View source for Simon of Cyrene

{{Short description|Man who was forced by the Romans to carry the cross of Jesus}}
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
| name = Simon of Cyrene
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| image = Limours Saint-Pierre 303.JPG
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| caption = Simon of Cyrene depicted in a stained glass window at St. Peter's Church in [[Limours]], [[France]]
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| venerated_in = [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] <br>[[Oriental Orthodox Church]]<br>[[Church of the East]] <br>[[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
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| canonized_date = [[Pre-Congregation]]
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| major_shrine = [[Chapel of Simon of Cyrene]], [[Old City of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]
| feast_day = 27 February<ref name="Gresham">{{Cite web |last=Gresham |first=John R. Jr. |date=2017-10-31 |title=St. Simon's Day: Calendar and Common Ground |url=https://stsimonsorder.org/2017/10/31/st-simons-day-calendar-common-ground/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411123746/https://stsimonsorder.org/2017/10/31/st-simons-day-calendar-common-ground/ |archive-date=2021-04-11 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=The Modern Monastic Order of Saint Simon of Cyrene |language=en |quote=This commemoration is found only in the Lectionary Paris BN gr. 282 (9th cent.).}}</ref><br />1 December<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aleteia.org/2022/04/12/what-happened-to-simon-of-cyrene-after-the-crucifixion/ |title=What happened to Simon of Cyrene after the crucifixion? |website= Aleteia| date= 2022-12-04 |access-date= 2023-09-09}}</ref>
| attributes = Carrying Jesus' cross before his crucifixion
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'''Simon of Cyrene''' ({{Langx|he|{{Script|Hebrew|שמעון}}}}, [[Standard Hebrew]] ''Šimʿon'', [[Tiberian Hebrew]] ''Šimʿôn''; {{Langx|el|{{Script|Greek|Σίμων Κυρηναῖος}}}}, ''Simōn Kyrēnaios'') was the man compelled by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] to carry the [[Christian cross|cross]] of [[Jesus of Nazareth]] as Jesus was taken to his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]], according to all three [[Synoptic Gospels]]:<ref>{{bibleverse||Mark|15:21-22|KJV}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|23:26|KJV}}</ref> He was also the father of the disciples Rufus and Alexander.

==Background==
[[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] was a Greek city in the province of [[Cyrenaica]], in eastern [[Libya]], in northern Africa. It had a Jewish community, where 100,000 [[Judean]] Jews settled during the reign of [[Ptolemy Soter]] (323–285 BC), and was an [[Early centers of Christianity#Cyrene|early center of Christianity]].

The Cyrenian Jews had a [[synagogue]] in [[Jerusalem]], where many went for annual feasts.<ref name="Today">{{Cite book |title=Today's Dictionary of the Bible |date=1982 |publisher=[[Bethany House]] |isbn=9780871235695 |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=T.A. |location=[[Minneapolis]] |page=580 |language=en |lccn=82012980 |oclc=8669410}}</ref>

==Biblical accounts==
Simon's act of carrying the cross, ''[[Crucifixion#Details|patibulum]]'' (crossbeam in Latin), for Jesus is the fifth station of the [[Stations of the Cross]].<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Marie |editor-first=John Anthony |title=Stations of the Cross - Fifth Station |url=http://www.traditionalcatholic.net/Tradition/Prayer/Stations_of_the_Cross/Fifth_Station.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517133209/http://www.traditionalcatholic.net/Tradition/Prayer/Stations_of_the_Cross/fourth_Station.html |archive-date=2017-05-17 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Traditional Catholic |language=en}}</ref> Some interpret the passage as indicating that Simon was chosen because he may have shown sympathy with Jesus.<ref name="Today" /> Others point out that the text itself says nothing, that he had no choice, and that there is no basis to consider the carrying of the cross an act of sympathetic generosity.<ref name="Matthew">{{Cite book |last=Carson |first=D. A. |title=The Expositor's Bible Commentary |date=1984 |publisher=[[Zondervan]] |isbn=0340418583 |editor-last=Gaebelein |editor-first=Frank E. |editor-link=Frank E. Gaebelein |volume=8 |location=[[Grand Rapids]] |page=575 |language=en |chapter=Matthew |oclc=499569314 |ol=21315951M}}</ref>

{{blockquote|And as they came out, they found a man of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], Simon by name: him they compelled to bear his cross.|source={{Bibleverse|Matthew|27:32|9}}, [[King James Version|KJV]]}}

