syfao.gov.cn/Article/tslm/yhcs/ |script-title=zh:友好城市 |publisher={{lang|zh-hans|沈阳市人民政府外事(侨务)办公室}} [Shenyang People's Government Foreign Affairs (Overseas Chinese Services) Office] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022085158/http://www.syfao.gov.cn/Article/tslm/yhcs/ |archive-date=2016-10-22 |access-date=2016-10-22 |language=zh}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Sapporo]], [[Hokkaido]], Japan ''1980''
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa]], Japan ''1981''
* {{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Turin]], Italy ''1985''
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Chicago]], United States ''1985''
* {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Irkutsk]], Russia ''1992''
* {{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Quezon City]], Philippines ''1993''
* {{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Ramat Gan]], Israel ''1993''
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Gongju]], [[South Chungcheong]], South Korea ''1996''
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Chuncheon]], [[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon Province]], South Korea ''1998''
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Seongnam]], [[Gyeonggi]], South Korea ''1998''
* {{flagdeco|CMR}} [[Yaoundé]], Cameroon ''1998''
* {{flagdeco|VNM}} [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam ''1999''
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Gumi, North Gyeongsang]], South Korea ''1999''
* {{flagdeco|GRC}} [[Thessaloniki]], Greece ''2000''
* {{flagdeco|CZE}} [[Ostrava]], Czech Republic ''2006''
* {{flagdeco|POL}} [[Katowice]], Poland ''2007''
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Hamamatsu]], [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]], Japan ''2010''
* {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Ufa]], [[Bashkortostan]], Russia ''2011''
* {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Novosibirsk]], Russia ''2013''
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Incheon]], South Korea ''2014''
* {{flagdeco|ARG}} [[La Plata]], Argentina ''2014''
* {{flagdeco|Northern Ireland|union}} [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland ''2016''<ref>{{cite web |title=Belfast signs Sister City Agreement with Shenyang, China today to collaborate in number of areas |url=http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/News/News-66404.aspx |publisher=Belfast City Council |date=2016-05-18 |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023632/http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/News/News-66404.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-22 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''Friendship cities'''
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Pittsburg, California]], United States
* {{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Düsseldorf]], Germany
* {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Marabá, Pará]], Brazil

==In media==
The decline of Shenyang's [[Tiexi District, Shenyang|Tiexi]] district in the 1990s was recorded by director [[Wang Bing (director)|Wang Bing]] in the film ''[[Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/review/2007/04/19/btm/index_np.html |title=West of the Tracks |newspaper=The New York Times |author=CATSOULIS, Jeannette |access-date=2007-11-24 |date=2012-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207084736/http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/review/2007/04/19/btm/index_np.html |archive-date=2007-12-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|China}}
* [[List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population]]
* [[Unit 100]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]
* [[SYTV]]
* [[List of universities and colleges in Shenyang]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|35em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle = Mukden }}
* Avila Tàpies, Rosalia (2012) Territorialidad y etnicidad en Manchuria: el ejemplo de la ciudad de Mukden (Shenyang) bajo la ocupación japonesa.[https://www.academia.edu/3765745/Territorialidad_y_etnicidad_en_Manchuria_El_ejemplo_de_la_ciudad_de_Mukden_Shenyang_bajo_la_ocupaci%C3%B3n_japonesa_Territoriality_and_ethnicity_in_Manchuria_the_example_of_the_city_of_Mukden_Shenyang_under_Japanese_occupation_ Territorialidad y etnicidad en Manchuria: El ejemplo de la ciudad de Mukden (Shenyang) bajo la ocupación japonesa (Territoriality and ethnicity in Manchuria: the example of the city of Mukden (Shenyang) under Japanese occupation )] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017014727/http://www.academia.edu/3765745/Territorialidad_y_etnicidad_en_Manchuria_El_ejemplo_de_la_ciudad_de_Mukden_Shenyang_bajo_la_ocupaci%C3%B3n_japonesa_Territoriality_and_ethnicity_in_Manchuria_the_example_of_the_city_of_Mukden_Shenyang_under_Japanese_occupation_ |date=2015-10-17 }} ''Biblio 3W. Revista Bibliográfica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales''. [En línea]. Barcelona: [[Universidad de Barcelona]], 25 de enero de 2012, Vol. XVII, nº 959. <[http://www.ub.es/geocrit/b3w-959.htm Territorialidad y etnicidad en Manchuria: el ejemplo de la ciudad de Mukden (Shenyang) bajo la ocupacion japonesa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126053024/https://www.ub.edu/geocrit/b3w-959.htm |date=2022-11-26 }}>. {{ISSN|1138-9796}}.
* Hata, Ikuhiro. "Continental Expansion: 1905–1941". In ''The Cambridge History of Japan''. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. 1988.
* Menning, Bruce W. ''Bayonets before Battle: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914''. Indiana University. {{ISBN|0-253-21380-0}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=R. R. |last2=Colton |first2=Joel |last3=Kramer |first3=Lloyd |title=A History of the Modern World |edition=10th |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=Boston, MA |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-07-310748-6}}
* Shubert, John. ''A Biography of Yoshiko Yamaguchi''. See www.yoshikoyamaguchi.blogspot.com
* {{PD-old-text |title = The Century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 68 |year = 1904 }}
* {{PD-old-text |title = The Century: a popular quarterly, Volume 68 |year = 1904 |author = Making of America Project }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shenyang}}
{{Wikivoyage|Shenyang}}
* [http://english.shenyang.gov.cn/ Shenyang Government website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914200314/http://english.shenyang.gov.cn/ |date=2017-09-14 }}

{{Shenyang}}
{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Provincial capitals of China}}
{{Liaoning}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shenyang| ]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in China]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Cities in Liaoning]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Liaoning]]
[[Category:National forest cities in China]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC]]
[[Category:National Civilized City]]
[[Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City]]