View source for Simone Weil

{{Short description|French philosopher (1909–1943)}}
{{distinguish|Simone Veil|Simone de Beauvoir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox academic
| image = Simone Weil 1943.jpg
| caption = Weil in 1943
| birth_name = Simone Adolphine Weil
| birth_date = 3 February 1909
| birth_place = Paris, [[French Third Republic|France]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1943|8|24|1909|2|3}}
| death_place = [[Ashford, Kent|Ashford]] Kent, England, United Kingdom
| education = [[École Normale Supérieure]]<br /><small>(BA, MA)</small>
| signature = Simone Weil signature2.svg
}}
'''Simone Adolphine Weil''' ({{IPAc-en|v|eɪ}} {{respell|VAY}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Weil}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|simɔn adɔlfin vɛj|lang}}; 3 February 1909 – 24 August 1943) was a French [[philosopher]], [[Mysticism|mystic]] and [[political activist]]. Despite her short life, her ideas concerning [[Religious philosophy|religion]], [[Spiritual philosophy|spirituality]] and [[Political philosophy|politics]] have remained widely influential in [[contemporary philosophy]].

She was born in Paris to an [[History of the Jews in Alsace|Alsatian Jewish]] family. Her elder brother, [[André Weil|André]], would later become a renowned mathematician. After her graduation from formal education, Weil became a teacher. She taught intermittently throughout the 1930s, taking several breaks because of poor health and in order to devote herself to political activism. She assisted in the trade union movement, taking the side of the [[Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War|anarchists]] known as the [[Durruti Column]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. During a twelve-month period she worked as a labourer, mostly in car factories, so that she could better understand the [[working class]].

Weil became increasingly religious and inclined towards mysticism as her life progressed. She died of heart failure in 1943, while working for the [[Free French]] government in exile in Britain. Her uncompromising personal ethics may have contributed to her death—she had restricted her food intake in solidarity with the inhabitants of Nazi-occupied France.

Weil wrote throughout her life, although most of her writings did not attract much attention until after her death. In the 1950s and '60s, her work became famous in [[continental Europe]] and throughout the [[English-speaking world]]. Her philosophy and [[Theology|theological]] thought has continued to be the subject of extensive scholarship across a wide range of fields, covering politics, society, [[Feminist philosophy|feminism]], [[Philosophy of science|science]], [[Philosophy of education|education]] and [[classics]].

==Early life==
[[File:Simone Weil 14.jpg|thumb|150px| Weil with her father]]

[[File:Simone Weil 1922.jpg|thumb|upright|Weil at age 13, during a family holiday to Belgium.]]

Weil was born in her parents' apartment in Paris on 3 February 1909, the daughter of Bernard Weil (1872–1955), a medical doctor from an [[agnostic]] [[History of the Jews in Alsace|Alsatian Jewish]] background, who moved to Paris after the [[Franco-Prussian War|German]] annexation of [[Alsace–Lorraine]] and  Salomea "Selma" Reinherz (1879–1965), who was born into a Jewish family in [[Rostov-on-Don]] and raised in [[Belgium]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbNwXrQPs7kC|title = Simone Weil: Portrait of a Self-exiled Jew|isbn = 0-8078-1999-9|last1 = Nevin|first1 = Thomas R.|year = 1991| publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press }}</ref> According to [[Osmo Pekonen]], "the family name Weil came to be when many [[Levi (surname)|Levi]]s in the Napoleonic era changed their names this way, by anagram."<ref name=":2">Pekonen, O. ''Chez les Weil. André and Simone'' by Sylvie Weil and ''At home with André and Simone Weil'', translated from the French by Benjamin Ivry. ''[[Math Intelligencer]]'' *34, *76–78 (2012)</ref> Weil was a healthy baby for her first six months, but then suffered a severe attack of [[appendicitis]]; thereafter, she struggled with poor health throughout her life. Weil's parents were fairly affluent and raised their children in an attentive and supportive atmosphere.<ref name="Pétrement 1988">Simone Pétrement (1988){{rp|pp=4&ndash;7}}</ref> She was the younger of her parents' two children. Her brother was the mathematician [[André Weil]] (1906–1998), with whom she would always enjoy a close relationship.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2 August 2019|title=The Weil Conjectures by Karen Olsson review – maths and mysticism|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/02/weil-conjectures-maths-pursuit-of-unknown-karen-olsson-review|access-date=11 March 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

Weil was distressed by her father having to leave home for several years after being drafted to serve in the [[First World War]]. [[Eva Fogelman]], [[Robert Coles (psychiatrist)|Robert Coles]] and several other scholars believe that this experience may have contributed to the exceptionally strong [[altruism]] which Weil displayed throughout her life.<ref name=":5">According to Fogelman, Cole and others, various studies have found that a common formative experience for marked altruists is to suffer a hurtful loss and then to receive strong support from loving carers.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://blogs.forward.com/the-arty-semite/153791/friday-film-simone-weil-s-mission-of-empathy/|title= Friday Film: Simone Weil's Mission of Empathy|newspaper=[[The Jewish Daily Forward]] |author= [[Eva Fogelman]]|date= 23 March 2012|access-date= 6 September 2012|archive-date= 9 July 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130709081920/http://blogs.forward.com/the-arty-semite/153791/friday-film-simone-weil-s-mission-of-empathy/}}</ref><ref name="Coles">{{cite book|author=[[Robert Coles (psychiatrist)|Robert Coles]] |title= Simone Weil: A Modern Pilgrimage (Skylight Lives)|year=2001|isbn=1-893361-34-9|publisher = SkyLight Paths}}</ref> For example, a young Weil sent her share of sugar and chocolate to soldiers fighting at the front.<ref name="Zaretsky">{{Cite book |last=Zaretsky |first=Robert |title=The subversive Simone Weil: a life in five ideas |date=2021 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-54933-0 |location=Chicago}}</ref>{{rp|pp=4&ndash;7}} When Weil was 10 she joined striking workers chanting [[The Internationale|L'Internationale]] marching on the street below her apartment.{{r|Zaretsky|pp=4&ndash;7}} When visiting a resort with her family and learning of the wages of the workers she encouraged the workers to unionize.{{r|Zaretsky|pp=4&ndash;7}}

From her childhood home, Weil acquired an obsession with cleanliness; in her later life she would sometimes speak of her "disgustingness" and think that others would see her this way, even though in her youth she had been considered highly attractive.<ref name=":6">According to Pétrement (1988), p. 14, family friends would refer to Simone and André as "the genius and the beauty".</ref> Weil was generally highly affectionate, but she almost always avoided any form of physical contact, even with female friends.<ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|pp=4&ndash;7, 194}}

Weil's mother stated that her daughter much preferred boys to girls and that she always did her best to teach her daughter what she believed were masculine virtues.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bourgault |first=Sophie |date=2014 |title=Beyond the Saint and the Red Virgin: Simone Weil as Feminist Theorist of Care |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1353/fro.2014.a552623 |issn=1536-0334}}</ref> According to her friend and biographer, the philosopher Simone Pétrement, Weil decided early in life that she would need to adopt masculine qualities and sacrifice opportunities for love affairs in order to fully pursue her vocation to improve social conditions for the disadvantaged. From her late teenage years, Weil would generally disguise her "fragile beauty" by adopting a masculine appearance, hardly ever using makeup and often wearing men's clothes.<ref name="Hellman">{{cite book|author=John Hellman|title=Simone Weil: An Introduction to Her Thought|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|year=1983|isbn=0-88920-121-8|pages=1–23}}</ref><ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|pp=27&ndash;29}} Both Weil's parents referred to her as "our son number two", at the request of Weil and in letters to her parents while a student, she used the masculine form of French participles and signed her name the masculine "Simon".<ref name=thurman>{{Cite magazine |last=Thurman |first=Judith |date=2024-09-02 |title=The Supreme Contradictions of Simone Weil |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/09/09/simone-weil-a-life-in-letters-robert-chenavier-andre-a-devaux-book-review |access-date=2024-09-20 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref>

==Academic studies==
Weil was a precocious student and was proficient in [[Ancient Greek]] by age 12, as she and her brother André had taught themselves Ancient Greek and used it to speak to each other when they did not want their parents to understand what they were saying. She later learned [[Sanskrit]] so that she could read the [[Bhagavad Gita]] in the original.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sheldrake |first=Philip |title=A Brief History of Spirituality |publisher=Blackwell |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4051-1770-8 |location=Oxford |pages=180–182}}</ref>

As a teenager, Weil studied at the Lycée Henri IV under the tutelage of her admired teacher [[Émile Chartier]], more commonly known as "Alain".<ref>{{cite book | last=Hellman | first=John | title=Simone Weil: An Introduction to her Thought | publisher=Wilrid Laurier University Press | year=1982}}</ref>

Weil attracted much attention at the Lycée Henri IV with her radical opinions and actions such as organising against the military draft.{{r|Zaretsky|pp=4&ndash;7}} For these reasons she was called the "Red Virgin", and even "The Martian" by her mentor.<ref name="bandw">{{cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Simone Weil |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/weil.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424181411/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/weil.htm |archive-date=24 April 2007 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland}}</ref><ref>Alain, "Journal" (unpublished). Cited in Petrement, ''Weil'', 1:6.</ref> Weil gained a reputation for her strict devotion to ethics, with classmates referring to her as the "[[categorical imperative]] in skirts".{{r|Zaretsky|pp=4&ndash;7}} Officials at the school were outraged by her indifference to clothing, her refusal to participate in their traditions, and her ignoring a rule banning women from smoking with male students, for which she was suspended.{{r|Zaretsky|p=67}}

At ENS, Weil briefly met [[Simone de Beauvoir]], and their meeting led to disagreement. Weil stated that, "one thing alone mattered in the world today: the revolution that would feed all people on earth", with a young Beauvoir replying that the point of life was to find meaning, not happiness. Weil cut her off, stating that, "it's easy to see you've never gone hungry".{{r|Zaretsky|p=68}}

Weil finished first in the exam for the certificate of "General Philosophy and Logic" with Simone de Beauvoir finishing second, ahead of the 28 other students, all male.<ref name="bandw" /> In 1931 Weil earned her DES (''{{Interlanguage link|diplôme d'études supérieures|fr}}'', roughly equivalent to an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]), with a thesis titled, "Science et perception dans Descartes" ("Science and Perception in Descartes").<ref name="Schrift">{{cite book |title=Simone Weil: Complete Works I "Premieres Écrits Philosophiques" |publisher=Gallimard |year=1988 |page=161}}</ref> She received her ''[[agrégation]]'' that same year.<ref>{{cite web |author=André Chervel |title=Les agrégés de l'enseignement secondaire. Répertoire 1809-1950 |url=http://rhe.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/?q=agregsecondaire |access-date=23 June 2014 |publisher=Laboratoire de recherche historique Rhône-Alpes}}</ref>

==Work and political activism==
{{Christian socialism sidebar|intellectuals}}
[[File:Lev Trotsky.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Leon Trotsky]], for whom Weil arranged a period of residence at her parents' apartment in Paris in December 1933. Weil was one of the rare few who appeared to hold her own with the [[Red Army]] founder.<ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|pp=189&ndash;191}}]]

She often became involved in political action out of sympathy with the [[working class]]. In 1915, when she was only six years old, she refused sugar and chocolate in solidarity with the troops entrenched along the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. In 1919, at 10 years of age, she declared herself a [[Bolshevik]]. In her late teens, she became involved in the workers' movement. She wrote political tracts, marched in demonstrations and advocated workers' rights. At this time, she was a [[Marxist]], [[pacifist]] and [[trade union]]ist.

=== Teaching in Le Puy ===
While teaching in [[Le Puy-en-Velay|Le Puy]], she became involved in local political activity, supporting local striking workers underpaid by the City Council. Weil joined protest marches with them and even shared wine with them, facing criticism from local elites and an [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] attack in a local paper.'''{{r|Zaretsky|pp=4&ndash;7}}''' When the school director called Weil in for questioning, students and coworkers rallied behind her and ultimately the city council raised the pay of the workers.{{r|Zaretsky|pp=4&ndash;7}} Weil often held classes outdoors, often refused to share grades with school leadership, and is said to have created a "family atmosphere".{{r|Zaretsky|p=16}} She also traveled weekly to [[Saint-Étienne]] to teach workers [[French literature]], believing literature could be a tool for revolution and give workers ownership over their heritage and revolution.{{r|Zaretsky|p=16}}

=== Factory work and travels ===
Weil began to feel her work was too narrow and elite, telling her students it was an error to "reason in place of finding out" and that philosophy was a matter of action based in truth and that truth must be based in something (something lived or experienced).{{r|Zaretsky|pp=4&ndash;7}} This led Weil to leave Le Puy to work in factories and perform the repetitive, machine-like work that underlay her definition of ''le malheur'' (affliction), saying that workers were reduced to a machine-like existence, where they could not consider rebellion.{{r|Zaretsky|pp=4&ndash;7}}

Weil never formally joined the [[French Communist Party]], and in her twenties she became increasingly critical of Marxism. According to Pétrement, she was one of the first to identify a new form of oppression not anticipated by Marx, where élite bureaucrats could make life just as miserable for ordinary people as did the most exploitative capitalists.<ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|p=176}} Weil critiqued [[Marxist philosophy|Marxist theorists]], stating "they themselves have never been cogs in the machinery of factory".{{r|Zaretsky|p=69}} Weil also doubted aspects of revolution, stating revolution is a word for "which you kill, for which you die, for which you send the laboring masses to their death, but which does not possess any content".{{r|Zaretsky|p=16}} Weil felt oppression was not limited to any particular division of labor, but flows from ''la puissance'' or [[Power (social and political)|power]], which affects all people.{{r|Zaretsky|p=16}}

In 1932, Weil visited Germany to help Marxist activists, who were at the time considered to be the strongest and best organised communists in Western Europe, but Weil considered them no match for the  up-and-coming fascists. When she returned to France, her political friends there dismissed her fears, thinking Germany would continue to be controlled by the centrists or by those to the left. After Hitler rose to power in the beginning of 1933, Weil spent much of her time trying to help German communists fleeing his regime.<ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|p=176}} Weil would sometimes publish articles about social and economic issues, including "Oppression and Liberty," as well as numerous short articles for trade union journals. This work criticised popular Marxist thought and gave a pessimistic account of the limits of both [[capitalism]] and [[socialism]]. The work however uses a Marxist method of analysis: paying attention to oppression, critiquing Weil's own position as an intellectual, and advances both manual labor and theory and practice.<ref name=":12" /> [[Leon Trotsky]] personally responded to several of her articles, attacking both her ideas and her as a person. However, according to Pétrement, he was influenced by some of Weil's thought.<ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|p=178}}

In 1933, Weil was dismissed from a teaching job in [[Auxerre]] and transferred to [[Roanne]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=American Weil Society - Simone Weil |url=https://www.americanweilsociety.org/about_weil |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=www.americanweilsociety.org}}</ref> Weil participated in the French [[general strike]] of 1933, called to protest against unemployment and [[Wage labour|wage]] cuts. The following year, she took a 12-month [[leave of absence]] from her teaching position to work incognito as a labourer in two factories, one owned by [[Alstom]] and one by [[Renault]], believing that this experience would allow her to connect with the working class.

