View source for Sinti

{{Short description|Romani subgroup}}
{{Not to be confused with|text=[[Sintians]], an ancient ethnic group of Thracian origin and [[Sindhis]], an ethnolinguistic group in [[South Asia]]}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group    = Sinti
| image    =
| caption  = 
| total    = ≈&nbsp;500,000 (2011)<ref name=Grimes>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Grimes |first=Barbara F. |editor-last=Frawley |editor-first=William |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |title=Romani, Sinte |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000unse_s8h7/page/294/mode/2up |edition=2nd |volume=1 |year=2003 |section=Central Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-place=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |oclc=51478240 |page=[{{GBurl|id=sl_dDVctycgC|pg=PA295}}<!--backup--> 294] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
| region1  = Slovakia
| pop1     = 100–1000
| ref1     = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravasz |first=Ábel |last2=Kovács |first2=Ľuboš |last3=Elgyütt |first3=Ivana |date=2024-04-29 |title=Atlas rozmanitosti Slovenska: Spolunažívanie Olašských Rómov, Maďarov a Slovákov na Nitriansku |url=https://www.institutmatejabela.sk/post/atlas-o-spoluna%C5%BE%C3%ADvan%C3%AD-ola%C5%A1sk%C3%BDch-r%C3%B3mov-ma%C4%8Farov-a-slov%C3%A1kov-na-nitriansku |access-date=2025-01-13 |publisher=Inštitút Mateja Bela |place=Bratislava |pages=15–16 |language=sk}}</ref>
| langs    = [[Sinte Romani]]
| rels     = [[Christianity]]
| related  = Other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]], especially [[Romani people|Roma]] ([[Romani people in France|Manouche]])
}}
{{Romani people}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J0525-0500-003, Rheinland, Sinti und Roma mit Wohnwagen auf Landstraße.jpg|thumb|Sinti people in [[Rhine Province]], Germany, 1935]]

The '''Sinti''' (masc. sing. ''Sinto''; fem. sing. ''Sintetsa, Sinta'') are a subgroup of the [[Romani people]].<ref name= lorely>{{cite book|last= French|first= Lorely|title= Roma Voices in the German-Speaking World|year= 2015|location= United States|series= New Directions in German Studies|publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury Academic]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uz24CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|page= 7|isbn= 9781501302794|quote= Sinti the particular Romani subgroup in Germany since the 15th century}}</ref><ref name= Hancock>{{cite book|author-last= Hancock|author-first= Ian|author-link= Ian Hancock|editor-last= Karanth|editor-first= Dileep|title= Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays|chapter= Gypsies, gadze, languages and labels|location= United Kingdom|publisher= [[University of Hertfordshire Press]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yqmYJiVui9UC|pages= 101–102|isbn= 9781902806990}}</ref><ref name= Minority/> They are found mostly in Germany, France, Italy and [[Central Europe]], numbering some 200,000 people.{{efn|name="Genetic"|"Individual groups can be classified into major metagroups: the Roma of East European extraction; the Sinti in Germany and Manouches in France and Catalonia; the Kaló in Spain, Ciganos in Portugal and Gitans of southern France; and the Romanichals of Britain." – Kalaydjieva, Gresham, & Calarell 2001<ref name="Kalaydjieva, Gresham, & Calarell 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Kalaydjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Gresham |first2=David |last3=Calafell |first3=Francesc |title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A Review |journal=  BMC Medical Genetics|date=2 April 2001 |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5 |pmid=11299048 |pmc=31389 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}}<ref name="Grimes" /><ref>{{cite web |last = Hübshmanová |first = Milena |year = 2003 |url = http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml |title = Roma—Sub Ethnic Groups |publisher = [[University of Graz]] |website = Uni-Graz.at}}</ref> They were traditionally [[Itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant]], but today only a small percentage of Sinti remain unsettled. In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities.

Within the Sinti Community are various tribes such as the [[Manouche]] in [[France]].<ref name=Minority>{{cite book |last1=Margalit |first1=Gilad |author1-link=Gilad Margalit |last2=Matras |first2=Yaron |author2-link=Yaron Matras |chapter=Gypsies in Germany-German Gypsies? Identity and Politics of Sinti and Roma in Germany |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/ceup/1417 |title=in {{harvnb |Stauber |Vago |2007}} |series=CEUP collection |date=2007 |pages=103–116 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-615-5211-21-8 }}</ref> They speak the [[Sinte Romani|Sinti-Manouche]] variety of [[Romani language|Romani]], which exhibits strong [[German language|German]] influence.<ref name=Grimes/><ref name=Minority/>

