View source for Simanggang

{{Short description|Town in east Malaysia on the Batang Lupar River}}
{{about||the state constituency represented in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly|Simanggang (state constituency)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Simanggang
| nickname               =  [[Tidal bore|Benak]] Town
| settlement_type        = Town and [[List of capitals in Malaysia#District capitals|district capital]]
| image_shield           = 
| image_blank_emblem     = Flag of Sarawak.svg
| blank_emblem_type      = Towns of Sarawak
| image_skyline          = Aerial view of Sri Aman, Sarawak, Malaysia (3).jpg
| imagesize              = 300px
| image_caption          = Aerial view of Simanggang and [[Lupar River]]
<!-- maps and coordinates ------>
| image_map              = 
| image_seal             = The Seal of Sri Aman District Council.png
| pushpin_map            = Malaysia
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption    = Location in Malaysia
| pushpin_mapsize        = 300
| coordinates            = {{coord|1|14|7|N|111|28|11|E|display=inline,title}}
<!-- location ------------------>
| subdivision_type       = Country
| subdivision_name       =
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]]
| subdivision_type1      = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]]
| subdivision_name1      = {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]]
| subdivision_type2      = Division
| subdivision_name2      = [[Sri Aman Division|Sri Aman]]
| subdivision_type3      = [[List of districts in Malaysia|District]]
| subdivision_name3     = [[Sri Aman District|Sri Aman]]
| area_total_km2         = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of       = 2024<ref name="The World Gazetteer">{{cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-152&srt=pnan&col=dhoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x&geo=-2620 |title=Sarawak: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |publisher=The World Gazetteer |access-date=2011-01-31 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209193121/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-152&srt=pnan&col=dhoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x&geo=-2620 |archive-date=2013-02-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_total       = 90,242
| seat_type              = Division Office Location
| seat                   = Sri Aman
| parts_type             = Local area government(s)
| parts                  = Sri Aman District Council
| blank1_name            = President
| blank1_info            = Anthony Abell Chendan
| blank2_name            = 
| blank2_info            = 
<!-- postal codes, area code --->
| postal_code_type       = [[List of postal codes in Malaysia|Postal code]]
| postal_code            = 95xxx
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name             = [[Telephone numbers in Malaysia|International dialling code prefix]]
| blank_info             = +6083 (landline only)
<!-- website, footnotes -------->
| website                = {{URL|www.sriamandc.sarawak.gov.my}}
}}
<!-- END of Template:Infobox settlement -->
{{Infobox legislature
 | name               = Sri Aman District Council
 | native_name        = Majlis Daerah Sri Aman
 | native_name_lang   = Malay
 | members            = 
 | legislature        = 
 | coa_pic            = The Seal of Sri Aman District Council.png
 | coa_res            = 
 | coa_alt            = 
 | session_room       = 
 | foundation         = 10 February 1963
 | preceded_by        = Batang Lupar District Council
 | house_type         = Local authority
 | body               = 
 | leader1_type       = President
 | leader1            = Anthony Abell Chendan
 | leader2_type       = District Secretary
 | leader2            = Tay Guan Huat
 | meeting_place      = Peti Surat 78, 95007 Sri Aman, Sarawak.
 | website            = {{URL|sriamandc.sarawak.gov.my/}}
 | footnotes          = 
 | motto              = ''Berkhidmat''<br />(Service)
}}

'''Simanggang''' is a town and the capital of [[Sri Aman District]] and [[Sri Aman Division]] in [[Sarawak]], east [[Malaysia]]. Located on the Lupar River, it is {{convert|193|km}}, a three-hour drive, from [[Kuching]], the capital of Sarawak. It is a trade center for the [[timber]], [[oil palm]], [[rubber]], and [[black pepper|pepper]] of its mostly agricultural district.

Simanggang is famous for the ''benak'', or [[tidal bore]], of the Batang Lupar River.<ref name="Chanson">{{cite book|author=Chanson, H.  |title= Environmental, Ecological and Cultural Impacts of Tidal Bores, Benaks, Bonos and Burros    |url= http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:185349 |publisher=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Environmental Hydraulics IWEH09, Theoretical, Experimental and Computational Solutions, Valencia, Spain, 29-30 Oct., P.A. LOPEZ-JIMENEZ, V.S. FUERTES-MIQUEL, P.L. IGLESIAS-REY, G. LOPEZ-PATINO, F.J. MARTINEZ-SOLANO, and G. PALAU-SALVADOR Editors, Invited keynote lecture, 20 pages (CD-ROM) |year=2009 |author-link= Hubert Chanson }}</ref> The [[tidal bore]] comes in from the river mouth and fills up the river very rapidly in the course of about 10&nbsp;minutes. The wave crest at Simanggang is up to {{convert|2 to 3|m|ft|0|spell=in}} high. This is one of approximately 48&nbsp;rivers and estuaries in the world where this phenomenon happens. What is special about Simanggang's benak is that it occurs every day, the only river in the world that does that.