In 1935, she began teaching in [[Bourges]] and started ''Entre Nous'', a journal that was produced and written by factory workers.<ref name=":13" /> Weil donated most of her income to political causes and charitable endeavours.

=== Participation in Spanish Civil War ===
Weil participated in the 1936 Paris factory occupations and planned on returning to factory work, but became focused on the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Despite her professed [[pacifism]], she travelled to Spain to join the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican faction]]. She identified as an [[anarchist]]<ref>{{cite book | author=McLellan, David | title=Utopian Pessimist: The Life and Thought of Simone Weil | url=https://archive.org/details/utopianpessimist00mclerich | url-access=registration | publisher=Poseidon Press | year=1990| isbn=0-671-68521-X}} p121</ref> and sought out the [[anti-fascist]] commander [[Julián Gorkin]], asking to be sent on a mission as a covert agent to rescue the prisoner [[Joaquín Maurín]]. Gorkin refused, saying Weil would be sacrificing herself for nothing, since it was highly unlikely that she could pass as a Spaniard. Weil replied that she had "every right"<ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|p=271}} to sacrifice herself if she chose, but after arguing for more than an hour, she was unable to convince Gorkin to give her the assignment. Instead she joined the anarchist [[Durruti Column]] of the French-speaking [[Sébastien Faure Century]], which specialised in high-risk "commando"-style engagements.<ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|p=272}}

As she was extremely nearsighted, Weil was a very poor shot. Her comrades tried to avoid taking her on missions, though she did sometimes insist. Her only direct participation in combat was to shoot with her rifle at a bomber during an air raid; in a second raid, she tried to operate the group's [[heavy machine gun]], but her comrades prevented her, as they thought it would be best for someone less clumsy and near-sighted to use the weapon. After being with the group for a few weeks, she burnt herself over a cooking fire.

She was forced to leave the unit and was met by her parents, who had followed her to Spain. They helped her leave the country, to recuperate in [[Assisi]]. About a month after Weil departed, her former unit was nearly wiped out at an engagement in [[Perdiguera]] in October 1936, with every woman in the group being killed.<ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|p=278}} During her stay in the [[Aragon]] front, Weil sent some chronicles to the French publication ''[[Le Libertaire]]''. On  returning to Paris, she continued to write essays on [[Labour relations|labour]], on management, war and [[peace]].<ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|pp=280&ndash;330}}

Weil was distressed by the Republican killings in eastern Spain, particularly when a fifteen-year-old [[Falangist]] was executed after he had been taken prisoner. Durruti had spent an hour trying to persuade him to change his political position before giving him until the next day to decide.<ref>Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Hachette UK, 2012.</ref> Weil was deeply concerned by the intoxication of war, where humans learn they can kill without punishment, stating "I was horrified, but not surprised by the war crimes. I felt the possibility of doing the same - and it's precisely because I felt I had that potential that I was horrified."{{r|Zaretsky|p=63}}

=== Marseille ===
After the rise of Nazi Germany, Weil renounced pacifism. She said that, "non-violence is good only if it's effective," and she became committed to fighting the Nazi regime, even if it required force.<ref name=":14" /> After German attacks on France, Weil left Paris with her family and fled to Marseille.<ref name=":12">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Rozelle-Stone |first1=A. Rebecca |title=Simone Weil |date=2024 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/simone-weil/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |edition=Summer 2024 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |last2=Davis |first2=Benjamin P. |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref> Weil began the risky work of delivering the ''Cahiers du témoignage,'' a [[French Resistance|resistance]] paper. The resistance group of which Weil was part was infiltrated by informants, and Weil was questioned by the police. When the police threatened to jail her "with the whores" if she did not give them information, Weil stated she would welcome the invitation to be jailed.<ref name=thurman/> Weil was ultimately never arrested.{{r|Zaretsky|pp=4&ndash;7,84}} Marseille is also where Weil would soon develop significant religious relationships, receiving spiritual direction from Fr. Joseph-Marie Perrin,<ref name="attente">{{cite book |author=Weil Simone |title=Attente de Dieu |publisher=[[Fayard]] |year=1966}}</ref> a [[Dominican Order|Dominican Friar]].  Weil met the French Catholic author [[Gustave Thibon]], who owned a farm in the Ardèche region where Weil would later work the grape harvest.<ref name=":12" /> Thibon later edited some of her work, helping to draw attention to her spiritually related thought in the English-speaking world.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tony Lynch |title=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/weil/ |page=Section 2. Writings |quote="Around 1935, and especially after her first mystical experience in 1937, her writings took what many believed to be a new, religious direction. These writings, essays, notebooks, and letters she entrusted to the lay Catholic theologian Gustave Thibon in 1942, when, with her parents, she fled France. With the editorial help of Weil's spiritual consultant (and sparring partner) Fr. Perrin, selections of these writings first made Weil widely known in the Anglo-American world."}}</ref> Weil encouraged her parents to buy a farm in the [[Ardèche]] where they could sustain themselves and work, but Weil's family thought it safer to plan to move to the United States.<ref name=thurman/>

==Encounters with mysticism==
[[File:Bazylika Santa Maria degli Angeli Asyż.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli]] in Assisi where Simone had one of three spiritual "encounters that really counted", leading to her conversion to Christianity<ref>S. Weil, ''Spiritual Autobiography''</ref>]]

Weil was born into a secular household and raised in "complete agnosticism".<ref>S. Weil, ''What is a Jew'', cited by Panichas.</ref><ref name="Panichas">{{cite book|first=George A|last=Panichas|title=Simone Weil Reader|year=1977|isbn=0-918825-01-6|publisher=Moyer Bell}}</ref>{{rp|p=8}} As a teenager, she considered the existence of God for herself and decided nothing could be known either way. In her ''Spiritual Autobiography'', however, Weil records that she always had a Christian outlook, taking to heart from her earliest childhood the idea of loving one's neighbour.

Weil was attracted to the Christian faith beginning in 1935, when she had the first of three pivotal religious experiences: being moved by the beauty of villagers singing hymns in a [[procession]] she stumbled across while on holiday to Portugal (in [[Póvoa de Varzim]]).{{r|Panichas|p=xxxviii}}<ref name="Sian">{{cite book|author=Simone Weil|editor= Sian Miles|pages = 28–29|title = An Anthology|year = 2005|isbn = 0-14-118819-7|publisher = Penguin Book}}</ref> Weil later wrote "the conviction was suddenly borne in upon her that Christianity is pre-eminently the religion of slaves, that slaves cannot help belonging to it, and she among others."<ref name=":12" />

While in Assisi during the spring of 1937, Weil experienced a [[religious ecstasy]] in the [[Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli]]—the same church in which [[Saint]] [[Francis of Assisi]] had prayed. She was led to pray for the first time in her life, as [[Lawrence S. Cunningham]] describes her visit, stating that during that visit to Assisi in 1937, she had a profound spiritual experience that marked a turning point in her religious life. Cunningham recounts that while exploring the area, Weil visited the grand baroque basilica of Saint Mary of the Angels in the valley below the town. Though architecturally unremarkable to some, the basilica houses a small Romanesque chapel known as the "Little Portion," dating back to the time of Saint Francis. It was in this modest and ancient space, where Saint Francis once gathered his followers, that Weil felt an irresistible impulse to kneel and pray, something she had never done before.<ref>Cunningham, Lawrence S. (2004). ''Francis of Assisi: performing the Gospel life''. Illustrated edition. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8028-2762-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-2762-3}}. Source: [https://books.google.com/books?id=7l8t3Y1F2lkC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=San+Damiano+simone+weil] (accessed: September 15, 2010), p. 118</ref>

Weil had a third, more powerful, [[revelation]] a year later while reciting [[George Herbert]]'s poem ''Love III'', after which "Christ himself came down and took possession of me",<ref>cited by Panichas and other Weil scholars,</ref> and, from 1938 on, her writings became more [[mystical]] and [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|spiritual]], while retaining their focus on [[social relation|social]] and political issues. In 1938 Weil visited the Benedictine Solesmes Abbey and, though suffering from headaches, she found such pure joy in Gregorian chant that she felt the "possibility of living divine love in the midst of affliction".<ref name=":12" />

She was attracted to [[Catholicism]], but declined to be [[baptized]] at that time, preferring to remain outside due to "the love of those things that are outside Christianity".<ref>S. Weil, ''Spiritual Autobiography'', cited by Panichas and Plant.</ref>{{r|Panichas|p=9}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Plant|title=Great Christian Thinkers: Simone Weil|pages = xv–xvi|year=1997|isbn=0-7648-0116-3|publisher = Liguori Publications}}</ref> While deeply religious, Weil was skeptical of the Church as an institution, and its dogma, writing,  "I have not the slightest love for the Church in the strict sense of the word".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weil |first=Simone |title=Waiting for God |date=2009 |publisher=HarperPerennial |location=New York |page=8}}</ref> She was appalled by the concept of ''[[Anathema|Anathema Sit]]'', as she refused to separate herself from unbelievers.{{r|Zaretsky|p=135}} Weil felt that humility is incompatible with  belonging to a social group "chosen by God", whether that group is a nation or a Church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-09 |title=Simone Weil's Last Journey |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/335/article/simone-weils-last-journey |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=America Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Weil also condemns the state of contemporary Christianity, arguing that it had become a social convention entangled with the interests of those who exploit others.<ref name=":413">{{Cite book |last1=Weil |first1=Simone |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1400095204 |title=The need for roots: prelude to a declaration of obligations towards the human being |last2=Schwartz |first2=Ros |last3=Kirkpatrick |first3=Kate |date=2023 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-241-46797-8 |series=Penguin classics |location=UK; USA |oclc=on1400095204}}</ref>{{rp|191}} While Roman civilization replaced love with pride, earlier traditions upheld perfect obedience, which the Greeks honored through their reverence for science.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|225}} Weil wrote that obedience is the "supreme virtue",<ref>{{cite book
|author=Simone Weil
|title=Gravity and Grace
|pages = 282–291
|year=2002
|isbn=978-0-415-29001-2
|publisher = [[Routledge]]
|quote = "Obedience is the supreme virtue. We have to love neccessity. Neccessity is what is lowest in relation to the individual (contraint, force, a 'hard fate'); universal neccessity brings deliverance from this.
|author-link=Simone Weil
}}</ref> and that the universe's blind material forces are not sovereign, but obey limits set by God out of love.  For Weil, this idea was present in pre-Roman Christianity and echoed in the wisdom of the [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagoreans]], [[Laozi|Lao Tzu]], [[Hinduism]], and fragments of [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] thought.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Simone Weil
|title=The Need for Roots
|pages = 282–291
|year=2002
|isbn=978-0-415-27102-8
|publisher = [[Routledge]]|title-link=The Need for Roots
|quote = "But the thought which really enraptured the ancients was this: what makes the blind forces of matter obedient is not another stronger force; it is love."
|author-link=Simone Weil
}}</ref>

Weil describes a spiritual impurity, a lack of the "spirit of truth" in the modern church and in modern science. In response, she calls for a total and unconditional giving of oneself to God.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|191}} Weil emphasizes the importance of attention as a means of opening the mind to eternal wisdom.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|226}} She rejects a pragmatic approach to faith, likening it to a pharmaceutical advertisement, only valuable for what it promises to deliver. True faith, she insists, must be total and it must matter so much that losing it would equate to losing the will to live.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|193}} [[Early Christianity]] might have nourished this approach, but its transformation under Roman influence led to the rejection of divine providence, except in highly personal forms. According to Weil, only [[Christian mysticism|mystics]] preserved this deeper understanding, though they were often condemned.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|202}}

