View source for Silver fern

{{Short description|Species of medium-sized tree fern}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=March 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Silver fern
| image = Alsophila tricolor kz03.jpg
| image_alt = The silver-white underside of a much divided compound leaf. The main stem at the bottom of the image is quite thick and green-brown under the white coating. A smaller division, called a pinnae for its resemblance to a feather, is centered in the photograph. Even smaller pinnae are attached alternately to either side of the leaf stem, each with numerous leaflets, classic fern frond. Behind the upturned leaf there is a background of more fern leaves and an unfurling fiddlehead of a new leaf that is still quite brown and fuzzy.
| image_caption = Frond, showing the silver-white underside
| genus = Alsophila (plant)
| species = dealbata
| authority = ([[Georg Forster|G.Forst.]]) [[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]]
| synonyms = <ref name="CFLW" />
 {{Species list
 |Alsophila tricolor|(Colenso) R.M.Tryon
 |Cyathea dealbata|(G.Forst.) Sw.
 |Cyathea falciloba|(Colenso) Domin
 |Cyathea tricolor|Colenso
 |Hemitelia falciloba|Colenso
 |Polypodium dealbatum|G.Forst.
}}
| status = NT
| status_system = NZTCS
| range_map=Cyathea dealbata distribution map.png
}}

'''''Alsophila dealbata''''' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]]s '''''Alsophila tricolor''''' and '''''Cyathea dealbata'''''), commonly known as the '''silver fern'''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brownsey |first1=Patrick |title=Ferns and lycophytes – Ferns and lycophytes in New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/10881/silver-fern |publisher=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=12 October 2018 |date=24 September 2007 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214506/https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/10881/silver-fern |url-status=live }}</ref> or '''silver tree-fern''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> or as '''ponga''' {{IPAc-en|'|p|Q|N|@}} or '''punga''' {{IPAc-en|'|p|V|N|@}} (from [[Māori language|Māori]] {{lang|mi|kaponga}} or {{lang|mi|ponga}}), is a species of medium-sized [[tree fern]], [[endemism|endemic]] to New Zealand. The fern is usually recognisable by the silver-white colour of the under-surface of mature [[frond]]s. It is a symbol commonly associated with the country both overseas and by [[New Zealanders]] themselves.

==Description==
This fern is known to grow to heights of {{convert|10|metre}} or more (though it occasionally takes a rare creeping form).<ref name="large2004" /> The crown is dense, and mature fronds can be as much as {{convert|3|metre}} long and {{cvt|1|metre}} wide with a silver-white colouration on the undersides. The fronds may be [[bipinnately compound]] or [[tripinnate]]. The underside colouration is less intensely silvery or patchy in younger plants and juveniles are pale green.<ref>{{Cite web <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Allan |first1=Harry H. |author-link1=Harry Allan |date=2024 |orig-date=1961 |url=https://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/taxa/7c8835c9-9aa2-401a-9a5b-ab85d958eb72 |title=''Cyathea dealbata'' (G.Forst.) Sw. |website=Flora of New Zealand Series |publisher=Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research |location=Lincoln, New Zealand |language=en |isbn=978-0-477-01056-6 |oclc=59242307 |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> This distinctive silver colouration has made them useful for laying along tracks for night walking. The scales are a dark brown and are often twisted and glossy.<ref name="large2004">{{cite book|last1=Large|first1=Mark F.|last2=Braggins|first2=John E. |author-link2=John E. Braggins|title=Tree Ferns|year=2004|publisher=Timber Press, Inc.|isbn=0-88192-630-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark/page/120 120–121]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark/page/120}}</ref> [[Rhizome]]s very rarely prostrate, usually erect, forming a woody trunk up to {{convert|12|metre}} tall, {{convert|160|to|450|mm}} in diameter, covered in light brown or white projecting stipe bases, bearing scales near the apex.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flora of New Zealand {{!}} Taxon Profile {{!}} Cyathea dealbata |url=http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Cyathea-dealbata.html |website=www.nzflora.info |access-date=11 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011013800/http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Cyathea-dealbata.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery>
Cyathea dealbata (G.Forst.) Sw. (AM AK144658).jpg|Herbarium specimen
Sunlit tree fern.jpg|A sunlit silver fern
Cyathea dealbata - Jon Sullivan - 1385477.jpeg|Silver fern in the subcanopy of a forest
Alsophila tricolor in Mount Ngongotaha SR (1).jpg|Trunk
Koru budding fern in Rotorua.jpg|A koru, or silver fern [[fiddlehead]]
Alsophila tricolor in Auckland Botanic Gardens 09.jpg|Higher section of a trunk, where older fronds have fallen
</gallery>

