View source for Shirley Chisholm

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{{Short description|American politician (1924–2005)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Shirley Chisholm.jpg
| caption             = Chisholm in 1972
| office              = [[Democratic Caucus Vice Chairman of the United States House of Representatives|Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus]]
| leader              = [[Tip O'Neill]]
| term_start          = January 3, 1977
| term_end            = January 3, 1981
| predecessor         = [[Patsy Mink]]
| successor           = [[Geraldine Ferraro]]
| state1              = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| district1           = {{ushr|NY|12|12th}}
| term_start1         = January 3, 1969
| term_end1           = January 3, 1983
| predecessor1        = [[Edna F. Kelly|Edna Kelly]]
| successor1          = [[Major Owens]]
| office2             = Member of the [[New York State Assembly]]
| term_start2         = January 1, 1965
| term_end2           = December 31, 1968
| predecessor2        = [[Thomas R. Jones (judge)|Thomas Jones]]
| successor2          = [[Thomas R. Fortune]]
| constituency2       = 17th district (1965)<br />45th district (1966)<br />55th district (1967–1968)
| birth_name          = Shirley Anita St. Hill
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1924|11|30}}
| birth_place         = [[Brooklyn]], New York City, U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2005|1|1|1924|11|30}}
| death_place         = [[Ormond Beach, Florida]], U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)|Forest Lawn Cemetery]]
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{ubl|{{marriage|Conrad Chisholm|1949|1977|reason=div.}}|{{marriage|Arthur Hardwick Jr.|1977|1986|reason=d.}}}}
| education           = {{ubl|[[Brooklyn College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Columbia University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])}}
}}

'''Shirley Anita Chisholm''' ({{IPAc-en|'|tʃ|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|CHIZ|əm}}; {{nee|'''St. Hill'''}}; November 30, 1924&nbsp;– January 1, 2005) was an American politician who, in 1968, became the first black woman to be elected to the [[United States Congress]].<ref name="Freeman">{{Cite web |title= Shirley Chisholm's 1972 Presidential Campaign |first=Jo |last=Freeman |author-link=Jo Freeman |website=University of Illinois at Chicago Women's History Project |date=February 2005 |url=http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/chisholm.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111182057/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/chisholm.htm |archive-date= November 11, 2014}}</ref> Chisholm represented [[New York's 12th congressional district]], a district centered in [[Bedford–Stuyvesant]], Brooklyn{{efn|At various times, the district also included parts of the surrounding neighborhoods of [[Brownsville, Brooklyn|Brownsville]], [[Bushwick]], [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] and [[East New York, Brooklyn|East New York]]. For her final two terms in office, the district stretched as far north as [[Newtown Creek]].}} for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. [[1972 United States presidential election|In 1972]], she became the first black candidate for a major-party nomination for [[President of the United States]] and the first woman to run for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s presidential nomination. Throughout her career, she was known for taking "a resolute stand against economic, social, and political injustices",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fraser |first=Zinga A. |chapter=Beyond the Symbolism: Shirley Chisholm, Black Feminism, and Women's Politics |date=2022 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069487.003.0014 |title=It's Our Movement Now: Black Women's Politics and the 1977 National Women's Conference |editor1=Giles KN |editor2=Rachel Jessica Daniel |editor3=Laura L Lovett |pages=175–184 |editor-link3=Laura L. Lovett|access-date=2023-08-22 |publisher=University Press of Florida |doi=10.5744/florida/9780813069487.003.0014 |isbn=978-0-8130-6948-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Curwood |first=Anastasia |date=2015 |title=Black Feminism on Capitol Hill: Shirley Chisholm and Movement Politics, 1968–1984 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/meridians.13.1.204 |journal=Meridians |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=204–232 |doi=10.2979/meridians.13.1.204 |jstor=10.2979/meridians.13.1.204 |s2cid=142146607 |issn=1536-6936|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Guild |first=Joshua |title=11 To Make That Someday Come: Shirley Chisholm's Radical Politics of Possibility |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814733127.003.0015 |work=Want to Start a Revolution? |pages=248–270 |access-date=2023-08-22 |publisher=New York University Press |doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814733127.003.0015 |isbn=978-0-8147-3312-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> as well as being a strong supporter of black civil rights and women's rights.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |first=Michael E. |last=Eidenmuller |url=https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/shirleychisholmequalrights.htm |title=Shirley Chisholm – For the Equal Rights Amendment (Aug 10, 1970) |magazine=American Rhetoric |date=August 10, 1970 |access-date=October 27, 2015 |archive-date=October 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021062145/http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/shirleychisholmequalrights.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shirley Chisholm, "For the Equal Rights Amendment," Speech Text |url=https://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/shirley-chisholm-for-the-equal-rights-amendment-speech-text/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Voices of Democracy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Curwood |first=Anastasia C. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/109689 |title=Shirley Chisholm: Champion of Black Feminist Power Politics |date=2023 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-7119-2 |doi=10.1353/book.109689|s2cid=259517966 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chisholm |first=Shirley |date=1983 |title=Racism and Anti-Feminism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41067044 |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=2–7 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1983.11414282 |jstor=41067044 |issn=0006-4246|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Born in [[Brooklyn]], New York City, she spent ages five through nine in [[Barbados]], and she always considered herself a [[Barbadian American]]. She excelled at school and earned her college degree in the United States. She started working in early-childhood education, and she became involved in local Democratic Party politics in the 1950s. In 1964, overcoming some resistance because she was a woman, she was elected to the [[New York State Assembly]]. Four years later, she was elected to Congress, where she led the expansion of food and nutrition programs for the poor and rose to party leadership. She retired from Congress in 1983 and taught at [[Mount Holyoke College]] while continuing her political organizing. Although nominated for the ambassadorship to [[Jamaica]] in 1993, health issues caused her to withdraw. In 2015, Chisholm was posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]].

==Early life and education==
Shirley Anita St. Hill was born to immigrant parents on November 30, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York City. She was of [[Afro-Guyanese]] and [[Afro-Barbadians|Afro-Barbadian]] descent.<ref name="birth">Brooks-Bertram and Nevergold, ''Uncrowned Queens'', p. 146. <!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=a0r4DItlmlcC&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146 --></ref> She had three younger sisters,<ref name="fls-72"/> two born within three years of her and one later.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=7–8}} Her father, Charles Christopher St. Hill, was born in [[British Guiana]]<ref name="NYPassengerList-1923-04-10">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancestry.com |title=New York Passenger Lists, 1850 -1957 [database on-line] |publisher=The Generations Network |location=[[United States]] |date=April 10, 1923 |access-date=July 20, 2008 |archive-date=October 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007205532/http://www.ancestry.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> before moving to [[Barbados]].{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=7–8}} He arrived in New York City via [[Antilla, Cuba]], in 1923.<ref name="NYPassengerList-1923-04-10"/> Her mother, Ruby Seale, was born in [[Christ Church, Barbados]] and arrived in New York City in 1921.<ref name="NYPassengerList-1921-03-08">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancestry.com |title=New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 [database on-line] |publisher=The Generations Network |location=[[United States]] |date=March 8, 1921 |access-date=July 7, 2008 |archive-date=October 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007205532/http://www.ancestry.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Charles St. Hill was a laborer who worked in a factory that made burlap bags and as a baker's helper. Ruby St. Hill was a skilled seamstress and domestic worker who experienced the difficulty of working outside the home while simultaneously raising her children.<ref name="nyt-obit"/>{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=9}} As a consequence, in November 1929, when Shirley turned five, she and her two sisters were sent to Barbados on the [[MS Vulcania|MS ''Vulcania'']] to live with their maternal grandmother, Emaline Seale.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=9}} Shirley later said, "Granny gave me strength, dignity, and love. I learned from an early age that I was somebody. I didn't need the black revolution to teach me that."<ref name="nyt-lesher">{{Cite news|last=Lesher|first=Stephan|date=June 25, 1972|title=The Short, Unhappy Life of Black Presidential Politics, 1972|page=12|magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/25/170544142.pdf|access-date=June 15, 2018|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044404/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/25/170544142.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Shirley and her sisters lived on their grandmother's farm in the Vauxhall village in Christ Church, where Shirley attended a one-room schoolhouse.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=10–12}} She returned to the United States in 1934, arriving in New York on May 19 aboard the [[SS Nerissa (1926)|SS ''Nerissa'']].<ref name="NYPassengerList-1934-05-19">{{Cite web
 |url=http://www.ancestry.com
 |title=New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 [database on-line]
 |publisher=The Generations Network
 |location=[[United States]]
 |date=May 19, 1934
|access-date=July 20, 2008
|archive-date=October 7, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007205532/http://www.ancestry.com/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> As a result of her time in Barbados, Shirley spoke with a [[Caribbean English|West Indian accent]] throughout her life.<ref name="fls-72">{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720408&id=nqlWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4748,5584936 | title=Shirley Chisholm's running no matter what it costs her | first=Sheila | last=Moran | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=The Free Lance-Star | location=Fredericksburg, Virginia | date=April 8, 1972 | page=16A | access-date=August 21, 2020 | archive-date=October 18, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018110021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720408&id=nqlWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4748,5584936 | url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- see "fls-72" for rebellious when young, use here? --> In her 1970 autobiography, ''Unbought and Unbossed'', she wrote: "Years later I would know what an important gift my parents had given me by seeing to it that I had my early education in the strict, traditional, British-style schools of Barbados. If I speak and write easily now, that early education is the main reason."<ref>Chisholm, ''Unbought and Unbossed'', pp. 7–8.</ref> In addition, she belonged to the Quaker Brethren sect found in the West Indies, and religion became important to her; however, later in life, she attended services in a [[Methodism|Methodist]] church.<ref name="ac-spelman"/> As a result of her time on the island, and despite her U.S. birth, she always would consider herself a [[Barbadian Americans|Barbadian American]].{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=5}}

Beginning in 1939, she attended [[Girls' High School (Brooklyn)|Girls' High School]] in the [[Bedford–Stuyvesant]] neighborhood of Brooklyn, a highly regarded, integrated school that attracted girls from throughout Brooklyn.<ref name=Chisolm>Shirley Chisholm, ''Unbought and Unbossed: Expanded 40th Anniversary Edition'', Take Root Media, 2010, p. 38.</ref> She did well academically at Girls' High and was chosen to be vice president of the [[Arista (honor society)|Junior Arista]] honor society.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=21}} She was accepted at and offered scholarships to [[Vassar College]] and [[Oberlin College]], but the family could not afford the room-and-board costs to go to either school; instead, she selected [[Brooklyn College]], where there was no charge for tuition and she could live at home and commute to the school.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=21}}

