View source for Sinaloa

{{short description|State of Mexico }}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Sinaloa
| official_name      = {{raise|0.2em|Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa}}<br />{{nobold|{{lang|es|Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa}} {{small|([[Mexican Spanish|Spanish]])}}}}
| native_name_lang   = 
| settlement_type    = [[States of Mexico|State]]
| image_skyline      = Sierra_Madre_Occidental....jpg
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = The [[Sierra Madre Occidental]]
| image_flag         = <!--As per the consensus reached at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mexico]] (oldid: 1007177146), this article should not use a flag because none is officially recognized by the government of the state-->
| flag_size          = 
| flag_alt           = 
| image_shield       = Coat of arms of Sinaloa.svg
| shield_size        = 65px
| nickname           = The Land of the 11 Rivers
| motto              = <!--NO-->
| anthem             = State of Sinaloa Anthem<br />{{center|[[File:Himno Sinaloa Oficial.ogg]]}}
| image_map          = Sinaloa in Mexico (location map scheme).svg
| map_caption        = State of Sinaloa within Mexico
| coordinates        = {{coord|25|0|N|107|30|W|region:MX-SIN_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{MEX}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Capital city|Capital]]<br>{{nobold|and [[List of cities in Mexico|largest city]]}}
| subdivision_name1  = [[Culiacán]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Metropolitan area|Largest metro]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Culiacán|Greater Culiacán]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipalities]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Municipalities of Sinaloa|18]]
| established_title  = [[Sovereign state|Admission]]
| established_date   = 14 October 1830<ref>{{cite news | title=Ley. Reglas para la división del Estado de Sonora y Sinaloa | url=http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1830_135/Ley_Reglas_para_la_divisi_n_del_Estado_de_Sonora_y_Sinaloa.shtml | language=es | access-date=2010-02-09 | archive-date=2019-10-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017191215/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1830_135/Ley_Reglas_para_la_divisi_n_del_Estado_de_Sonora_y_Sinaloa.shtml | url-status=live }}</ref>
| established_title2 = [[Territorial evolution of Mexico|Order]]
| established_date2  = [[Territorial evolution of Mexico|20th]]
| founder            = 
| seat_type          = 
| seat               = 
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[List of Mexican state governors|Governor]]
| leader_name        = [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Rubén Rocha Moya]]
| leader_title1      = [[Senate of Mexico|Senators]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senadores por Sinaloa LXI Legislatura |url=http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=int&mn=4&sm=4&id=25 |publisher=Senado de la Republica |access-date=April 6, 2011 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115002/http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=int&mn=4&sm=4&id=25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_name1       = {{ubl|{{nowrap|[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Raúl de Jesús Elenes Angulo]]}}|[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Imelda Castro Castro]]|[[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|23px]] [[Mario Zamora Gastélum]]}}
| leader_title2      = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Deputies]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Sinaloa |url=http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXI_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&edot=25 |publisher=Camara de Diputados |access-date=April 6, 2011 |archive-date=March 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316215506/http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXI_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&edot=25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_name2       = {{Collapsible list
 |title       = [[LXV Legislature of the Mexican Congress#Chamber_of_Deputies_2|Federal Deputies]]
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |title_style = <!-- (optional) -->
 |list_style  = text-align:left;display:none;
 |1           = {{nowrap|• [[File:PT_Party_(Mexico).svg|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|23px]] [[Leobardo Alcántara Martínez]] ([[I Federal Electoral District of Sinaloa|1st]])}}
 |2           = {{nowrap|• [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Ana Elizabeth Ayala Leyva]] ([[II Federal Electoral District of Sinaloa|2nd]])}}
 |3           = {{nowrap|• [[File:PT_Party_(Mexico).svg|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|23px]] [[Jesús Fernando García Hernández]] ([[III Federal Electoral District of Sinaloa|3rd]])}}
 |4           = {{nowrap|• [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Casimiro Zamora Valdéz]] ([[IV Federal Electoral District of Sinaloa|4th]])}}
 |5           = {{nowrap|• [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Yadira Santiago Marcos]] ([[V Federal Electoral District of Sinaloa|5th]])}}
 |6           = {{nowrap|• [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Olegaria Carrazco Macías]] ([[VI Federal Electoral District of Sinaloa|6th]])}}
 |7           = {{nowrap|• [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Merary Villegas Sánchez]] ([[VII Federal Electoral District of Sinaloa|7th]])}}
}}
| unit_pref          = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Resumen |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/sin/default.aspx?tema=me&e=25 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=February 12, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514224346/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/sin/default.aspx?tema=me&e=25 |archive-date=May 14, 2013 }}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 58328
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_note          = [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 17th]]
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Relieve |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/sin/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=25 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=April 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014020156/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/sin/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=25 |archive-date=October 14, 2010 }}</ref>
| elevation_max_m    = 2815
| elevation_max_point = [[Cerro La Cueva Gacha]]
| elevation_max_ft   = 
| elevation_min_m    = 
| elevation_min_ft   = 
| population_footnotes = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/#tabMCcollapse-Indicadores|title=México en cifras|date=January 2016|access-date=2021-01-25|archive-date=2021-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104723/https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/#tabMCcollapse-Indicadores|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total   = 3,026,943
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_rank    = [[List of Mexican states by population|16th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population density|18th]]
| population_demonym = Sinaloense
| population_note    = 
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/revistas//IRAE/IRAE2023.pdf|title=Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023|author=Citibanamex|language=es|date=June 13, 2023|access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = MXN 668 billion<br />(US$33.3 billion) (2022)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = (US$10,840) (2022)
| timezone1          = [[Mountain Standard Time|MST]]
| utc_offset1        = −7
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal codes in Mexico|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 80-82
| area_code_type     = [[Area code]]
| area_code          = {{Collapsible list
|title       = [[Area codes in Mexico by code (600-699)|Area codes]]
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style = <!-- (optional) -->
|list_style  = text-align:left;display:none;
 |1           = • 667
 |2           = • 668
 |3           = • 669
 |4           = • 672
 |5           = • 673
 |6           = • 687
 |7           = • 694
 |8           = • 695
 |9           = • 696
 |10          = • 697
 |11          = • 698
 }}
| iso_code           = MX-SIN
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1    = {{increase}} 0.828 <span style="color:#090">very high</span> <small>[[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 8th of 32]]</small>
| website            = {{official URL}}
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Sinaloa''' ({{IPA|es|sinaˈloa|-|Sinaloa.ogg}}), officially the '''{{lang|es|Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa}}''' ({{langx|en|Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa}}), is one of the 31 states which, along with [[Mexico City]], compose the [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|Federal Entities]] of [[Mexico]]. It is divided into [[Municipalities of Sinaloa|20 municipalities]], and its capital and largest city is [[Culiacán|Culiacán Rosales]]. Other large cities include [[Mazatlán]], [[Los Mochis]], [[Guamúchil, Sinaloa|Guamúchil]], and [[Guasave]].

Sinaloa is located in northwest Mexico and is bordered by the states of [[Sonora]] to the northwest, [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] to the north, [[Durango]] to the east, and [[Nayarit]] to the southeast. To the west, Sinaloa faces [[Baja California Sur]], across the [[Gulf of California]]. Its natural geography is divided by the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]], fertile river valleys, and a broad coastal plain along the Gulf of California. The state covers an area of {{convert|58328|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} and includes the islands of Palmito Verde, Palmito de la Virgen, Altamura, Santa María, Saliaca, Macapule, and San Ignacio. 

