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{{short description|Pashtun tribe}}
{{other uses}}
The '''Shinwari''' ({{Langx|ps|شينواري}}) are an ethnic [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] [[tribe]] of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]]. Among the greatest poets of the [[Pashto language]] in the 20th century was the late [[Ameer Hamza Shinwari]], also known as "Hamza [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]]".

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Shinwari
| native_name      = {{Naskh|شينواری}}
| native_name_lang = ps
| image            =
| image_caption    = Illustration of a Shinwari Pashtun tribal chief, Azad Khan, 1878
| languages        = [[Pashto]]
| religions        = [[Sunni Islam]]
| related_groups   = [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]], [[Durrani]], [[Yusufzai]]
}}

The Shinwari tribe are descended from the '''Kasi Pashtun tribe''' settled in the southern districts of [[Nangarhar Province]], in [[Haska Meyna District|Haska Meyna]], [[Achin District|Achin]], [[Rodat District|Rodat]], [[Bati Kot District|Bati Kot]], [[Kot District|Kot]], [[Chaparhar District|Chaprahar]], [[Shinwari District|Shinwar]], [[Dur Baba District|Dor Baba]] and [[Nazyan District|Nazian]] districts. A major portion of the tribe is centered in [[Jalalabad]] and [[Parwan province]] of Afghanistan, and Khyber Pass, Pakistan. These Shinwaris are mostly traders and businessmen. There are more than 3,000 Shinwaris settled in the Alizai village, 15&nbsp;km away from [[Kohat, Pakistan]]. Mirdad Khel, a sub-tribe of the Shinwaris, migrated to [[Swat Valley]] during the 1750s and settled there. Among them one of the notable Shinwaris is Senator Abdul Rahim Mirdad Khel. In [[Afghanistan]], the Shinwari are also located in the [[Kunar Province|Kunar Valley]]. Reporting from 2010 states that there are around 400,000 Shinwari in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="The Times">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/afghanistan/article7007102.ece|title= Afghan Shinwari elders vow to support Hamid Karzai in exchange for US cash|newspaper=The Times (UK)|date= January 29, 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Location==
The Shinwari tribe is settled in the southern districts of [[Nangarhar Province]], in [[Haska Meyna District|Haska Meyna]], [[Achin District|Achin]], [[Rodat District|Rodat]], [[Bati Kot District|Bati Kot]], [[Kot District|Kot]], [[Chaparhar District|Chaprahar]], [[Shinwari District|Shinwar]], [[Dur Baba District|Dor Baba]] and [[Nazyan District|Nazian]] districts. A major portion of this tribe is also settled between [[Landi Kotal]] (Pakistan) and [[Jalalabad]] (Afghanistan), as well as in [[Parwan province]] of Afghanistan where they are concentrated in [[Shinwari District|Shinwari]], [[Ghorband District|Ghorband]], and [[Jabal Saraj District|Jabalussaraj]] districts. These Shinwaris are mostly traders and businessmen. There is also a significant minority of the tribe settled in [[Kohat Division|Kohat]] and [[Hangu District, Pakistan|Hangu]] (Jangal Khel, Haji Abad, Mohallah Sangirh), Pakistan, a settlement 60&nbsp;km south of [[Peshawar]]. In [[Afghanistan]], the Shinwari are also located in [[Kunar Province|Kunar]], [[Bajaur Agency]] and [[Lower Dir]]. At [[Lower Dir]], [[Munjai]] village contains a huge population of the Shinwari tribe, which had migrated from [[Afghanistan]] to [[Chamrakand]] ([[Mohmand Agency]] and [[Bajaur Agency]]) in the 1890s, and settled in the fertile land of [[Munjai]] village in [[Lower Dir]]. Reporting from 2010 states that there are around 400,000 Shinwari in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="The Times"/> The [[Shinwaris]] reside in hilly areas with narrow valleys such as in the [[Khyber Agency]] where mountain ranges meet there: [[Lacha Gar]], [[Karagah Ghar]], [[Surghar]], [[Tor Ghar Morgah]], and [[Kalauch]]. The famous [[Khyber Pass]], at 1,180 meters (3,870&nbsp;ft.) ASL, is the gateway to [[Afghanistan]] through the [[Spīn Ghar|Kuh-e Sefid]] range.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/khyber.php | title=Historical and administrative profile of the Khyber agency | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418074303/http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/khyber.php | archive-date=2010-04-18 }}</ref>