==Taxonomy==

The species was first formally described in 1786 by German naturalist [[Georg Forster]] in the book ''Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus'', who used the name ''Polypodium dealbatum''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17186860-1 |title=Polypodium dealbatum G.Forst. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> The species was moved to the genus ''[[Cyathea]]'' by [[Olof Swartz]] in 1801, leading to the scientific name ''Cyathea dealbata''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433011408949&seq=108 |last1=Swartz |first1=O. |author-link1=Olof Swartz |year=1801 |title=Genera et species filicum ordine systematico redactarum, adiectis synonymis et iconibus selectis, nec non speciebus recenter detectis, et demum plurimis dubiosis, ulterius investigandis |journal=Journal für die Botanik (Schrader) |volume=1800|issue=2|page=94}}</ref> The species was moved to the genus ''[[Alsophila (plant)|Alsophila]]'' in 1970 by [[Rolla M. Tryon Jr.]], who used the name ''Alsophila tricolor'', citing [[William Colenso]]'s 1883 description of ''Cyathea tricolor'', which Colenso believed was a species distinct from ''Cyathea dealbata''.<ref>{{cite Q|Q94389203}}</ref><ref>{{cite Q|Q135147203}}</ref>

The current preferred scientific name is disputed, with [[Plants of the World Online]], [[New Zealand Plant Conservation Network]], and the Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World Version 25.06 preferring ''Alsophila dealbata'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3320793-4 |title=Alsophila dealbata (G.Forst.) Corda |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="NZPCN">{{cite web|url=https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/alsophila-dealbata/ |title=Alsophila dealbata Fact Sheet |author-link1=Peter de Lange (botanist) |last1=de Lange |first1=P. J. |website=[[New Zealand Plant Conservation Network]] |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5529608 |title=Alsophila dealbata (G.Forst.) C.Presl |website=[[GBIF]] |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> [[Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research]] preferring ''Cyathea dealbata''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/Taxon/Cyathea-dealbata.html |title= Cyathea dealbata (G.Forst.) Sw. |website=NZ Flora | publisher=[[Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research]] |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> and [[World Flora Online]] preferring ''Alsophila tricolor''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wfoplantlist.org/taxon/wfo-0000139767-2025-06?page=1 |title=Alsophila tricolor (Colenso) R.M.Tryon |website=[[World Flora Online]] |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> The name ''Alsophila tricolor'' was considered the correct scientific name for the species, due to the species epithet ''dealbata'' being preoccupied in the genus by a species described in 1848 by [[Carl Borivoj Presl]], now considered a synonym of ''[[Sphaeropteris glauca]]''. In 2025 it was shown that the silver fern has priority to use this name over the species Presl described, due to a reference made by [[August Carl Joseph Corda]] to the species in 1838, making Presl's use an illegitimate later homonym.<ref name="NZPCN"/>

==Etymology==

The species epithet ''dealbata'' means whitish, and refers to the underside of the fronds.<ref name="MeaningTrees">{{cite q|Q118646408|pp=148-151}}</ref> The Māori word {{lang|mi|ponga}}, pronounced {{IPA|mi|ˈpɔŋa|}}, is a term used across [[Polynesian languages]] to describe tree ferns,<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> such as ''[[Sphaeropteris lunulata]]'' in [[Tongan language|Tongan]] and [[Samoan language|Samoan]] or ''[[Angiopteris evecta]]'' in Samoan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Ponga.html |title=*Ponga [Proto Polynesian] |last1=Benton |first1=R. A. |website=Te Māra Reo |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> It has been borrowed into New Zealand English using both the spelling ponga and punga,<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> and is used as a generic term for tree ferns, and to refer to tree fern logs when used for landscaping purposes.{{cn|date=June 2025}} English speakers generally pronounce the word {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ʌ|ŋ|ə}} {{respell|PUNG|ə}}.{{cn|date=June 2025}} Other Māori language names for the plant include kaponga, kātote,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.temarareo.org/TMR-Ponga.html |title=Ponga  |last1=Benton |first1=R. A. |website=Te Māra Reo |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> or poka in [[Māori language#Southern dialects|southern dialects]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rauropiwhakaoranga.landcareresearch.co.nz/names/c14182c8-23a6-4731-ba3f-dc253f6bca00 |title=Cyathea dealbata. Ponga. Silver fern. |website=Ngā Rauropi Whakaoranga |publisher=[[Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research]] |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

==Habitat==
Arriving relatively late in New Zealand's history during the [[Pliocene]] epoch<ref>{{cite book |last=Parsons |first=Stuart |title=Biology Aotearoa |year=2006 |publisher=Pearson Education New Zealand |isbn=1-877268-00-3|display-authors=etal}}</ref> (around 5.0–1.8 million years ago), the silver fern occurs on the main islands of New Zealand—although absent from the west and south regions of the South Island,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The significance of the silver fern |url=https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watch-play/maori/significance-silver-fern |website=Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ |access-date=13 October 2018 |language=en |date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511172952/https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watch-play/maori/significance-silver-fern |url-status=live }}</ref> on the [[Chatham Islands]] to the east, and is also native to [[Lord Howe Island]].<ref name="CFLW" /> It has also become [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] in Ireland.<ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |id=17533980-1 |title=''Alsophila tricolor'' (Colenso) R.M.Tryon |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> Its primary habitat is subcanopy areas of drier forests and in open scrub, although it is occasionally found on bush margins and in more open areas, and has been recorded from amongst rushes in a dune slack.