Often referred to as the "breadbasket of Mexico", Sinaloa produces about 40% of the nation’s food.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} Its economy is based on agriculture, fisheries, livestock breeding, tourism, mining, and food processing. Culturally, Sinaloa has a strong musical tradition, particularly in the [[Banda music|banda]] and [[Norteño (music)|norteño]] genres, its cuisine, and the heritage of indigenous peoples such as the [[Yaqui]] and the [[Yoreme]].

==Etymology==
''Sinaloa'' combines two words from the [[Cahita language]]: {{lang|mfy|sina}} ('[[pithaya]] plant'), and {{lang|mfy|lobola}} ('rounded'); "sinalobola" was shortened to "sinaloa".<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/cham/learn/historyculture/sinaloa.htm Sinaloa, National Park Service]</ref> This most popular etymology is attributed to [[Eustaquio Buelna]]. Another etymology attributed to Pablo Lizárraga is Mexica ''cintli'' ('dry corn and cob') and ''ololoa'' ('to pile up'), and to locative, "where they pile up or store corn on the cob." Yet another etymology from Héctor R. Olea combines Cahia ''sina'' with the locative "ro" from the [[Purépecha language]] and "a" from Aztec ''atl'' ('water'), thus "place of pithayas in the water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinaloa.gob.mx/NR/exeres/B1FB61DE-82E5-4EE7-AE7E-851D47307AF3,frameless.htm?NRMODE=Published|title=Municipio de Sinaloa de Leyva|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716221737/http://www.sinaloa.gob.mx/NR/exeres/B1FB61DE-82E5-4EE7-AE7E-851D47307AF3,frameless.htm?NRMODE=Published|archivedate=16 July 2007|accessdate=4 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:SEEMANN(1858)_-_MAZATLAN,_MEXICO.jpg|thumb |Lithograph of [[Mazatlán]] in 1845|250x250px]]
[[File:Alfredo_Campos_y_Su_Guerrilla,_Entrando_a_Culiacan,_Abril_de_1912_(21629446670)_(cropped).jpg|thumb | Alfredo Campos and his guerrilla entering [[Culiacán]], April 1912, during the [[Mexican Revolution]].|250x250px]]
[[File:Presa y Central Hidroelectrica "Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta" (17618237263).jpg|thumb |Inauguration of the [[Huites Dam]].|250x250px]]
Sinaloa belongs to the northern limit of [[Mesoamerica]]. To the north, the [[Fuerte River]] marks the region known as [[Aridoamerica]], which includes the deserts and arid regions of [[northern Mexico]] and [[southwestern United States]]. Before European contact, the territory of Sinaloa was inhabited by groups such as the [[Cáhita|Cahitas]], the Tahues, the [[Acaxee|Acaxees]], the [[Xiximes]], the [[Totorame language|Totorames]], the [[Achires]] and the [[Guasave language|Guasaves]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Breve historia de Sinaloa|last=Ortega Noriega|first=Sergio|publisher=Colegio de México, Fideicomiso Historia de las Américas|date=1999|isbn=968-16-5378-5|oclc=42398419}}</ref>

In 1531, [[Nuño de Guzmán|Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán]], with a force of over 10,000 men, established a Spanish and allied Indian outpost at San Miguel de Culiacán. Over the next decade, the Cahíta suffered severe depopulation from conquest, smallpox and other diseases brought by Europeans.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |title=Sinaloa : un bosquejo de su historia|last=Nakayama A.|first=Antonio|publisher=Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa|date=1996|isbn=968-6063-98-6|oclc=37813710}}</ref> The northern region of the state was colonized by [[Francisco de Ibarra]], who founded a settlement in 1563 that later became [[El Fuerte, Sinaloa|El Fuerte]], named after the fort built there in 1610 under the direction of [[Diego Martínez de Hurdaide]].

The Spanish organized Sinaloa as part of the ''gobierno'' of [[Nueva Galicia]]. In 1564, the area was realigned: the area of Culiacán and [[Cosalá]] remained in control of Nueva Galicia, while the areas to the north, south, and west were made part of the newly formed [[Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain|Nueva Vizcaya]] province, making the Culiacán area an exclave of Nueva Galicia. The first capital of Nueva Vizcaya was located in [[San Sebastián, Sinaloa|San Sebastián]], near [[Copala, Sinaloa|Copala]], but was moved to [[Durango, Durango|Durango]] in 1583.<ref>Peter Gerhard, ''The Northern Frontier of New Spain'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982) p. 245</ref>
 
Starting in 1599, [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[Mission (Christianity)|missionaries]] spread out from a base at what is now [[Sinaloa de Leyva]] and by 1610, the Spanish influence had been extended to the northern edge of Sinaloa. In 1601, the Jesuits' movement into the eastern part of Sinaloa prompted the [[Acaxee Rebellion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deeds |first=Susan M. |url=https://utpress.utexas.edu/9780292705517/ |title=Defiance and deference in Mexico's colonial north: Indians under Spanish rule in Nueva Vizcaya |date=2003 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-70551-7 |edition=1st |location=Austin}}</ref> The Spanish eventually managed to subdue the indigenous peoples of the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]] region and executed 48 Acaxee leaders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/sinaloa.html|title=History of Mexico - The State of Sinaloa|website=www.houstonculture.org|access-date=2005-07-14|archive-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210152516/http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/sinaloa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An account of the region’s evangelization and colonial history was written by the Jesuit missionary [[Andrés Pérez de Ribas]] in ''Historia de los Triunfos de Nuestra Santa Fe'', published in 1645.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pérez de Ribas |first=Andrés |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/92789 |title=History of the triumphs of our holy faith amongst the most barbarous and fierce peoples of the New World |last2=Reff |first2=Daniel T. |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8165-1720-6 |location=Tucson |orig-year=1645}}</ref> During the late colonial period, Sinaloa formed part of the province of [[New Navarre]] and later as part of the [[Intendant|intendancy]] of Arizpe within the [[Provincias Internas]], a frontier administrative region of New Spain established to consolidate control over the northwest as part of the [[Bourbon Reforms]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ortega Noriega |first=Sergio |year=1999 |chapter=La Intendencia de Arizpe |title=Breve historia de Sinaloa |publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica |language=es |isbn=968-16-5378-5 |url=http://omega.ilce.edu.mx:3000/sites/estados/libros/sinaloa/html/sec_59.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221054051/http://omega.ilce.edu.mx:3000/sites/estados/libros/sinaloa/html/sec_59.html |archive-date=2007-12-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the [[Mexican War of Independence]], Sinaloa was joined with Sonora as the [[Estado de Occidente]], but in 1830 it separated to become [[Territorial evolution of Mexico|the 20th state]] of the [[First Mexican Republic]], with [[Culiacán]] as its capital.<ref>{{cite news |title=500 años de México en documentos |url=http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1830_135/Ley_Reglas_para_la_divisi_n_del_Estado_de_Sonora_y_Sinaloa.shtml |language=es |access-date=2010-01-24 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090118/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1830_135/Ley_Reglas_para_la_divisi_n_del_Estado_de_Sonora_y_Sinaloa.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the [[Second French Intervention in Mexico]] (1862–1867), several battles occurred in Sinaloa, including the [[Capture of Mazatlán|defense of Mazatlán]] and the [[Battle of San Pedro]], where republican forces led by [[Antonio Rosales]] resisted French and Mexican imperial troops to maintain control of the Pacific coast.<ref name="Nakayama">{{Cite book|edition=Third |title=Sinaloa: un bosquejo de su historia|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37813710|publisher=Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa|date=1996|access-date=2025-10-12|isbn=968-6063-98-6|oclc=37813710|first=Antonio|last=Nakayama}}</ref><ref name="Niox">{{cite book |author=Gustave Niox |title=Expédition du Mexique, 1861–1867; récit politique & militaire |trans-title=Mexican Expedition, 1861–1867, military & political narrative |page=459 |publisher=J. Dumain |location=[[Paris]], France |url=https://archive.org/details/expditiondumex00niox |language=fr |access-date=12 June 2012 |year=1874 |asin=B004IL4IB4}}</ref>

