View source for Shtora-1

{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Shtora-1
| image              = T-90S (4716212155).jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = A [[T-90]] [[main battle tank]] fitted with the Shtora system; note the two dazzler "boxes" to each side of the main gun
| origin             = Soviet Union
| type               = [[Active protection system]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1988–present
| wars               = <!-- Production history -->
| designer           = NII Transmash in St.Petersburg in cooperation with Elers-Elektron in Moscow<ref name="Zaloga">{{cite journal |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven |date=February 1997 |title=T-90: the standard of Russian expediency |journal=Jane's Intelligence Review |pages=58–64}}</ref>
| design_date        = 1980<ref name="billiondollarspy"/>
| manufacturer       = 
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = <!-- General specifications -->
| weight             = {{convert|350|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name=Meyer/>
| length             = 
| part_length        = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge          = 
| action             = 
| rate               = 
| velocity           = 
| range              = 
| max_range          = 
| feed               = 
| sights             = 
}}

'''Shtora-1''' ({{langx|ru|Штора}}, "curtain") is an electro-optical [[active protection system]] or suite for tanks, designed to disrupt the [[laser designator]] and [[laser rangefinder]]s of incoming [[anti-tank guided missile]]s (ATGMs). The system is mounted on the Russian [[T-80]] and [[T-90]] series [[tank]]s and the Ukrainian [[T-84]]. The existence of ''Shtora''  was revealed in 1980 by spy [[Adolf Tolkachev]].<ref name="billiondollarspy">''[[The Billion Dollar Spy: A True Story of Cold War Espionage and Betrayal]]'', [[David E. Hoffman]], location 3142, Kindle edition.</ref>

==Description==
Shtora-1<ref name="defense-update">{{cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/products/s/shtora-1.htm |title=Shtora-1 Active Protection System |publisher=Defense-update.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-10}}</ref> is an [[electro-optical]] [[electronic countermeasure|jammer]] that disrupts semiautomatic command to line of sight ([[SACLOS]]) ATGMs, [[laser rangefinder]]s and [[target designator]]s. Shtora-1 is a [[Active_protection_system#Soft-kill_measures| soft kill countermeasure system]]. The system was shown fitted to a Russian [[main battle tank]] during the International Defense Exposition, held in [[Abu Dhabi]] in 1995. The first known application of the system is the Russian T-90 main battle tank, which entered service in the Russian Army in 1993.{{efn|Though an early version of the system was apparently fitted to the pre-production T-80 model.}} It is also available on the [[BMP-3|BMP-3M]] infantry fighting vehicle.

==Components==
[[File:T-90 Shtora-1 infrared light emitter.jpg|thumb|Infrared light emitter, with its opening protected by a round cover]]
The Shtora-1 has four key components: two electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) "[[dazzler (weapon)|dazzlers]]" mounted on both turret cheeks, an [[infrared jammer]], a [[modulator]], and a [[control panel (engineering)|control panel]] in the fighting compartment.

* Banks of forward firing [[grenade launcher]]s on each side of the turret that lay an [[particulate|aerosol]] [[smoke screen]] opaque to IR light.
* A [[laser warning system]] consisting of four angle sensors with two higher precision sensors covering the frontal 90° arc and two lower precision sensors covering the sides and rear.<ref name="Xiaomao Research Institute">{{cite web |url=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/28494091 |title=苏联/俄罗斯Shtora-1/-2坦克光电干扰系统简介 |date=20 December 2017 |website=Xiaomao Research Institute |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref>
* A control system comprising control panel, [[microprocessor]], and manual screen-laying panel. This processes the information from the [[sensor]]s and activates the aerosol screen-laying system.
* Two IR lights, one on each side of the main gun, continuously emit coded pulsed-IR jamming when an incoming ATGM has been detected.

Shtora-1 has twelve smoke grenade launchers and weighs 400&nbsp;kg. It can lay a 15 meter high and 20 meter wide smoke screen in three seconds that lasts about twenty seconds at ranges from 50 to 70 meters.<ref name="Xiaomao Research Institute"/> The Shtora-1 can also automatically slew the main gun towards a detected threat, so that the tank crew can return fire and so that the stronger frontal turret armour is facing it.<ref name="defense-update"/>

Shtora-1 can operate in fully automatic or semi-automatic modes, continuously for six hours against ATGM attack.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Antal |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Surviving the City Fight 21st Century Armour in the Urban Canyon |url=https://euro-sd.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ESD_01_2020_WEB.pdf |magazine=European Security & Defense |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref>

==Operational history==
A number of Shtora-1 protected T-90s have been lost to anti-tank guided weapons in Syria and Ukraine.<ref name="Murakhovsky">{{cite web |url=http://www.gazeta.ru/army/2016/02/29/8101481.shtml |title=Т90 в Сирии: «Экипаж танка был слабо подготовлен» |last=Murakhovsky |first=Victor |date=1 March 2016 |website=gazeta.ru |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Eastwood">{{cite web |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/03/why-russias-feared-t-90-tank-keeps-getting-killed-in-ukraine/ |title=Why Russia's Feared T-90 Tank Keeps Getting Killed In Ukraine |last=Brent M. |first=Eastwood |date=31 March 2022 |website=1945 |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> The jammers have been removed from many currently serving T-90s and the more modern S and M variants did not include them.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

==Specifications==
* [[Laser]] illumination sensors:<ref name="Meyer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/eARMOR/content/issues/1998/MAY_JUN/ArmorMayJune1998web.pdf |title=Active Protective Systems: Impregnable Armor or Simply Enhanced Survivability? |author=Tom J. Meyer |work=Armor Active Protection Systems |date=March 1998 |pages=7–11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807144347/http://www.benning.army.mil/armor/eARMOR/content/issues/1998/MAY_JUN/ArmorMayJune1998web.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://btvt.narod.ru/4/shtora1/shtora1.htm|title=Комплекс оптико-электронного подавления «Штора-1» |author=A. Tarasenko}}</ref>
** 2x TShU-1-1 coarse precision [[sensor]]s and 2x TShU-1-11 fine sensors
** Field of view (each): 138° azimuth (coarse) 45° (fine) and −5 to +25° elevation 
** Field of view (total): 360° azimuth
** Angular resolution: 7.5° (coarse) 3.75° (fine)
* EO interference emitters:
** 2x OTShU-1-7
** Operating band: 0.7-2.7 μm
** Protected sector: 4° elevation and 20° azimuth
** Energy consumption: 1&nbsp;kW
** Light intensity: 20 [[candela|mcd]]
* IR [[smoke grenade]]s:
** 12x 81&nbsp;mm 3D17
** Obscured band: 0.4-14 μm
** Bloom time: 3 s
** Cloud persistence: 20 s

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{APS}}

[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicle equipment]]
[[Category:Missile countermeasures]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Soviet inventions]]