== Etymology and origin ==
The origin of the Sinti people, as with the broader Romani people, lies generally in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name= Kenrick>{{cite book |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Gypsies: From the Ganges to the Thames |edition=2nd |url={{GBurl |id=df2mIOnbrDoC}} |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |publication-place=Hatfield |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-902806-23-5 |oclc=59134906 |pages=[{{GBurl |id=df2mIOnbrDoC |pg=PA26}} 26]–[{{GBurl |id=df2mIOnbrDoC|pg=PA27}} 27]}}</ref>{{efn|"The ancestors of today's 12 to 15 million Roma came from India about 1,000 years ago, and their descendants eventually migrated to six continents. The Romanic language language is most closely related to Punjabi and Hindi and is still spoken by millions of Roma and Sinti (Romani people of Central Europe)." – Sturman 2019<ref name="Sturman 2019">{{cite book |editor-last=Sturman |editor-first=Janet Lynn |title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture |publisher=SAGE Publications |publication-place=Thousand Oaks, California |volume= |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5063-5337-1 |oclc=1090239829 |page= |quote=}}</ref>{{volume needed|issue=false|date=June 2024}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}}} A recent study by Estonian and Indian researchers found genetic similarities between European Romani men and Indian men in their sample.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/9719058/European-Roma-descended-from-Indian-untouchables-genetic-study-shows.html|title=European Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables', genetic study shows|last=Nelson|first=Dean|date=3 December 2012|website=The Telegraph|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>

While people from the western Indian subcontinent's [[Sindh]] region were mentioned in 1100 by [[Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Maydani]], it is unclear whether the [[Sindhi people]] were the ancestors of modern Sinti, though it is clear that Sinti and other Romani people originated in the northern Indian subcontinent.<ref name= Kenrick/>

The origin of the name is disputed.{{efn|"Already in 18th and 19th century scholarly discussions, the name 'Sinti' was associated occasionally with that of the Indian province of Sindh. There is, in fact, no connection at all. The word 'Sinti' has the inflection typical of a European loanword in Romani, and cannot have been part of the original Indian vocabulary of the language. The fact that it is found solely among Romani speakers in Germany and neighboring regions and only more recent sources, suggests that it is a later borrowing into this specific dialect of Romanic, and was not part of the language in pre-European times. " – Stauber & Vago 2007{{sfn |Stauber |Vago |2007 |p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}}} Scholar Jan Kochanowski, and many Sinti themselves, believe it derives from ''[[Sindhis|Sindhi]]'', the name of the people of [[Sindh]] in [[medieval India]] (a region now in southeast [[Pakistan]]).<ref name="Kenrick"/><ref name="Matras 2004">{{cite book |last=Matras |first=Yaron |author-link=Yaron Matras |chapter=The Role of Language in Mystifying and Demystifying Gypsy Identity|title=in {{harvnb |Saul |Tebbutt |2004}} |year=2004 |page=[{{GBurl |id=KNVhLzzIcCEC |pg=PA70}} 70]}}</ref> Romani Historian [[Ian Hancock]] states that the connection between ''Sinti'' and ''Sindhi'' is not tenable on linguistic grounds and that in the earliest samples of Sinte Romani, the endonym of ''Kale'' was used instead.<ref name= Hancock/>

Scholar [[Yaron Matras]] argued that ''Sinti'' is a later term in use by the Sinti from only the 18th century on, and is likely a European loanword.{{efn|"[U]p to the late 18th century the Sinti referred to themselves as ‘Kale’ (lit. ‘blacks’). The term ‘Sinti’ or ‘Sinte’ (see below) may be found in 18th and 19th century linguistic documentation alongside ‘Kale,’ and appears to have been borrowed from the secret vocabulary of the Yenish travelers, perhaps because of its usefulness in concealing ethnic identity. Only toward the late 19th century does the self-appellation ‘Sinti’ replace ‘Kale’ entirely in Germany." – Margalit & Matras 2007<ref name=Minority/>}}<ref name="Matras 2004" /> This view is shared by Romani linguist [[Ronald Lee]], who stated the name's origin probably lies in the German word ''Reisende'', meaning 'travellers'.<ref name="Lee 2009">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Lee |title=A New Look at Our Romani Origins and Diaspora |website=Kopachi.com |date=2009 |url=https://kopachi.com/articles/a-new-look-at-our-romani-origins-and-diaspora-by-ronald-lee/ |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref>