The [[Porfiriato]] era was marked by the administration of Francisco Cañedo, who served multiple non-consecutive terms from 1877 to 1909. Cañedo oversaw modernization efforts in Sinaloa, including the expansion of railroads, the improvement of Mazatlán’s port, and the promotion of agricultural exports. [[Los Mochis]] was founded in 1893 by American settlers led by Albert K. Owen as part of a cooperative agricultural and industrial colony, envisioned around [[utopian socialism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stanislawski |first=Dan |date=November 1, 1965 |title=Review of ''A Southwestern Utopia'', by Thomas A. Robertson |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=649–650 |doi=10.1215/00182168-45.4.649 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez |first=Juan José |date=2017-05-06 |title=Los Mochis: en un umbral cultural |url=https://www.noroeste.com.mx/colaboraciones/los-mochis-en-un-umbral-cultural-KFOP100039 |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Noroeste |language=es-MX}}</ref> During the [[Mexican Revolution]], Sinaloa saw early clashes between [[Maderism|Maderistas]] and Díaz's [[Federal Army]], and later naval engagements between [[Victoriano Huerta|Huertistas]] and [[Constitutionalists in the Mexican Revolution|Constitutionalists]] for control of the port of [[Topolobampo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Rocha |first=Brenda |date=2021-11-19 |title=Así se vivieron las batallas de la Revolución Mexicana en Sinaloa |url=https://oem.com.mx/elsoldesinaloa/cultura/asi-se-vivieron-las-batallas-de-la-revolucion-mexicana-en-sinaloa-18288821 |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=El Sol de Sinaloa |language=es}}</ref>

In the postrevolutionary period, extensive irrigation projects such as the Sanalona, Miguel Hidalgo, and Humaya dams converted vast tracts of arid land into fertile farmland. State investment, credit, and [[Land reform in Mexico|land reform]] promoted large-scale production of wheat, rice, tomatoes, and other export-oriented crops, which led to the state being named "the granary of Mexico". Industrial and urban development accelerated in cities such as [[Culiacán]], [[Mazatlán]], and [[Los Mochis]], which became regional centers of agribusinesses, food processing, and tourism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carton de Grammont |first=Hubert |url=http://ru.iis.sociales.unam.mx/handle/IIS/4944 |title=Los empresarios agrícolas y el Estado: Sinaloa 1893-1984 |date=1990 |language=es |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2021-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621013648/http://ru.iis.sociales.unam.mx/handle/IIS/4944 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beginning in the mid-20th century, poppy and cannabis cultivation took root in the remote mountainous regions of the Sierra Madre Occidental, giving rise to a narcotics economy that would later shape the [[Sinaloa Cartel]], one of Mexico’s largest criminal organizations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernández-Velázque |first1=Juan Antonio |year=2018 |title=La Operación Cóndor en los Altos de Sinaloa: La Labor del Estado Durante los Primeros Años de la Campaña Antidroga |url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/461/46158062004/html/ |journal=Ra Ximhai |language=Spanish |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–84 |doi=10.35197/rx.14.01.2018.04.jf |s2cid=240455351 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernández-Velázque |first=Juan Antonio |date=June 13, 2018 |title=Operación Cóndor, el inicio de la guerra contra el narcotráfico |url=https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/mexico/Operaci%C3%B3n-C%C3%B3ndor-el-inicio-de-la-guerra-contra-el-narcotr%C3%A1fico-170670.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305190243/http://www.redalyc.org/journal/461/46158062004/html/ |archive-date=March 5, 2024 |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=Elsoldemexico.com.mx |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernández-Velázque |first=Juan Antonio |date=June 13, 2018 |title=Operation Condor in Los Altos De Sinaloa: The Work of the State During the First Years of the Anti-Drug Campaign |url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/461/46158062004/html/ |journal=Ra Ximhai |language=Spanish |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–84 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305190243/http://www.redalyc.org/journal/461/46158062004/html/ |archive-date=March 5, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Astorga |first1=Luis |year=2004 |title=Géopolitique des drogues au Mexique |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-herodote-2004-1-page-49.htm |journal=Hérodote |language=French |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=49–65 |doi=10.3917/her.112.0049 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>  In 2008, the federal government launched [[Operation Sinaloa]], deploying military and police forces to curb cartel activity across the region during the [[Mexican drug war]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1341515720080513|title=Mexico sends troops to fight Sinaloa drug cartel|work=Reuters|date=13 May 2008 |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> Since then, the state has experienced recurring cycles of violence, most markedly the [[Battle of Culiacán]] in October 2019, and the [[2023 Sinaloa unrest]], when clashes between security forces and cartel members brought the state capital to a standstill. Ongoing [[infighting in the Sinaloa Cartel]] has continued to drive instability in parts of the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=Sinaloa cartel infighting rises in northern Mexico following the detention of 2 drug lords in July |url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-sinaloa-cartel-succession-battle-mayo-zambada-battle-8ea5acf7e66f26a4edd84f5947be7aea |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Parque Sinaloa 001.JPG|thumb|left |Botanic garden "Benjamín F. Johnston" of Parque Sinaloa|200x200px]]
[[File:El Fuerte, Sinaloa, Fort, seen from the river.JPG|thumb|left |[[El Fuerte, Sinaloa]] seen from the [[Fuerte River]]|200x200px]]

The coastal plain is a narrow strip of land that stretches along the length of the state and lies between the [[Gulf of California]] and the foothills of the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]] mountain range, which dominates the eastern part of the state. Sinaloa is traversed by many rivers including the [[Fuerte River]], [[Culiacán River]], [[Sinaloa River]], along with smaller rivers and tributaries such as the  [[Baluarte River]], [[Tamazula River]], and [[Humaya River]], which flow from the Sierra Madre toward the [[Gulf of California]]. These fertile valleys and surrounding uplands form the [[Sinaloan dry forests]] and the [[Sonoran–Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest]] ecoregions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burian |first=Edward |title=The Architecture and Cities of Northern Mexico from Independence to the Present |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/771901-004/html |chapter=The Geography and Landscapes of Northern Mexico |date=2021-10-01 |pages=6–10 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-1-4773-0722-9 |language=en |doi=10.7560/771901-004 |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825104003/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/771901-004/html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sinaloa has a warm climate on the coast; a moderately warm climate in the valleys and foothills; a moderately cold climate in the lower mountains, and a cold climate in the higher elevations. Its weather characteristics range from subtropical and tropical on coastal plains to cold in the nearby mountains. Temperatures range from {{convert|22|°C|°F}} to {{convert|43|°C|°F}} with rain and thunderstorms during the rainy season (June to October) and dry conditions throughout most of the year. Its average annual [[precipitation]] is 790 millimetres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clima de Sinaloa |url=http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/sin/territorio/clima.aspx?tema=me&e=25 |website=Cuéntame... Información por entidad |publisher=INEGI |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409235429/http://www.cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/sin/territorio/clima.aspx?tema=me&e=25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Numerous plant and animal species are found in Sinaloa. Notable among the tree species is the [[Bursera microphylla|elephant tree]] (''Bursera microphylla'').<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009</ref> Notable fauna include the [[black-throated magpie-jay]] (''Calocitta colliei''), the [[Mexican bobcat]] (''Lynx rufus escuinapae''), and the [[Mexican golden trout]] (''Oncorhynchus chrysogaster''). Reptiles such as the [[Crotalus stejnegeri|long-tailed rattlesnake]] (''Crotalus stejnegeri'') and the [[Baja California slider|black-bellied slider]] (''Trachemys nebulosa'') inhabit the drier lowlands, while mammals like the [[mesquite mouse]] (''Peromyscus merriami'') are found across the state’s inlands. [[Protected natural areas of Mexico|Protected natural areas]] include [[Marismas Nacionales–San Blas mangroves]] and [[Meseta de Cacaxtla Flora and Fauna Protection Area|Meseta de Cacaxtla]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enciclovida.mx/explora-por-region?utf8=✓&nombre_region=Meseta%20de%20Cacaxtla%2C%20Áreas%20de%20protección%20de%20flora%20y%20fauna&region_id=77&tipo_region=anp&pagina=1#11/23.6398/-106.4369|title=Enciclovida (2022). Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Meseta de Cacaxtla.|accessdate= August 29, 2022|author=Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naturalista.mx/projects/apff-meseta-de-cacaxtla-sinaloa|title=Naturalista (2022). APFF Meseta de Cacaxtla, Sinaloa.|accessdate= August 29, 2022|author=Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad}}</ref>