She earned her [[Bachelor of Arts]] from Brooklyn College in 1946, majoring in sociology and minoring in Spanish{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=22, 24}} (a language that she would employ at times during her political career).<ref name="bbc-2016"/> She won prizes for her debating skills<ref name="nyt-obit"/> and graduated ''cum laude''.<ref name="lat-retire"/> During her time at Brooklyn College, she was a member of [[Delta Sigma Theta]] sorority and the Harriet Tubman Society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shirley Chisholm {{!}} C-SPAN.org|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?456730-2/shirley-chisholm|website=www.c-span.org|language=en-us|access-date=April 30, 2020|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308121347/https://www.c-span.org/video/?456730-2%2Fshirley-chisholm|url-status=live}}</ref> As a member of the Harriet Tubman Society, she advocated for inclusion (specifically in terms of the integration of black soldiers in the military during World War II), the addition of courses that focused on African-American history and the involvement of more women in the student government.<ref name="mosesm">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psc-cuny.org/clarion/june-2012/shirley-chisholm-cuny-and-us-history|title=Shirley Chisholm, CUNY and U.S. History|last=Winslow|first=Barbara|date=May 24, 2012|website=PSC CUNY|language=en|access-date=March 8, 2020|archive-date=April 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420011432/https://psc-cuny.org/clarion/june-2012/shirley-chisholm-cuny-and-us-history|url-status=live}}</ref> However, this was not her first introduction to activism or politics. Growing up, she was surrounded by politics, as her father was an avid supporter of [[Marcus Garvey]]'s and a dedicated supporter of the rights of trade union members.<ref name="mosesm"/> She saw her community advocate for its rights as she witnessed the Barbados workers' and anti-colonial independence movements.<ref name="mosesm"/>

She met Conrad O. Chisholm in the late 1940s.<ref name="usa-obit"/> He had migrated to the United States from [[Jamaica]] in 1946, and he later became a private investigator who specialized in negligence-based lawsuits.<ref name="ap-husband"/> They married in 1949 in a large West Indian-style wedding.<ref name="ap-husband">{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19720229&id=8QofAAAAIBAJ&pg=5476,5301688 | title=Conrad Chisholm Content To Be Candidate's Husband | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=Sarasota Journal | date=February 29, 1972 | page=3B | access-date=August 21, 2020 | archive-date=October 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050356/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19720229&id=8QofAAAAIBAJ&pg=5476,5301688 | url-status=live }}</ref> She subsequently suffered two miscarriages, and, to their disappointment, the couple would have no children;{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=27–28, 34}} although, in the view of scholar Julie Gallagher, it is possible that her career goals played a role in this outcome as well.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|395}}

After graduating from college, Chisholm began working as a teacher's aide at the Mt. Calvary Child Care Center in Harlem.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=26}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gallagher|first=Julie|date=2007|title=Waging 'The Good Fight': The Political Career of Shirley Chisholm, 1953–1982|journal=[[The Journal of African American History]]|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]|location=Chicago, Illinois|volume=92|issue=3|pages=392–416|doi=10.1086/JAAHv92n3p392|jstor=20064206|s2cid=140827104}}</ref>{{Rp|395}} She would work at the center in a teaching role from 1946 to 1953.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=26}}<ref name="nyt-obit" /> Meanwhile, she was furthering her education,<ref name="nyt-obit" /> attending classes at night and earning her [[Master of Arts]] in childhood education from [[Teachers College]] of [[Columbia University]] in 1951.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=26}}

==Early career==
From 1953 to 1954, she was director of the Friend in Need Nursery<!-- NYT says Friends Day Nursery, hard to know which is right -->,{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=28}} located in [[Brownsville, Brooklyn]],<ref name="nyt-obit"/> and then, from 1954 to 1959, she was director of the Hamilton-Madison Child Care Center,{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=28}} located in [[Lower Manhattan]].<ref name="nyt-obit"/> At the latter, there were 130 children between the ages of three and seven, and 24 employees reported to her.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=28}} From 1959 to 1964, she was an educational consultant for the Division of Day Care in New York City's Bureau of Child Welfare.<ref name="nyt-obit" /> There, she was in charge of supervising ten day-care centers as well as starting up new ones.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=34}} She became an authority on early education and child-welfare issues.<ref name="nyt-obit" />

Chisholm entered the world of politics in 1953, when she joined Wesley "Mac" Holder's effort to elect Lewis Flagg Jr. to the bench as the first black judge in Brooklyn.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|395}} The Flagg election group later transformed into the Bedford–Stuyvesant Political League (BSPL).<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|395}} The BSPL pushed candidates to support civil rights, fought against racial discrimination in housing, and sought to improve economic opportunities and services in Brooklyn.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|395}} Chisholm eventually left the group around 1958 after clashing with Holder over Chisholm's push to give female members of the group more input in decision-making.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|395–396}}

She also worked as a volunteer for white-dominated political clubs in Brooklyn, like the Brooklyn Democratic Clubs and the [[League of Women Voters]].<ref name="fls-722">{{Cite news|last=Moran|first=Sheila|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720408&id=nqlWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4748,5584936|title=Shirley Chisholm's running no matter what it costs her|date=April 8, 1972|newspaper=The Free Lance–Star|agency=Associated Press|location=Fredericksburg, Virginia|page=16A|access-date=August 21, 2020|archive-date=October 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018110021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720408&id=nqlWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4748,5584936|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mosesm"/> With the Political League, she was part of a committee that chose the recipient of its annual Brotherhood Award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/40476804/?terms=%22shirley+chisholm%22|title=Paragon 'Brotherhood' Meet: 'Protest' Group to Albany|date=February 23, 1957|newspaper=New York Age Defender|page=4|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=November 18, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807043109/https://www.newspapers.com/image/40476804/?terms=%22shirley+chisholm%22|url-status=live}}</ref> She also was a representative of the Brooklyn branch of the National Association of College Women.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Randolph|first=Juanita|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/41040408/?terms=%22shirley+chisholm%22|title=Tops in Teens|date=May 16, 1959|newspaper=New York Age|page=10|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=November 18, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807053510/https://www.newspapers.com/image/41040408/?terms=%22shirley+chisholm%22|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, within the political organizations that she joined, Chisholm sought to make meaningful changes to the structure and make-up of the organizations, specifically the Brooklyn Democratic Clubs, which resulted in her being able to recruit more people of color into the 17th District Club and, thus, local politics.<ref name="mosesm" />

In 1960, Chisholm joined a new organization, the Unity Democratic Club (UDC), led by former Flagg campaign member [[Thomas R. Jones (judge)|Thomas R. Jones]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|396}} The UDC's membership was mostly middle class, racially integrated, and included women in leadership positions.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|396}} Chisholm campaigned for Jones, who lost the election for an assembly seat in 1960, but ran again two years later and won, becoming Brooklyn's second black assemblyman.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|396–397}}

==State legislator==
{{Quote box|quote="Young woman, what are you doing out here in this cold? Did you get your husband's breakfast this morning? Did you straighten up your house? What are you doing running for office? This is something for men."|source=—Chisholm relating what an older African-American man told her at a Brooklyn housing project in 1964 when she was collecting signatures for her nominating petition for state assembly. She calmly explained her experience and commitment to the community, and he ended up signing the petition.<ref>{{harvnb|Winslow|2014|p=44}}: See also Chisholm, ''Unbought and Unbossed'', pp. 70–71.</ref>|width=27%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}

After Jones accepted a judicial appointment rather than seek reelection, Chisholm sought to run for his seat in the New York state assembly in 1964.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|397}} Chisholm faced resistance based on her sex, with the UDC hesitant to support a female candidate.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|397}} Chisholm chose to appeal directly to women, including using her role as Brooklyn branch president of Key Women of America to mobilize female voters.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|398}} Chisholm won the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] primary in June 1964.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|398}} She then won the seat in December with over 18,000 votes over Republican and Liberal Party candidates, neither of whom received more than 1,900 votes.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|398}}

[[File:Shirley Chisholm NYWTS.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Chisholm reviewing political statistics in 1965]]

Chisholm was a member of the [[New York State Assembly]] from 1965 to 1968, sitting in the [[175th New York State Legislature|175th]], [[176th New York State Legislature|176th]] and [[177th New York State Legislature]]s. By May 1965, she had already been honored in a "Salute to Women Doers" affair in New York.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/38486750/?terms=%22shirley+chisholm%22 | title=Women 'Doers' in Government, Community Service Acclaimed at 'Salute' Luncheon | agency=NPI <!-- what news service was this? --> | newspaper=Pittsburgh Courier | date=May 15, 1965 | page=8 | via=[[Newspapers.com]] | access-date=November 18, 2017 | archive-date=August 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041353/https://www.newspapers.com/image/38486750/?terms=%22shirley+chisholm%22 | url-status=live }}</ref> One of her early activities in the Assembly was to argue against the state's [[literacy test]] requiring English, holding that just because a person "functions better in his native language is no sign a person is illiterate".<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/22000465/?terms=%22shirley+chisholm%22 | title=Literacy Vote Test Is Made | agency=United Press International | newspaper=The Daily Messenger | location=Canandaigua, New York | date=May 19, 1965 | page=12 | via=[[Newspapers.com]] | access-date=November 18, 2017 | archive-date=August 3, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803124801/https://www.newspapers.com/image/22000465/?terms=%22shirley+chisholm%22 | url-status=live }}</ref> By early 1966, she was a leader in a push by the statewide Council of Elected Negro Democrats for black representation on key committees in the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/90396432/?terms=%22shirley+chisholm%22 | title=Travia, Negro Block Split on Meeting Results | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=The Kingston Daily Freeman | date=January 6, 1966 | page=9 | via=[[Newspapers.com]] | access-date=November 18, 2017 | archive-date=August 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807034859/https://www.newspapers.com/image/90396432/?terms=%22shirley+chisholm%22 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Her successes in the legislature included getting [[unemployment benefits]] extended to domestic workers.<ref name="afro-hunter"/> She also sponsored the introduction of a SEEK program (Search for Education, Elevation and Knowledge) to the state, which provided disadvantaged students with the chance to enter college while receiving intensive [[remedial education]].<ref name="afro-hunter">{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19710206&id=ESImAAAAIBAJ&pg=870,732062 | title=Shirley Chisholm to speak at Hunter | newspaper=The Afro-American | location=Baltimore | date=February 5, 1971 | page=13 | access-date=August 21, 2020 | archive-date=October 29, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029231658/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19710206&id=ESImAAAAIBAJ&pg=870,732062 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 1968, she was elected as the [[Democratic National Committee]]woman from New York State.<ref name="nyt-first"/>

==U.S. House of Representatives==
===Initial election===
{{Quote box|quote="Ladies and gentlemen, this is fighting Shirley Chisholm coming through."|source=—Announcement made from a sound truck that drove up to housing projects in Brooklyn during her 1968 campaign.<ref name="nyt-2019-belongs"/>|width=27%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}}