Weil did not limit her curiosity to Christianity. She was interested in other religious traditions—especially the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] and [[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian]] [[Greco-Roman mysteries|mysteries]]; [[Hinduism]] (especially the [[Upanishads]] and the [[Bhagavad Gita]]); and [[Mahayana Buddhism]]. She believed that all these and other traditions contained elements of genuine revelation,<ref name="Eliot">{{cite book|author=Simone Weil|title=The Need for Roots|page = xi, preface by [[T. S. Eliot]]|year=2002|isbn=0-415-27102-9|publisher = [[Routledge]]|title-link=The Need for Roots}}</ref> writing:
<blockquote>Greece, Egypt, ancient India, the beauty of the world, the pure and authentic reflection of this beauty in art and science...these things have done as much as the visibly Christian ones to deliver me into Christ's hands as his captive. I think I might even say more.<ref>Letter to Father Perrin, 26 May 1942</ref></blockquote>

Nevertheless, Weil was opposed to religious [[syncretism]], claiming that it effaced the particularity of the individual traditions:<blockquote>Each religion is alone true, that is to say, that at the moment we are thinking of it we must bring as much attention to bear on it as if there were nothing else ... A "synthesis" of religion implies a lower quality of attention.<ref>''Notebooks of Simone Weil'', volume 1</ref></blockquote>Weil accepts the truth of Christ's miracles but asserts that the miracles of [[Tibetans|Tibetan]] and [[Hindus|Hindu]] traditions are also real.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|207}} She sees authentic Christian inspiration as preserved in mysticism, and she criticizes a conception of God as a master to be worshipped in the manner of slaves or pagans honoring an emperor, calling this idolatrous.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|215}} Instead, she defines divine [[Divine providence|providence]] as the organizing principle of the cosmos.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|220}}

==London period ==
[[File:Simone Weil plaque - NYC home.jpg|thumb|221x221px|A commemorative plaque on the exterior of the apartment building at 549 [[Riverside Drive (Manhattan)|Riverside Drive]] in New York City where Weil lived in 1942]]
In 1942, Weil travelled to the United States with her family. She had been reluctant to leave France, but agreed to do so as she wanted to see her parents to safety and knew they would not leave without her. She was also encouraged by the fact that it would be relatively easy for her to reach Britain from the United States, where she could join the [[French Resistance]]. She had hopes of being sent back to France as a covert agent.<ref>Simone Pétrement (1988); chpt. 15 'Marseilles II', see esp. pp. 462-463.</ref> Weil was introduced to [[André Philip]], Minister of the Interior under De Gaulle, by [[Maurice Schumann]], a fellow student of Alain.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Weil |first1=Simone |title=The need for roots: prelude to a declaration of obligations towards the human being |last2=Kirkpatrick |first2=Kate |date=2023 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-241-46797-8 |series=Penguin classics |location=UK USA |translator-last=Schwartz |translator-first=Ros |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Phillip wrote to Weil, saying he read her work before the war and respected her.<ref name=":02"/> Weil attended his lecture while he was in New York, and Phillip called for a moral and spiritual revolution for a [[Free France]], with morals superior to that of [[Vichy France]].<ref name=":02"/> Phillip interviewed Weil for a position in the Commissariat for the Interior in London.<ref name=":02"/> In 1943 Weil was hired to work there under Phillip and Francis Louis Coston.<ref name=":02"/> She was limited to desk work in London analyzing reports from resistance movements, although this did give her time to write one of her largest and best known works: ''[[The Need for Roots]]''.<ref>This was originally a lengthy report on options for regenerating France after an allied victory, though it was later published as a book.</ref>

During this time Weil also rapidly wrote many other texts, including ''Draft for a Statement of Human Obligations'' and ''Note on the General Suppression of Political Parties,'' translations of sections of the ''[[Upanishads]], What is Sacred in Every Human Being?, Are We Fighting for Justice?, and Essential Ideas for a New Constitution,'' and ''Concerning the Colonial Problem in its Relation to the Destiny of the French People.''<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":02"/> These ideas influenced the Need for Roots, and Weil began to envision a world where the Allies obtained victory and a new France could be built.<ref name=":02"/> Weil was worried that France would rebuild with the same mistakes as the [[French Revolution|French Revolution of 1789]], and Weil was concerned about Phillip's vision for a new country based on [[Human rights|universal rights]] which Weil felt was insufficient, advocating instead for a new country built on a framework of [[obligation]]s and needs.<ref name=":02"/> Weil also argues for a patriotism not rooted in borders, but instead rooted in [[compassion]]. These arguments reflect the concern Weil and other thinkers at the time have concerning the rebuilding of a free France.<ref name=":02"/>

Weil wrote furiously during this period, sending a plethora of proposals, though she was frustrated by the feeling that she was too safe and was not doing enough to address the suffering of France.{{r|Zaretsky|p=11}} [[Charles De Gaulle|De Gaulle]] rejected her plans, and French forces were not willing to send her back to France to join the resistance more directly.{{r|Zaretsky|p=11}} There is now evidence that Weil was recruited by the [[Special Operations Executive]], with a view to sending her back to France as a clandestine wireless operator. In May 1943, preparations were underway to send her to [[Thame Park]] in Oxfordshire for training, but the plan was cancelled soon after, as her failing health became known.<ref>[http://blog.seteuropeablaze.com/2012/11/simone-weil.html "Simone Weil" by Nigel Perrin]. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121210045454/http://blog.seteuropeablaze.com/2012/11/simone-weil.html |date=10 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>Simone Weil Personal File, ref. HS 9/1570/1, National Archives, Kew</ref>

[[File:SimoneWeilGraveAug2012.jpg|thumb|right|Weil's grave in Bybrook Cemetery, [[Ashford, Kent|Ashford]], Kent, August 2012]]The rigorous work routine she assumed soon took a heavy toll. Weil was found slumped on the floor of her apartment, emaciated and exhausted.{{r|Zaretsky|p=12}} In 1943, Weil was diagnosed with [[tuberculosis]] and instructed to rest and eat well. However, she refused special treatment because of her long-standing [[political idealism]] and her detachment from material things. Instead, she limited her intake to what she believed residents of [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German-occupied France]] ate. She most likely ate even less, as she refused on most occasions. It is possible that she was baptized during this period.<ref>Eric O. Springsted, "The Baptism of Simone Weil" in Spirit, Nature and Community: Issues in the Thought of Simone Weil (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994) - https://sunypress.edu/Books/S/Spirit-Nature-and-Community.</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=TIME |date=1951-10-01 |title=Religion: Was She a Saint? |url=https://time.com/archive/6868176/religion-was-she-a-saint/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> Her condition quickly deteriorated and she was moved to a [[sanatorium]] at [[Grosvenor Hall (estate)|Grosvenor Hall]] in [[Ashford, Kent]].<ref name="Coles" />

==Death==
After a lifetime of battling illness and frailty, Weil died in August 1943 from [[cardiac failure]] at the age of 34. The coroner's report said that "the deceased did kill and slay herself by refusing to eat whilst the balance of her mind was disturbed".<ref>{{cite book | author=McLellan, David | title=Utopian Pessimist: The Life and Thought of Simone Weil | url=https://archive.org/details/utopianpessimist00mclerich | url-access=registration | publisher=Poseidon Press | year=1990| isbn=0-671-68521-X }}, Inquest verdict quoted on p. 266.</ref>

The exact cause of her death remains a subject of debate. Some claim that her refusal to eat came from her desire to express some form of solidarity toward the victims of the war. Others think that Weil's self-starvation occurred after her study of [[Arthur Schopenhauer]].<ref>McLellan, David (1990). ''Utopian Pessimist: The Life and Thought of Simone Weil''. Poseidon Press., p. 30</ref> In his chapters on Christian saintly asceticism and salvation, Schopenhauer had described self-starvation as a preferred method of self-denial. However, Simone Pétrement,{{r|Pétrement 1988|p=592}} one of Weil's first and most significant biographers, regards the coroner's report as simply mistaken. Basing her opinion on letters written by the personnel of the sanatorium at which Simone Weil was treated, Pétrement affirms that Weil asked for food on different occasions while she was hospitalized and even ate a little bit a few days before her death; according to her, it was, in fact, Weil's poor health condition that eventually made her unable to eat.<ref>Simone Pétrement (1988); chpt. 17 'London', see esp. pp. 530-539.</ref>

Weil's first English biographer, [[Sir Richard Rees, 2nd Baronet|Richard Rees]], offers several possible explanations for her death, citing her compassion for the suffering of her countrymen in occupied France and her love for and close imitation of Christ. Rees sums up by saying: "As for her death, whatever explanation one may give of it will amount in the end to saying that she died of love."<ref name="Rees">{{cite book | last=Rees | first=Richard | title=Simone Weil: A Sketch for a Portrait | date=1966 | publisher=Southern Illinois University Press | publication-place=Carbondale | page=191 | author-link=Sir Richard Rees, 2nd Baronet | url=https://archive.org/details/simoneweilsketch0000rees | isbn=978-0-8093-0852-1 }}</ref>

==Philosophy==
{{Christian mysticism}}

=== Absence ===
Absence is the key image for her [[metaphysics]], [[Religious cosmology|cosmology]], [[cosmogony]], and [[theodicy]]. She believed that God created by an act of self-delimitation—in other words, she argued that because God is conceived as utter fullness, a perfect being, no creature can exist except where God is not. Thus, creation occurred only when God withdrew in part. This idea mirrors [[tzimtzum]], a central notion in the Jewish [[Kabbalah]] creation narrative.

This is, for Weil, an original ''[[kenosis]]'' ("emptiness") preceding the corrective ''kenosis'' of [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Christ's incarnation]]. Thus, according to her, humans are born in a damned position, not because of [[original sin]], but because to be created at all they must be what God is not; in other words, they must be inherently "unholy" in some sense. This idea fits more broadly into [[apophatic theology]].

This notion of creation is a cornerstone of her [[theodicy]], for if creation is conceived this way{{Em dash}}as necessarily entailing [[evil]]{{Em dash}}then there is no [[problem of evil|problem of the entrance of evil]] into a perfect world. Nor does the presence of evil constitute a limitation of God's [[omnipotence]] under Weil's notion; according to her, evil is present not because God could not create a perfect world, but because the act of "creation" in its very [[essence]] implies the impossibility of perfection.

However, this explanation of the essentiality of evil does not imply that humans are simply, originally, and continually doomed; on the contrary, Weil claims that "evil is the form which God's [[mercy]] takes in this world".<ref>''Gravity and Grace'', Metaxu, page 132</ref> Weil believed that evil, and its consequent affliction, serve the role of driving humans towards God, writing, "The extreme affliction which overtakes human beings does not create human misery, it merely reveals it."<ref name=":14">{{cite book| last = Weil | first = Simone | title = Gravity and Grace | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul | year = 1952}}</ref>

=== Affliction ===

Weil developed the concept of "affliction" ({{Langx|fr|malheur}}) while working in factories with workers reduced to a machine-like existence where they could not consider real thought or rebellion with Weil stating "thought flies from affliction as promptly and irresistibly as an animal flees from death".{{r|Zaretsky|pp=4&ndash;7}} Weil found this force too inhumane stating "affliction constrains a man to ask continually 'why' - the question to which there is essentially no reply" and nothing in the world can rob us of the power to say 'I' except for extreme affliction".{{r|Zaretsky|pp=33,37}}

Simone Weil's concept of affliction is an exploration of human suffering that extends beyond mere physical or emotional pain. She characterizes affliction as a multifaceted experience encompassing physical torment, psychological distress, and social degradation, which collectively uproot an individual's life and identity.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Simone Weil {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/weil/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Weil distinguishes affliction from general suffering by emphasizing its capacity to isolate individuals from others and from themselves. Affliction imposes a sense of guilt and self-loathing on the innocent, effectively branding the soul with a mark akin to slavery. This branding leads to a loss of personal significance and a feeling of worthlessness, as the afflicted person internalizes scorn and revulsion that logically should be directed at the perpetrator of injustice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simone Weil and St. Teresa of Calcutta on Affliction. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Simone+Weil+and+St.+Teresa+of+Calcutta+on+Affliction.-a0675004351?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> Weil sees affliction as a potential site of grace, not because suffering is inherently good, but because it can strip away illusions and allow openness to the divine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kruk |first=Edward |date=2006 |title=Spiritual Wounding and Affliction: Facilitating Spiritual Transformation in Social Justice Work |url=https://ojs.uwindsor.ca/index.php/csw/article/view/5775/4714 |journal=Critical Social Work |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.22329/csw.v7i1.5775 |issn=1543-9372|doi-access=free }}</ref>

According to Weil, souls may experience different levels of affliction with affliction worse for the same souls that are also most able to experience spiritual joy. Weil's notion of affliction is a sort of "suffering plus" which transcends both body and mind, a physical and mental anguish that scourges the very soul.<ref>This notion of Weil's bears a strong resemblance to the Asian notion of ''han'', which has received attention in recent Korean theology, for instance in the work of Andrew Park. Like "affliction", ''han'' is more destructive to the whole person than ordinary suffering.</ref>

{{blockquote|The better we are able to conceive of the fullness of joy, the purer and more intense will be our suffering in affliction and our compassion for others. ...