==Demography==

{{Historical populations
|type =
|1895 | 261050
|1900 | 296701
|1910 | 323642
|1921 | 341265
|1930 | 395618
|1940 | 492821
|1950 | 635681
|1960 | 838404
|1970 | 1266528
|1980 | 1849879
|1990 | 2204054
|1995 | 2425675
|2000 | 2536844
|2005 | 2608442
|2010 | 2767761
|2015 | 2966700
|2020 | 3026943
|percentages=pagr|source=<ref name="auto"/>
}}
[[File:Vista_panorámica_de_Culiacán.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Culiacán]]]]

[[File:Mazatlán Panorama (471037307).jpg|thumb|left|200x250px|[[Mazatlán]]]]

[[File:Suburbs of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico.jpg|alt=Suburbs_of_Los_Mochis,_Sinaloa,_Mexico|thumb |left|200px|[[Los Mochis]]]]

Sinaloa scores highly in socioeconomic development among Mexican states. In 2023, the state [[List of Mexican states by Human Development Index|ranked seventh]] among Mexico’s 32 federal entities in [[Human Development Index]] (HDI), with a score of 0.828.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=GeoHub |url=https://geohub.data.undp.org/maps/265 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=UNDP GeoHub |language=en}}</ref> According to the 2020 census, Sinaloa has a population of 3,026,943, 60% of whom reside in the capital city of [[Culiacán]] and the municipalities of [[Mazatlán]] and [[Ahome]]. It is a young state in terms of population, with 56% of its population younger than 30 years of age.<ref name="INEGI">{{cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/salaDeprensa/noticia.html?id=6261|title=En Sinaloa somos 3 026 943 habitantes: Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020. Sinaloa|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía|date=2020|lang=es|access-date=2022-08-25|archive-date=2022-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825104013/https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/salaDeprensa/noticia.html?id=6261|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other demographic particulars report 87% of the state practices the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic faith]]. 9.35% identified as indigenous,<ref>[https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ccpv/2020/tabulados/ampliado/cpv2020_a_sin_05_etnicidad.xlsx Etnicidad 2020]</ref> with 1% of those over five years of age speak an indigenous language alongside Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |title= Cuéntame INEGI|url=http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/poblacion/lindigena.aspx?tema=P|accessdate=February 26, 2013}}</ref>
Sinaloa’s [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|indigenous population]] includes mainly the [[Yoreme]] (Mayo) people in the northern portion of the state, and groups of [[Rarámuri]] (Tarahumara) and [[Yoeme]] (Yaqui) people. Life expectancy in the state follows the national trend of higher rates for women than for men, with a difference of almost 6 years in Sinaloa: 74.2 and 68.3 years, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Esperanza de vida al nacimiento por entidad federativa según sexo, serie anual de 2010 a 2024 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/tabulados/interactivos/?pxq=Mortalidad_Mortalidad_09_82a0533d-6b8a-4af8-9b4b-db088fd7b41e&idrt=127&opc=t}}</ref>

In terms of ethnic composition, Sinaloa has received large historic waves of immigration from Europe (mainly Spain, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Russia) and Asia (namely China, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Armenia, Lebanon, and Syria). The last two countries also make up most of the [[Arab Mexican]] community in the state. In recent years, retirees from the U.S., Canada, Australia, and South America have arrived and made Sinaloa their home.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mazatlán es un paraíso para canadienses y estadounidenses |date=23 July 2022|url=https://punto.mx/2022/07/23/mazatlan-es-un-paraiso-para-canadienses-y-estadounidenses/?amp=1}}</ref> 

There was also a sizable influx of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and [[Sephardi Jews]] in the first decades of the twentieth century. [[Greeks]] form a notable presence in Sinaloa, where one can find local cuisine with kalamari and a few Greek Orthodox churches along the state's coast.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aguilar |first=Gustavo |date=2006 |title=Inmigración griega y empresa agrícola en Sinaloa (1927-1971): éxitos y fracasos |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0186-03482006000100145&lng=es&tlng=es&nrm=iso |journal=Secuencia |language=es |issue=64 |pages=145–185 |doi=10.18234/secuencia.v0i64.955 |issn=0186-0348 |doi-access=free |access-date=2022-08-28 |archive-date=2022-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828184836/https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0186-03482006000100145&lng=es&tlng=es&nrm=iso |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2020 Census, 1.39% of Sinaloa's population identified as Black, [[Afro-Mexican]], or having African descent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/tableros/panorama/|title=Panorama sociodemográfico de México|website=www.inegi.org.mx|access-date=2021-10-10|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013823/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/tableros/panorama/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sinaloenses have moved to the United States in large numbers since 1970; a large community lives in the twin towns of [[Indio, California]] and [[Coachella, California]] about 40 km (25 miles) east of the resort city of [[Palm Springs, California]] in the Colorado Desert of [[Southern California]].

{{Largest cities
| country = Sinaloa
| stat_ref = Source:<ref name=SINALOAINEGI>{{cite web|url=https://inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ccpv/2020/tabulados/cpv2020_b_sin_01_poblacion.xlsx|title=Censo Sinaloa 2020|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128022626/https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ccpv/2020/tabulados/cpv2020_b_sin_01_poblacion.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| list_by_pop =
| div_name = 
| div_link = Municipalities of Sinaloa{{!}}Municipality
| city_1 = Culiacán Rosales| div_1 =Culiacán Municipality{{!}}Culiacán| pop_1 = 808,416
| city_2 = Mazatlán| div_2 =Mazatlán Municipality{{!}}Mazatlán| pop_2 = 441,975
| city_3 = Los Mochis| div_3 =Ahome Municipality{{!}}Ahome| pop_3 = 298,009
| city_4 = Guasave| div_4 = Guasave Municipality{{!}}Guasave| pop_4 =77,849
| city_5 = Guamúchil| div_5 =  Salvador Alvarado Municipality{{!}}Salvador Alvarado| pop_5 = 65,215
| city_6 =Escuinapa de Hidalgo| div_6 = Escuinapa Municipality{{!}}Escuinapa| pop_6 = 33,924
| city_7 = Licenciado Benito Juárez, Sinaloa{{!}}Licenciado Benito Juárez| div_7 = Navolato Municipality{{!}}Navolato| pop_7= 33,496
| city_8 = Navolato, Sinaloa{{!}}Navolato| div_8 =Navolato Municipality{{!}}Navolato| pop_8 = 30,796
| city_9 = Costa Rica, Sinaloa{{!}}Costa Rica| div_9 =Culiacán Municipality{{!}}Culiacán| pop_9 = 28,239
| city_10 = Gabriel Leyva Solano| div_10 =Guasave Municipality{{!}}Guasave| pop_10 = 25,157
}}