In 1968, Chisholm ran for the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[New York's 12th congressional district]], which, as part of a court-mandated reapportionment plan, had been significantly redrawn to focus on Bedford–Stuyvesant and was thus expected to result in Brooklyn's first black member of Congress.<ref name="nyt022668">{{Cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/02/26/77173325.pdf | title=3 Negroes Weigh House Race in New Brooklyn 12th District | first=Earl | last=Caldwell | newspaper=The New York Times | date=February 26, 1968 | page=29 | access-date=June 15, 2018 | archive-date=December 7, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044436/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/02/26/77173325.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false | url-status=live }}</ref> ([[Adam Clayton Powell Jr.]] had, in 1945, become the first black member of Congress from New York City as a whole.) As a result of the redrawing, the white incumbent in the former 12th, Representative [[Edna F. Kelly]], sought reelection in a different district.<ref name="nyt061968"/> Chisholm announced her candidacy around January 1968 and established some early organizational support.<ref name="nyt022668"/> Her campaign slogan was "Unbought and unbossed".<ref name="nyt-first"/><ref>Landers, Jackson, ''[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/unbought-and-unbossed-when-black-woman-ran-for-the-white-house-180958699/ 'Unbought And Unbossed': When a Black Woman Ran for the White House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810163558/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/unbought-and-unbossed-when-black-woman-ran-for-the-white-house-180958699/ |date=August 10, 2020 }}'',  Smithsonian Magazine, April 25, 2016</ref> In the June 18 Democratic primary, Chisholm defeated two other black opponents, State Senator William S. Thompson and labor official Dollie Robertson.<ref name="nyt061968">{{Cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/06/19/77178582.pdf | title=Seymour and Cellar Win House Contests | first=Sydney H. | last=Schanberg | author-link=Sydney Schanberg | newspaper=The New York Times | date=June 19, 1968 | pages=1, 31 | access-date=June 15, 2018 | archive-date=December 7, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044359/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/06/19/77178582.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false | url-status=live }}</ref> In the general election, she staged an upset victory<ref name="fls-72"/> over [[James Farmer]], the former director of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]], who was running as a [[Liberal Party of New York|Liberal Party]] candidate with Republican support, winning by an approximately two-to-one margin.<ref name="nyt-first"/> Chisholm thereby became the first black woman elected to Congress,<ref name="nyt-first">{{Cite news | url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/11/06/91291879.pdf | title=Mrs. Chisholm Defeats Farmer, Is First Negro Woman in House | first=Richard L. | last=Madden | newspaper=The New York Times | date=November 6, 1968 | pages=1, 25}}</ref> and she was the only woman in the first-year class that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/C/CHISHOLM,-Shirley-Anita-(C000371)/|title=CHISHOLM, Shirley Anita {{!}} United States House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|website=history.house.gov|language=en|access-date=February 23, 2020|archive-date=March 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301001209/https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/C/CHISHOLM,-Shirley-Anita-(C000371)/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Early terms===
[[File:Afro American Day Parade, 7th Avenue between 11th and 125th Streets, New York, New York. Participants include Shirley Chisholm and Adam Clayton Powell. Photos by Sheldon Ramsdell. Sep 21, 1969 Slide 61.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Chisholm and [[Adam Clayton Powell Jr.]] serve as [[Grand marshal|Grand Marshals]] of [[Harlem]]'s first [[African American Day Parade]], September 21, 1969]]
Speaker of the House [[John W. McCormack]] assigned Chisholm to serve on the [[United States House Committee on Agriculture|House Agriculture Committee]]. Given her urban district, she felt that the placement was irrelevant to her constituents.<ref name="Freeman"/> When Chisholm confided to Rebbe [[Menachem M. Schneerson]] that she was upset and insulted by her assignment, Schneerson suggested that she use the surplus food to help the poor and hungry. Chisholm subsequently met [[Bob Dole]] and worked to expand the [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food-stamp program]]. She later played a critical role in the creation of the [[WIC program|Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)]]. Chisholm would credit Schneerson for the fact that so many "poor babies [now] have milk and poor children have food".<ref>{{Cite book|first=Joseph|last=Telushkin|title=[[Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History]]|publisher=HarperCollins|date=2014|pages=13–14}}</ref> Chisholm was then also placed on the [[United States House Committee on Veterans' Affairs|Veterans' Affairs Committee]].<ref name="Freeman"/> Soon after, she voted for [[Hale Boggs]] as [[House Majority Leader]] over [[John Conyers]]. As a reward for her support, Boggs assigned her to the much-prized [[United States House Committee on Education and Labor|Education and Labor Committee]],<ref name="usa-obit">{{Cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-01-02-chisholm-obit_x.htm | title=Shirley Chisholm, first black woman elected to Congress, dies | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=USA Today | date=January 2, 2005 | access-date=September 11, 2017 | archive-date=July 6, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706141103/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-01-02-chisholm-obit_x.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> which was her preferred committee.<ref name="Freeman"/> She was the third-highest-ranking member of this committee when she retired from Congress.

Initially, Chisholm only hired women for her office; half of them were black.<ref name="Freeman"/> In later years, she did hire some men for both her Washington office and the one in her Brooklyn district.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=72}} Chisholm said that she had faced much more discrimination during her New York legislative career because she was a woman than for her race.<ref name="Freeman"/>

[[File:CBCfoundingmembers.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Chisholm (seated, second from right) with fellow founding members of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]] in 1971]]

In 1971, Chisholm served as a founding member of both the [[Congressional Black Caucus]] and the [[National Women's Political Caucus]].<ref name="fls-72" /><ref name="wapo-obit">{{Cite news | first=Coralie | last=Carlson | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43782-2005Jan3.html | title=Pioneering Politician, Candidate Dies | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=January 3, 2005 | page=A4 | access-date=September 11, 2017 | archive-date=October 27, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027065442/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43782-2005Jan3.html | url-status=live }}<!-- but differs from the AP one in USA Today--></ref> In January 1971, Chisholm was one of 74
U.S. representatives to co-sponsor the House version of the Health Security Act, a bipartisan universal healthcare bill that supported the creation of a government health insurance program to cover every person in America.<ref>Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 92nd Congress, First Session, Volume 117-Part 1; January 21, 1971 to February 1, 1971 (Pages 3 to 1338), Page 491.</ref>

In May 1971, Chisholm and fellow New York Congresswoman [[Bella Abzug]] introduced a bill to provide $10 billion in federal funds for child-care services by 1975.<ref name="nyt051871">{{Cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/05/18/81941495.pdf | title=Mrs. Chisholm, Mrs. Abzug Introduce Child Care Bill | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=The New York Times | date=May 18, 1971 | access-date=June 15, 2018 | archive-date=December 7, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044401/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/05/18/81941495.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false | url-status=live }}</ref> A less expensive version introduced by Senator [[Walter Mondale]]<ref name="nyt051871"/> eventually passed the House and Senate as the [[Comprehensive Child Development Bill]], but it was vetoed in December 1971 by President [[Richard Nixon]], who said that it was too expensive and would undermine the institution of the family.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/12/10/90705630.pdf | title=President Vetoes Child Care Plan As Irresponsible | first=Jack | last=Rosenthal | newspaper=The New York Times | date=December 10, 1971 | page=1 | access-date=June 15, 2018 | archive-date=December 7, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044400/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/12/10/90705630.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false | url-status=live }}</ref>

===1972 presidential campaign===
[[File:Bring U.S. together. Vote Chisholm 1972, unbought and unbossed.tif|alt=Black and white image of an African-American woman (Shirley Chisholm) wearing a white sweater and glasses, talking. Above the image reads "Bring U.S. Together" and below the image reads "Vote Chisholm 1972 unbought and unbossed".|thumb|Shirley Chisholm 1972 presidential campaign poster]]

Chisholm began exploring her candidacy in July 1971 and formally announced her presidential bid on January 25, 1972,<ref name="Freeman"/> in a [[Baptists in the United States|Baptist]] church in her district in Brooklyn.<ref name="fls-72"/> There, she called for a "bloodless revolution" at the forthcoming Democratic nominating convention for the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 U.S. presidential election]].<ref name="fls-72"/> Chisholm became the first African American to run for a major party's nomination for [[President of the United States]], making her also the first woman ever to run for the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1972|Democratic Party's presidential nomination]] (U.S. Senator [[Margaret Chase Smith]] having previously run for the 1964 Republican presidential nomination).<ref name="Freeman"/> In her announcement, Chisholm described herself as representative of the people and offered a new articulation of American identity: "I am not the candidate of black America, although I am black and proud. I am not the candidate of the women's movement of this country, although I am a woman and equally proud of that. I am the candidate of the people and my presence before you symbolizes a new era in American political history."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://equalityarchive.com/history/the-first-black-woman-presidential-candidate/|title=The First Black Woman Presidential Candidate {{!}} Equality Archive|date=October 21, 2015|work=Equality Archive|access-date=November 16, 2018|archive-date=November 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117063302/http://equalityarchive.com/history/the-first-black-woman-presidential-candidate/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Her campaign was underfunded, only spending $300,000 in total.<ref name="Freeman"/> She also struggled to be regarded as a serious candidate instead of as a symbolic political figure;<ref name="usa-obit"/> the Democratic political establishment ignored her, and her black male colleagues provided little support.<ref name="spi-2008"/> She later said, "When I ran for the Congress, when I ran for president, I met more discrimination as a woman than for being black. Men are men."<ref name="nyt-obit"/> In particular, she expressed frustration about the "black matriarch thing", saying, "They think I am trying to take power from them. The black man must step forward, but that doesn't mean the black woman must step back."<ref name="fls-72"/> Her husband, however, was fully supportive of her candidacy and said, "I have no hangups about a woman running for president."<ref name="ap-husband"/> Security was also a concern, as, during the campaign, three confirmed threats were made against her life; Conrad Chisholm served as her bodyguard until [[U.S. Secret Service]] protection was given to her in May 1972.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=124}}