[[Mark 15:21]] identifies Simon as "the father of Alexander and Rufus". Tradition states that they became [[missionary|missionaries]]; the inclusion of their names may suggest that they were of some standing in the [[Early centers of Christianity#Rome|Early Christian community at Rome]]. Mark's Gospel, which was written for a Roman audience, seems to suggest that the audience knew who these men were. It has also been suggested that the Rufus (in Greek: Ῥοῦφον or ''Rhouphon'') mentioned by Paul in [[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] {{bibleverse-nb|Romans|16:13|KJV}} is the son of Simon of Cyrene.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wessel |first=Walter W. |title=The Expositor's Bible Commentary |date=1984 |publisher=[[Zondervan]] |isbn=0340418583 |editor-last=Gaebelein |editor-first=Frank E. |editor-link=Frank E. Gaebelein |volume=8 |location=[[Grand Rapids]] |page=778 |language=en |chapter=Mark |oclc=499569314 |ol=21315951M}}</ref> Some also link Simon himself with the "men of Cyrene" who preached the Gospel to the [[Hellenized Jews]] ([[Greek language|Greek]]: [[wiktionary:ελληνιστής|Ελληνιστάς]])<ref>{{cite journal |author=B. B. Warfield |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268765 |title=The Readings "Ελληνας and 'Ελληνιστάς, Acts xi. 20 |volume=3 |issue=2 |date=December 1883 |journal=Journal of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis |pages=113–127|doi=10.2307/3268765 |jstor=3268765 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> in [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] {{bibleverse-nb|Acts|11:20|KJV}}.<ref name="Today" /> On the other hand, Simon's name alone does not prove he was Jewish, and Alexander and Rufus were both common names and may have referred to others.<ref name="Matthew" /> Simon is not mentioned in the [[Gospel of John]].

A burial cave in the [[Kidron Valley]] discovered in 1941 by [[Eleazar Sukenik|E. L. Sukenik]], belonging to Cyrenian Jews and dating before AD 70, was found to have an ossuary inscribed twice in Greek "Alexander son of Simon". It cannot, however, be certain that this refers to the same person.{{refn|{{Cite journal |last=Avigad |first=N. |author-link=Nahman Avigad |date=1962 |title=A Depository of Inscribed Ossuaries in the Kidron Valley |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27924877 |journal=[[Israel Exploration Journal]] |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |issn=0021-2059 |jstor=27924877 |lccn=53036113 |ol=32001168M |access-date=2022-03-27}}<ref name="Matthew" />}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Craig A. |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusarchaeology0000unse |title=Jesus and Archaeology |date=2006 |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] |isbn=0-8028-4880-X |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |editor-link=James H. Charlesworth |page=338 |language=en |chapter=Excavating Caiaphas, Pilate, and Simon of Cyrene |oclc=1302072225 |ol=7904215M |author-link=Craig A. Evans |access-date=2022-03-27 |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
Also venerated in the Roman Catholic Church.

==Gnostic and Islamic views==

=== Gnostic ===
According to some [[Gnostic]] traditions, Simon of Cyrene, by mistaken identity, suffered the events leading up to the crucifixion. This is the story presented in the [[Second Treatise of the Great Seth]], although it is unclear whether Simon or another actually died on the cross.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/gnosticbible00barn |title=The Gnostic Bible |date=2003 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=1570622426 |editor-last=Barnstone |editor-first=Willis |edition=1st |location=[[Boston]] |pages=465, 469–470 |language=en |lccn=2003007148 |oclc=51984869 |ol=15549334M |access-date=2022-03-28 |editor-last2=Meyer |editor-first2=Marvin |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> This is part of a belief held by some Gnostics that Jesus was not of flesh, but only took on the appearance of flesh (see also [[Basilides]], and [[Swoon hypothesis]]).

[[Basilides]], in his [[gospel of Basilides]], is reported by [[Irenaeus]] as having taught a [[docetic]] doctrine of Christ's passion. He states the teaching that Christ, in Jesus, as a wholly divine being, could not suffer bodily pain and did not die on the cross; but that the person crucified was, in fact, Simon of Cyrene.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |date=1997 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780192116550 |editor-last=Cross |editor-first=Frank Leslie |editor-link=F. L. Cross |page=168 |language=en |chapter=Basilides |lccn=97165294 |ol=767012M |access-date=2022-03-28 |editor-last2=Livingstone |editor-first2=Elizabeth A. |editor-link2=Elizabeth Livingstone |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |date=2005-07-27 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195182491 |page=188 |oclc=851818509 |ol=7391542M |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}}</ref> Irenaeus quotes Basiledes:

<blockquote>He appeared on earth as a man and performed miracles. Thus he himself did not suffer. Rather, a certain Simon of Cyrene was compelled to carry his cross for him. It was he who was ignorantly and erroneously crucified, being transfigured by him, so that he might be thought to be Jesus.  Moreover, Jesus assumed the form of Simon, and stood by laughing at them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kelhoffer |first=James A. |url={{GBurl|id=pN5gqU5A9noC|p=80}} |title=Conceptions of "Gospel" and Legitimacy in Early Christianity |publisher=[[Mohr Siebeck]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-16-152636-7 |series={{lang|de|Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament}} |volume=324 |location=[[Tübingen]] |page=80 |language=en |issn=0512-1604 |lccn=2014436189 |oclc=880553332 |ol=28411459M |access-date=2022-03-28 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>{{thinsp|{{mdash}}}}Irenaeus, [[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|''Against Heresies'']]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irenaeus |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101074938950;view=1up;seq=406 |title=Libros quinque adversus Haereses |year = 1857|publisher = Typis academicis|editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Wigan |at=Book 1, Chapter 19 |language=el,la |quote={{lang|la|Et gentibus ipsorum autem apparuisse eum in terra hominem, et virtutes perfecisse. Quapropter neque passsum eum, sed Simonem quendam Cyrenæum angariatum portasse crucem ejus pro eo: et hunc secundum ignorantiam et errorem crucifixum, transfiguratum ab eo, uti putaretur ipse esse Jesus: et ipsum autem Jesum Simonis accepisse formam, et stantem irrisisse eos.}} |author-link=Irenaeus |via=[[HathiTrust]]}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Islamic ===
{{see also|Islamic view of Jesus' death}}Orthodox Muslim theology teaches Jesus [[Entering heaven alive|ascended to Heaven]] without dying on the cross.

==In popular culture==
According to the visions of [[Anne Catherine Emmerich]], Simon was a [[Paganism|pagan]]. The Romans recognized he was not a Jew by his clothes and then chose him to oblige him to help Jesus carry the cross.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmerich |first=Anne Catherine |author-link=Anne Catherine Emmerich |title=The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ |url=http://www.jesus-passion.com/THE_PASSION_3.5.htm#CHAPTER%20XXXIII |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126015351/http://www.jesus-passion.com/THE_PASSION_3.5.htm |archive-date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2017-05-01 |language=en}}</ref>

Poet [[Ridgely Torrence]] wrote a play about him titled ''Simon the Cyrenian''. A 1920 [[YWCA]] production of this play was directed by Dora Cole, sister of composer [[Bob Cole (composer)|Bob Cole]], and starred [[Paul Robeson]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Boyle |first1=Sheila Tully |url=https://archive.org/details/paulrobesonyears00boyl |title=Paul Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement |last2=Bunie |first2=Andrew |publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=9781558491496 |location=[[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] |page=89 |language=en |lccn=2001017155 |ol=3940756M |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

[[Sidney Poitier]] was cast as Simon of Cyrene in ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]'' that was directed by [[George Stevens]] and released in 1965.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goudsouzian |first=Aram |url=https://archive.org/details/sidneypoitierman00goud |title=Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780807828434 |location=[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]] |page=232 |language=en |oclc=899204579 |ol=9318050M |access-date=2022-03-28 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

In the 1979 comedy film ''[[Monty Python's Life of Brian]]'' is a vignette alluding to Simon of Cyrene. A seemingly pious and generous man offers to one of the condemned carrying a cross, "Brother, let me shoulder your burden." Upon doing so, the condemned man runs off, leaving the generous man stuck with the cross and future crucifixion.

The film ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' portrays Simon ([[Jarreth Merz]]) as a Jew who, having been forced by the Romans to carry the cross, is initially unwilling but comes to show compassion to Jesus and helps him.

French singer-poet [[Georges Brassens]] mentioned Simon in one of the verses of his famous song-poem [[:fr:La Prière|''La prière'']] (The prayer): "''Comme la croix du fils sur Simon de Cyrène''" (Like the son's cross on Simon of Cyrene). The song is based on an original poem called ''Rosaire'' by French poet [[Francis Jammes]] that also contains this verse.

==Movements==
Both the [[Simon Community]], and the Cyrenian movement (which provides services to homeless and other disadvantaged groups in the UK)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyrenians – About us |url=http://www.cyrenians.scot/about-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130060725/https://cyrenians.scot/about-us |archive-date=2022-01-30 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Cyrenians |language=en}}</ref> take their name from Simon of Cyrene.

== See also ==
* [[Chapel of Simon of Cyrene]]
* [[Islamic views on Jesus' death]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}} 
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{New Testament people}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient Libyans]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the New Testament]]
[[Category:Libyan saints]]
[[Category:People in the Gospel of Matthew]]
[[Category:People in the Gospel of Mark]]
[[Category:Saints from the Holy Land]]
[[Category:Saints of Roman Cyrenaica]]
[[Category:Stations of the Cross]]