==Government and politics==
[[File:Federal Electoral Districts of Sinaloa (since 2022).png|thumb|right|[[Federal electoral districts of Mexico|Federal electoral districts]] of Sinaloa.|250x250px]]

The current [[governor of Sinaloa]] is [[Rubén Rocha Moya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expide Congreso Bando Solemne para difundir que Rubén Rocha Moya es gobernador - H. Congreso del Estado de Sinaloa |url=https://www.congresosinaloa.gob.mx/comunicados/expide-congreso-bando-solemne-para-difundir-que-ruben-rocha-moya-es-gobernador/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=H. Congreso del Estado de Sinaloa |language=es |archive-date=2022-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828184827/https://www.congresosinaloa.gob.mx/comunicados/expide-congreso-bando-solemne-para-difundir-que-ruben-rocha-moya-es-gobernador/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The state is represented in the [[Mexican Congress]] by three [[Senate (Mexico)|Senators]] in the [[upper house]] and fourteen [[Deputy (legislator)|federal deputies]] in the [[lower house]]. Sinaloa is divided into seven [[Federal electoral districts of Mexico|federal electoral districts]], each represented in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Memoria de la Distritación Nacional 2021–2023 |url=https://cartografia.ife.org.mx/documentacion/memoria-de-la-distritacion-nacional21_23.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528223340/https://cartografia.ife.org.mx/documentacion/memoria-de-la-distritacion-nacional21_23.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2024 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional Electoral|INE]] |page=260 |access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

The [[Congress of Sinaloa]] is [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] and consists of 40 [[Deputy (legislator)|deputies]] (''diputados''). 24 deputies are elected on a [[first-past-the-post]] basis, one for each district in which the entity is divided, while 16 are elected through a system of [[proportional representation]]. Deputies are elected to serve for a three-year term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elecciones 2024 |url=https://www.ine.mx/voto-y-elecciones/elecciones-2024/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Instituto Nacional Electoral |language=es}}</ref>

=== Municipalities ===
{{main|Municipalities of Sinaloa}}

Sinaloa is subdivided into 20 ''[[municipio (Mexico)|municipios]]''. Each municipality has a [[Ayuntamiento|city council]] (''ayuntamiento''), headed by the municipal president. Municipalities in Sinaloa have some administrative autonomy from the state according to the 115th article of the [[1917 Constitution of Mexico]].<ref name="constitution">{{cite act |title=Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos |type= |number= |language=es |date=1917 |article=115 |articletype=Article |page= |url=https://www.juridicas.unam.mx/legislacion/ordenamiento/constitucion-politica-de-los-estados-unidos-mexicanos#10668 |accessdate=September 27, 2017 }}</ref> Every three years, citizens elect a [[municipal president]] ({{langx|es|presidente municipal}}) by a [[plurality voting]] system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council (''ayuntamiento'') responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors (''regidores y síndicos'').<ref>{{cite book |last=OECD |author-link=OECD |date=November 12, 2004|title=New Forms of Governance for Economic Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBC7MYzs_woC&pg=PA121 |publisher=OECD Publishing |page=121 |isbn=9789264015326}}</ref> Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries.<ref name="Mexicolaws">{{cite book |publisher=International Business Publications |date=2009  |title=Mexico Company Laws and Regulations Handbook |page=42 |isbn=9781433070303}}</ref> They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect [[property tax]]es and [[user fee]]s, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income.<ref name="Mexicolaws" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-01 |title=Constitución Política del Estado de Sinaloa |url=http://laipsinaloa.gob.mx/programas_sociales/index.php/educacion/leyes-y-codigos/15-constitucion-politica-del-estado-de-sinaloa/file |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501082102/http://laipsinaloa.gob.mx/programas_sociales/index.php/educacion/leyes-y-codigos/15-constitucion-politica-del-estado-de-sinaloa/file |archive-date=2015-05-01  |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Wayback Machine}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:90%"
! colspan=6 style="background-color:black; color:white;" |Municipalities of the State of Sinaloa (2020)
|-
| colspan="6" | [[File:Municipios de Sinaloa.svg|center|Municipalities of Sinaloa|500x500px]]
|-
!width="55"|Number
!width="245"|Municipality
!width="245"|Municipal Seat
!width="55"|Number
!width="245"|Municipality
!width="245"|Municipal Seat
|-
| 001 || [[Ahome Municipality|Ahome]] || [[Los Mochis]] || 011 || [[Escuinapa Municipality|Escuinapa]] || [[Escuinapa de Hidalgo]]
|- 
| 002 || [[Angostura Municipality, Sinaloa|Angostura]] || [[Angostura, Sinaloa|Angostura]] || 012 || [[Guasave Municipality|Guasave]] || [[Guasave]]
|- 
| 003 || [[Badiraguato Municipality|Badiraguato]] || [[Badiraguato]] || 013 || [[Juan José Ríos]] || [[Juan José Ríos]]
|- 
| 004 || [[Concordia Municipality|Concordia]] || [[Concordia, Sinaloa|Concordia]] || 014 || [[Mazatlán Municipality|Mazatlán]] || [[Mazatlán]]
|- 
| 005 || [[Cosalá Municipality|Cosalá]] || [[Cosalá]] || 015 || [[Mocorito Municipality|Mocorito]] || [[Mocorito]]
|-
| 006 || [[Culiacán Municipality|Culiacán]] || [[Culiacán Rosales]] || 016 || [[Navolato Municipality|Navolato]] || [[Navolato, Sinaloa|Navolato]]
|- 
| 007 || [[Choix Municipality|Choix]] || [[Choix]] || 017 || [[Rosario Municipality, Sinaloa|Rosario]] || [[El Rosario, Sinaloa|El Rosario]] 
|-
| 008 || [[Eldorado, Sinaloa|Eldorado]] || [[Eldorado, Sinaloa|Eldorado]] || 018 || [[Salvador Alvarado Municipality|Salvador Alvarado]] || [[Guamúchil]]
|-
| 009 || [[Elota Municipality|Elota]] || [[La Cruz, Sinaloa|La Cruz]] || 019 || [[San Ignacio Municipality|San Ignacio]] || [[San Ignacio, Sinaloa|San Ignacio de Piaxtla]]
|-
| 010 || [[El Fuerte Municipality|El Fuerte]] || [[El Fuerte, Sinaloa|El Fuerte]] || 020 || [[Sinaloa Municipality|Sinaloa]] || [[Sinaloa de Leyva]]
|}

The state's major cities include the capital and largest city, [[Culiacán]]; [[Mazatlán]], a famous tourist resort and destination; and [[Los Mochis]], an [[Agriculture|agricultural]] hub in Northwestern Mexico. Other cities include [[Guasave]], [[Guamúchil]], [[Escuinapa de Hidalgo|Escuinapa]], [[El Fuerte, Sinaloa|El Fuerte]], [[Sinaloa de Leyva]], [[El Rosario, Sinaloa|El Rosario]], [[San Ignacio, Sinaloa|San Ignacio de Piaxtla]] and [[Choix]].