Suffering and enjoyment as sources of knowledge. The serpent offered knowledge to Adam and Eve. The sirens offered knowledge to Ulysses. These stories teach that the soul is lost through seeking knowledge in pleasure. Why? Pleasure is perhaps innocent on condition that we do not seek knowledge in it. It is permissible to seek that only in suffering.

|sign= Simone Weil
|source= ''Gravity and Grace'' (chpt 16 'Affliction')
}}

=== Beauty ===
Simone Weil's concept of beauty is not an isolated aesthetic category, but a deeply moral and spiritual principle that interweaves with nearly every facet of her thought, including affliction, attention, justice, God, and the pursuit of truth.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Rozelle-Stone |first=Rebecca |title=Simone Weil: A Very Short Introduction |chapter=Beauty |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/55988/chapter-abstract/440093395?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |access-date=2025-05-16 |publisher=[[Oxford Academic]] |date=2024 |pages=92–106 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780192846969.003.0006 |isbn=978-0-19-284696-9 }}</ref> In ''Gravity and Grace'', she writes: "The love of the beauty of the world is the only pure love. It is the love that enables us to look at things without trying to appropriate them."<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Weil |first1=Simone |title=Gravity and grace |last2=Thibon |first2=Gustave |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-29001-2 |edition=1st |location=London, New York |publication-date=2002 |language=English |translator-last=Crawford |translator-first=Emma |translator-last2=Von der Ruhr |translator-first2=Mario}}</ref>{{rp|148}} She reiterates this in a related line: "The beautiful is that which we desire without wishing to eat it. We desire that it be."<ref name=":9" />{{rp|148}} Here, Weil expresses that beauty fosters a kind of ethical desire, one that does not consume but simply affirms the existence of what is beautiful. This idea links beauty directly to justice, which she defines not as fairness or social order, but as the full recognition of another's reality without attempting to possess or alter it. In her words "Justice consists in seeing that no harm comes to those whom we have noticed as real beings."<ref name=":9" />{{rp|151}} Weil laments that modern civilization (its politics, media, education, and literature) has severed this connection between beauty and truth. It fosters a corrupt understanding of greatness, rooted in power and spectacle rather than humility, attention, and beauty. She contrasts this with true greatness as seen in Zen poems, Giotto's paintings, and the lives of saints<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|180}} As such, Weil propose beauty as something that can help someone transcend the perspective of an individual's own project.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Rozelle-Stone |first1=A. Rebecca |title=Simone Weil |date=2024 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/simone-weil/#Aest |access-date=2025-05-15 |edition=Summer 2024 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |last2=Davis |first2=Benjamin P. |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref><ref name=":15" />
Theologically for Weil, "The beautiful is the experiential proof that the incarnation is possible". The beauty that is inherent in the form of the world (this inherency is proven, for her, in [[geometry]], and expressed in all good art) is the proof that the world points to something beyond itself; it establishes the essentially [[teleology|telic]] character of all that exists. In Weil's concept, beauty extends throughout the universe:<blockquote>"[W]e must have faith that the universe is beautiful on all levels...and that it has a fullness of beauty in relation to the bodily and psychic structure of each of the thinking beings that actually do exist and of all those that are possible. It is this very agreement of an infinity of perfect beauties that gives a transcendent character to the beauty of the world...He (Christ) is really present in the universal beauty. The love of this beauty proceeds from God dwelling in our souls and goes out to God present in the universe".<ref name="pp164">Weil, Simone. ''Waiting For God''. Harper Torchbooks, 1973, pp. 164–165.</ref></blockquote> She also wrote that "The beauty of this world is Christ's tender smile coming to us through matter".<ref name="pp164" />

''Beauty'' also served a [[soteriological]] function for Weil: "Beauty captivates the flesh in order to obtain permission to pass right to the soul." It constitutes, then, another way in which the [[divine]] reality behind the world invades people's lives: where affliction conquers with brute force, beauty sneaks in and topples the empire of the self from within.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} Overall, Simone Weil views beauty as a manifestation of divine reality that draws the soul toward truth and goodness. For her, beauty has an impersonal quality that compels ''attention'', a key virtue in her philosophy. Beauty can momentarily lift a person out of self-centeredness, preparing them to encounter God. It is not merely aesthetic, but moral and spiritual in nature.<ref name=":15" />

=== ''Decreation'' ===
In ''Waiting for God'' Weil outlines the concept of decreation (French: ''décréation)''. Weil believed that if humans are to imitate God they must renounce their power and their autonomy. Weil refers to this as decreation  which she referred to as "passive activity" or based on her childhood readings of the ''Bhagavad Gita'', "non-active action".<ref name=":12" />

Weil's concept of necessity related to decreation. Weil felt that necessity includes physical forces as well as social forces.<ref name=":12" /> Weil states: "The self and the social are two great idols, but one is saved by grace."<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Weil |first=Simone |title=Gravity and Grace |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-8032-9800-5}}</ref>{{rp|45}} All the natural movements of the soul are controlled by laws similar to gravity, except grace. While gravity is the work of creation, the work of grace consists of decreation.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|21}}

Weil felt that when an individual is self-centred they deny necessity. Consent to necessity means the only choice is whether or not they desire the good. For Weil, this type of consent is obtained metaphysically through decreation rather than through effort.<ref name=":12" />

Decreation allows for obedience to the truth and not feel cheated or interested in compensation. Weil states: <blockquote>"And forgive us our debts, as we also forgive our debtors.' To remit debts is to renounce our own personality. It means renouncing everything that goes to make up our ego, without any exception. It means knowing that in the ego there is nothing whatever, no psychological element, that external circumstances could not do away with. It means accepting that truth. It means being happy that things should be so."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weil |first=Simone |title=Waiting For God |date=2009 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-06-171896-0 |pages=149 |chapter=Concerning the Our Father}}</ref></blockquote>Simone Weil argues that our perception of reality is clouded by attachment—attachments born from the self, projected onto the world. We do not see things as they are, but as they relate to our desires, values, and imagined needs. The self, or "I," fabricates a world driven by illusions: imagined debts others owe us, rewards we fantasize receiving from kings or gods. These imaginary constructs become the primary motivators of human behavior because, unlike real rewards, they are limitless.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|53–54, 59}}

True access to reality requires detachment: the stripping away of these illusions and the destruction of the "I." This detachment is not mere indifference but a spiritual discipline that suspends imagination and opens one to necessity and truth. Only in this emptiness—desire without an object—can we encounter the presence of God, which is veiled by imagination but present in everything that exists.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|59, 100–101, 115}}

Weil sees obedience as taking two forms. One is mechanical, driven by imagined righteousness or divine approval—an obedience rooted in desire and self-deception. The other is a form of pure attention: a fixed gaze on the real relationships among things, free from self-interest. This pure attention is the only true motive for action, because it does not seek reward or justification.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|96–97}}

To harm another is to attempt to fill our own emptiness by taking from them—by expanding ourselves at their expense. But Weil insists that the only true freedom lies in the voluntary destruction of the self, a self that affliction may also destroy involuntarily. This loss, when embraced through decreation, allows the soul to participate in the divine act of creation.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|50, 71, 76, 80}}

Even in ancient mysteries, people served or touched the divine without knowing it, clothing God in ignorance. For Weil, the meaning of such mystery is not in knowing, but in the purity of action and attention, being with God without imagining or naming Him.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|105, 115}}

=== Language ===
Simone Weil regarded language as a powerful but often deceptive force. In her essay ''The Power of Words'', she argued that abstract political terms such as "justice," "nation," or "revolution" often function as empty expressions. These words, she claimed, are used to provoke emotion while concealing contradictions and preventing genuine thought. Their vagueness allows them to be applied in support of virtually any position, regardless of consistency or truth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simone |first=Weil |url=https://antilogicalism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/weil-anthology.pdf |title=The Power of Words. In An Anthology |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2005 |editor-last=Miles |editor-first=Siân |location=London |pages=222–231}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-02 |title=The Language of Limitation as the Key to Simone Weil's Understanding of Beauty and Justice |url=https://attentionsw.org/the-language-of-limitation-as-the-key-to-simone-weils-understanding-of-beauty-and-justice/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Attention}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Dean |last2=Kicey |first2=Michael |date=2010 |title=Simone Weil's''Iliad'': The Power of Words |journal=The Review of Politics |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=79–96 |doi=10.1017/s0034670509990970 |issn=0034-6705}}</ref>

Weil emphasized the moral responsibility of language. She connected its proper use to her concept of attention, which she described as the disciplined focus on the reality of others and the world. In ''The Need for Roots'', she criticized the reliance on rhetorical ideals such as "rights" and "freedom" when those concepts are separated from concrete obligations and the basic needs of individuals and communities. She argued that such language often obscures the real conditions of justice rather than clarifying them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weil |first=Simone |url=https://antilogicalism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/need-roots.pdf |title=The Need for Roots |date=1979 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-374-98332-1 |pages=3–13 |translator-last=Wills |translator-first=Arthur}}</ref><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" />

Weil also explored the limits of language, especially in relation to experiences of suffering, grace, and the divine. She held that some aspects of human reality cannot be fully expressed in words. Language, while necessary for communication, can never fully encompass the depth of moral or spiritual truth.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pétrement |first1=Simone |title=Simone Weil: a life |last2=Rosenthal |first2=Raymond |date=1976 |publisher=Pantheon books |isbn=978-0-394-49815-7 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" />

=== Obligation ===
Weil advocated for rebuilding a Free France around a framework of obligations and needs and cautioning against a system built of rights.<ref name=":02"/> Weil's ''The Need for Roots'' was originally titled ''Draft for a'' ''Statement of Human Obligations''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rees|1966|loc=p78, 82}}</ref> Weil felt that in our moral culture centered on individual rights, it's as though we constantly turn away from others' suffering because we lack the moral strength to confront its most extreme expressions.<ref name="Kruk 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Kruk |first=Edward |date=2006 |title=Spiritual Wounding and Affliction: Facilitating Spiritual Transformation in Social Justice Work |url=https://ojs.uwindsor.ca/index.php/csw/article/view/5775/4714#:~:text=Spiritual%20affliction%20is%20an%20extreme,another%20and%20away%20from%20oneself. |journal=Critical Social Work |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.22329/csw.v7i1.5775 |issn=1543-9372|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Weil felt that "all human beings are bound by identical obligations, although they are performed in different ways according to particular circumstances". and that "duty to the human being as such - that alone is eternal".{{r|Zaretsky|pp=105,129}} Weil differentiates between rights and obligations viewing the two as subject and object. "The actual relationship between the two is as between object and subject. A man, considered in isolation, only has duties, amongst which are certain duties towards himself. Other men, seen from his point of view, only have rights. He, in his turn, has rights, when seen from the point of view of other men, who recognize that they have obligations towards him. A man left alone in the universe would have no rights whatever, but he would have obligations."{{r|Zaretsky|pp=105,129}} Weil elaborates supporting the idea that obligations alone are independent stating "rights are always found to be related to certain conditions. Obligations alone remain independent of conditions." with obligations being a universal condition "All human beings are bound by identical obligations, although these are performed in different ways according to particular circumstances." whereas rights are conditional "...a right is not effectual by itself, but only in relation to the obligation to which it corresponds".{{r|Zaretsky|pp=105,129}}

=== Rootedness ===
In ''The Need for Roots'' Weil argues that ''rootedness'' is a spiritual need which involves their real, active, and natural participation in the life of a collectivity that keeps alive the treasures of the past and the aspirations of the future.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last1=Weil |first1=Simone |title=The need for roots: prelude to a declaration of obligations towards the human being |last2=Kirkpatrick |first2=Kate |date=2023 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-241-46797-8 |series=Penguin classics |location=UK USA |translator-last=Schwartz |translator-first=Ros |trans-title=33-34}}</ref> Weil believes this rootedness is natural, coming from place, birth, and occupation with each person needing to have multiple roots and deriving their moral, intellectual, and spiritual life from the environment in which they belong.<ref name=":32"/> Weil makes the case for roots or the idea that the persistence of people is tied to the persistence of their culture, their way of life, as carried through generations. For Weil roots involved obligations to participate in community life, feel connected to place, and maintain links through time. The "roots" Weil refers to are nourishment that enable humans to fully grow and that a rooted community allows the individual to develop with a view toward God or eternal values.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McRobie |first=Heather |date=2009-02-03 |title=Should we still read Simone Weil? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/feb/03/religion-simone-weil |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":12" />

In contrast, a threat to the human soul is uprootedness (''déracinement'') is the condition of people where the only binding forces in society are money and the imagined nation.<ref name=":12" /> For industrial working conditions Weil states "although they have remained geographically stationary, they have been morally uprooted, banished and then reinstated as  it were on sufferance, in the form of industrial brawn".{{r|Zaretsky|p=102}} Weil states that "money destroys human roots wherever it is able to penetrate" and it "manages to outweigh all other motives because the effort it demands of the mind is so much less...".{{r|Zaretsky|p=102}} Uprootedness may be caused by many factors, including conquest, colonialism, money, and economic domination. Weil states money destroys roots wherever it goes, because the drive to make money supplants everything else.<ref name=":32"/> Uprootedness is aggravated if people also lack participation in community life and uprooted people lack connections with the past and a sense of their own integral place in the world.