The fern is known to grow well in well-drained [[humus]], and once established, it will tolerate drier conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=1776|title=Cyathea dealbata {{!}} New Zealand Plant Conservation Network|last=de Lange|first=P. J.|date=March 2004|website=www.nzpcn.org.nz|access-date=2019-05-17|archive-date=2019-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223141814/http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=1776|url-status=live}}</ref> It does best when sheltered from winds and should be protected from frost. Evidence of large amount of macro-charcoals in the top layers of soil suggest that ''Alsophila tricolor'' establishes itself in areas where anthropogenic fires occur.

==Traditional Māori culture==
[[File:Silver fern at night 20250702 205441-2.jpg|thumb|left|The reverse site of fern fronds were traditionally used at night time by [[Māori people|Māori]] hunters as a wayfinding tool]]

In traditional [[Māori culture]], ponga is seen as a symbol new life and growth. Ponga trunks were often used in the construction of [[whare]], walls and palisades.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> The ''[[koru]]'' symbol, which depicts the shape of an unfurling silver fern frond, is found extensively in Māori art, including in designs of carvings, [[marae]] and [[tā moko]],<ref name="MeaningTrees"/><ref name="TheKoru"/> Pūrākau (traditional stories) involve the silver fern once living in the sea, and that hunters at night time would use the white underside of fern fronds to mark a path home in the darkness, as the undersides could easily catch moonlight.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand icon: Silver fern|url=https://media.newzealand.com/en/story-ideas/new-zealand-icon-silver-fern/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=TNZ Media|archive-date=2021-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504115943/https://media.newzealand.com/en/story-ideas/new-zealand-icon-silver-fern/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MeaningTrees"/>

==Modern uses==

Ponga logs are widely used in landscaping in New Zealand, used to create retaining walls and edging for gardens.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/>

==As a symbol of New Zealand==
[[File:Cyathea dealbata (silver fern or ponga) frond.jpg|thumb|''[[Koru]]'' or unfurling frond of silver fern]]

The silver fern is one of the most widely recognised symbols of New Zealand.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/><ref name="TEARAANIMAL">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9|title=Government and nation – National animal and flower|date=3 March 2009|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> The first use of the silver fern as a symbol representing New Zealand was during the [[1888–89 New Zealand Native football team]] tour of Britain,<ref name="Wilson">{{cite web |last1=Wilson |first1=John |title=Nation and government – Nationhood and identity |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/2579/wearing-the-silver-fern |publisher=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=12 October 2018 |date=16 September 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214430/https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/2579/wearing-the-silver-fern |url-status=live }}</ref> after which the symbol came to be used on dairy products exported from New Zealand to the United Kingdom.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> 

The silver fern was used as an identified by the New Zealand Army during the [[Second Boer War]]. Since then, the silver fern has been used by the [[New Zealand Expeditionary Force]] during both world wars, and all Commonwealth war graves of fallen New Zealand soldiers have the silver fern engraved on their tombstones.<ref name=":0" /> During the [[1956 Suez Crisis]], Egyptians took exception to New Zealand and Canadian peacekeepers having the [[Union Flag]] on their uniforms. Canadian troops wore the [[Maple Leaf]] whereas the New Zealand contingent wore a silver fern symbol. New Zealand peacekeepers have since used both the silver fern and [[Kiwi (bird)|kiwi]] symbols for different deployments to differentiate from their Australian and British counterparts.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Additionally, several [[British Army]] units wear the silver fern, normally as a battle honour granted for serving with New Zealand troops. For example, the [[Queen’s Royal Hussars]], the [[Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry]] and the [[Warwickshire Yeomanry]], all of whom fought with [[2nd New Zealand Division]] at the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]].