Chisholm skipped the initial March 7 New Hampshire contest, instead focusing on the March 14 Florida primary, which she thought would be receptive due to its "blacks, youth, and a strong women's movement".<ref name="Freeman"/> But, due to organizational difficulties and Congressional responsibilities, she only made two campaign trips there and ended with 3.5 percent of the vote for a seventh-place finish.<ref name="Freeman"/><ref name="cq-pres-elec"/> Chisholm had difficulties gaining ballot access, but campaigned or received votes in primaries in fourteen states.<ref name="Freeman"/> Her largest number of votes came in the June 6 California primary, where she received 157,435 votes for 4.4 percent and a fourth-place finish, while her best percentage in a competitive primary came in the May 6 North Carolina contest, where she got 7.5 percent for a third-place finish.<ref name="cq-pres-elec"/> Overall, she won 28 delegates during the primaries process itself.<ref name="Freeman"/><ref>House resolution 97, Recognizing Contributions, Achievements, and Dedicated Work of Shirley Anita Chisholm, [Congressional Record: June 12, 2001 (House). Page H3019-H3025] From the Congressional Record Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:cr12jn01-85]</ref> Chisholm's base of support was ethnically diverse and included the [[National Organization for Women]].<!--TODO needs verification --> [[Betty Friedan]] and [[Gloria Steinem]] attempted to run as Chisholm delegates in New York.<ref name="Freeman"/> Altogether, during the primary season, she received 430,703 votes, which was 2.7 percent of the total of nearly 16 million cast and represented seventh place among the Democratic contenders.<ref name="cq-pres-elec"/> In June, Chisholm became the first woman to appear in a [[United States presidential debates|United States presidential debate]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opinion|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/women-democratic-primary-debates-will-make-history-here-s-how-ncna1020381|access-date=June 28, 2019|website=NBC News|date=June 23, 2019 |language=en|archive-date=June 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629012614/https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/women-democratic-primary-debates-will-make-history-here-s-how-ncna1020381|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the [[1972 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida]], there were still efforts taking place by the campaign of former Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]] to stop the nomination of Senator [[George McGovern]] for president. After that failed and McGovern's nomination was assured, as a symbolic gesture, Humphrey released his black delegates to Chisholm.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Paul | last=Delaney | title=Humphrey Blacks to Vote For Mrs. Chisholm First | newspaper=The New York Times | date=July 11, 1972 | page=1 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/07/11/81897334.pdf | access-date=June 15, 2018 | archive-date=December 7, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044435/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/07/11/81897334.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false | url-status=live }}</ref> This, combined with defections from disenchanted delegates from other candidates, as well as the delegates that she had won in the primaries, gave her a total of 152 first-ballot votes for the presidential nomination during the July 12 roll call.<ref name="Freeman"/> (Her precise total was 151.95.<ref name="cq-pres-elec"/>) Her largest support overall came from Ohio, with 23 delegates (slightly more than half of them white),<ref name="afro-petit"/> even though she had not been on the ballot in the May 2 primary there.<ref name="Freeman"/><ref name="cq-pres-elec"/> Her total gave her fourth place in the roll-call tally, behind McGovern's winning total of 1,728 delegates.<ref name="cq-pres-elec"/> Chisholm said that she ran for office "in spite of hopeless odds ... to demonstrate the sheer will and refusal to accept the status quo".<ref name="usa-obit"/>

It is sometimes stated that Chisholm won a primary in 1972, or won three states overall, with New Jersey, Louisiana and Mississippi being so identified.<ref>See for example [https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/shirley-chisholm-made-the-democratic-party-of-today-possible/ this 2016 piece] in ''[[The Nation]]'' or [https://www.salon.com/2012/09/09/shirley_chisholm_the_democrats_forgotten_hero/ this 2012 piece] in ''[[Salon.com|Salon]]''.</ref> None of these fit the usual definition of winning a plurality of the contested popular vote or delegate allocations at the time of a state primary, caucus or state convention.<!-- this statement is not cited because it is the topic sentence for what follows --> In the June 6 New Jersey primary, there was a complex ballot that featured both a delegate-selection vote and a non-binding, non-delegate-producing "beauty contest" presidential preference vote.<ref name="nyt060772"/> In the delegate-selection vote, Democratic front-runner McGovern defeated his main rival at that point, Humphrey, and won the large share of available delegates.<ref name="nyt060772"/> Of the Democratic candidates, only Chisholm and former North Carolina governor [[Terry Sanford]] were on the statewide preference ballot.<ref name="nyt060772"/> Sanford had withdrawn from the contest three weeks earlier.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19720515&id=UmlPAAAAIBAJ&pg=7133,1487123 | title=Sanford Is Withdrawing From N.J. | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=The Times-News | location=Hendersonville, North Carolina | date=May 13, 1972 | page=12 | access-date=August 21, 2020 | archive-date=October 10, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010021753/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19720515&id=UmlPAAAAIBAJ&pg=7133%2C1487123 | url-status=live }}</ref> In that non-binding preference tally, which the [[Associated Press]] described as "meaningless",<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19720607&id=ujY0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=eeEIAAAAIBAJ&pg=604,2214425 | title=McGovern Leads In California | first=Walter R. | last=Mears | authorlink=Walter Mears | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=[[Bangor Daily News]] | date=June 7, 1972 | pages=1, 3}}</ref> Chisholm received the majority of votes:<ref name="nyt060772">{{Cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/07/83446893.pdf | title=Dakotan Beats Humphrey By a Big Margin in Jersey | first=Ronald | last=Sullivan | newspaper=The New York Times | date=June 7, 1972 | page=1 | access-date=June 15, 2018 | archive-date=November 9, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109011016/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/07/83446893.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false | url-status=live }}</ref> 51,433, which was 66.9 percent.<ref name="cq-pres-elec"/> During the actual balloting at the national convention, Chisholm received votes from only 4 of New Jersey's 109 delegates, with 89 going to McGovern.<ref name="cq-pres-elec"/>

In the May 13 Louisiana caucuses, there was a battle between forces of McGovern and Alabama governor [[George Wallace]]; nearly all of the delegates chosen were those who identified as uncommitted, many of them black.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 1972 Campaign |last=Apple Jr. |first=R. W.  |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/15/archives/democrats-elect-uncommitted-delegates.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 15, 1972}}</ref> Leading up to the convention, McGovern was thought to control 20 of Louisiana's 44 delegates, with most of the rest uncommitted.<ref name="ap-south-del">{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19720708&id=g0AaAAAAIBAJ&pg=7116,603474 | title=Southern Delegates Aren't Solid | first=William L. | last=Chaze | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=The Times-News | location=Hendersonville, North Carolina | date=July 8, 1972 | page=7 | access-date=August 21, 2020 | archive-date=October 29, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029122003/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19720708&id=g0AaAAAAIBAJ&pg=7116,603474 | url-status=live }}</ref> During the actual roll call at the national convention, Louisiana passed at first, then cast 18.5 of its 44 votes for Chisholm, with the next-best finishers being McGovern and Senator [[Henry M. Jackson]] with 10.25 each.<ref name="cq-pres-elec" /><ref name="afro-petit" /> As one delegate explained, "Our strategy was to give Shirley our votes for sentimental reasons on the first ballot. However, if our votes would have made the difference, we would have gone with McGovern."<ref name="afro-petit">{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19720722&id=q2UmAAAAIBAJ&pg=3200,134322 | title=Delegates were ready to switch to save day | first=Michael D. | last=Petit | newspaper=The Afro-American | location=Baltimore | date=July 22, 1972 | page=2 | access-date=August 21, 2020 | archive-date=December 7, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044400/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19720722&id=q2UmAAAAIBAJ&pg=3200%2C134322 | url-status=live }}</ref> In Mississippi, there were two rival party factions that each selected delegates at their own state conventions and caucuses: "regulars", representing the mostly white state Democratic Party, and "loyalists", representing many blacks and white liberals.<ref name="ap-south-del" /><ref name="nyt-miss">{{Cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/04/103476620.pdf | title=Democratic Factions in Mississippi Urged to Settle Delegate Fight | first=Roy | last=Reed | newspaper=The New York Times | date=June 4, 1972 | page=53 | access-date=June 15, 2018 | archive-date=December 7, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044401/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/04/103476620.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false | url-status=live }}</ref> Each slate professed to be largely uncommitted, but the regulars were thought to favor Wallace and the loyalists McGovern.<ref name="nyt-miss" /> By the time of the national convention, the loyalists were seated following a credentials challenge, and their delegates were characterized as mostly supporting McGovern, with some support for Humphrey.<ref name="ap-south-del" /> During the convention, some McGovern delegates became angry about what they saw as statements from McGovern that backed away from his commitment to end U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia, and cast protest votes for Chisholm as a result.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/22176226/?terms=shirley%2Bchisholm%2Bdelegates%2Bmississippi | title=Seniority seen as key to party merger | first=Wesley | last=Watkins | newspaper=[[Delta Democrat-Times]] | location=Greenville, Mississippi | date=July 13, 1972 | page=3 | via=[[Newspapers.com]] | access-date=March 6, 2016 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115633/http://www.newspapers.com/image/22176226/?terms=shirley%2Bchisholm%2Bdelegates%2Bmississippi | url-status=live }} {{Open access}}</ref> During the actual balloting, Mississippi went in the first half of the roll call, and cast 12 of its 25 votes for Chisholm, with McGovern coming next with 10 votes.<ref name="cq-pres-elec">{{Cite book | title=Presidential Elections 1789–2008 | edition=5th  <!-- volume=1 --> | publisher=CQ Press | location=Washington, D.C. | year=2005 <!-- | isbn=1-56802-981-0 --> | pages=366–369 (primaries), 652–653 (convention)}}</ref>

During the campaign, the German filmmaker [[Peter Lilienthal]] shot the documentary film ''Shirley Chisholm for President'' for the German television channel [[ZDF]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.filmportal.de/film/shirley-chisholm-for-president_5a535790bad54d8db9a153fa3fc92a93 | title=Shirley Chisholm for President | publisher=[[filmportal.de]] | access-date=December 8, 2021 | language=German}} Expand 'Alle Credits' to see commissioning by ZDF.</ref>

===Later terms===
[[File:Shirely Chisholm at the 1984 DNC.jpg|thumb|Chisholm at the [[1984 Democratic National Convention]]]]

Chisholm created controversy when she visited rival and ideological opposite [[George Wallace]] in the hospital soon after his shooting in May 1972, during the presidential primary campaign. Several years later, when Chisholm worked on a bill to give [[domestic worker]]s the right to a [[minimum wage]], Wallace helped gain votes from enough Southern congressmen to push the legislation through the House.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6779424|title=Shirley Chisholm, pioneer in Congress, dies at 80|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=January 4, 2005|access-date=May 2, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065715/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6779424/#.VUUPjPlViko|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1977 to 1981, during the [[95th United States Congress|95th Congress]] and [[96th United States Congress|96th Congress]], Chisholm served as [[Secretary of the Democratic Caucus]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://womenincongress.house.gov/data/leadership.html | title=Women Elected to Party Leadership Positions | website=Women in Congress | publisher=[[U.S. House of Representatives]] | access-date=December 15, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080730211834/http://womenincongress.house.gov/data/leadership.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = July 30, 2008}}</ref>

Throughout her tenure in Congress, Chisholm worked to improve opportunities for [[inner city|inner-city]] residents.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|393,402–403}} She supported spending increases for education, health care and other social services.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|403}} She was very concerned with instances of discrimination against women, especially those against impoverished women.<ref name="lat-retire"/> She also focused on [[Aboriginal title in the United States|land rights for Native Americans]].<ref name="lat-retire"/>