Weil opposed behavior that uprooted people including colonialism (including the French empire), some forms of mass media, and poor industrial working conditions. Weil did not excuse moral issues within a place, stating countries are a vital medium but one with good and evil and justice and injustice. Weil wrote passionately against the French government's colonial policies including the [[Civilizing mission|''mission civilisatrice'']] stating "we can no longer say or think that we have received from on high the mission  to teach the universe how to live". though Weil also opposed the creation of new nations based on the European model stating "there are already too many nations in the world"{{r|Zaretsky|pp=111,115}}

=== Justice ===
Weil rejected conventional models of justice based on reciprocity, retribution, or contractual fairness, arguing instead that such frameworks often obscure the reality of human suffering and reduce persons to abstractions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=The Problem of Force: Simone Weil's supernatural justice |url=https://simoneweilcenter.org/publications/2020/8/28/the-problem-of-force-simone-weils-supernatural-justice |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Simone Weil Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Christopher |date=2020-08-31 |title="Silence Is Violence": Simone Weil on the Impossible Demands of Justice |url=https://thephilosophicalsalon.com/silence-is-violence-simone-weil-on-the-impossible-demands-of-justice/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=The Philosophical Salon |language=en-US}}</ref> In her view, justice must begin with the capacity for attention, what she described as a moral act of seeing others in their full humanity, especially in their vulnerability.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Weil |first=Simone |url=https://cominsitu.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/simone-weil-an-anthology-penguin-books-2005.pdf |title=Simone Weil: An Anthology |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1934–43 |editor-last=Miles |editor-first=Sian |location=London |publication-date=2005 |pages=69–98, 182–215 |language=English |chapter=Human Personality, The Iliad or the Poem of Force}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gavroche |first=Julius |date=2023-06-23 |title=Simone Weil: La Personne et le sacré/Human Personality |url=https://autonomies.org/2023/06/simone-weil-la-personne-et-le-sacre-human-personality/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Autonomies |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Christopher |date=2019-12-01 |title=On Simone Weil's Venice Saved, punishment and redemption |url=https://anatomiesofpower.wordpress.com/2019/12/01/on-simone-weils-venice-saved-punishment-and-redemption/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Anatomies of Power |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-20 |title=An Impersonal Liberalism: Simone Weil and the Sacred |url=https://epochemagazine.org/34/an-impersonal-liberalism-simone-weil-and-the-sacred/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Epoché Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Weil criticized systems of punishment that seek to balance harm or exact vengeance, contending that true justice does not consist in giving each their due in a symmetrical sense, but in preventing further harm and affirming the dignity of all persons, including wrongdoers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pugh |first=James |date=1982 |title=Simone Weil and the Suffering of Justice |journal=Journal of Modern Literature |volume=9 |issue=3/4 |pages=397–564 |jstor=3831304 |issn=0022-281X }}</ref><ref name=":17" /> She believed punishment should not be administered in ways that humiliate or spiritually degrade, but rather in ways that might allow for moral awareness without annihilating the soul. Drawing from Christian traditions, Weil saw justice as a form of alignment with a higher, transcendent order and an imitation of divine love that demands the renunciation of force and the refusal to treat others as means or enemies.<ref name=":17" /> This outlook led her to sharply critique legal and bureaucratic systems that depersonalize both victims and offenders, warning that the mechanical application of justice often perpetuates injustice by ignoring the individual and existential dimensions of affliction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nazareth |first=Ralph |date=April 1987 |title=Simone Weil and the Suffering of Love ''By Eric O. Springsted'' Cambridge, Cowley Publications, 1986. 131 pp. $8.95 |journal=Theology Today |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=146–149 |doi=10.1177/004057368704400123 |issn=0040-5736}}</ref>

=== Patriotism of Compassion ===
Weil's ''The Need for Root''s discusses the "uprootedness of the nation" and false conceptions of greatness attached to religion and patriotism. Weil was not opposed to patriotism but saw it rooted not in pride but instead in compassion and that this compassion, unlike pride, can be extended to other nations stating compassion is "able, without hindrance, to cross frontiers extend itself over all countries in misfortune, overall countries without exception for all peoples are subjected to the wretchedness of the human condition".{{r|Zaretsky|p=117}} She compares the often antagonized and prideful feelings resulting from a patriotism based on grandeur with the warmth of a patriotism based on tender feeling of pity and an awareness of how a country is ultimately fragile and perishable.  A patriotism based on compassion allows one to still see the flaws in one's country, while still remaining ever ready to make the ultimate sacrifice if obligated.<ref>{{Harvnb|Weil|1952|loc=155–182}}</ref>

=== Spiritual Nature of Work ===
Weil's ''The Need for Roots'' argues for the spiritual nature of work placing labor not merely as an economic necessity but as a moral and metaphysical act relating to attention, affliction, and rootedness. Weil believes urban and rural workers face conditions that create uprootedness. Weil argues for a social model that would be neither [[Capitalism|capitalist]] nor [[Socialism|socialist]], but restore human dignity through a cooperative system where the workplace becomes a site of meaningful engagement, community, and spiritual fulfillment and workers feel at home.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|35–59}}

Weil criticizes the disunity and ineffectiveness of well-intentioned reformers, noting that activism is often undermined by a lack of cohesion and by human nature's tendency to overlook the suffering of the truly oppressed. She observes that unions frequently focus on the relatively privileged, neglecting marginalized groups such as youth, women, and immigrant workers, who bear the brunt of systemic injustice.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|98}} She also critiques socialist reformers who attempt to make everyone proletariat rather than improve conditions.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|98}}

For urban laborers in particular, Weil advocates for the abolition of large-scale factories in favor of smaller, decentralized workshops. These would operate with limited working hours and dedicate time to learning and community life. She envisions a structure in which machinery is owned by individuals or cooperatives, with homes and land granted by the state to encourage stability and autonomy<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|45–46}}

Crucially, Weil maintains that the alienation of urban workers can only be healed by forms of industrial production and culture that make them feel "at home". In her proposed cooperative system, workers would receive a set number of tasks and be free to organize their own schedules, fostering both responsibility and agency.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|45–46}}  Machines would be owned by individuals or cooperatives, not the factories, and combined with house and land conferred to them by the state.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|56}} She insists that working and thinking must not be separated; instead, physical labor should engage the intellect and spirit alongside the body<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|50,73}} Weil states that working and thinking should not be separate acts.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|73}}

In the last few pages of this section of ''The Need for Roots'' she focuses on her central theme – that the great vocation of our times is to create a civilization which recognizes the spiritual nature of work. She draws further parallels between spiritual mechanism and physical mechanism, referring to parables in the Bible concerning seeds and then discussing our scientific understanding about how plants reach the surface by consuming the energy in their seeds and then grow upwards towards the light. Weil suggests similar parallels could be targeted for urban workers. She says if people can have both spiritual and scientific ideas converging in the act of work,  then even the fatigue associated with toil can be transformed for good, becoming  "the pain that makes the beauty of the world  penetrates right into the core of the human body".<ref name="Weil_pp94-98">{{Harvnb|Weil|1952|loc=p94-98}}</ref>

Weil further asserts that the return of truth will also reawaken the dignity of physical labor.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|229}} She describes physical work as a kind of breath, an act in which the human body and soul become intermediaries between different states of [[matter]].<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|229}} Yet she warns that labor can become violent to human nature, especially when marked by monotony. To consent to work, she concludes, is second only to consenting to death, both acts of submission that are essential to life and spiritual growth.<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|235}}

=== ''Metaxu'': "Every separation is a link" ===
''[[Metaxy|Metaxu]]'', a concept Weil borrowed from [[Plato]], is that which both separates and connects (e.g., as the word 'cleave' means both to cut and join). This idea of connecting distance was of the first importance for Weil's understanding of the created realm. The world as a whole, along with any of its components, including the physical [[Human body|body]], is to be regarded as serving the same function for people in relation to God that a blind man's stick serves for him in relation to the world about him. They do not afford direct insight, but can be used experimentally to bring the mind into practical contact with reality. This metaphor allows any absence to be interpreted as a presence, and is a further component in Weil's theodicy.

In ''Gravity and Grace'' Weil provides a metaphor to explain this concept "Two prisoners whose cells adjoin communicate with each other by knocking on the wall. The wall is the thing which separates them but it is also their means of communication. It is the same with us and God. Every separation is a link."<ref name=":12" />

=== Attention ===
As Weil explains in her book ''Waiting for God'', attention consists of suspending or emptying one's thought, such that one is ready to receive—to be penetrated by—the object to which one turns one's gaze, be that object one's neighbour, or ultimately, God.{{r|n=Weil Waiting for God|r={{Cite book|last=Weil|first=Simone|title=Waiting for God|date=1973|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=0-06-090295-7|edition=1st Harper colophon|location=New York|oclc=620927}}|pp=111&ndash;112}} Weil states that "the capacity to give one's attention to a sufferer is a very rare and difficult thing: it is almost a miracle; it ''is'' a miracle".{{r|Zaretsky|p=46}} Attention may be linked to compassion so that, with attention, one can identify with an afflicted individual letting go of ourselves and allowing the other person to have our attention. Weil contrasts this attention with pity describing pity as "it consists in helping someone in misfortune so as not to be obligated to think about him anymore, or for the pleasure of feeling distance between himself and oneself".{{r|Zaretsky|p=46}}

As Weil explains, one can love God by praying to God, and attention is the very "substance of prayer": when one prays, one empties oneself, fixes one's whole gaze towards God, and becomes ready to receive God.{{r|Weil Waiting for God|p=105}} Similarly, for Weil, people can love their neighbours by emptying themselves, becoming ready to receive one's neighbour in all their naked truth, asking one's neighbour: "What are you going through?"{{r|Weil Waiting for God|pp=114&ndash;115}} Weil connects attention directly to the moral and spiritual life. It is the foundation of love and justice, and also the essence of the way we apprehend beauty stating "Attention is the rarest and purest form of generosity."<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Weil |first=Simone |title=Waiting for God |publisher=Harper Perennial Modern Classics |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-171896-0}}</ref>{{rp|111}}
This attention is not a passive gaze, but an active, ethical engagement, a suspension of self (decreation) so that the reality of the other may come forward in its own truth (reflecting her view of beauty). In her essay ''Reflections on the Right Use of School Studies with a View to the Love of God'', Weil offers one of her clearest formulations of this idea:<blockquote>"The love of our neighbor in all its fullness simply means being able to say to him: 'What are you going through?' It is a recognition that the sufferer exists, not only as a unit in a collection, or a specimen from the social category labeled 'unfortunate,' but as a man, exactly like us, who was one day stamped with a special mark by affliction. For this reason it is enough, but it is indispensable, to know how to look at him in a certain way. This way of looking is first of all attentive. The soul empties itself of all its own contents in order to receive into itself the being it is looking at, just as he is, in all his truth."<ref name=":10" />{{rp|64}}</blockquote>Weil further equates aspects of attention to love stating "To empty ourselves (French: ''Se vider)'' of our false divinity, to deny ourselves, to give up being the center of the world in imagination, to discern that all points in the world are equally centers and that the true center is outside the world, this is to consent to the rule of mechanical necessity in matter and of free choice at the center of each soul. Such consent is love. The face of this love, which is turned toward thinking persons, is the love of our neighbor."<ref name=":12" /> Weil also equates attention to justice. In ''Gravity and Grace'', she writes: "Justice consists in seeing that no harm comes to those whom we have noticed as real beings."<ref name=":413"/>{{rp|151}} Weil also states To harm another person is to receive something from him, gaining importance and expanding, filling an emptiness in ourselves by creating one in someone else.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|50}}

=== Three Forms of the Implicit Love of God ===
In ''Waiting for God'', Weil explains that the three forms of implicit love of God are (1) love of neighbour (2) love of the beauty of the world and (3) love of religious ceremonies.{{r|Weil Waiting for God|pp=137&ndash;199}} As Weil writes, by loving these three objects (neighbour, world's beauty and religious ceremonies), one indirectly loves God before "God comes in person to take the hand of his future bride," since prior to God's arrival, one's soul cannot yet ''directly'' love God as the object.{{r|Weil Waiting for God|p=137}} Love of neighbour occurs (i) when the strong treat the weak ''as equals,''{{r|Weil Waiting for God|pp=143&ndash;144}} (ii) when people give personal attention to those that otherwise seem invisible, anonymous, or non-existent,{{r|Weil Waiting for God|p=149}} and (iii) when people look at and listen to the afflicted ''as they are'', without explicitly thinking about God—i.e., Weil writes, when "God in us" loves the afflicted, ''rather'' than people loving them in God.{{r|Weil Waiting for God|pp=150&ndash;151}} Second, Weil explains, love of the world's beauty occurs when humans imitate God's love for the cosmos: just as God creatively renounced his command over the world—letting it be ruled by human autonomy and matter's "blind necessity"—humans give up their imaginary command over the world, seeing the world ''no longer'' as if they were the world's center.{{r|Weil Waiting for God|pp=158&ndash;160}} Finally, Weil explains, love of religious ceremonies occurs as an implicit love of God, when religious practices are pure.{{r|Weil Waiting for God|p=181}} Weil writes that purity in religion is seen when "faith and love do not fail", and most absolutely, in the [[Eucharist]].{{r|Weil Waiting for God|p=187}}

==Works==
Weil's most famous works were [[List of works published posthumously|published posthumously]]. According to Lissa McCullough, Weil would likely have been "intensely displeased" by the attention paid to her life rather than her works. She believed it was her writings that embodied the best of her, not her actions and definitely not her personality. Weil had similar views about others, saying that if one looks at the lives of great figures in separation from their works, it "necessarily ends up revealing their pettiness above all", as it's in their works that they have put the best of themselves.<ref name="Lissa">{{cite book|author=Lissa McCullough|title=The Religious Philosophy of Simone Weil: An Introduction|pages = 1–3|year=2014|isbn=978-1-78076-796-3|publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]}}</ref>

=== ''The Iliad, or The Poem of Force'' ===
{{main|The Iliad or the Poem of Force}}