The [[Khyber Agency]] has two major rivers. The [[Bara River]] in the southern [[Khajuri Plain]] provides for relatively arable farm land. The [[Kabul River]] forms the northern boundary, separating [[Khyber Agency|Khyber]] from [[Mohmand Agency]]. Another river in the agency is the [[Chora River|Chora]], which flows east-northeast on the north side of the [[Surghar range]]. Valleys: [[Maidan]], [[Rujgal]], [[Bara River|Bara]], [[Bazaar]], [[Choora]], [[Wachpal]] and [[Tirah]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Khyber_Agency#Chora_River Unknown]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>waziristanhills.com/FATA/AgenciesFRs/KhyberAgency/tabid/79/language/en-GB/Default.aspx</ref>

[[Khyber Agency]] experiences hot temperatures during the summer season, May through August. Maximum temperatures may reach 104 degrees, while the lower average 79 degrees. During the cooler months of November through April, however, average high temperatures reach 64 degrees and lows dip to around 39 degrees. Average annual rainfall over the Khyber Agency is 15 to 16 inches<ref name="auto"/>

The elders of the Shinwari tribe in [[Nangarhar]] signed a pact, uniting against the [[Taliban]].  They promised that anyone supporting the [[Taliban]], would be punished with fines and expulsion. This pact, which per ''The Times'' "appears to be the first" incident of an entire tribe declaring war against the [[Taliban]], has invited comparison with the [[Sunni Awakening]] of 2006, which tipped the balance of power in [[Iraq]] against the Sunni insurgency. The pact also had economic implications that [[United States of America|America]] offered over in development funding. Further, reports suggested the Shinwari were against [[Taliban]] interference with their traditional smuggling routes across the [[Durand Line|Pakistani border]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/28/world/asia/28tribe.html?pagewanted=all|title=Afghan Tribe, Vowing to Fight Taliban, to Get U.S. Aid in Return - NYTimes.com|first=Dexter|last=Filkins|date=28 January 2010|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref>

The security situation in [[Haska Mena]] district is getting worse daily due to the increased number of [[Taliban insurgents]] operating in [[Naria Aubo]] Village, [[Papen]] Village, [[Dara]] Village, [[Aughuz]] Village and other remote villages in the [[Haksa Mena|district]], In December 2014, Most of the [[Taliban insurgents]] have changed from Taliban to [[ISIL-KP]] carrying out insurgent activities under the direct order of [[Abdul Khaliq]], Who is the head of [[Taliban]] in [[Haska Mena]]. Several people were killed and injured during the insurgency in [[Haska Mena]] district, The most common are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/06/asia/npw-isis-reach-in-afghanistan/index.html|title=ISIS steps up recruitment in Taliban territory |first=Nick Paton |last=Walsh|date=6 April 2015|website=CNN.com|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref>
* Killing of General Kafee in [[Haska Mena]] due to his work with [[Ministry of Defence of Afghanistan]] in [[Jalalabad]] city.
* Killing of Masjid Mullah in [[Kutawal]] village, [[Haska Mena]] at night.
* Kidnapping of [[Deputy District Governor of Nangarhar Province]], Mr. Nazifullah, but later released due to the intervention within district elders.
* Kidnapping and persecution of [[USAID]] contract driver, Mr. Baitullah in [[Haska Mena]] district due to working with the [[US government]] agencies, he was beaten, injured and wounded by cutting his right hand three fingers so that he can be not able to drive any more for [[USAID]] missions in [[Haska Mena]]. Later on he was also released on the intervention of the elder by the promise that he will not work anymore for any [[USAID]] or other government agencies. The district government was also unable to provide protection and help to this kind of peoples.
* Some Sub tribes of [[Shinwaris]] such as [[Mirdad Khel]] migrated to the [[Swat Valley]] in 1935 and then settled there.