In the area of national security and foreign policy, Chisholm worked for the revocation of [[Internal Security Act of 1950]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/04/07/024249|title=Congress Honors Shirley Chisholm, the First African American Woman Representative|website=Democracy Now!|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115003506/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03%2F04%2F07%2F024249|archive-date=November 15, 2007}}</ref> She opposed the American involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] and the expansion of weapon developments.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|403–404}} She was a vocal opponent of the [[Conscription in the United States|U.S. military draft]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|403–404}} During the [[Jimmy Carter]] administration, she called for better treatment of [[Haiti]]an refugees.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Charles R.|last=Babcock|title=Rep. Chisholm Asks Equity For Haiti's Black Refugees|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=June 18, 1980}}</ref>

She was a forceful advocate for the [[Equal Rights Amendment]], believing that the initial value of passing it would be in the social and psychological effects that it would have more than any economic or legal impact.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/20/archives/that-equalrights-amendmentwhat-exactly-does-it-mean-the-equalrights.html | title=That Equal-Rights Amendment – What, Exactly, Does It Mean? | author-first=Robert | author-last=Sherrill | work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] | date=September 20, 1970 | pages=25ff}}</ref> She did not want the amendment modified to incorporate a provision that would permit laws that purportedly protected the health and safety of women, saying such a modification would continue a traditional avenue of discrimination against women.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/07/archives/house-debates-amendment-to-end-sex-discrimination.html | title=House Debates Amendment to End Sex Discrimination | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date= October 7, 1971 | page=43}}</ref> Regarding a specific argument made along these lines, that the amendment would require women to be subject to the draft, Chisholm was unperturbed, saying that if there was a draft, women could serve, and that some larger, stronger women might perform better in infantry roles than some smaller, weaker men.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/03/30/93417504.html | title=Mrs. Chisholm Starts Campaign in State | author-first=C. Gerald | author-last=Fraser | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 30, 1972 | page=33}}</ref>

At the same time, Chisholm was aware of how much of [[second-wave feminism in the United States]] focused on the concerns of middle-class white women, such as the adoption of the term "[[Ms.]]"<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|410}} At the 1973 convention of the National Women's Political Caucus, Chisholm said that "women of color" were faced with "[[intersectionality|double discrimination]]" that especially affected them economically, and that the women's movement needed to make changes to reflect better such women and their concerns.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|410–411}} Scholar Julie Gallagher has written that Chisholm's pressure in this regard did make some difference in the focus of the women's movement later in the 1970s.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|411}}

Chisholm's first marriage ended in a divorce, which was granted on February 4, 1977, in the [[Dominican Republic]].<ref name="wire-2nd">{{Cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90757298/ | title=Who's in the News: It's Still Chisholm | newspaper=[[The Lexington Leader]] | date=November 28, 1977 | page=A-2 | via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Later that year, on November 26,<ref name="wire-2nd"/> she married [[Arthur Hardwick Jr.]], a former New York State Assemblyman whom Chisholm had known when they both served in that body and who was now a [[Buffalo, New York]], liquor-store owner.<ref name="nyt-obit"/> The ceremony was held in a Buffalo-area hotel.<ref name="wire-2nd"/> She indicated that while her legal name was now Hardwick, she would continue to use Chisholm in politics.<ref name="wire-2nd"/> She began spending some of her time in Buffalo, which brought some political criticism that she was being inattentive to her district.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=147}}

By the mid- to late-1970s, there was growing dissatisfaction with Chisholm among some liberals in New York state and city politics, who felt that Chisholm too often sided with Democratic party bosses over liberal, black or feminist challengers.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=143–144}} Instances of her doing this included supporting the incumbent conservative Democrat [[John J. Rooney (politician)|John J. Rooney]] over the liberal antiwar activist [[Allard Lowenstein]] in a 1972 congressional primary; failing to support [[Bella Abzug]]'s primary campaigns for U.S. senator in 1976 and New York mayor in 1977; failing to support the young feminist [[Elizabeth Holtzman]]'s successful primary challenge to the aging congressional incumbent [[Emanuel Celler]] in 1972; and remaining neutral during longtime African-American civil rights leader and elected official [[Percy Sutton]]'s bid in the 1977 mayoral primary, followed by endorsing [[Ed Koch]] in a runoff.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=145}}<ref name="wapo-season"/> This dissatisfaction was exemplified by a long 1978 piece published in ''[[The Village Voice]]'', titled "Chisholm's Compromises: Politics and the Art of Self-Interest" and written by former UDC ally [[Andrew W. Cooper]] and ''Voice'' investigative reporter [[Wayne Barrett]].{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=143–144}} Similarly, ''[[The Amsterdam News]]'' ran an editorial about the "Chisholm problem".<ref name="wapo-season">{{Cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/06/06/shirley-chisholm-in-her-season-of-transition/058aaa51-36d4-412b-a8e4-def321b61366/ | title=Shirley Chisholm in Her Season of Transition | author-first= Jacqueline | author-last=Trescott | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=June 6, 1982}}</ref> Chisholm defended herself by saying that she was selecting those candidates who could best protect the interests of, and produce government benefits for, her constituents, but critics said that her behavior put the lie to the "unbossed" part of her slogan.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=143–144}}<ref name="wapo-season"/> To her biographer Barbara Winslow, Chisholm, being black and a woman, had no natural political base, and she was likely siding with the Democratic machine in order to give herself a secure spot from which to speak out on the provocative progressive messages that she wanted to put forth.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=145}} A later analysis in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' framed the matter by saying that, despite the celebrity stemming from her presidential campaign, "Chisholm has been a lonely politician. Her unpredictability has led to an isolation that has been augmented by her pride and paranoia."<ref name="wapo-season"/>

Hardwick was badly injured in an April 1979 automobile accident.<ref name="wapo-season"/><ref name="lat-retire">{{Cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90392426/ | title=Outspoken Shirley Chisholm retiring from politics | author-first=Juana E. | author-last=Duty | agency=[[Los Angeles Times]] | newspaper=[[The Indianapolis Star]] | date=September 12, 1982 | page=2G | via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Desiring to take care of her husband, and also dissatisfied with the course of liberal politics in the wake of the [[Reagan Revolution]], Chisholm decided to leave Congress.<ref name="nyt-obit"/> The possibility that she would be challenged in a Democratic primary election may have also been a factor in her decision.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=147}} She announced her retirement in February 1982, saying that she looked forward to "a more private life". She further expressed that the [[Reagan administration]] was "not responsive to our constituency. The constituency is going to be more voluble and demanding, and I find myself in a position where I can't help them."<ref name="nyt-retire">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/11/nyregion/mrs-chisholm-plans-to-retire-from-congress.html | title=Mrs. Chisholm Plans to Retire from Congress | author-first=Jane | author-last=Perlez | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 11, 1982 | page=B3}}</ref> She also lamented the tactics of the [[Christian right]], which she said made potent use of the media and the symbols of family, morality and the national flag to quiet dissatisfaction in the people.<ref name="nyt-retire"/> But, overall, Chisholm felt that press reports had overemphasized her political dissatisfaction in her retirement calculus; fundamentally, she said in September 1982, "I've been so obsessed with politics and the desire to help my people all these years, I've never had time to think about my personal life. I think the accident was an instrument, God's way of making me reassess my life."<ref name="lat-retire"/> She said she never intended to spend her whole career in politics and looked forward to a return to teaching.<ref name="lat-retire"/>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ed Towns, Shirley Chisholm, Gwen Towns.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Shirley Chisholm (center) with Representative [[Edolphus Towns]] (left) and his wife, Gwen Towns (right)]]
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?185555-1/shirley-chisholm-memorial-service Shirley Chisholm Memorial Service, Congressional Black Caucus, February 15, 2005], [[C-SPAN]]<ref name="cspanMemorial">{{Cite web | title =Shirley Chisholm Memorial Service | publisher =[[C-SPAN]] | date =February 15, 2005 | url =https://www.c-span.org/video/?185555-1/shirley-chisholm-memorial-service | access-date =April 9, 2017 | archive-date =May 8, 2017 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170508005315/https://www.c-span.org/video/?185555-1%2Fshirley-chisholm-memorial-service | url-status =live }}</ref> }}

After leaving Congress in January 1983, Chisholm made her home in [[Williamsville, New York]], a suburb of Buffalo.<ref name="nyt080382">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/03/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-059508.html | title=New York Day by Day: Shirley Chisholm's New Job | first1=Clyde | last1=Haberman | first2=Laurie | last2=Johnston | newspaper=The New York Times | date=August 3, 1982 | access-date=February 12, 2017 | archive-date=August 5, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805153715/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/03/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-059508.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="csm-83">{{Cite news | url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/1213/121310.html | title=For Shirley Chisholm, life in academia is hardly sedentary | first=Diane Casselberry | last=Manuel | newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor | date=December 13, 1983 | access-date=March 29, 2014 | archive-date=September 20, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920101154/http://www.csmonitor.com/1983/1213/121310.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Wanting to resume her career in education, she had hoped to be named a college president, in particular of [[Medgar Evers College]] in Brooklyn or of [[City College of New York]] in Manhattan, but past political opponents were influential in the selection processes and she received neither post.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=150–151}} Similarly, a move to make her [[New York City Schools Chancellor]] was blocked by teachers-union head, and longtime foe, [[Albert Shanker]], and she withdrew from consideration for that position.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=150–151}}

However, she was offered a dozen possible teaching positions at colleges.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=150–151}} She accepted being named to the Purington Chair at the all-women [[Mount Holyoke College]] in Massachusetts, a position that she held for the next four years.<ref name="mhc-obit">{{Cite news | url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/012805/chisholm.shtml | title=Shirley Chisholm: Activist, Professor, and Congresswoman | work=College Street Journal | publisher=Mount Holyoke College | date=January 28, 2005 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329003643/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/012805/chisholm.shtml | archive-date=March 29, 2014 }}</ref> She was not a member of any particular department, but was able to teach classes in a variety of areas;<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=348&dat=19821115&id=nuwtAAAAIBAJ&pg=4588,2321676 | title=Professor | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=Rome News-Tribune | date=November 15, 1982 | page=5 | access-date=August 21, 2020 | archive-date=October 28, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028002313/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=348&dat=19821115&id=nuwtAAAAIBAJ&pg=4588,2321676 | url-status=live }}</ref> those previously holding the professorship included [[W. H. Auden]], [[Bertrand Russell]] and [[Arna Bontemps]].<ref name="nyt080382"/> When questioned why she would want to teach at an institution with mostly affluent whites as students, she replied that she enjoyed the challenge of exposing them to both her feminist viewpoint and her background and experiences.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=151–152}} In addition, during this time, she spent the Spring 1985 semester as a visiting professor at the historically black women's [[Spelman College]] in Atlanta.<ref name="ac-spelman"/> At Spelman, she taught classes titled "Congress, Power and Politics", where she sought to engage students in questions about representative government, and "History of the Black Woman in America".<ref name="ac-spelman">{{Cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/399151985 | title='Catalyst' still making sparks | author-first=Keith | author-last=Graham | newspaper=[[The Atlanta Constitution]] | date=February 6, 1985 | pages=1-B, 3-B | via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