Weil wrote ''The Iliad, or The Poem of Force'' ({{langx|fr|L'Iliade ou le poème de la force}}), a 24-page essay, in 1939 in Marseilles.<ref name = "NYB">{{cite web|url= http://www.nybooks.com/books/imprints/classics/war-and-the-iliad/|title= War and the Iliad|publisher=The New York Review of books |access-date=29 September 2009}}</ref><ref name = "SWanth">{{cite book | last = Weil| first = Simone| title = An Anthology| year = 2005 | pages = 182, 215| isbn = 0-14-118819-7|publisher = Penguin Books}}</ref>{{r|Zaretsky|p=28}} First published in 1940 in ''[[Les Cahiers du Sud]]'', the only significant literary magazine available in the [[Zone libre|French free zone]].<ref name="SWanth" /> It is still commonly used in university courses on the [[Classics]].<ref name = "Christological ">{{cite book
  | last = Meaney
  | first = Marie 
  | title = Simone Weil's Apologetic Use of Literature: Her Christological Interpretation of Ancient Greek Texts
  | year = 2007
  | page = 3
  | isbn = 978-0-19-921245-3 
  |publisher = Clarendon Press}}</ref>

The essay focuses on the theme that Weil calls 'Force' in the ''[[Iliad]]'', which she defines as "that ''x'' which turns anyone subjected to it into a ''thing''."<ref name="Iliad Chicago">{{cite journal|last=Weil| first=Simone| year=1965| title=The ''Iliad'', or ''The Poem of Force''| journal=Chicago Review| volume=18| number=2| pages=5–30| doi=10.2307/25294008| jstor=25294008| translator=Mary McCarthy| url=http://biblio3.url.edu.gt/SinParedes/08/Weil-Poem-LM.pdf| access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> In the opening sentences of the essay, she sets out her view of the role of Force in the poem:

<blockquote>
The true hero, the true subject, the centre of the ''Iliad'', is force. Force employed by man, force that enslaves man, force before which man's flesh shrinks away. In this work, at all times, the human spirit is shown as modified by its relations with force, as swept away, blinded, by the very force it imagined it could handle, as deformed by the weight of the force it submits to.{{R|Iliad Chicago|p=5}}
</blockquote>

''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' has described the essay as one of Weil's most celebrated works,<ref name = "SWanth"/> while it has also been described as among "the twentieth century's most beloved, tortured, and profound responses to the world's greatest and most disturbing poem."<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200511u/books2005/6
|title= Books in Brief
|publisher= The Atlantic Monthly
|access-date= 29 September 2009
|archive-date= 15 May 2008
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080515211413/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200511u/books2005/6
}}</ref>

Simone Pétrement, a friend of Weil's, wrote that the essay portrayed the ''Iliad'' as an accurate and compassionate depiction of how both victors and victims are harmed by the use of force.<ref name="Petrement">{{cite book
  | last = Pétrement
  | first = Simone
  | title = Simone Weil: A Life
  | orig-date = 1976 |year=1988 |edition=English |translator-first=Raymond |translator-last=Rosenthal
  | pages = 361–363
  | isbn = 0-8052-0862-3
  |publisher = Random House}}</ref>

The essay contains several extracts from the epic which Weil translated herself from the original Greek; Pétrement records how Weil took over half an hour per line.<ref name="Petrement"/>

===''The Need for Roots''===
{{main|The Need for Roots}}

Weil's book ''The Need for Roots'' ({{langx|fr|L'Enracinement}}) was written in early 1943, immediately before her death later that year. In it Weil presents a morality based on compassion rather than the rule of law.<ref name=":12" /> At this time Weil was in London working for the [[French Resistance]] and trying to convince its leader, [[Charles de Gaulle]], to form a contingent of nurses, including Weil, who would parachute to the front lines.{{r|Zaretsky|p=10}} Weil's intention was partially for these nurses to provide care, but also to offer an inspiring moral opposite to Nazism with Weil stating "it may be that our victory depends upon the presence among us of a corresponding inspiration, but authentic and pure".{{r|Zaretsky|p=154}}

''The Need for Roots'' has an ambitious plan. It sets out to address the past and to propose a road map for the future of France after World War&nbsp;II. She painstakingly analyzes the spiritual and ethical [[Social environment|milieu]] that led to France's defeat by the German army, and then addresses these issues with the prospect of eventual French victory.

===''Gravity and Grace''===
While ''[[Gravity and Grace]]'' ({{langx|fr|La Pesanteur et la Grâce}}) is one of the books most associated with Simone Weil, the work was not intended to be a book at all. Rather, the work consists of various passages selected from Weil's notebooks and arranged topically by her friend [[Gustave Thibon]]. Weil had given Thibon some of her notebooks written before May 1942, but not with any intent to publish them. Hence, the resulting selections, organization and editing of ''Gravity and Grace'' were much influenced by Thibon, a devout Catholic (see Thibon's introduction to ''Gravity and Grace'' ([[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul, 1952) for more details).

Weil felt gravity and grace were opposites believing that gravity signifies the ''force'' of the natural world of which all beings are physically, materially, and socially affected and that this "pulls" attention away from God and the afflicted whereas grace is a form of justice and a counter-balance, motivated by the goodness of God. Weil felt that this gravity (force) and grace (justice) are the two most fundamental aspects of the world and came together at the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]].<ref name=":12" />

{{anchor|Waiting for God}}<!--linked-->
=== ''Waiting for God'' ===
''Waiting for God'' (French: ''Attente de Dieu'') is a collection of Weil's personal letters and essays compiled and published after her death. The book was published in French in 1950, posthumously, edited by Father Joseph-Marie Perrin and Gustave Thibon and the English translation was published shortly after, in 1951.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Waiting for God by Simone Weil {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/waiting-god-simone-weil |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.ebsco.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Waiting for God |url=https://www.routledge.com/Waiting-for-God/Weil/p/book/9780367705282?srsltid=AfmBOop5xmdedKo0qA70Kj11r6ElicxyowmjFCf2jgoYknA6fvj8lWXW |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref>

''Waiting for God'' opens with Simone Weil's 1942 letters to Dominican priest Jean-Marie Perrin, revealing her deep spiritual turmoil as she grapples with the demands of Christian faith. She reflects on the "just balance" of the world, seeing God's guidance in both human reason and our need for physical and emotional fulfillment. Weil introduces the idea of a "sacred longing", the human pursuit of beauty and connection as an expression of yearning for a tangible divine presence.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

Her writings detail a mystical experience that reshaped her understanding of divine love, emphasizing that true devotion requires patient, attentive openness to God. Weil sees suffering (not just joy) as essential to spiritual growth, a path to deeper connection with the divine. Despite her intense faith, she resisted baptism, believing that spiritual readiness must come through divine initiative, not personal decision. The essays explore themes of love, attention, suffering, and religious practice, asserting that love of God must include love for others and the world. Profound and challenging, ''Waiting for God'' is a key text for those drawn to mysticism, philosophy, and the complexities of faith.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

Essays included in this collection include:

* ''Reflections on the Right Use of School Studies with a View to the Love of God''
* ''The Love of God and Affliction''
* ''Forms of the Implicit Love of God''
* ''Concerning the 'Our Father'''
* ''The Three Sons of Noah and the History of Mediterranean Civilization''

=== Other Significant Essays ===
Weil wrote many essays many of which have been compiled into various books. Major essays not included in ''Gravity and Grace'' or ''Waiting for God'' include:

* ''Factory Work'' (1935) based on Weil's experience working in factories, offering insights into the dehumanizing aspects of industrial labor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weil |first=Simone |title=Factory Work |url=https://files.libcom.org/files/december1946politics.pdf |website=Libcom}}</ref>
* ''Reflections on the Causes of Liberty and Social Oppression'' (1934) a critical analysis of oppression in both capitalist and socialist systems, emphasizing the spiritual value of labor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5H IO H F R Q F H W & D X R / LE D 6 R F 2 S S U H |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/oa_monograph/chapter/3990977 |website=Muse}}</ref>
* ''The Power of Words'' (1937) Examines how political language and slogans can distort truth and manipulate thought.
* ''Meditation on Obedience and Liberty'' (1940) explores the relationship between obedience, authority, and personal freedom.
* ''What the Occitan Inspiration Consists Of'' (1941) Discusses the spiritual and poetic legacy of the Occitan tradition.
* ''Human Personality'' (1943) discusses what constitutes the sacred core in human beings<ref name="Kruk 2006"/>
* ''Draft for a Statement of Human Obligations'' (1943) proposes a framework of obligations as the foundation for justice, contrasting with rights-based approaches.
* ''Note on the General Suppression of Political Parties'' (1943) (also known as Essential Ideas for a New Constitution) A radical critique of political parties, arguing they hinder the pursuit of truth and justice. Published posthumously in ''La Table Ronde'' in 1950.
* ''What is Sacred in Every Human Being?'' (1943) composed shortly before her death. It explores the intrinsic value and dignity of every person.
* ''Are We Fighting for Justice?'' (1943) critiques the moral motivations behind the Allied war effort in World War II, asking whether it is truly being fought for justice or simply for victory
* ''Concerning the Colonial Problem in its Relation to the Destiny of the French People'' (1943) (originally ''Note sur la question coloniale)'' Weil addresses colonialism and its moral and political implications, particularly for France. She advocates for justice and genuine fraternity between peoples.

==Legacy==
[[File:3 rue du Bourbonnais, Vichy - plaque Simone Weil.jpg|thumb|Plaque recognizing Weil]]
During her lifetime, Weil was known only in relatively narrow circles and even in France her essays were mostly read only by those interested in radical politics. During the first decade after her death, Weil rapidly became famous, attracting attention throughout the West. For the third quarter of the 20th century, she was widely regarded as the most influential person in the world on new work concerning religious and spiritual matters.<ref>Even some of her critics conceded this, see Hellman (1982), p. 4-5</ref> Her philosophical,<ref>Note, however, that while Weil's philosophical work received much popular attention, including by intellectuals, she was relatively little studied by professional philosophers, especially in the English-speaking world, despite philosophy being the subject in which she was professionally trained. See, for example, the Introduction of ''Simone Weil: "The Just Balance"'' by [[Peter Winch]], which is an excellent source for a philosophical discussion of her ideas, especially for those interested in the overlap between her work and that of Wittgenstein.</ref> social and political thought also became popular, although not to the same degree as her religious work.<ref>Various scholars have listed her among the top five French political writers of the first half of the twentieth century, see Hellman (1982), p. 4-5.</ref>

Aside from influencing various fields of study, Weil deeply affected the personal lives of numerous individuals. [[Pope Paul VI]] said that Weil was one of his three greatest influences.<ref>The other two being [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]] and [[Georges Bernanos]]; see Hellman (1982), p. 1</ref> Weil is also cited as an influence by [[Iris Murdoch]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-11 |title=What did Iris Murdoch mean by 'attention'? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/iris-murdoch-and-the-meaning-of-attention/11301690 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=ABC Religion & Ethics |language=en-AU}}</ref> [[Jacques Derrida]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Rozelle-Stone |first1=A. Rebecca |title=Simone Weil |date=2024 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/simone-weil/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |edition=Summer 2024 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |last2=Davis |first2=Benjamin P. |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref>  [[Albert Camus]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Thurman |first=Judith |date=2024-09-02 |title=The Supreme Contradictions of Simone Weil |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/09/09/simone-weil-a-life-in-letters-robert-chenavier-andre-a-devaux-book-review? |access-date=2024-12-23 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> [[Frantz Fanon|Franz Fanon]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Higgs |first1=Paul |last2=Gilleard |first2=Chris |date=2022-09-01 |title=Is ageism an oppression? |journal=Journal of Aging Studies |volume=62 |article-number=101051 |doi=10.1016/j.jaging.2022.101051 |issn=0890-4065|doi-access=free |pmid=36008024 }}</ref> [[Emmanuel Levinas]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Guilherme |first1=Alexandre |title=Philosophy, dialogue, and education: nine modern European philosophers |last2=Morgan |first2=W. John |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-315-73653-2 |series=Routledge international studies in the philosophy of education |location=London New York}}</ref> [[George Grant (philosopher)|George Grant]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Grant on Simone Weil as Saint and Thinker |url=https://simoneweil.library.ucalgary.ca/bibliography/george-grant-on-simone-weil-as-saint-and-thinker/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Simone Weil Bibliography |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Adrienne Rich]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The contradictions of a 'saint for a secular age' |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/philosophy/history-of-philosophy/the-literary-afterlives-of-simone-weil-cynthia-r-wallace-book-review-madoc-cairns#:~:text=An%20atheist,%20socialist%20and%20feminist,not,%20Rich%20adds,%20succeed. |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=TLS |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Jacqueline Rose]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Enigma of Simone Weil |url=https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/the-enigma-of-simone-weil?srsltid=AfmBOoo66UfRGzAORDaxmaZ3LqP1QGzLUThain2i-VE7VhqqrPDbbzDm |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Verso |language=en}}</ref> and [[Thomas Merton]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-09 |title=Simone Weil's Last Journey |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/335/article/simone-weils-last-journey |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=America Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Weil's popularity began to decline in the late 1960s and 1970s. However, more of her work was gradually published, leading to many thousands of new secondary works by Weil scholars, some of whom focused on achieving a deeper understanding of her religious, philosophical and political work. Others broadened the scope of Weil scholarship to investigate her applicability to fields like classical studies, cultural studies, education, and even technical fields like ergonomics.<ref name="Sian"/>