== History ==
The Sinti arrived in [[Austria]] and [[Germany]] in the [[Late Middle Ages]] as part of the emigration from the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="dw">{{cite web |last=Bartlick |first=Silke |date=2013-03-13 |title=Europe invented 'gypsies,' says German author |url=http://www.dw.de/europe-invented-gypsies-says-german-author/a-16664274 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> eventually splitting into two groups: ''Eftavagarja'' ("the Seven Caravans") and ''Estraxarja'' ("from Austria").<ref name="Szombati 2016">{{cite thesis |last=Szombati |first=Kristóf |title=The Revolt of the Provinces: Anti-Gypsyism and Right-Wing Politics in Hungary |url=https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2022/szombati_kristof.pdf |degree=PhD |publication-place=Budapest, Hungary |publisher=Central European University |year=2016 |page=165}}</ref><ref name="Szombati 2018">{{cite book |last=Szombati |first=Kristóf |title=The Revolt of the Provinces: Anti-Gypsyism and Right-Wing Politics in Hungary |url={{GBurl |id=B_8_DwAAQBAJ}} |publication-place=New York, NY |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2018 |volume=23 |isbn=978-1-78533-897-7 |doi=10.1515/9781785338977 |oclc=1041152908 |jstor=j.ctvw04cbm |page=[{{GBurl |id=B_8_DwAAQBAJ |pg=PA206}} 206] |via=partial Google Books preview}}</ref> They arrived in Germany before 1540.{{sfn |Saul |Tebbutt |2004 |p=182}} The two groups expanded, the Eftavagarja into [[France]] and [[Portugal]], where they are called "Manouches", and to the [[Balkans]], where they are called "Ciganos" (from Byzantine Greek "τσιγγάνος" and "Ἀτσίγγανος", deriving from Ancient Greek "ἀθίγγανος", meaning "untouchable"{{efn|{{Wiktionary-inline|τσιγγάνος}}}}{{efn|{{Wiktionary-inline|Cigan}}}}); and the Estraxarja into [[Italy]] and [[Central Europe]], mainly what are now [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], eventually adopting various regional names.<ref name="Szombati 2018"/>

From 1926 to 1973, [[Pro Juventute]], a Swiss children's charity, with the support of Swiss authorities, committed crimes against humanity against the [[Yenish people|Yenish]], [[Manouche]], and Sinti people in Switzerland by forcibly removing children from their families and placing them in foster homes, adoptive families, and correctional institutions through the [[Kinder der Landstrasse]] (Children of the Open Road) project. This was part of a wider effort to forcibly assimilate these traditionally nomadic communities into the sedentary Swiss society. In February 2025, the Swiss government formally acknowledged that the forced removals and assimilation efforts constitute a crime against humanity under international law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/gov/fr/accueil/documentation/communiques.msg-id-104226.html|title=Le Conseil fédéral reconnaît un crime contre l’humanité à l’encontre des Yéniches et des Manouches/Sintés et réitère ses excuses|website=www.admin.ch}}</ref>

=== The Holocaust ===
{{Main|Romani Holocaust}}

The Sinti migrated to Germany in the early 15th century. Despite their long presence, they were still generally regarded as beggars and thieves, and, by 1899, the police kept a central register on Sinti, Roma, and [[Yenish people|Yenish]] peoples. [[Nazi Germany]] considered them racially inferior (see [[Nazism and race]]), and persecuted them throughout Germany during the Nazi period{{snd}}the [[Nuremberg Laws]] of 1935 often being interpreted to apply to them as well as the Jews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Targeting the Sinti and Roma |website=Facing History & Ourselves |date=2016-08-02 |url=https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/targeting-sinti-roma |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref>