==History==

===British assessment (1885)===
In 1885, a British author described the Shinwari ("Shanwari" in his text):

:''The ''Shanwari'' inhabit a portion of the Khaibar mountains, some of the eastern valleys of the Safed Koh, and are also found on the borders of [[Bajaur]].  They have five sections -  Mandizai/Manduzai, Abdul Rahim, Sangu, Sipai, and Ali Sher.  They have been continuously predatory since the British approached their borders.  They are the most industrious carriers between Peshawur and the other marts on the way to Kabul, using mules and camels for carriage.  They are brave, hospitable, stalwart and hardworking. They are well-educated people''<ref>
Edward Balfour. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TxwaAAAAYAAJ&dq=Manduzai&pg=PA203 The cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: commercial, industrial and scientific, products of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures, Volume 2]''.  Publisher B. Quaritch, 1885.</ref>

==Feuds and alliances==

The Shinwari tribe has been known to form alliances with the [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmands]], the [[Safi (tribe)|Safis]], and the [[Afridis]].<ref>Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans, Government of India Press, New Delhi, 1958</ref>

However, some sources indicate that the [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]] tribe is frequently in a state of conflict with the Shinwari tribe.<ref>Ahmed, Akbar S., Social and Economic Change in the Tribal Areas, 1972-1976, Oxford University Press, London, UK, 1977.</ref>

The Shinwari tribe has historically feuded with the [[Khogyani (tribe)|Khogyani]] tribe, which is a [[Karlani]] sub-tribe. There are some historical inter-tribal feuds over land.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Khogiani Tribe | publisher=Program for Culture & Conflict Studies | url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/CCS/Docs/Tribal%20Trees/Khogiani_Tribe.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619150311/https://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Docs/Tribal%20Trees/Khogiani_Tribe.pdf | archive-date=2010-06-19}}</ref>

=== Role in the Anglo-Afghan War === 
During the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Afghan War]], a raid on the Shinwarree valley was conducted in [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]], on the 24th of July 1842 Shinwari tribesmen skirmished with the [[British Indian Army|British invaders]] and another action occurred in the 26th of July where a larger British Artillery force engaged the tribesmen.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MtLAAAAYAAJ&dq=Shinwarree&pg=PA49 Journal of Afghan War in 1842]'' edited by Edward William Bray</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IBEWAAAAMAAJ&dq=Mazeena&pg=PA560 History of the War in Afghanistan, Volume 2]'' by Sir John William Kaye</ref>

=== Role in the Khost Rebellion ===
{{main|Khost rebellion (1924–1925)}}
During the [[Khost rebellion (1924–1925)|Khost rebellion]], the Shinwari aligned themselves with the Afghan Government and helped quell the revolt.

===Role in 1929 Afghan Civil War===
{{main|Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war}}

During the late 1928 riots, the Shinwari tribe were the first to openly rebel against king [[Amanullah Khan]]'s imposition of various new laws, including the requirement to wear European dress, the rule that required them to send a quota of their daughters to Kabul for education and the impositions of taxes (they had never previously paid tax). The Shinwaris attacked [[Jalalabad]], cutting off its water supply and closing the Kabul–Peshawar road. Amanullah responded by using his fledgling [[Afghan Air Force|Air Force]], including Soviet pilots, to bomb the Shinwaris. The use of foreign "infidels" to subjugate Muslims roused other tribes to revolt and the country descended into what would become the [[1929 Afghan Civil War]].

==Tribe==
The Shinwaris are derived from the [[Kasi tribe]], and are further distributed into sub-tribes:<ref>[http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Docs/Tribal%20Trees/Shinwari.pdf Shinwari tribe], Center for Culture and Conflict Studies, US Naval Postgraduate School.</ref>
{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#969696;"
||'''Tribe '''
||
||'''Clans of Tribe '''
||'''Subclans of Tribe '''
||'''division of Tribe '''
||'''Section of Subdivision '''
||'''Minor Fractions '''
||'''Other Fractions''';
|-
|rowspan="13" | '''Shinwari''' 
|Mandizai / Manduzai
|Hamza khel, 
ilyas khel, 
Hasan khel
|[Ahmed Khel][Maghdud khel] [Daulat khel]
[kotwal] [kuki khel] [Musi khel] [Umar khel]
[Da Oghaz khel] [Mahmud Khel]
| [[Haska Meyna]]
[[Haska Meyna District]]
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|-
|Ali Sher Khel
|Adal khel, Ash khel
|[Khuga khel] [Mirdad khel] [Utar khel]
]Piro khel] [Piset khel] [Shekmal khel]
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|-
|Sangu Khel
|Ghani khel
|[Haider khel] [kachkal khel] [Khani khel]
[Karmu khel] [Mirjan khel] [Mai khel]
[Soulor ptar] [Mullagoris
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|-
|Sephai
| [Rahimdad khel] [Haider khel]
[Suliman khel] [Babar khel] [Shabul khel]
|[Aka nmasi] [Ata nmasi] [Mama khel]
[Aka khel] [Fatima nmasi] [Nimidar khel]
[Mamai khel] [Lala nmasi] [ya khel]
|[[Spinghar District]]
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;