Many commentators have given highly positive assessments of Weil as a person; some describe her as a saint, even as the greatest saint of the twentieth century, including [[T.&nbsp;S. Eliot]], [[Dwight Macdonald]], [[Leslie Fiedler]], and [[Robert Coles (psychiatrist)|Robert Coles]].<ref>See Hellman (1982) for a list her biographers who have portrayed her as a saint.</ref> After they met at age 18, [[Simone de Beauvoir]] wroteː "I envied her for having a heart that could beat right across the world."<ref name="compassion"/> Weil biographer Gabriella Fiori writes that Weil was "a moral genius in the orbit of ethics, a genius of immense revolutionary range".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516165930/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1120206.html "The Lonely Pilgrimage of Simone Weil", ''The Washington Post'']</ref> [[Maurice Schumann]] said that since her death there was "hardly a day when the thought of her life did not positively influence his own and serve as a moral guide".<ref name="compassion">
{{cite book
|author=Weil H. Bell
|title=The Way of Justice as Compassion
|page=xxii
|year=1998
|isbn=0-8476-9080-6
|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]
|url=https://archive.org/details/simoneweil_bell_1998_000_6101702
|url-access=registration
}}
</ref> In 1951, Albert Camus wrote that she was "the only great spirit of our times".<ref name="Hellman"/> Foolish though she may have appeared at times—dropping a suitcase full of French resistance papers all over the sidewalk and scrambling to gather them up—her deep engagement with both the theory and practice of [[Charity (virtue)|caritas]], in all its myriad forms, functions as the unifying force of her life and thought. [[Gustave Thibon]], the French philosopher and Weil's close friend, recounts their last meeting, not long before her death: "I will only say that I had the impression of being in the presence of an absolutely transparent soul which was ready to be reabsorbed into original light."<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ericadacosta.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/simone-weil.pdf
|title = The Four Simone Weils
|author = Erica DaCosta
|date = June 2004
|journal=The Women's Review of Books |volume=21 |number=9 |pages=7–8
|doi = 10.2307/4024308
|jstor = 4024308
|access-date = 2013-05-07
}}</ref> The Routledge edition of ''Gravity and Grace'' includes a New York Times Book Review stating "'In France she is ranked with Pascal by some, condemned as a dangerous heretic by others, and recognized as a genius by all."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.booktopia.com.au/gravity-and-grace-simone-weil/book/9780415290005.html?srsltid=AfmBOoocAS0zNKLaQTYveMf6OwRHcRDqnnNRKDPJxDNmTQ6XIi__hgRN |title=Gravity and Grace |language=en}}</ref> In 2017 President [[Emmanuel Macron]] mentioned Weil and her philosophy in a joint address to [[French Parliament|Parliament]] stating the need for what Weil calls ''l'effectivité'' (effectivity).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=Discours du Président de la République devant le Parlement réuni en congrès |url=https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2017/07/03/discours-du-president-de-la-republique-devant-le-parlement-reuni-en-congres |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=elysee.fr |language=fr}}</ref>  
[[File:Simone Weil streetart.jpg|thumb|[[Street art]] image of Simone Weil in [[Kreuzberg|Berlin-Kreuzberg]] (2019)]]
Weil has been criticised, however, even by those who otherwise admired her deeply, such as T. S. Eliot, for being excessively prone to divide the world into good and evil, and for her sometimes intemperate judgments. Weil was a harsh critic of the influence of Judaism on Western civilisation.<ref name="Eliot"/> However, her niece Sylvie Weil and biographer Thomas R. Nevin argue that Weil did not reject Judaism and was heavily influenced by its precepts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ivry|first=Benjamin|title=Simone Weil's Rediscovered Jewish Inspiration|date=30 March 2009|url=http://forward.com/articles/104410/simone-weil-s-rediscovered-jewish-inspiration/|publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward}}</ref> Weil was an even harsher critic of the [[Roman Empire]], in which she refused to see any value.<ref>She even disliked Romans who are normally admired by progressives, such as [[Virgil]], [[Marcus Aurelius]], and [[Tacitus]], reserving moderate praise only for the [[Gracchi]].</ref> On the other hand, according to Eliot, she held up the [[Cathar]]s as exemplars of goodness, despite there being in his view little concrete evidence on which to base such an assessment.<ref name="Eliot"/> According to Pétrement she idolised [[Lawrence of Arabia]], considering him to be a saint.<ref name="Pétrement 1988" />{{rp|pp=329,334}} A few critics have taken an overall negative view. Several Jewish writers, including [[Susan Sontag]], have accused her of [[antisemitism]], although this perspective is far from universal.<ref>Several of her most ardent admirers have also been Jewish, Wladimir Rabi, a contemporary French intellectual for example, called her the greatest French spiritual writer of the first half the twentieth century. See Hellman (1982), p. 2</ref> A small minority of commentators have judged her to be psychologically unbalanced or sexually obsessed.<ref name="Hellman"/> General [[Charles de Gaulle]], her ultimate boss while she worked for the ''French Resistance'', considered her "insane",<ref>"Elle est folle". See Malcolm Muggeridge, "The Infernal Grove", Fontana: Glasgow (pbk), 1975, p. 210.</ref> although even he was influenced by her and repeated some of her sayings for years after her death.<ref name="Hellman"/><ref name="Sian"/>

A meta study from the [[University of Calgary]] maintains a bibliography of more than 5,000 books, essays, journal articles, and theses about Weil and her work.<ref name="Calgary">{{cite web |first1=Saundra|last1=Lipton|first2=Debra|last2=Jensen|date=3 March 2012 |title=Simone Weil: Bibliography |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/simoneweil/ |access-date=16 April 2012 |publisher=[[University of Calgary]]}}
</ref> Together French and English comprise slightly over 50% of the total records collected.<ref name="Calgary" /> Other organizations dedicated to her work include Association pour l'Étude de la Pensée de Simone Weil and the American Weil Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association pour l'étude de la pensée de Simone Weil - Les Cahiers Simone Weil |url=https://www.simoneweil-association.com/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Etude de la pensée de Simone Weil |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=American Weil Society - |url=https://www.americanweilsociety.org/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.americanweilsociety.org}}</ref>

In the decades since her death, her writings have been assembled, annotated, criticized, discussed, disputed, and praised. Along with some twenty volumes of her works, publishers have issued more than thirty biographies, including ''Simone Weil: A Modern Pilgrimage'' by Robert Coles, [[Harvard University|Harvard]]'s [[Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer]]-winning professor, who calls Weil 'a giant of reflection.'<ref>Alonzo L. McDonald, from the forward ''Wrestling with God, An Introduction to Simone Weil'' by The Trinity Forum c. 2008</ref>

== Weil in film, stage, and media ==
"Approaching Simone" is a play created by [[Megan Terry]]. Dramatizing the life, philosophy and death of Simone Weil, Terry's play won the 1969/1970 Obie Award for Best Off-Broadway Play.

Weil was the subject of a 2010 documentary by [[Julia Haslett]], ''An encounter with Simone Weil''. Haslett noted that Weil had become "a little-known figure, practically forgotten in her native France, and rarely taught in universities or secondary schools".<ref name="encounter">
{{cite magazine|author=Doris Toumarkine|date=23 March 2012|title=Film Review: An Encounter with Simone Weil|url=http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/reviews/specialty-releases/e3i59680f3eef11d7a35cc72dadb3f24ff4|magazine=Film Journal International|access-date=31 August 2012}}
</ref>

Weil was also the subject of Finnish composer [[Kaija Saariaho]]'s ''La Passion de Simone'' (2008), written with librettist [[Amin Maalouf]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Olivia Giovetti|date=2018-03-01|title=Deep Listen: Kaija Saariaho|url=https://van-us.atavist.com/deep-listen-kaija-saariaho|access-date=2020-09-20|website=VAN Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601163627/https://van-us.atavist.com/deep-listen-kaija-saariaho |archive-date=1 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Chris Kraus (writer)|Chris Kraus]]' 1996 film ''Gravity and Grace'' alludes to the posthumous work of Simone Weil. Chris Kraus' 2000 novel ''Aliens & Anorexia'' chronicles her experience producing the film while also touching on Kraus' personal study and interaction with Simone Weil's philosophy and life.

Weil's work, ''Venice Saved,'' was not completed in her lifetime but put together as a play and translated by Silvia Panizza and Philip Wilson.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-28 |title=The Play's the Thing: On Simone Weil's "Venice Saved" |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-plays-the-thing-on-simone-weils-venice-saved/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books}}</ref>

[[T. S. Eliot]], W. H. Auden, Czeslaw Milosz, Seamus Heaney, [[Flannery O'Connor]], [[Susan Sontag]], [[Octavia Bright]], Anne Carson, Adrienne Rich, Annie Dillard, Mary Gordon, Maggie Helwig, Stephanie Strickland, Kate Daniels, Sarah Klassen and Lorri Neilsen Glennall cite Weil as an inspiration of their books and literature.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Rozelle-Stone |first1=A. Rebecca |title=Simone Weil |date=2024 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/simone-weil/#ReceInfl |access-date=2024-09-20 |edition=Summer 2024 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |last2=Davis |first2=Benjamin P. |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=4 (De)creation: Simone Weil Among the Poets |date=2024-12-31 |work=The Literary Afterlives of Simone Weil |pages=171–228 |publisher=Columbia University Press |doi=10.7312/wall21418-005 |isbn=978-0-231-56023-8}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Primary sources===
====Works in French====
* ''Simone Weil, Œuvres complètes.'' (Paris : Gallimard, 1989–2006, 6 vols.)
* ''Réflexions sur la guerre'' (La Critique sociale, no. 10, November 1933)
* ''Chronicles from the Spanish Civil War'', in: 'Le Libertaire', a French anarchist magazine, 1936
* ''La Pesanteur et la grâce'' (Paris : Plon, 1947)
* ''L'enracinement : Prélude à une déclaration des devoirs envers l'être humain'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1949)
* ''Attente de Dieu'' (1950)
* ''La connaissance surnaturelle'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1950)
* ''La Condition ouvrière'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1951)
* ''Lettre à un religieux'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1951)
* ''Les Intuitions pré-chrétiennes'' (Paris: Les Éditions de la Colombe, 1951)
* ''La Source grecque'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1953)
* ''Oppression et Liberté'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1955)
* ''Venise sauvée : Tragédie en trois actes'' (Gallimard, 1955)
* ''Écrits de Londres et dernières lettres'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1957)
* ''Écrits historiques et politiques'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1960)
* ''Pensées sans ordre concernant l'amour de Dieu'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1962)
* ''Sur la science'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1966)
* ''Poèmes, suivi de Venise sauvée'' (Gallimard [Espoir], 1968)
* ''Note sur la suppression générale des partis politiques'' (Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1957 - Climats, 2006)

====Works in English translation====
* ''A Life in Letters''. Robert Chenavier & André A. Devaux, eds. Translated by Nicholas Elliott. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2024. ISBN 978-0-674-29237-6
* ''Awaiting God: A New Translation of Attente de Dieu and Lettre a un Religieux.'' Introduction by Sylvie Weil. Translated by Bradley Jersak. Fresh Wind Press, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-927512-03-6}}.
* ''First and Last Notebooks: Supernatural Knowledge''. Translated by Richard Rees. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2015.
* ''Formative Writings: 1929–1941''. (1987). Dorothy Tuck McFarland & Wilhelmina Van Ness, eds. [[University of Massachusetts Press]].
* ''[[The Iliad or the Poem of Force]]''. Translated by Mary McCarthy. Pendle Hill Pamphlet. 
* ''Intimations of Christianity among the Ancient Greeks''. Translated by Elisabeth Chase Geissbuhler. New York: Routledge, 1998.
* ''Lectures on Philosophy''. Translated by Hugh Price. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
* ''[[Letter to a Priest]]''. Translated by Arthur Willis. New York: Routledge, 2002.
* ''[[The Need for Roots|The Need for Roots: Prelude to a Declaration of Duties Towards Mankind]]''. Translated by Arthur Willis. New York: Routledge, 2002.
* ''The Need for Roots: Prelude to a Declaration of Obligations Towards the Human Being.'' Introduction by Dr. Kate Kirkpatrick. Translated by Ros Schwarz. Penguin Classics, 2024. ISBN 978-0-241-46797-8
* ''Gravity and Grace''. Edited by Gustave Thibon. Translated by Arthur Willis. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=30YyD5Yf_r4C&pg=PA0 The Notebooks of Simone Weil]''. Routledge paperback, 1984. {{ISBN|0-7100-8522-2}} [Routledge 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-415-32771-8}}]
* ''On Science, Necessity, & The [[Love of God]]''. Translated by Richard Rees. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.
* ''On the Abolition of All Political Parties''. Translated by [[Simon Leys]]. New York: The New York Review of Books, 2013.
* ''Oppression and Liberty''. Edited by [[Albert Camus]]. Translated by Arthur Willis and John Petrie. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1973.
* ''Selected Essays, 1934–1943: Historical, Political and Moral Writings''. Edited and translated by Richard Rees. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2015.
* ''Seventy Letters: Personal and Intellectual Windows on a Thinker''. Translated by Richard Rees. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2015.
* ''Simone Weil's The Iliad or Poem of Force: A Critical Edition''. Edited and translated by James P. Holoka. Peter Lang, 2005.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_zDMWcy7rmcC&pg=PA0 Simone Weil: An Anthology]''. Sian Miles, editor. Virago Press, 1986.
* ''The Simone Weil Reader: A Legendary Spiritual Odyssey of Our Time''. Edited by George A. Panichas. David McKay Co., 1981.
* ''Two Moral Essays by Simone Weil—Draft for a Statement of Human Obligations & Human Personality''. Edited by Ronald Hathaway. Translated by Richard Rees. Pendle Hill Pamphlet, 1981.
* ''Simone Weil on Colonialism: An Ethic of the Other.'' Edited and translated by J. P. Little. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 2003
* ''Waiting for God''. Translated by Emma Craufurd. New York: HarperPerennial, 2009.
* ''Venice Saved''. Translated by Silvia Panizza and Philip Wilson. New York: Bloomsbury, 2019.