The silver fern has long been used on dairy products, including the logo of [[New Zealand Natural]], and was trademarked as early as 1885.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} It is a logo for many other organisations, such as (heavily stylised) the rail operator [[KiwiRail]]. The [[NZR RM class (Silver Fern)|Silver Fern]] is also the name of a class of [[railcar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Silver Fern railcar |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/silver-star |website=NZHistory |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=12 October 2018 |date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214536/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/silver-star |url-status=live }}</ref>

Silver fern fronds appear on the [[coat of arms of New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Levine |first1=Stephen |title=Coat of arms – Coat of arms overview |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/ephemera/35051/new-zealand-coat-of-arms |publisher=e Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=12 October 2018 |date=12 June 2012 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426093320/https://teara.govt.nz/en/ephemera/35051/new-zealand-coat-of-arms |url-status=live }}</ref> Some alternative [[Flag of New Zealand|flags for New Zealand]], such as the [[silver fern flag]], utilise the fern. The official proposal of the [[2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums]] featured the silver fern.<ref>{{cite news |title=NZ confirms flag referendum candidate |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35090641 |access-date=12 October 2018 |work=BBC News |date=15 December 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502025732/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35090641 |url-status=live }}</ref> The silver fern is also used extensively within politics and printed material, such as the logo of the [[New Zealand Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Register of Political Parties |url=https://www.elections.org.nz/parties-candidates/registered-political-parties/register-political-parties |publisher=[[Electoral Commission (New Zealand)|Electoral Commission]] |access-date=12 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302054928/https://www.elections.org.nz/parties-candidates/registered-political-parties/register-political-parties |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ''koru'' is part of the design of the [[national Māori flag|Māori flag]], and is used in a stylised form as the logo for national airline [[Air New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wedde |first1=Ian |title=Making Ends Meet: Essays and Talks, 1992–2004 |date=2005 |publisher=Victoria University Press |isbn=9780864735034 |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uQzBzQPfnkC&pg=PA187 |language=en}}</ref> Its circular shape conveys the idea of perpetual movement, and its inward coil suggests a return to the point of origin.<ref name="TheKoru">{{cite web |last1=Walrond |first1=Carl |title=The koru |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/2422/the-koru |publisher=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701150731/https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/2422/the-koru |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:NZ flag design Silver Fern (Black, White & Blue) by Kyle Lockwood.svg|The rejected [[silver fern flag]] proposal of the [[2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums|2015 flag referendum]]
File:Mount Cook Airline ATR 72-600 at Rotorua Airport (cropped).jpg|An [[Air New Zealand]] [[ATR 72-600]] with a stylised ''koru'' on the tail and otherwise painted in all black livery with a silver fern on the fuselage
File:All Blacks 1905.JPG|An [[All Blacks]] jersey from 1905, featuring a silver fern
</gallery>

=== Use in sport ===
The silver fern has been used as a symbol by New Zealand national sports teams, in various stylised forms, since it was first worn by players in the [[1888–89 New Zealand Native football team]] which toured Britain.<ref name="Wilson"/> "Silver Ferns" is the name of the [[New Zealand national netball team|national netball team]], and most other national women's sports teams have nicknames based on the term "Ferns", such as [[Black Ferns]] (women's rugby union), [[Tall Ferns]] (women's basketball) and [[Football Ferns]] (women's association football).<ref name="TEARAANIMAL"/>

National sport teams using the silver fern include:
{{Div col}}
*[[All Blacks]] (rugby)
*[[Silver Ferns]] (netball)
*[[All Whites]] (football)
*[[Tall Blacks]] (basketball)
*[[White Ferns]] (women's cricket)
*[[Black Caps]] (men's cricket)
*[[Black Ferns]] (women's rugby)
*[[Black Sticks Men]] & [[Black Sticks Women]] (field hockey)
*[[Team New Zealand]] (sailing)
*[[Iron Blacks]] (American football)
{{Div col end}}

The silver fern is also extensively used as part of the official symbols of [[New Zealand at the Olympic Games|New Zealand Olympics]] teams.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Strang |first1=Ben |title=The history of black: Why do Kiwi sports teams wear black and when did it start? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/olympics/82035787/the-history-of-black-why-do-kiwi-sports-teams-wear-black-and-when-did-it-start |access-date=11 October 2018 |work=[[Stuff.co.nz]] |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214453/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/olympics/82035787/the-history-of-black-why-do-kiwi-sports-teams-wear-black-and-when-did-it-start |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1991, the [[New Zealand Rugby Football Union]] obtained trade marks for the name "All Blacks" and its own stylised fern, however the scope of the application was broader because they sought to register any 'fern'. In 2005, after a legal case lasting four years, the union failed in its bid to stop anyone else using any fern logo on any black jersey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10359885|title=NZRU bid for silver fern rights thrown out|date=14 December 2005|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=11 April 2015|archive-date=11 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411021428/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10359885|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=CFLW>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |contribution=Alsophila dealbata |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-20 |name-list-style=amp |archive-date=2017-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite Q|Q125167865}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/Taxon/Cyathea-dealbata.html Definitive scientific account of ''Cyathea dealbata''] – Te Papa for Flora of New Zealand

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q135179367|from2=Q17185483|from3=Q1248008}}

[[Category:Alsophila (plant)|dealbata]]
[[Category:Ferns of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Trees of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of New Zealand]]
[[Category:National symbols of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Trees of mild maritime climate]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1786]]