In 1984, Chisholm and [[C. Delores Tucker]] co-founded an organization initially known as the National Black Women's Political Caucus. This was established during the vice presidential campaign of [[Geraldine Ferraro]]. African-American women from various political organizations convened to set forth a political agenda emphasizing the needs of women of African descent. Chisholm was chosen as its first chair.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/08/06/womanpower/ebcdc10d-39bf-467a-b1aa-c607abdd8116/|title=WOMANPOWER|date=August 6, 1984|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|access-date=December 6, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=December 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207102756/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/08/06/womanpower/ebcdc10d-39bf-467a-b1aa-c607abdd8116/|url-status=live}}</ref> Creation of the group represented a split with an earlier organization, the National Black Women's Political Leadership Caucus, which had been co-founded by Tucker in 1971. Following a protest by the earlier group, the new one changed its name to the National Political Congress of Black Women,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56KH2aisL_UC&q=%22Black+Women%27s+Political+Caucus%22&pg=PA369 | encyclopedia=Organizing Black America: An Encyclopedia of African American Associations | editor-first=Nina | editor-last=Mjagkij | publisher=Routledge | year= 2003 | author-first=Jimmy Elaine Wilkinson | author-last=Meyer | title=National Black Women's Political Leadership Caucus | pages=368–369 | isbn=1135581231 }}</ref> later simplified to the [[National Congress of Black Women]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Feitelberg|first=Rosemary|date=August 4, 2021|title=National Congress of Black Women to Honor B Michael|url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/national-congress-of-black-women-b-michael-1234893015/|access-date=December 8, 2021|website=WWD|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ABOUT|url=https://www.nationalcongressbw-hmc.org/about|access-date=December 8, 2021|website=ncbwhmc|language=en}}</ref>

During those years, she continued to give speeches at colleges, by her own count visiting over 150 campuses since becoming nationally known.<ref name="csm-83"/> She told students to avoid polarization and intolerance: "If you don't accept others who are different, it means nothing that you've learned calculus."<ref name="csm-83"/> Continuing to be involved politically, she traveled to visit different minority groups and urge them to become a strong force at the local level.<ref name="csm-83"/> She campaigned for [[Jesse Jackson]] during his [[Jesse Jackson 1984 presidential campaign|1984]] and [[Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaign|1988]] presidential campaigns.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19880218&id=XREhAAAAIBAJ&pg=793,4324248 | title=Shirley Chisholm Sees Pat Robertson as Threat to Minorities, Women | first=Betsy | last=Sandberg | newspaper=Schenectady Gazette | date=February 18, 1988 | page=39 | access-date=August 21, 2020 | archive-date=August 19, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819031704/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19880218&id=XREhAAAAIBAJ&pg=793,4324248 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1990, Chisholm, along with 15 other black women and men, formed [[African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom]].<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000">{{Cite book|author=Kathryn Cullen-DuPont|title=Encyclopedia of women's history in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC|access-date=February 4, 2012|date=August 1, 2000|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8|page=6|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022224949/https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Her husband, Arthur Hardwick, died in August 1986.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90757546/ | title=Obituaries: Arthur Hardwick Jr. | agency=[[United Press International]] | newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] | date=August 21, 1986 | page=C13 | via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Chisholm moved to [[Florida]] in 1991.<ref name="nyt-obit"/> In 1993, President [[Bill Clinton]] nominated her to be [[United States Ambassador to Jamaica]], but she could not serve due to poor health, and the nomination was withdrawn.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47201 | title=Statement on the Withdrawal of the Nomination of Shirley Chisholm To Be Ambassador to Jamaica | publisher=The White House | date=October 13, 1993 | access-date=March 16, 2014 | archive-date=February 25, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225170250/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47201 | url-status=live }}</ref> In that same year, she was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>National Women's Hall of Fame, Women of the Hall – [https://web.archive.org/web/20020604100412/http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=39 Shirley Chisholm]</ref>

[[File:Shirley Chisholm's niche at Birchwood Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, New York - 20210120.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|The inscription on Chisholm's mausoleum, including her campaign slogan, "Unbought and Unbossed"]]

Chisholm died on January 1, 2005, at her home in [[Ormond Beach, Florida]];<ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|last=Barron|first=James|title=Shirley Chisholm, 'Unbossed' Pioneer in Congress, Is Dead at 80|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/03/obituaries/03chisholm.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 3, 2005|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044401/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/03/obituaries/shirley-chisholm-unbossedpioneer-in-congress-is-dead-at-80.html|url-status=live}}</ref> her health had been in decline after she had suffered a series of small [[stroke]]s the previous summer.<ref name="usa-obit"/> At her funeral, held in [[Palm Coast, Florida]], the minister said that Chisholm had brought about change because "she showed up, she stood up and she spoke up."<ref name="economist-obit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2005/02/02/shirley-chisholm|title=Shirley Chisholm|date=February 2, 2005|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=December 29, 2019|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=December 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229195337/https://www.economist.com/obituary/2005/02/02/shirley-chisholm|url-status=live}}</ref> She is buried in the Birchwood Mausoleum at [[Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)|Forest Lawn Cemetery]] in Buffalo, where the legend inscribed on her vault reads: "Unbought and Unbossed".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nussbaumer |first1=Newell |title=Request for Proposals: Shirley Chisholm statue to be built, and installed at Forest Lawn |url=https://www.buffalorising.com/2021/10/request-for-proposals-shirley-chisholm-statue-to-be-built-and-installed-at-forest-lawn/ |website=Buffalo Rising |access-date=December 8, 2021 |date=October 1, 2021}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In February 2005, ''Shirley Chisholm '72: Unbought and Unbossed'', a documentary film,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0388835/|title=Chisholm '72: Unbought & Unbossed (2004)|author=Steve Skafte|date=January 18, 2004|website=IMDb|access-date=June 30, 2018|archive-date=October 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009082331/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0388835/|url-status=live}}</ref> aired on U.S. public television. It chronicled Chisholm's 1972 bid for the Democratic presidential nomination. It was directed and produced by independent African-American filmmaker Shola Lynch. The film was featured at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2004. On April 9, 2006, the film was announced as a winner of a [[Peabody Award]].<ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/p.o.v.-chisholm-72-unbought-unbossed 65th Annual Peabody Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314070526/http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/p.o.v.-chisholm-72-unbought-unbossed |date=March 14, 2015 }}, May 2006.</ref>

In 2014, the first biography of Chisholm for an adult audience was published, ''Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change'', by Brooklyn College history professor Barbara Winslow, who was also the founder and first director of the Shirley Chisholm Project. Until then, only several juvenile biographies had appeared.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=153}}

===Monuments===
The Shirley Chisholm Project on Brooklyn Women's Activism (formerly known as the Shirley Chisholm Center for Research) exists at Brooklyn College to promote research projects and programs on women and to preserve Chisholm's legacy.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/schools/socialsciences/interdisciplinary/undergraduate/womens/chisholmcenter.php | title=Shirley Chisholm Center for Research on Women | publisher=Brooklyn College | access-date=March 28, 2014 | archive-date=March 28, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328150945/http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/schools/socialsciences/interdisciplinary/undergraduate/womens/chisholmcenter.php | url-status=live }}</ref> The Chisholm Project also houses an archive as part of the Chisholm Papers in the college library Special Collections.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/schools/socialsciences/interdisciplinary/undergraduate/womens/chisholmproject.php | title=Shirley Chisholm Project on Brooklyn Women's Activism Content | publisher=Brooklyn College | access-date=March 28, 2014 | archive-date=March 28, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328150718/http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/schools/socialsciences/interdisciplinary/undergraduate/womens/chisholmproject.php | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://chisholmproject.com/ | access-date=November 10, 2018 | title=The Shirley Chisholm Project | archive-date=November 11, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133654/http://chisholmproject.com/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2018, Governor [[Andrew Cuomo]] announced his intent to build the [[Shirley Chisholm State Park]], a {{Convert|407|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[List of New York state parks|state park]] along {{Convert|3.5|mi|km}} of the Jamaica Bay coastline, adjoining the Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue landfills south of [[Spring Creek Park]]'s [[Gateway Center (Brooklyn)|Gateway Center]] section. The state park was dedicated to Chisholm that September.<ref>{{Cite web | last=Plitt | first=Amy | title=Brooklyn will get 407-acre state park dedicated to Shirley Chisholm | website=Curbed NY | date=September 5, 2018 | url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/9/5/17823616/brooklyn-jamaica-bay-state-park-shirely-chisholm-announcement | access-date=September 6, 2018 | archive-date=September 5, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905235559/https://ny.curbed.com/2018/9/5/17823616/brooklyn-jamaica-bay-state-park-shirely-chisholm-announcement | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Shirley Chisholm State Park in Brooklyn to be city's largest state park | website=News 12 Brooklyn | date=September 5, 2018 | url=http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/39033830/shirley-chisholm-state-park-in-brooklyn-to-be-citys-largest-state-park | access-date=September 6, 2018 | archive-date=September 7, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032249/http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/39033830/shirley-chisholm-state-park-in-brooklyn-to-be-citys-largest-state-park | url-status=live }}</ref> The park opened to the public on July 2, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web | title=The city's largest state park opens in East New York | website=Brooklyn Eagle | date=July 2, 2019 | url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/07/02/the-citys-largest-state-park-opens-in-east-new-york/ | access-date=July 29, 2019 | archive-date=August 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810223227/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/07/02/the-citys-largest-state-park-opens-in-east-new-york/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2023, the Vauxhall Primary School in Christ Church, Barbados, which was built in 1976 to replace the school where Chisholm received her elementary education, was renamed the Shirley Chisholm Primary School. The renaming ceremony was attended by Chisholm's relatives, and a plaque was unveiled by Barbados Prime Minister [[Mia Mottley]], the island's first female premier. The school's Shirley Chisholm Memorial Garden contains a bust of Chisholm and a colorful mural showcasing her achievements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Anesta |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Vauxhall Primary School now Shirley Chisholm Primary |url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/04/05/vauxhall-primary-school-now-shirley-chisholm-primary/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Barbados Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

A memorial monument of Chisholm is planned for the entrance to [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]] in Brooklyn by [[Parkside Avenue station]], designed by artists [[Amanda Williams (artist)|Amanda Williams]] and [[Olalekan Jeyifous]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Steinhauer|first=Jillian|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/arts/design/shirley-chisholm-monument-prospect-park.html|title=The Shirley Chisholm Monument in Brooklyn Finds Its Designers|date=April 23, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 25, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314084150/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/arts/design/shirley-chisholm-monument-prospect-park.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After four years of delays and revisions, the project gained approval from the [[New York City Public Design Commission]] during 2023.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/17/arts/design/chisholm-monument-sculpture-approved.html | title=City Approves Design for Shirley Chisholm Monument in Prospect Park | first=Zachary | last=Small | newspaper=The New York Times | date=July 17, 2023}}</ref>