====Online journal====
* [http://attentionsw.org ''Attention''] a bi-monthly online journal (free) dedicated to exploring the life and legacy of Simone Weil.

===Secondary sources===
* Allen, Diogenes. (2006) ''Three Outsiders: Pascal, Kierkegaard, Simone Weil''. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.
* [[Ulrich Arnswald|Arnswald, Ulrich]]. (2024)''Totalitarianism in the Work of Simone Weil: Insights from an Early Confrontation'', ''Atlantika: Revista Internacional de Filosofia. Revista de Filosofia do Centro Atlântico de Pesquisa em Humanidades (CAPH)'', Vol. II, no. 01, 2024, 96–109, ISSN 2965-6257.
* Bell, Richard H. (1998) ''Simone Weil''. Rowman & Littlefield.
* ———, editor. (1993) ''Simone Weil's Philosophy of Culture: Readings Toward a Divine Humanity''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-43263-4}}
* Bourgault, Sophie, & Daigle, Julie. (Eds.). (2020). ''Simone Weil, Beyond Ideology?'' Palgrave Macmillan.
* Castelli, Alberto, "The Peace Discourse in Europe 1900–1945, Routledge, 2019.
* Cha, Yoon Sook. (2017). ''Decreation and the Ethical Bind: Simone Weil and the Claim of the Other''. Fordham University Press.
* Chenavier, Robert. (2012) ''Simone Weil: Attention to the Real'', trans. Bernard E. Doering. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame.
* Davies, Grahame. (2007) ''Everything Must Change''. Seren. {{ISBN|978-1-85411-451-8}}
* [[Mary G. Dietz|Dietz, Mary]]. (1988). ''Between the Human and the Divine: The Political Thought of Simone Weil.'' Rowman & Littlefield.
* Doering, E. Jane. (2010) ''Simone Weil and the Specter of Self-Perpetuating Force''. University of Notre Dame Press.
* Doering, E. Jane, and Eric O. Springsted, eds. (2004) ''The Christian Platonism of Simone Weil''. University of Notre Dame Press.
* [[Roberto Esposito|Esposito, Roberto]]. (2017). ''The Origin of the Political: Hannah Arendt or Simone Weil?'' (V. Binetti & G. Williams, Trans.). Fordham University Press.
* Finch, Henry Leroy. (1999) ''Simone Weil and the Intellect of Grace,'' ed. Martin Andic. Continuum International.
* Gabellieri, Emmanuel. (2003) ''Etre et don: L'unite et l'enjeu de la pensée de Simone Weil''. Paris: Peeters.
* Goldschläger, Alain. (1982) ''Simone Weil et Spinoza: Essai d'interprétation''. Québec: Naaman. 
* Guilherme, Alexandre and Morgan, W. John, 2018, 'Simone Weil (1909–1943)-dialogue as an instrument of power', Chapter 7 in ''Philosophy, Dialogue, and Education: Nine modern European philosophers'', Routledge, London and New York, pp.&nbsp;109–126. {{ISBN|978-1-138-83149-0}}.
* Irwin, Alexander. (2002) ''Saints of the Impossible: Bataille, Weil, and the Politics of the Sacred''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
*McCullough, Lissa. (2014) ''The Religious Philosophy of Simone Weil''. London: I. B. Tauris. {{ISBN|978-1-78076-796-3}}
* Morgan, Vance G. (2005) ''Weaving the World: Simone Weil on Science, Mathematics, and Love''. University of Notre Dame Press. {{ISBN|0-268-03486-9}}
* Morgan, W. John, 2019, ''Simone Weil's Lectures on Philosophy: A comment'', ''RUDN Journal of Philosophy'', 23 (4) 420–429. DOI: 10.22363/2313-2302-2019-23-4-420-429.
* Morgan, W. John, 2020, 'Simone Weil's 'Reflections on the Right Use of School Studies with a View to the Love of God': A Comment', ''RUDN Journal of Philosophy'', 24 (3), 398–409.DOI: 10.22363/2313-2302-2020-24-3-398-409.
* [[Athanasios Moulakis|Moulakis, Athanasios]] (1998) ''Simone Weil and the Politics of Self-Denial,'' trans. [[Ruth Hein]]. University of Missouri Press. {{ISBN|0-8262-1162-3}}
* Panizza, Silvia Caprioglio. (2022). ''The Ethics of Attention: Engaging the Real with Iris Murdoch and Simone Weil''. Routledge.
* Plant, Stephen. (2007) ''Simone Weil: A Brief Introduction'', Orbis, {{ISBN|978-1-57075-753-2}}
* ———. (2007) ''The SPCK Introduction to Simone Weil'', SPCK, {{ISBN|978-0-281-05938-6}}
* Radzins, Inese Astra (2006) ''Thinking Nothing: Simone Weil's Cosmology''. ProQuest/UMI.
* Rhees, Rush. (2000) ''Discussions of Simone Weil''. State University of New York Press.
* Rozelle-Stone, A. Rebecca. (Ed.). (2019). ''Simone Weil and Continental Philosophy''. Rowman & Littlefield.
* Rozelle-Stone, A. Rebecca and Lucian Stone. (2013) ''Simone Weil and Theology''. New York: Bloomsbury T & T Clark.
* ———, eds. (2009) ''Relevance of the Radical: Simone Weil 100 Years Later''. New York: T & T Clark.
* Springsted, Eric O. (2010). ''Simone Weil and the Suffering of Love''. Wipf & Stock.
* ———. (2021). ''Simone Weil for the Twenty-First Century''. University of Notre Dame Press.
* Veto, Miklos. (1994) ''The Religious Metaphysics of Simone Weil'', trans. Joan Dargan. State University of New York Press.
* von der Ruhr, Mario. (2006) ''Simone Weil: An Apprenticeship in Attention''. London: Continuum.
* [[Peter Winch|Winch, Peter]]. (1989) ''Simone Weil: "The Just Balance''." Cambridge University Press.
*Winchell, James. (2000) 'Semantics of the Unspeakable: Six Sentences by Simone Weil,' in: "Trajectories of Mysticism in Theory and Literature", Philip Leonard, ed. London: Macmillan, 72–93. {{ISBN| 0-333-72290-6}}
* Zaretsky, Robert. (2021). ''The Subversive Simone Weil: A Life in Five Ideas''. University of Chicago Press.
* ———. (2020) [https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/logic-rebel-simone-weil-albert-camus/ "The Logic of the Rebel: On Simone Weil and Albert Camus,"] Los Angeles Review of Books.
* ———. (2018) [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/opinion/simone-weil-human-rights-obligations.html "What We Owe to Others: Simone Weil's Radical Reminder,"] New York Times.

===Biographies===
* Anderson, David. (1971). ''Simone Weil''. SCM Press.
* Cabaud, Jacques. (1964). ''Simone Weil''. Channel Press.
* [[Robert Coles (psychiatrist)|Coles, Robert]] (1989) ''Simone Weil: A Modern Pilgrimage''. Addison-Wesley. 2001 ed., Skylight Paths Publishing.
* Fiori, Gabriella (1989) ''Simone Weil: An Intellectual Biography''. translated by Joseph R. Berrigan. University of Georgia Press. {{ISBN|0-8203-1102-2}}
* ———, (1991) ''Simone Weil. Una donna assoluta'', La Tartaruga; Saggistica. {{ISBN|88-7738-075-6}}
* ———, (1993) ''Simone Weil. Une Femme Absolue'' Diffuseur-SODIS. {{ISBN|2-86645-148-1}}
* Gray, Francine Du Plessix (2001) ''Simone Weil''. Viking Press.
* McLellan, David (1990) ''Utopian Pessimist: The Life and Thought of Simone Weil''. New York: Poseidon Press.
* Nevin, Thomas R. (1991). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pbNwXrQPs7kC&pg=PA0 Simone Weil: Portrait of a Self-Exiled Jew]''. Chapel Hill.
* Perrin, J.B. & Thibon, G. (1953). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PHWpSe1ywkEC&pg=PA0 Simone Weil as We Knew Her]''. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
* Pétrement, Simone (1976) ''Simone Weil: A Life''. New York: Schocken Books. 1988 edition.
* Plessix Gray, Francine du. (2001). ''Simone Weil''. Penguin.
* Rexroth, Kenneth (1957) Simone Weil http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/essays/simone-weil.htm
* [[Guia Risari]] (2014) ''Il taccuino di Simone Weil'', RueBallu 2014, Palermo, {{ISBN|978-88-95689-15-9}}
* Sogos Wiquel, Giorgia (2022) "Simone Weil. Private Überlegungen". Bonn, Free Pen Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-945177-95-2}}. 
* Terry, Megan (1973). ''Approaching Simone: A Play''. The Feminist Press.
* White, George A., ed. (1981). ''Simone Weil: Interpretations of a Life''. [[University of Massachusetts Press]].
* Yourgrau, Palle. (2011) ''Simone Weil''. Critical Lives series. London: Reaktion.
* [[Sylvie Weil|Weil, Sylvie]]. (2010) ''At home with André and Simone Weil''. Evanston: Northwestern.
* "Simone Weil: A Saint for Our Time?" magazine article by [[Jillian Becker]]; ''[[The New Criterion]]'', Vol. 20, March 2002.

===Audio recordings===
* [[David Cayley]], ''Enlightened by Love: The Thought of Simone Weil''. CBC Audio (2002)
* "In Our Time" documentary on Weil, BBC Radio 4 (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Simone Weil |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nthz3 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Anarchism|Christianity|Judaism}}
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Asceticism]]
* [[Christian anarchism]]
* [[Christian existentialism]]
* [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]]
* [[Edith Stein]]
* [[Etty Hillesum]]
* [[Ethics of care]]
* [[Georges Bernanos]]
* [[Charles Péguy]]
* [[Gabriel Marcel]]
* [[Abhishiktananda|Henri Le Saux]] 
* [[Ivan Illich]]
* [[Jacques Ellul]]
* [[Jean Giono]]
* [[Justice]]
* [[Julian of Norwich]]
* [[Lev Shestov]]
* [[Liberation theology|Liberation Theology]]
* [[Louis Massignon]]
* [[Maurice Blondel]]
* [[Meister Eckhart]]
* [[Michel de Certeau]]
* [[Obligation|Moral obligation]]
* [[Mystical theology]]
* [[Apophatic theology|Negative theology]]
* [[Paul Ricœur]]
* [[Personalism]]
* [[Political theology]]
* [[René Girard]]
* [[Theodicy]]
* [[Thomas Merton]]
* [[Poverty|Voluntary poverty]]
}}

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |author=Brădăţan, Costică |author-link=Costica Bradatan |date=January 2023 |title=Christ at the assembly line: how a year of factory work transformed Simone Weil |journal=Commonweal |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=32–39 |url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/simone-weil-slavery-capitalism-revolution-christ |url-access=limited <!--|access-date=2023-06-07-->}}<ref group=lower-alpha>Excerpted from the author's ''In praise of failure''.</ref>
*{{cite book |last= Courtine-Denamy|first= Sylvie |date= 2000|title= Three women in dark times : Edith Stein, Hannah Arendt, Simone Weil : or Amor fati, amor mundi|location= Ithaca, N.Y |publisher= Cornell University Press |isbn= 0801435722}}
*{{cite book |last= Feldhay Brenner|first= Rachel |date= 1997|title= Writing as resistance : four women confronting the Holocaust : Edith Stein, Simone Weil, Anne Frank, Etty Hillesum|location= University Park, Pa |publisher= Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn= 027101623X}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|40em|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
*{{cite IEP |url-id=weil |title=Simone Weil |first=Tony |last=Lynch}}
*{{cite web|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/simone-weil/|title=Simone Weil|author=A. Rebecca Rozelle-Stone|author2=Benjamin P. Davis|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|year=2018}}
*{{MacTutor Biography|id=Weil_family|class=HistTopics|title=Weil family}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091010181204/http://www.siue.edu/artsandsciences/philosophy/weilsociety/colloquy.shtml American Weil Society and 2009 Colloquy]—Website for 2009 Colloquy at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070815211545/http://www.globaljusticecenter.org/papers2005/presbey_eng.htm Simone Weil on Labor] — hosted at the ''Center for Global Justice'' 
*[http://simoneweil.net/home.htm simoneweil.net] — biographical notes, photos & bilingual quotes that illustrate key concepts, including force, necessity, attention and "le malheur"
*[https://wikilivres.org/wiki/Simone_Weil Works by Simone Weil] — public domain in Canada
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102225833/http://linestreet.net/filmmakers.html ''An Encounter with Simone Weil'']}} — Documentary on Weil by Julia Haslett, premiered in Amsterdam in November 2010
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nthz3 Radio broadcast on Weil as part of BBC's ''In our Time'' series (2012)]
*[http://www.traduccionssimoneweil.cat Simone Weil's texts] (Catalan translation)
*[[Philosophical Investigations (journal)|Philosophical Investigations]], [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14679205/2020/43/1-2 Special Issue on Simone Weil (1909–1943)], January–April 2020.
*[https://simoneweil.library.ucalgary.ca/ Simone Weil Bibliography] - Bibliography of scholarship on Simone Weil published since 1995

{{Simone Weil}}
{{Continental philosophy}}
{{Social and political philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

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