There is a timetable at the river which has the time and dates for when the tidal bore will occur, but the really big ones occur only a couple of times a year. The author [[Somerset Maugham]] almost died at Simanggang during one of these tidal bores, an event commemorated the event in his short story [[The Casuarina Tree#The Yellow Streak|The Yellow Streak]].

Simanggang is also a gateway for tourists to the [[Batang Ai National Park]], and cultural tours to the Iban [[longhouse]]s along the rivers.

==Etymology==
The town of Simanggang was known for the same name until 1973. Following the [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) signed in October 1973 between [[government of Sarawak]] and Communist members to end the armed conflict in southern Sarawak, the name of the town was changed to "Sri Aman" while the administrative division was renamed as [[Sri Aman Division]] in March 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sejarah Sri Aman (History of Sri Aman) |url=https://sriaman.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-176-187-SEJARAH-SRI-AMAN.html |publisher=Sri Aman Divisional office |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619131507/https://sriaman.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-176-187-SEJARAH-SRI-AMAN.html |archive-date=19 June 2022 |language=Malay}}</ref> Sri Aman  means "town of peace" in the [[Malay language]].<ref name="Howe Yong 2013">{{cite book |last1=Howe Yong |first1=Kee |title=The Hakkas of Sarawak - Sacrificial Gifts in Cold War Era Malaysia |date=2013 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=70 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442667976-005/html|doi=10.3138/9781442667976-005 |access-date=18 September 2022 |chapter=3: The Sri Aman Treaty|isbn=9781442667976 }}</ref> In 2019, the town reverted to its old name "Simanggang" according to the wishes of the local residents. However, the administrative division retains its "Sri Aman" name.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aubrey |first1=Samuel |title=Abang Johari: Sri Aman town will revert to its old name Simanggang |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/10/25/abang-johari-sri-aman-town-will-revert-to-its-old-name-simanggang/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606194516/https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/10/25/abang-johari-sri-aman-town-will-revert-to-its-old-name-simanggang/ |archive-date=6 June 2021}}</ref>

==Economic activities==
[[Agriculture]], [[Livestock|livestock]], [[vocational education|technical & vocational]] education, [[communication]] and [[multimedia]], Sarawak [[green economy]] sector, [[public service]] sector, Sarawak [[digital economy]] activities, and [[Business|commercial business]] is the most active economic activities that available in Simanggang.

==Geography==
Simanggang has a [[tropical rainforest climate]] (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round.
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Simanggang
| metric first = Yes
| single line  = Yes
| Jan high C = 30.2
| Feb high C = 30.4
| Mar high C = 31.3
| Apr high C = 32.0
| May high C = 32.3
| Jun high C = 32.2
| Jul high C = 32.1
| Aug high C = 31.9
| Sep high C = 31.7
| Oct high C = 31.7
| Nov high C = 31.3
| Dec high C = 30.8

| Jan mean C = 26.3
| Feb mean C = 26.4
| Mar mean C = 27.0
| Apr mean C = 27.4
| May mean C = 27.6
| Jun mean C = 27.4
| Jul mean C = 27.1
| Aug mean C = 27.0
| Sep mean C = 27.0
| Oct mean C = 27.1
| Nov mean C = 26.9
| Dec mean C = 26.6
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 22.4
| Feb low C = 22.4
| Mar low C = 22.7
| Apr low C = 22.8
| May low C = 23.0
| Jun low C = 22.6
| Jul low C = 22.2
| Aug low C = 22.2
| Sep low C = 22.4
| Oct low C = 22.5
| Nov low C = 22.5
| Dec low C = 22.4
| rain colour=green
| Jan rain mm=324
| Feb rain mm=252
| Mar rain mm=285
| Apr rain mm=281
| May rain mm=265
| Jun rain mm=198
| Jul rain mm=170
| Aug rain mm=261
| Sep rain mm=264
| Oct rain mm=292
| Nov rain mm=334
| Dec rain mm=405
| source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/976530/
|title = Climate: Sri Aman
|publisher=Climate-Data.org
|access-date = 29 October 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{MyPopuSarawak|2024|13128|58854|952|281|7|16730|0|0|290}}
{{Historical populations
|source={{my10|kf2020}}
|graph-pos=bottom
|1990|11268
|1995|14735
|2004|22394
|2010|35687
|2015|59986
|2024|90242
|footnote=
}}

According to the recent census, [[Iban people|Iban]] is the largest ethnic that lived permanently in Simanggang, with total 58,854 residents (65% of the total population). This district's population also followed by [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]], [[Malay people|Malays]], and [[Bidayuh]] community.