===The Shirley Chisholm Legacy Project===
[https://thechisholmlegacyproject.org The Shirley Chisholm Legacy Project], founded by [[Jacqueline Patterson]], aims to advance [[climate justice]] for black communities through the [[Just Transition]] Framework. This initiative links frontline black leaders, especially women, with the necessary resources to drive systemic change from harmful [[Extractivism|extractive]] practices to an economy that acknowledges the principles of [[sustainable living]]. The project aims to address the interconnected challenges of environmental issues, poverty, racial discrimination and gender inequality.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ebony.com/shirley-chisholm-legacy-organizations/ |title=5 Organizations That Celebrate Shirley Chisholm's Legacy |last=Richardson |first=Elizabeth Paige |date=March 27, 2024 |publisher=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://time.com/collection/women-of-the-year/6691526/jacqui-patterson/ |title=Jacqui Patterson's Revolutionary Approach to Climate Justice |last=Worland |first=Justin |date=February 21, 2024 |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] }}</ref>

===Political===
Chisholm's legacy came into renewed prominence during the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic presidential primaries]], when [[Barack Obama]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] staged their historic "firsts" battle – where the victor would either be the first major-party African-American nominee, or the first female nominee – with at least one observer crediting Chisholm's 1972 campaign as having paved the way for both of them.<ref name="spi-2008">{{Cite news |last=Clack |first=Gary |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/opinion/352939_chisholm28.html |title=Shirley Chisholm broke ground before Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton |newspaper=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |date=February 27, 2008 |access-date=May 30, 2010 |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044401/https://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Shirley-Chisholm-broke-ground-before-Barack-Obama-1265680.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chisholm has been a major influence on other [[Black women in American politics|women of color in politics]], among them California Congresswoman [[Barbara Lee]], who stated in a 2017 interview that Chisholm had a profound impact on her career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earwolf.com/episode/street-heat-w-congresswoman-barbara-lee-linda-sarsour/|title=Street Heat w/ Congresswoman Barbara Lee & Linda Sarsour, episode #45 of Politically Re-Active with W. Kamau Bell and Hari Kondabolu on Earwolf|website=www.earwolf.com|language=en-US|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-date=February 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161726/http://www.earwolf.com/episode/street-heat-w-congresswoman-barbara-lee-linda-sarsour/|url-status=live}}</ref> Lee had worked for Chisholm's 1972 presidential campaign.<ref name="bbc-2016">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35057641 "Before Hillary Clinton, there was Shirley Chisholm"], Rajini Vaidyanathan BBC News, Washington, January 26, 2016.</ref> Former Ohio state senator and president of [[Our Revolution]] [[Nina Turner]] has also described herself as a "Shirley Chisholm Democrat" and invoked her "unbought and unbossed" slogan, stating that the latter phrase "speaks to my soul every day".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2021|title=Nina Turner on Her Loss and Future |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/09/24/nina-turner-interview/|website=[[The Intercept]]|interviewer-last1=Grim |interviewer-first1=Ryan |interviewer-link1=Ryan Grim|access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Killion |first=Nikole |date=3 May 2022 |title=Ohio Democratic rematch draws last-minute endorsements as candidates clash over progressive credentials |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ohio-11th-district-shontel-brown-nina-turner-endorsements-progressives/ |website=[[cbsnews.com]] |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sotille |first=Alex |date=5 September 2017 |title=Meet the Women Inspired to Run for Office After the 2016 Election |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/meet-the-women-inspired-to-run-for-office-after-the-2016-election-112336/ |website=[[rollingstone.com]] |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref>

By the time of the 50th anniversary of Chisholm entering Congress, ''The New York Times'' was headlining "2019 Belongs to Shirley Chisholm", saying that "Chisholm was a one-woman precursor to modern progressive politics" and that she was "enjoying a resurgence of interest 14 years after her death".<ref name="nyt-2019-belongs">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/06/sunday-review/shirley-chisholm-monument-film.html | title=2019 Belongs to Shirley Chisholm | author-first=Jennifer | author-last=Steinhauer | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 6, 2019 | page=2 (Sunday Review)}}</ref>

Chisholm has also inspired Vice President [[Kamala Harris]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 12, 2020|title='We Stand On The Shoulders Of Shirley Chisholm': Brooklyn Political Powerhouse Serves As Source Of Inspiration For Sen. Kamala Harris|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2020/08/12/kamala-harris-shirley-chisholm/|access-date=December 17, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> who recognized Chisholm's presidential campaign by using similar typography and red-and-yellow color scheme in her own [[Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign|2020 presidential campaign]]'s promotional materials and logo.<ref name="cbsnews1">{{Cite web |last=O'Kane |first=Caitlin |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-2020-presidential-campaign-logo-pays-tribute-to-shirley-chisholm/ |title=Kamala Harris' 2020 presidential campaign logo pays tribute to Shirley Chisholm |date=January 21, 2019 |publisher=CBS News |access-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123222828/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-2020-presidential-campaign-logo-pays-tribute-to-shirley-chisholm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Harris launched her presidential campaign 47 years to the day after Chisholm's presidential campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90298041/the-women-running-for-president-are-breaking-the-rules-of-branding |title=Branding the women running for president in 2020 |work=Fast Company |publisher=Fastcompany.com |date=January 30, 2019 |access-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203231300/https://www.fastcompany.com/90298041/the-women-running-for-president-are-breaking-the-rules-of-branding |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nichols |first=John |title=The One Who Paved the Way |date=8 October 2024 |url=https://progressive.org/magazine/the-one-who-paved-the-way-nichols-20241008/ |magazine=[[The Progressive]]}} Nichols notes how Harris again cited Chisholm's "profound influence" during the 2024 presidential campaign.</ref>

===In popular culture===
Actress [[Uzo Aduba]] portrayed Chisholm in the [[FX on Hulu]] miniseries ''[[Mrs. America (miniseries)|Mrs. America]]'', released in April 2020, for which she won an [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Malkin|first=Marc|date=July 7, 2020|title=Listen: Uzo Aduba on Playing Political Pioneer Shirley Chisholm in 'Mrs. America'|url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/podcasts/uzo-aduba-mrs-america-shirley-chisholm-fx-1234699165/|access-date=July 12, 2020|website=Variety|language=en|archive-date=July 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712232402/https://variety.com/2020/tv/podcasts/uzo-aduba-mrs-america-shirley-chisholm-fx-1234699165/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=White |first1=Abbey |title=Uzo Aduba Thanks Women of 'Mrs. America' and Shirley Chisholm in Emmys Acceptance Speech |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/uzo-aduba-thanks-women-of-mrs-america-and-shirley-chisholm-in-emmys-acceptance-speech |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 21, 2020 |access-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005233622/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/uzo-aduba-thanks-women-of-mrs-america-and-shirley-chisholm-in-emmys-acceptance-speech |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2020, [[Danai Gurira]] was cast as Shirley Chisholm in ''The Fighting Shirley Chisholm'', directed by [[Cherien Dabis]], about her 1972 run for president.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hipes|first1=Patrick|date=November 11, 2020|title=Danai Gurira To Star In 'The Fighting Shirley Chisholm'; Cherien Dabis To Direct Retooled Pic|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/danai-gurira-the-fighting-shirley-chisholm-movie-cherien-dabis-director-1234612994/|access-date=November 11, 2020|website=Deadline|language=en-US|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003757/https://deadline.com/2020/11/danai-gurira-the-fighting-shirley-chisholm-movie-cherien-dabis-director-1234612994/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jackson|first1=Angelique|date=November 11, 2020|title=Danai Gurira to Play Pioneering Presidential Candidate Shirley Chisholm in New Film|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/danai-gurira-shirley-chisholm-movie-1234829327/|access-date=November 11, 2020|website=Variety|language=en-US|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111205540/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/danai-gurira-shirley-chisholm-movie-1234829327/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 11, 2020|title=Danai Gurira to Star in Film of Presidential Candidate Shirley Chisholm|url=https://www.thewrap.com/danai-gurira-presidential-candidate-shirley-chisholm/|access-date=November 11, 2020|website=TheWrap|language=en-US|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203911/https://www.thewrap.com/danai-gurira-presidential-candidate-shirley-chisholm/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, as of 2024, the film had not appeared,<ref name="hr-shirley"/> and it was still considered to be in development.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9356916/ | title=In development: More at IMDbPro: The Fighting Shirley Chisholm | website=IMDb | access-date=April 1, 2024 }}</ref>

Another film, ''[[Shirley (2024 film)|Shirley]]'', was announced in February 2021, with [[Regina King]] as Chisholm and [[John Ridley]] directing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 17, 2021|title=Regina King to Play Shirley Chisholm in 'Shirley' from John Ridley|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/regina-king-to-play-shirley-chisholm-in-shirley-from-john-ridley|access-date=February 17, 2021|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217180326/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/regina-king-to-play-shirley-chisholm-in-shirley-from-john-ridley|url-status=live}}</ref> Also announced in the cast were [[Lance Reddick]], [[Lucas Hedges]], Amirah Vahn, [[André Holland]], Christina Jackson, Michael Cherrie, [[Dorian Missick]], [[W. Earl Brown]] and [[Terrence Howard]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Shirley': Lance Reddick, Lucas Hedges, André Holland, Terrence Howard & More Board Regina King Film As It Heads To Netflix|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/shirley-lance-reddick-lucas-hedges-more-join-film-as-it-heads-to-netflix-1234892666/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=December 16, 2021|access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref> ''Shirley'' was released on [[Netflix]] in March 2024.<ref name="hr-shirley">{{cite news | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/shirley-trailer-regina-king-shirley-chisholm-1235829678/ | title=Regina King Fights to Make a Difference in 'Shirley' Trailer | first=Christy | last=Pina | work=Hollywood Reporter | date=February 19, 2024 | access-date=April 1, 2024}}</ref>

Chisholm was also heavily featured in [[Mel Brooks]]'s 2023 satirical television series ''[[History of the World, Part II]]'', played by [[Wanda Sykes]]. Segments throughout the series loosely detailed Chisholm's presidential bid stylized as episodes of ''Shirley!'', a fictional 1970s sitcom. The episodes "starred" other members of Chisholm's family and friends, including Conrad Chisholm ([[Colton Dunn]]), [[Florynce Kennedy]] ([[Kym Whitley]]) and Ruby Seale ([[Marla Gibbs]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title='History of the World, Part II' review: An homage to Mel Brooks|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-03-06/history-of-the-world-part-2-mel-brooks-hulu-review|work=[[L.A. Times]]|last=Lloyd|first=Robert|date=March 6, 2023|access-date=March 11, 2023}}</ref>

The rapper [[Biz Markie]] mentioned Chisholm in his popular 1988 song Nobody Beats the Biz. The lyrics: "''Reagan is the Pres, but I voted for Shirley Chisholm",'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuritt |first=Anastasia |title=I Voted for Shirley Chisholm |url=https://history.as.uky.edu/podcasts/lss-episode-5-i-voted-shirley-chilsholm |website=Long Story Short. University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> introduced many young listeners to Shirley Chisholm. The six minute overture ''But I Voted for Shirley Chisholm'' by David Hearne was commissioned by the Brooklyn Philharmonic in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hearne |first=Ted |title=But I voted for Shirley Chisholm |url=https://www.tedhearne.com/works/but-i-voted-for-shirley-chisholm |website=Ted Hearne}}</ref> It integrates  samples from Biz Markie's  song "Nobody beats the biz" which include the following lyrics: "Make you co-operate with the rhythm / that is what I give ‘em / Reagan is the Prez’ but I voted for Shirley Chisholm.” Additional artists have used this lyric, including Redman and [[Method Man & Redman|Method Man]] in 1999 (“Clinton is the president, I still voted for Shirley Chisholm”) and [[LL Cool J]] in 2006 (“George Bush is the Prez, but I voted for Shirley Chisholm”). 