==Economy==
As of 2022, Sinaloa had a nominal GDP of approximately 668 billion pesos (US $33 billion), representing about 2.35% of Mexico’s national total, with a GDP per capita of US $10,840 and a PPP per capita of US $ 22,630.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/revistas//IRAE/IRAE2023.pdf|title=Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023|author=Citibanamex|language=es|date=June 13, 2023|access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=273,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,PPPEX,&sy=2022&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023|author=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref> The main economic activities of Sinaloa are agriculture, fishing, livestock breeding, tourism and [[food processing]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Indicador Trimestral de la Actividad Económica Estatal (ITAEE) |url=https://sinaloaennumeros.codesin.mx/indicador-trimestral-de-la-actividad-economica-estatal-itaee-5/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=CODESIN {{!}} Sinaloa en Números |language=es-MX |archive-date=2022-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828184825/https://sinaloaennumeros.codesin.mx/indicador-trimestral-de-la-actividad-economica-estatal-itaee-5/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sinaloa has on its license plates the image of a [[tomato]], as the state is widely recognized for harvesting this particular fruit in great abundance from Los Mochis in the North to Culiacán in the central region of the state. Agriculture produce aside from tomatoes include [[cotton]], [[Bean|beans]], [[Maize|corn]], [[wheat]], [[sorghum]], [[Potato|potatoes]], [[Soybean|soybeans]], [[Mango|mangos]], [[sugarcane]], [[Peanut|peanuts]] and [[Squash (fruit)|squash]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sandoval Cabrera |first=Seyka Verónica |date=2012 |title=Condiciones histórico-estructurales de los productores de hortalizas sinaloenses en la cadena de valor, 1900-2010 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1870-39252012000200008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es |journal=Región y sociedad |language=es |volume=24 |issue=54 |pages=231–259 |issn=1870-3925}}</ref> Sinaloa is the most prominent state in Mexico in terms of agriculture and is known as "Mexico's breadbasket". Livestock produce meat, sausages, cheese, milk, and sour cream. Additionally, Sinaloa has the second-largest fishing fleet in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinaloa |url=http://2012-2015.sedesol.gob.mx/es/SEDESOL/Sinaloa |website=SEDESOL Secretaría de Desarrollo Social |publisher=Secretaría de Desarrollo Social |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814170551/http://2012-2015.sedesol.gob.mx/es/SEDESOL/Sinaloa |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tourism plays an important role in Sinaloa’s economy, driven by destinations such as Mazatlán, known for its beaches, historic center, and [[Carnaval de Mazatlán| its carnival]], along with [[ecotourism]]. Mining has long been an important part of the economy, with [[zinc]], [[gold]], [[silver]], [[lead]], [[manganese]], and other mineral deposits extracted in the Sierra Madre Occidental with mining centers such as [[Cosalá]], [[Concordia, Sinaloa|Concordia]], and [[El Rosario, Sinaloa|El Rosario]] dating back to the colonial period. Sinaloa hosts major national companies including [[Sukarne]], [[Coppel]], and [[Casa Ley]].

==Education==
[[File:Ciudad Universitaria (18386087552).jpg|thumb |[[Autonomous University of Sinaloa]]'s campus in Culiacán|200x200px]]
In terms of education, average schooling is 8.27 years; 4.2% of those aged 15 or older are illiterate, and 3.18% of children under 14 do not attend school.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://internet.contenidos.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/Productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/nueva_estruc/inter_censal/estados2015/702825079895.pdf |title=Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Sinaloa |date=2005 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) |pages=27, 29, 33 |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427192203/http://internet.contenidos.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/Productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/nueva_estruc/inter_censal/estados2015/702825079895.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The state's literacy rate in 2020 was 96.3%.<ref>INEGI 15+, ''[https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/tabulados/interactivos/?pxq=Educacion_Educacion_02_86c6b0be-6864-46da-a44f-afbcf8f6d911]''</ref>

The [[Autonomous University of Sinaloa]] (UAS), founded in 1873 as the Liceo Rosales, and attaining full autonomy in 1965, is the state's main public university and the largest, with multiple campuses across the state. Other institutions of higher education include [[Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa]], [[Mexico International University]], [[TecMilenio University]], [[Universidad Autónoma de Durango]], [[Universidad Autónoma de Occidente (Mexico)|Universidad Autónoma de Occidente]], [[Universidad Autónoma Indígena de México]], and [[Universidad Casa Blanca]].

==Transportation==
[[File:Chepe_Divisadero.jpg|thumb|The [[Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico|Chihuahua–Pacific Railway]]|200px]]

Sinaloa’s infrastructure includes major highways such as the [[Mexican Federal Highway 15]] and [[Mexican Federal Highway 40|Highway 40]], international airports [[Culiacán International Airport|in Culiacán]], [[Mazatlán International Airport|in Mazatlán]], and [[Los Mochis International Airport|in Los Mochis]]. The [[Ferromex]]-operated [[Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico|Chihuahua–Pacific]] rail line connects the cities of [[Los Mochis]] and [[Chihuahua (city)|Chihuahua]]. The [[Port of Mazatlán]] and [[Topolobampo]] are among the largest Mexican ports in the Pacific, supporting trade and tourism. The [[Baluarte Bridge]], located between the municipalities of [[Concordia, Sinaloa|Concordia]] in Sinaloa and [[Pueblo Nuevo, Durango|Pueblo Nuevo]] in [[Durango]],  is the third-highest cable-stayed bridge in the world and the highest bridge in the Americas.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16434200|title=Mexico inaugurates world's highest cable-stayed bridge|publisher=BBC News|date=6 January 2012|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Walton">{{cite news|title=Mexico Inaugurates World's Tallest Suspension Bridge|url=http://www.constructiondigital.com/under_construction/mexico-inaugurates-worlds-tallest-suspension-bridge|work=Construction Digital|date=6 January 2012|access-date=13 October 2025|last=Walton|first=Jon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108073655/http://www.constructiondigital.com/under_construction/mexico-inaugurates-worlds-tallest-suspension-bridge|archive-date=8 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Mazatlán Cathedral - Basilica de La Inmaculada Concepcion - panoramio.jpg|thumb |The [[Basilica Cathedral of Mazatlán]]|200px]]
[[File:Aguachile Verde.jpg|thumb|[[Aguachile]] is a Sinaloan dish made with [[fish fillet]] and [[Shrimp and prawn as food|shrimp]] marinated in lime juice and [[chiltepin]]|200px]]
[[File:Band´s_Sinaloa.jpg|thumb |An early 20th century banda|200px]]
[[File:Ulama 37 (Aguilar).jpg|thumb |An [[Ulama (game)|ulama player]] in Sinaloa|200px]]
Culturally, Sinaloa is part of [[Northern Mexico]]. Famous entertainers from the state include actor [[Pedro Infante]], born in [[Mazatlán]]; singer [[Ana Gabriel]], born in [[Guamúchil]]; singer and actress [[Lola Beltrán]] from [[El Rosario, Sinaloa|Rosario]]; Cruz Lizárraga, the founder of [[Banda el Recodo]]; baseball player [[Jorge Orta]], from Mazatlán; actress/comedian/singer [[Sheyla Tadeo]], born in [[Culiacán]]; actress [[Sabine Moussier]]; actress/singer [[Lorena Herrera]], from Mazatlán; and singer-songwriter [[Chalino Sánchez]], from Las Flechas, [[Culiacán Municipality|Culiacán]].