==Transport==
===Local Bus or Bus Express remain unclear===
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
!Route No.
!Operating Route
!Operator
!Remark
|-
|K25
|Kuching-Sri Aman
|CPL
|
|}

==Other utilities==
===Education===
====Technical & vocational educations====
* Sarawak Skills Development Centre, Sri Aman (''fully owned by Sarawak Skills'')

====Secondary schools====
* SMK Engkilili
* SMK Lingga
* SMK Lubok Antu
* SMK Melugu
* SMK Simanggang
* SMK Sri Aman
* SMK St Luke

====Primary schools====
* SJK (Cina) Chung Hua Bangkong
* SJK (Cina) Chung Hua Engkilili	
* SJK (Cina) Chung Hua Lingga
* SJK (Cina) Chung Hua Pantu
* SJK (Cina) Chung Hua Simanggang
* SJK (Cina) Chung Hua Undop
* SK Abang Aing
* SK Abok
* SK Agama Sri Aman
* SK Aping
* SK Bakong
* SK Basi	
* SK Batang Ai	
* SK Batu Lintang
* SK Emplam	
* SK Engkilili No. 1	
* SK Engkilili No.2
* SK Engkranji
* SK Gran Stumbin
* SK Ijok	
* SK Jaong
* SK Kem Pakit
* SK Kem Skrang	
* SK Keranggas
* SK Lela Pahlawan
* SK Lubok Antu	
* SK Melaban	
* SK Melugu
* SK Merbong	
* SK Munggu Bringin
* SK Nanga Aup	
* SK Nanga Kesit	
* SK Nanga Kumpang	
* SK Nanga Tebat	
* SK Nanga Tibu	
* SK Ng Delok	
* SK Ng Entalau	
* SK Ng Klassen
* SK Ng Menjuau	
* SK Ng Menyebat	
* SK Ng Skrang
* SK Paku
* SK Pantu
* SK Pulau Seduku
* SK Ridan	
* SK San Semanju	
* SK Sbangki	
* SK Selanjan
* SK Selepong
* SK Skarok	
* SK Sri Aman
* SK St Dunstan
* SK St Lawrence
* SK St Leo Gayau
* SK St Luke
* SK St Martin
* SK St Paul
* SK Stengin Sedarat	
* SK Tabut	
* SK Tangjung Bijat
* SK Temudok Kem
* SK Ulu Engkari	
* SK Ulu Lemanak

=== Healthcare ===
[[Image:Sri Aman II hospital main entrance.jpg|thumb|Sri Aman II hospital main building.]]
Sri Aman II hospital started operation since September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Aman Hospital II operating smoothly, says Sarawak deputy minister |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/02/19/sri-aman-hospital-ii-operating-smoothly-says-sarawak-deputy-minister/55663 |access-date=16 March 2023 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222002650/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/02/19/sri-aman-hospital-ii-operating-smoothly-says-sarawak-deputy-minister/55663 |archive-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>

==Historical and conservation areas==
===Fort Alice===
{{Main|Fort Alice}}
<gallery>
Image:Fort Alice.jpg|Fort Alice side view.
Image:Fort Alice in a bad state.jpg|Fort Alice in 2010, before restoration work.
Image:Fort Alice with timber missing from walls.jpg|Fort Alice in 2010. The fort has since been renovated and opened as a museum in 2015.
</gallery>

[[Fort Alice]], built in 1864, is the oldest heritage building in Simanggang, constructed following the victory of [[Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke|Rajah Charles Brooke]], the second Rajah of Sarawak, over [[Rentap]], the last of the major Iban chieftains, in 1864. The Fort was named after Charles Brooke's wife, Margaret Alice Lili de Windt. It served as a defensive structure controlling the Lupar River.

The structure was built on a strategic hilltop position and had a  commanding view of the river with cannons bearing down to stop any threats coming from upriver. It played a major role in suppressing [[piracy]], [[slavery]], and head-hunting, while encouraging trade and expanding the authority of the Rajah. Fort Alice was the Simanggang administrative center, housing various government departments and even a prison.

It was here Rajah Charles used to preside as judge settling disputes among the local Ibans during his many visits to Simanggang. It was built entirely of belian ([[ironwood]]) timber. Much of the [[timber]] used was taken from an earlier fort, Fort James Brooke, which had been built further upriver in Nanga Skrang. However, Fort James was built on [[lowland]] and was hard to defend, as was proven in 1853 when one of the Rajah's officers, Alan Lee, died in an attack by the Iban chieftain Rentap.

It was decided to dismantle Fort James and to rebuild it in a more strategic and more defensible site in Simanggang District (now Sri Aman Division). Thus Fort Alice was built. Most of the original structure remains substantially intact, but it is in an extremely dilapidated and run down condition and in need of urgent restoration work. Many articles have been written to highlight the sorry state of the grand old lady. Restoration for the fort had been done in April 2015 and been changed into a museum.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Sarawak}}

[[Category:Sri Aman District]]
[[Category:Towns in Sarawak]]
[[Category:Tidal bores]]