==Honors and awards==

=== American honors ===
* [[Congressional Gold Medal]] (posthumously awarded) by the Shirley Chisholm Congressional Gold Medal Act, signed by President Joe Biden – December 2024.<ref>{{cite act |title=S.4243 - Shirley Chisholm Congressional Gold Medal Act |type= |date=12 December 2024 |institution=United States Congress |at= |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/4243 |access-date=}}</ref>
* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (posthumously awarded) by [[President Barack Obama]] at a ceremony in the [[White House]].<ref name="Helsel112415">Phil Helsel – [http://www.aol.com/article/2015/11/24/obama-honoring-spielberg-streisand-and-more-with-medal-of-freed/21272337/?icid=maing-grid7%7Chtmlws-sb-bb%7Cdl3%7Csec1_lnk3%26pLid%3D-40526639 "Obama honoring Spielberg, Streisand and more with medal of freedom,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125221354/http://www.aol.com/article/2015/11/24/obama-honoring-spielberg-streisand-and-more-with-medal-of-freed/21272337/?icid=maing-grid7%7Chtmlws-sb-bb%7Cdl3%7Csec1_lnk3%26pLid%3D-40526639 |date=November 25, 2015 }} ''NBC News'', November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015</ref> – November 2015.
* [[List of Phoenix Award winners|William L. Dawson Award]] by the [[Congressional Black Caucus Foundation]]<ref>"Past Phoenix Award Honorees (1996 – 2018)". https://s7.goeshow.com/cbcf/annual/2020/documents/CBCF_ALC_-_Phoenix_Awards_Dinner_Past_Winners.pdf</ref>– 1982.

=== Honorary degrees ===
* In 1974, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by [[Aquinas College (Michigan)|Aquinas College]] and was their commencement speaker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aquinas.edu/commencement/past_speakers.html|title=Past Commencement Speakers and Honorary Degree Recipients|publisher=Aquinas College (Michigan)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328211818/http://www.aquinas.edu/commencement/past_speakers.html|archive-date=March 28, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>
* In 1975, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by [[Smith College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/about_honorary.php|title=Honorary Degrees|publisher=Smith College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327230802/http://www.smith.edu/about_honorary.php|archive-date=March 27, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref>
* In 1981, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by [[Mount Holyoke College]].<ref>{{cite web |date=July 1, 2000 |title=Commencement Address, the Genre |url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2000/07/commencement-address-the.html | work=Harvard Magazine}}</ref>
* In 1996, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree by [[Stetson University]], in Deland, Florida.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.org/stream/stetsonuniversit1996unse/stetsonuniversit1996unse_djvu.txt|title=Stetson University Commencement Program|date=May 12, 1996|publisher=[[Stetson University]]}}</ref>

=== Other recognition ===
[[File:USPS Shirley A. Chisholm Station.jpg|thumb|USPS Shirley A. Chisholm Station at 1915 Fulton Street (2025)]]
* In 1991, Chisholm was the commencement speaker at [[East Stroudsburg University]] in [[East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania]], where she received the first-ever conferred honorary doctorate from the university. An annual ESU student award was created in her honor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mcall.com/1991/05/16/shirley-chisholm-to-address-e-stroudsburg-graduates/|title=Shirley Chisholm To Address E. Stroudsburg Graduates|date=May 16, 1991 |access-date=September 11, 2017|archive-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205918/http://articles.mcall.com/1991-05-16/news/2799148_1_brooklyn-college-domestic-workers-unbought-and-unbossed|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 1993, she was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320024426/http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 20, 2015|title=Home – National Women's Hall of Fame|website=National Women's Hall of Fame|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref>
* In 2002, scholar [[Molefi Kete Asante]] included Shirley Chisholm on his list of ''[[100 Greatest African Americans]]''.
* The Stuyvesant [[United States Post Office|U.S. Post Office]] Station at 1915 Fulton Street <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2005/01/26/chisholm-post-office-plan/ |title=CHISHOLM POST OFFICE PLAN |website=[[New York Daily News]] }}[[New York Daily News]], Jan 26, 2005.</ref> was renamed "Shirley A. Chisholm Station" on August 2, 2005, after the renaming legislation passed the U.S. House and Senate earlier that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/PLAW-109publ50 |title=Public Law 109 - 50 - An act to designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 1915 Fulton Street in Brooklyn, New York, as the ''Congresswoman Shirley A. Chisholm Post Office Building''. }}GovInfo.Gov website</ref>
* On January 31, 2014, the Shirley Chisholm [[Forever Stamp]] was issued.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 17, 2014|title=Scott new Issues Update|journal=Linn's Stamp News|volume=87|issue=4455|pages=60–61|issn=0161-6234}}</ref> It is the 37th stamp in the Black Heritage series of U.S. stamps.
*The Shirley Chisholm Living-Learning Community at [[Mount Holyoke College]] in [[South Hadley, Massachusetts]] is a residential hall floor in which students of African descent can choose to live.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/reslife/living-learning-communities|title=Living-Learning Communities {{!}} Mount Holyoke College|date=October 26, 2015|access-date=September 11, 2019|archive-date=December 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220175037/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/reslife/living-learning-communities|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Books==

=== Books by Chisholm ===
* {{Cite book
|title=Unbought and Unbossed
|first=Shirley
|last=Chisholm
|isbn=978-0-395-10932-8
|publisher=Houghton Mifflin
|year=1970
|postscript=none
}}
* {{Cite book
|title=Unbought and Unbossed: Expanded 40th Anniversary Edition
|first=Shirley
|last=Chisholm
|editor=Scott Simpson
|isbn=978-0-9800590-2-1
|publisher=Take Root Media
|year=2010
|postscript=none
}}
* {{Cite book
|title=The Good Fight
|first=Shirley
|last=Chisholm
|isbn=978-0-06-010764-2
|publisher=Harper Collins
|year=1973
|postscript=none
}}
* Chisholm, Shirley,  Zinga A. Fraser (Editor) (2024) ''Shirley Chisholm in Her Own Words: Speeches and Writing''s, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520386983}}

=== Books for children ===

* Williams, Alicia D. Illustrated by Harrison, April (2021) ''Shirley Chisholm Dared: The Story of the First Black Woman in Congress,'' Penguin Random House, {{ISBN|9780593123683}}
* Brownmiller, Susan.(1971) ''Shirley Chisholm: A Biography.'' Doubleday. {{ISBN|978-0385023092}}
* Starks, Glenn L., Brooks, F. Erik  (2024) ''A Seat at the Table: The Life and Times of Shirley Chisholm'', Lawrence Hill Books, {{ISBN|9781641609265}}
* Hicks, Nancy.(1971)  ''The Honorable Shirley Chisholm, Congresswoman from Brooklyn''., Lion Books, {{LCCN|78127394}}

=== Books for adults ===

* Winslow, Barbara (2014) ''Shirley Chisholm : Catalyst for Change,'' 1926-2005. Westview Press, a member of the Perseus Books Group. {{ISBN|9780813347691}}
* Curwood, Anastasia (2023) ''Shirley Chisholm: Champion of Black Feminist Power Politics'', University of North Carolina Press, {{ISBN|978-1469671178}}

==See also==
* [[List of African-American United States representatives]]
* [[Politics of New York City]]
* [[United States House of Representatives]]
* [[Women in the United States House of Representatives]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
* {{Cite book | last1=Brooks-Bertram | first1=Peggy | first2= Barbara A. Seals | last2=Nevergold | title=Uncrowned Queens, Volume 3: African American Women Community Builders of Western New York | location=Buffalo, New York |publisher=Uncrowned Queens Institute-SUNY Press | date= 2009 | isbn=978-0-9722977-2-1 | series=In Commemoration of the Centennial of the Niagara Movement}}
* {{Cite book |last=Curwood |first=Anastasia C. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/109689 |title=Shirley Chisholm: Champion of Black Feminist Power Politics |date=2023 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-7119-2 |doi=10.1353/book.109689|s2cid=259517966 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Winslow |first=Barbara |title=Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change, 1926–2005 |publisher=Westview Press |location=[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder, CO]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8133-4769-1  |edition=1st |language=en |oclc=847126335 |series=Lives of American Women}}

'''Attribution'''<br />
{{Citizendium}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Ellen |year=2016 |title=The Highest Glass Ceiling: Women's Quest for the American Presidency |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674088931 |lccn=2015045620}}
* {{Cite book |last=Howell |first=Ron |year=2018 |title=Boss of Black Brooklyn: The Life and Times of Bertram L. Baker |location=Bronx, New York |publisher=Fordham University Press |isbn=9780823280995 |oclc=1073190427}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{C-SPAN|2525}}
* [https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=bc_arch_find Finding Aid for the Shirley Chisholm '72 Collection] held by the Brooklyn College Library Archives and Special Collections
* {{YouTube|y3JCX3WxBik|Video of Shirley Chisholm declaring presidential bid, January 25, 1972}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106000233/http://www.visionaryproject.com/chisholmshirley/ Shirley Chisholm's oral history] Video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
* [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/shirley-chisholm Shirley Chisholm at the National Women's History Museum]
{{CongBio|C000371}}
* [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/shirleychisholmequalrights.htm Chisholm speech on the Equal Rights Amendment]
* [https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/chisholm/ ''Chisholm '72 – Unbought & Unbossed'' PBS American Documentary | POV] documentary by Shola Lynch
* [https://www.wmm.com/catalog/film/chisholm-72-unbought-and-unbossed/ ''Chisholm '72 – Unbought & Unbossed'' Women Make Movies] documentary by Shola Lynch
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080330234114/http://www.imow.org/wpp/stories/viewStory?storyId=111 Feature on Shirley Chisholm], with writing from Gloria Steinem and video clips from ''Chisholm '72 Unbought & Unbossed'', by the [[International Museum of Women]].

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{{United States presidential election, 1972}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chisholm, Shirley}}
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