=== Arts ===

Sinaloa’s [[Spanish Colonial architecture|colonial architecture]] is present in [[Pueblos Mágicos]] such as [[El Fuerte, Sinaloa|El Fuerte]], [[Mocorito]], and [[Cosalá]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Pueblos Magicos: A Guide to Mexico's Magic Towns |url=https://www.journeymexico.com/blog/pueblos-magicos-mexico-magic-towns |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Journey Mexico |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] influences are visible in landmarks such as the [[Teatro Ángela Peralta, Mazatlán|Ángela Peralta Theater]] and [[Baroque Revival architecture|Baroque revival]] in the [[Basilica Cathedral of Mazatlán]]. The state government jointly awards the [[José Limón National Contemporary Dance Award]], Mexico's most prestigious dance award.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.culturasinaloa.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6736:este-domingo-el-28-premio-nacional-de-danza-jose-limon-a-cecilia-appleton&catid=35&Itemid=168 |title=Este domingo, el 28º Premio Nacional de Danza José Limón a Cecilia Appleton |trans-title=This Sunday, the 25th José Limón National Dance Award to Cecilia Appleton |publisher=Instituto Sinaloense de Cultura |location=Culiacán |language=Spanish |date=2015-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Notable writers from Sinaloa include [[Gilberto Owen]], known for his modernist poetry, and [[Inés Arredondo]], acclaimed for her psychological and realist short stories.

=== Cuisine ===
Its rich cuisine is well known for its variety, particularly regarding ''mariscos'' (seafood) and vegetables. Famous dishes include ''[[Chilorio]]'' and ''[[Aguachile]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Most Popular Sinaloan Dishes |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-dishes-in-sinaloa |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=Taste Atlas |archive-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825104013/https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-dishes-in-sinaloa |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-07-19 |title=Sinaloan cuisine, Mexican food crown jewel |url=https://themazatlanpost.com/2018/07/19/sinaloan-cuisine-mexican-food-crown-jewel/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=The Mazatlan Post |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825104012/https://themazatlanpost.com/2018/07/19/sinaloan-cuisine-mexican-food-crown-jewel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sinaloan sushi]] is a popular dish.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2013 |title=Oh No, There Goes Tokyo Roll—Sinaloa Style Sushi Invades Los Angeles |website=Los Angeles Magazine|url=http://www.lamag.com/digestblog/oh-no-there-goes-tokyo-roll-sinaloa-style-sushi-invades-los-angeles/ |access-date=2017-02-28 |archive-date=2017-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228165132/http://www.lamag.com/digestblog/oh-no-there-goes-tokyo-roll-sinaloa-style-sushi-invades-los-angeles/ |url-status=live |author-first1=Bill|author-last1=Esparza}}</ref>

=== Media ===
[[List of newspapers in Mexico|Newspapers]] of Sinaloa include: ''El Debate de Culiacán'', ''El Debate de Guamúchil'', ''El Debate de Guasave'', ''El Debate de los Mochis'', ''El Debate de Mazatlán'', ''El Sol de Culiacán'', ''El Sol de Sinaloa'', ''La I Noticias para Mí Culiacán'', ''Noroeste (Culiacán)'', ''Noroeste de Mazatlán'', and ''Primera Hora.''<ref name="SIC">{{cite web |work=Sistema de Información Cultural |publisher=Gobierno de Mexico |language=es |access-date=March 11, 2020 |url=https://sic.gob.mx/?table=impresos&disciplina=&estado_id=25 |title=Publicaciones periódicas en Sinaloa |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807075401/https://sic.gob.mx/?table=impresos&disciplina=&estado_id=25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews |title=Latin American & Mexican Online News |work=Research Guides |publisher=[[University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries]] |location=US |archive-date= March 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307192643/http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews }}</ref>

=== Music ===
The state is known for its popular styles of music [[banda music|banda]] and [[norteño music|norteño]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Lawrence Downes |title=In Los Angeles, Songs Without Borders |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 August 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/travel/16corridos.html |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301005513/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/travel/16corridos.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Banda music, one of Mexico’s most distinctive [[Regional Mexican|regional genres]], was popularized in Sinaloa in the late 19th century through the blending of traditional Mexican and indigenous styles including [[Son mexicano|sones]], [[ranchera]], [[corrido]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Simonett |first=Helena |title=En Sinaloa nací: historia de la música de banda |date=2004 |publisher=Asociación de Gestores del Patrimonio Histórico y Cultural de Mazatlán |isbn=970-93894-0-8 |edition=First |location=Mazatlán |oclc=55609923}}</ref> with European [[polka]], [[waltz]], [[fanfare]], [[mazurka]], [[schottische]], and [[brass band]] ensembles.<ref>Simonett, Helena (2001). Banda: Mexican Musical Life Across Borders. United States of America: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 8. ISBN 0-8195-6430-3</ref> Initially performed by local wind ensembles, it evolved into one of the country's most popular genres. It is typically played with [[trumpets]], [[clarinet|clarinets]], [[trombone|trombones]], [[tuba|tubas]], and [[Bombo criollo|tamboras]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-05-28 |title=La banda sinaloense es un fenómeno mundial |url=https://www.noroeste.com.mx/entretenimiento/cultura/la-banda-sinaloense-es-un-fenomeno-mundial-XTNO39303 |website=www.noroeste.com.mx}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

Early bandas were formed by members of military and municipal bands who settled in the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]] during the [[Mexican Revolution]], and were influenced by traditional [[Yoreme]] music.<ref name=":2" />  Perhaps the most popular song of the genre is "[[El Sinaloense]]", written by [[Severiano Briseño]] in 1944 and recorded by hundreds of bandas, in both lyrical and instrumental versions. The song is considered the state's unofficial anthem.<ref>{{cite web |title=¿Quién escribio el Sinaloense? |url=http://mazatleco.com/quien-escribio-el-sinaloense/ |website=Mazatleco |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081425/http://mazatleco.com/quien-escribio-el-sinaloense/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Organized crime ===
The powerful [[Sinaloa Cartel]] (''Cártel de Sinaloa'' or ''CDS'') has significantly influenced the culture of Sinaloa.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2011 |title=Sinaloa Cartel Influence is Steadily Growing In Tijuana |newspaper=[[Borderland Beat]] |url=http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/02/sinaloa-cartel-influence-is-steadily.html |access-date=23 February 2014 |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123170056/http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/02/sinaloa-cartel-influence-is-steadily.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The cartel is reportedly the largest [[Drug cartel|drug trafficking]], [[money laundering]] and [[organized crime]] syndicate in the Americas; it is based in the city of [[Culiacán, Sinaloa]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2011 |title=Mexico's Sinaloa gang grows empire, defies crackdown |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-drugs-idUSTRE70I6UZ20110119 |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312002339/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-drugs-idUSTRE70I6UZ20110119 |url-status=live |author-first1=Anahi|author-last1=Rama}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
Sinaloa is one of the few places where the ancient [[Mesoamerican ballgame]] is still played, in a handful of small, rural communities near [[Mazatlán]]. The ritual ballgame was central in the society, religion and [[cosmology]] of all the great [[Mesoamerica]]n cultures including the [[Mixtec]]s, [[Aztecs]], and [[Maya civilization|Maya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=El juego de pelota de Mesoamérica |date=16 September 2013|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-604/el-juego-de-pelota-de-mesoamerica/}}</ref> The Sinaloa version of the game is called ''[[Ulama (game)|ulama]]'' and is very similar to the original.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Game |url=http://www.ulama.freehomepage.com/about.html |access-date=31 March 2012 |publisher=Mesoamerican Heritage Chapter of the Asociacion de Gestores del Patrimonio Historico y Cultural de Mazatlan |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208140421/http://www.ulama.freehomepage.com/about.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are efforts to preserve this 3500-year-old unique tradition by supporting the communities and children who play it.<ref>Asociacion de Gestores del Patrimonio Historico y Cultural de Mazatlan. 2009</ref>