[[Adolf Eichmann]] recommended that Nazi Germany solve the "Gypsy Question" simultaneously with the [[Jewish Question]], resulting in the deportation of the Sinti to clear room to build homes for ethnic Germans.{{sfn |Burleigh |Wippermann |1991 |p=[https://archive.org/details/racialstategerma0000burl/page/122/mode/2up 122]}} Some were sent to the territory of [[Poland]], or elsewhere, including some deported to the territory of [[Yugoslavia]] by the [[Hamburg Police]] in 1939.{{sfn |Burleigh |Wippermann |1991 |p=[https://archive.org/details/racialstategerma0000burl/page/126/mode/2up 127]}} Others were confined to designated areas, and many were eventually murdered in gas chambers.<ref name="Davis 2015">{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Mark |url=http://www.euronews.com/2015/05/05/how-world-war-ii-shaped-modern-germany |title=How World War II shaped modern Germany |date=5 May 2015 |website=euronews |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> Many Sinti and Roma were taken to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]], where they were put in a special section, called the "[[Gypsy family camp (Auschwitz)|gypsy camp]]". [[Josef Mengele]] often performed some of his infamous experiments on Sinti and Roma. On 2 August 1944, the "gypsy camp" was closed, and approximately 4,000 Sinti and Roma were gassed during the night of 2–3 August and burnt in the crematoria. The date 2 August is commemorated as Roma and Sinti Holocaust Remembrance Day.<ref name="europa">{{cite web |title=European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day: Statement by President von der Leyen, Vice-President Jourová and Commissioner Dalli |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_1423 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210526221704/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_1423 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]], the Sinti were forced to wear either a black triangle, indicating their classification as "asocial", or a brown triangle,<ref name="Shapiro & Ehrenreich 2002">{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Paul A. |last2=Ehrenreich |first2=Robert M. |title=Roma and Sinti: under-studied victims of Nazism: symposium proceedings |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |year=2002 |oclc=1410465443 |page=[{{GBurl |id=93rzAAAAMAAJ |p=24 |q="triangle"}} 24]}}</ref> specifically reserved for Sinti, Roma, and [[Yenish people|Yenish]] peoples.

<gallery widths=200 heights=200>
File:Sinti-und-Roma-Gedenkstätte beim Färbertor in Nürnberg.jpg|Memorial in [[Nuremberg]] opposite Frauentorgraben 49, where on 15 September 1935 the [[Nuremberg Laws]] were adopted in the ballroom of the Industrial & Cultural Association clubhouse
File:Bundesarchiv R 165 Bild-244-52, Asperg, Deportation von Sinti und Roma.jpg|Deportation of Sinti and Roma in [[Asperg]], 22 May 1940
File:Düsseldorf-Lierenfeld Gedenktafel.JPG|Memorial for murdered Sinti in [[Düsseldorf-Lierenfeld]]
File:Ravensburg Mahnmal Sinti.jpg|[[Ravensburg]], Memorial for Sinti murdered in [[Auschwitz]]
</gallery>

==Culture==
A traditional dish of the Sinti people is 'kleese', which consists of [[sauerkraut]] with chicken. Hospitality holds great importance among Sinti, and meals are shared among everyone. The Sinti community is tightly knit, showing deep respect for their elders, supporting one another, and looking after each other's children. Creating a cozy atmosphere is valued among Sinti, often enjoyed with music around a campfire. [[Gypsy Jazz]] is a favored style of music among the Sinti, with [[Django Reinhardt]] being a notable representative of this genre. The primary instruments used include the violin, guitar, and bass.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.immaterieelerfgoed.nl/en/Sinticultuur|title=Culture and traditions of Sinti in Weert
}}</ref> [[Cabbage]] is a popular food among Sinti. Historically, the Sinti also consumed [[hedgehog]], which they preserved in jars. The majority of Sinti practice [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasia.sil.org/culture/ethnography/sinti_romani_|title=Sinti (Romani)}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
[[File:Trollmanngross.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Johann Trollmann]], a German Sinti boxer, 1928]]

* [[Anita Awosusi]] (born 1956), writer, musician, activist
* [[Tayo Awosusi-Onutor]] (born 1978), singer-songwriter, author, activist
* [[Ayo (singer)|Ayo]] (born 1980), singer, songwriter and actress
* [[Wawau Adler]] (born 1967), jazz guitarist
* [[Jakob Bamberger]] (1913–1989), boxer and activist
* [[Drafi Deutscher]] (1946–2006), singer and songwriter
* [[Lily Franz]] (1924–2011), writer and Holocaust survivor
* [[Philomena Franz]] (1922–2022), writer and Holocaust survivor
* [[Raymond Gurême]] (1925–2020), acrobat, activist, and holocaust survivor
* [[Elisabeth Guttenberger]] (1926–2024), activist and Holocaust survivor
* [[Hugo Höllenreiner]] (1933–2015), Holocaust survivor and public speaker
* [[Mario Mettbach]] (1952–2021/22), politician
* [[Oto Pestner]] (born 1956), singer, songwriter and politician
* [[Schnuckenack Reinhardt]] (1921–2006), jazz musician
* [[Marianne Rosenberg]] (born 1955), singer and daughter of Otto Rosenberg
* [[Otto Rosenberg (writer and activist)|Otto Rosenberg]] (1927–2001), writer, activist and Holocaust survivor
* [[Sido (rapper)|Sido]] (born 1980), rapper
* [[Chrissy Teigen]] (b. 1985), model<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thirteen.org/programs/finding-your-roots/chrissy-tiegen-discovers-her-roma-ancestry-vu5acl/|title=Chrissy Teigen Discovers Very Unique Lost Family History &#124; Finding Your Roots|via=www.thirteen.org}}</ref>
* [[Johann Trollmann]] (1907–1944), boxer and victim of forced sterilisation
* [[Häns'che Weiss]] (1951–2016), jazz musician