|-
|Mullagori
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|-
|Soonkhel(found in nazyan)
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|-
|Bu Saeed
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|-
|Haji
|[Shibli Khel] [Abdur Rahim Khel]
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;

|-
|KobiZai
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|-
|[Mehmood Khel] Shinwaris of Dir Lower, Ancestry of Malak Mehmood Jan Shinwari/Fahm Jan Malak
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|district(dir lower)]
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|-
|YahyaZai
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|-
|AliZai
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|-
|other Shinwaris
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
| style="background:white;"|&nbsp;
|}

==Notable Shinwari==
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Only people with an article on Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->

* [[Ghalib Hassan]], leader in the anti-Taliban resistance under [[Abdul Haq (Afghan leader)|Abdul Haq]],{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} appointed District Commander of [[Shinwar, Afghanistan]] by [[Hamid Karzai]],<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceHajiGhalib987>{{Cite web |url         = http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000700-000783.pdf#8 |title       = Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Ghalib, Haji |date        = 1 October 2004 |pages       = 8 |author      = OARDEC |publisher   = [[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date = 19 January 2008 |url-status     = dead |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227131413/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000700-000783.pdf#8 |archivedate = 27 February 2008|author-link = OARDEC }}</ref> held in [[extrajudicial detention]] in the [[United States]]' [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s, in [[Cuba]]<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceHajiGhalib987/>
* [[Rashid Khan Arman]], sportsman, member of the Afghanistan national cricket team from Nangarhar
* [[Abdul Qayum Sher]], [[Pakistan Army]] war hero
* [[Amir Hamza Shinwari]], poet
* [[Faisal Ahmad Shinwari]], [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of Afghanistan]] 2001–2006
* [[Malalai Shinwari]], [[advocate]]
* [[Rafiq Shinwari]], singer
* [[Samiullah Shinwari]], sportsman, member of the [[Afghanistan national cricket team]]
* [[Usman Khan Shinwari]], sportsman, member of the [[Pakistan national cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcb.com.pk/player/usman-khan-shinwari-26919.html|title=Usman Khan Shinwari - Pakistan Cricket Team - Official Cricket Profiles - PCB|website=www.PCB.com.pk|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/10/23/usman-khan-shinwari-destroys-sri-lanka-top-order/|title=Usman Khan Shinwari destroys Sri Lanka top order|website=www.PakistanToday.com.pk|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[Zabta Khan Shinwari|Prof. Dr. Zabta Khan Shinwari]], Pakistani botanist and researcher.
* [[Baseerat Khan Shinwari]], Becomes The First Woman To Be a Member of Provissional Assembly (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 2019 to 2023.
* Abdur Rahim mirdad khail ex senator of Pakistan  
* Haji Afzal Khan Haji Sher Muhammad Khan Haji Ghulam Khan Of Dehbala Afghanistan

==See also==

* [[Demographics of Pakistan]]

==References==
*{{PD-old-text|title= The cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: commercial, industrial and scientific, products of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures, Volume 2|year=1885|author=Edward Balfour}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Pashtun tribes}}

7. http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/rawanews.php?id=656
8. http://afghanistantimes.af/old/news_details.php?page=8&id=9738&&cid=3
9. http://www.pajhwok.com/en/search/site/%22haska%22{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
10. https://sites.google.com/site/wwwbomnaforg/all-news-updates/news-updates-december-2013/clasheskill4ineafghanistan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506044404/https://sites.google.com/site/wwwbomnaforg/all-news-updates/news-updates-december-2013/clasheskill4ineafghanistan |date=2016-05-06 }}
11. http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2348647&Language=en

https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/06/asia/npw-isis-reach-in-afghanistan/index.html
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Groups claiming Israelite descent]]
[[Category:Sarbani Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Tribes of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Tribes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nangarhar Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kunar Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Parwan Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Malakand]]