The state is home to several [[baseball]] teams such as [[Tomateros de Culiacán]], [[Venados de Mazatlán]], [[Cañeros de Los Mochis]] and [[Algodoneros de Guasave]] which take part in the [[Mexican Pacific League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equipos de Sinaloa en Liga Mexicana del Pacífico tendrán aficionados en sus juegos |url=https://www.razon.com.mx/deportes/equipos-sinaloa-liga-mexicana-pacifico-tendran-aficionados-juegos-405723 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=La Razón |date=17 September 2020 |language=es |archive-date=2022-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828184825/https://www.razon.com.mx/deportes/equipos-sinaloa-liga-mexicana-pacifico-tendran-aficionados-juegos-405723 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Association football|Football]] is represented at the professional level by [[Dorados de Sinaloa]], based in [[Culiacán]] and playing at [[Estadio Dorados]], and [[Mazatlán F.C.]], based in [[Mazatlán]] with home games at [[Estadio de Mazatlán|Estadio El Encanto]]; several smaller clubs and amateur teams also compete throughout the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monarcas oficializa cambio de sede a Mazatlán |url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/deportes/monarcas-oficializa-cambio-de-sede-a-mazatlan |website=El Financiero |accessdate=5 June 2020 |language=Spanish |date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Historia Dorados|url=http://www.doradosfc.com.mx/historia|publisher=Dorados de Sinaloa|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref>
Sinaloa hosts professional basketball teams, including [[Caballeros de Culiacán]], [[Frayles de Guasave]], and [[Pioneros de Los Mochis]], which compete in the [[Circuito de Baloncesto de la Costa del Pacífico]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cibacopa.org/cibacopa/ |title=¿Quiénes somos? - Conoce más del Cibacopa |publisher=CIBACOPA |access-date=14 April 2021 |language=es |archive-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405132244/https://cibacopa.org/cibacopa/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notable people==
[[File:Pedro Infante in Habana, Cuba, c.1950s.jpg|thumb |[[Pedro Infante]], one of the most celebrated actors and singers of the [[Golden Age of Mexican cinema]].|200px]]
[[File:Ana Gabriel.jpg|thumb |[[Ana Gabriel]] is the best-selling woman singer in Mexico.|200px]]
*[[Chalino Sanchez|Chalino Sánchez]] – Singer 
*[[Carlos Bojorquez|Carlos Bojórquez]] – Boxer
*[[Julio César Chávez]] – Six time World Boxing Champion
*[[Jorge Orta]] – Major League Baseball player
*[[Jorge Arce]] – Boxer and [[flyweight]] champion
*[[Cristobal Arreola]] – Boxer
*[[Luis Ayala (baseball)|Luis Ayala]] – Major League Baseball player
*[[Sandra Avila Beltrán]] – Drug Lord
*[[Lola Beltrán]] – Actress and [[Ranchera]] singer
*[[Perla Beltrán Acosta]] – Beauty queen, model, and entrepreneur
*[[Paul Aguilar]] — Football Player
*[[Heraclio Bernal]] – Social Agitator/Folk Hero
*[[Jared Borgetti]] – Football player
*[[Omar Bravo]] – Football player
*[[Ariel Camacho]] – Norteño Singer/Folk Songs
*[[Javier Valdez Cárdenas]] – Journalist
*[[Oscar Dautt]] – Football player
*[[Iván Estrada]] – Football player
*[[Carlos Fierro]] – Football player
*[[Rodolfo Fierro]] - Revolutionary Fighter
*[[Ana Gabriel]] – Singer
*[[Pedro Avilés Pérez]] – [[Drug Lord]]
*[[Joaquín Guzmán Loera]] – Former leader and co-founder of the Sinaloa Cartel.
*[[Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo]] – Former leader and co-founder of the [[Guadalajara Cartel]].
*[[Rafael Caro Quintero]] – Former leader and founder of the [[Sonora Cartel]].
*[[Amado Carrillo Fuentes]] – Former leader and co-founder of the [[Juárez Cartel]].
*[[Alfredo Beltrán Leyva]] – Leader and co-founder of the Beltrán-Leyva Organization.
*[[Héctor Luis Palma Salazar]] – Former leader and co-founder of the Sinaloa Cartel. 
*[[Ismael Zambada García]] – Leader of the Sinaloa Cartel.
*[[Benjamín Arellano Félix]] – Former leader and co-founder of the Tijuana Cartel (Arellano Félix Organization).
*[[Ramón Arellano Félix]] – Former leader and co-founder of the Tijuana Cartel (Arellano Félix Organization).
*[[Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo]] – Former leader and co-founder of the Guadalajara Cartel.
*[[Enedina Arellano Félix]] – Leader and co-founder of the Tijuana Cartel (Arellano Félix Organization).
*[[Lorena Herrera]] – Actress
*[[Pedro Infante]] – Singer and actor
*[[Francisco Labastida]] – Economist and politician affiliated to the [[Partido Revolucionario Institucional|PRI]]
*[[Horacio Llamas]] – [[Basketball]] player
*[[Los Tigres del Norte]] – Norteño music group
*[[Banda el Recodo]] –  Banda Sinaloense
*[[Jesús Malverde]] – Folklore hero
*[[Alberto Medina]] – Football player
*[[César Millán]] – TV personality and professional dog trainer
*[[Fernando Montiel]] – Boxer
*[[Héctor Moreno (footballer)|Héctor Moreno]] – Football player
*[[Sabine Moussier]] – Actress
*[[Patricia Navidad]] – Actress and singer
*[[Antonio Osuna]] – Major League Baseball player
*[[Roberto Osuna]] – Major League Baseball player
*[[Óliver Pérez]] – Major League Baseball player
*[[Fausto Pinto]] – Football player
*[[Julio Preciado]] – Singer
*[[José Luis Ramírez]] – Boxer
*[[Sara Ramírez]] – Actress
*[[Paul Rodriguez (actor)|Paul Rodriguez]] – Comedian
*[[Aurelio Rodríguez]] – Major League Baseball player
*[[Dennys Reyes]] – Major League Baseball player
*[[Sheyla Tadeo]] –  Actress and comedian
*[[María Espinoza|María del Rosario Espinoza]] – Taekwondo Olympic medalist
*[[Roberto Tapia]] – Singer
*[[Julio Urías]] – Major League Baseball player
*[[José Urquidy]] – Major League Baseball player 
*[[Chayito Valdez]] – Folk singer
*[[Banda MS]] - Banda Sinaloense 
*[[La Arrolladora Banda El Limon]] - Banda Sinaloense 
*[[Banda Los Recoditos]] - Banda Sinaloense 
*[[José Manuel López Castro]] - Norteño Singer 
*[[Ozziel Herrera]] - Football player
*[[Los Cuates de Sinaloa]] - Sierreño band

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|North America|Latin America|Mexico}}
*[[Sinaloa Cartel]]
*[[Las Labradas (Sinaloa)|Las Labradas]], an archaeological site located in southern Sinaloa

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307155812/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=90792 ''Elephant Tree: Bursera microphylla'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg]
* Asociación de Gestores del Patrimonio Histórico y Cultural de Mazatlán. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711030458/http://www.ulama.freehomepage.com/ ''The Mesoamerican Ballgame-Ulama'']

==External links==
{{Commons and category}}
{{EB1911 Poster|Sinaloa}}
*{{osmrelation|2455086}}
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|es}}
*[http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/sinaloa.html The History of Indigenous Sinaloa]
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/business/place.html PBS Frontline: The place Mexico's drug kingpins call home]

{{Sinaloa}}
{{States of Mexico}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sinaloa| ]]
[[Category:1831 establishments in Mexico]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1831]]
[[Category:States of Mexico]]