== See also ==
* [[Antiziganism]]
* [[History of the Romani people]]
* [[Romani people by country]]
* [[Romani people in Austria]]
* [[Romani people in Belgium]]
* [[Romani people in Germany]]
* [[Romani people in the Netherlands]]
* [[Sindhi diaspora]]
* [[Sinte Romani]] (language)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last1=Burleigh |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Burleigh |last2=Wippermann |first2=Wolfgang |author2-link=Wolfgang Wippermann |title=The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=Cambridge, England |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-521-39802-2 |oclc=1245769012 |url=https://archive.org/details/racialstategerma0000burl |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Saul |editor-first=Nicholas |editor-last2=Tebbutt |editor-first2=Susan |title=Role of the Romanies: Images and Counter Images of 'Gypsies'/Romanies in European Cultures |publisher=Liverpool University Press |publication-place=Liverpool [England] |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84631-395-0 |oclc=276175136 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjjv0 |jstor=j.ctt5vjjv0 |url={{GBurl |id=KNVhLzzIcCEC}} |via=partial Google Books preview}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Stauber |editor-first=Roni |editor-link=Roni Stauber |editor-last2=Vago |editor-first2=Raphael |title=The Roma: A Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives |series=CEUP collection |url=https://books.openedition.org/ceup/1405 |publisher=Central European University Press |publication-place=Budapest |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4294-6253-2 |oclc=191940451 |via=OpenEdition Books |jstor=j.ctt1cgf80x}}
* {{Cite book|year=1996 |first1=Michael |last1=Zimmermann |author-link=Michael Zimmerman (historian) |title=Rassenutopie und Genozid. Die Nationalsozialistische Lösung der Zigeunerfrage |publisher=Christians |location=Hamburg |language=German |isbn=978-3767212701}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Bunescu |first=Ioana |title=Roma in Europe: The Politics of Collective Identity Formation |publisher=Routledge |date=2016-04-08 |isbn=978-1-317-06190-8 |doi=10.4324/9781315606811 |oclc=883632126}}
* {{Cite book |last=Finck |first=Franz Nikolaus |author-link=Franz Nikolaus Finck |title=Lehrbuch des Dialekts der deutschen Zigeuner  |trans-title=Textbook of the dialect of the German Gypsies |publisher=N.G. Elwert |publication-place=Marburg |year=1903 |oclc=582807760 |language=de |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/6712550.html |via=HathiTrust}} Also {{Internet Archive|id=lehrbuchdesdial00fincgoog|name=Lehrbuch des Dialekts der deutschen Zigeuner}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reemtsma |first=Katrin |title=Sinti und Roma: Geschichte, Kultur, Gegenwart |trans-title=Sinti and Roma: History, Culture, Present |publisher=C.H. Beck |publication-place=München |year=1996 |oclc=1330614109 |language=de}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Tebbutt |editor-first=Susan |title=Sinti and Roma: Gypsies in German-speaking Society and Literature |publisher=Berghahn Books |publication-place=New York, NY |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-78238-187-7 |oclc=892798863 |doi=10.1515/9781782381877 |jstor=j.ctt9qd7cd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Winter |first=Walter Stanoski |translator-last=Robertson |translator-first=Struan |title= Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Who Survived Auschwitz |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |publication-place=Hatfield |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-902806-38-9 |oclc=1132299807}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Sinti people}}
* {{Cite web |title=Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Germany |website=Yad Vashem: The World Holocaust Remembrance Center  |date=2024-06-13 |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/nazi-germany-1933-39/non-jewish-victims.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204104823/https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/nazi-germany-1933-39/non-jewish-victims.html |archive-date=2023-12-04 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web |last=Trippel |first=Bernd |title=das frauen-konzentrationslager ravensbrück |trans-title=The Women's Concentration Camp at Ravensbrück |website=ravensbrueck.action.at |url=http://ravensbrueck.action.at/lager.html |language=de |access-date=2024-06-21}}

{{Romani diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Germany}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sinti| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Austria]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Belgium]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Germany]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Romani groups]]
[[Category:Romani in Europe]]
[[Category:Romani in Germany]]