View source for Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet

{{Short description|English diplomat, politician and writer}}
{{other people||William Temple (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Sir-William-Temple-Bt.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Temple<ref>Kuitert, Wybe; "Japanese Robes, Sharawadgi, and the landscape discourse of Sir William Temple and Constantijn Huygens" ''Garden History'', 41, 2: (2013) pp.157-176, Plates II-VI and ''Garden History'', 42, 1: (2014) p.130 ISSN 0307-1243 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313059385_Japanese_robes_sharawadgi_and_the_landscape_discourse_of_Sir_William_Temple_and_Constantijn_Huygens Online as PDF]</ref>]]
'''Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet''' (25 April 1628{{snd}}27 January 1699) was an English diplomat, politician and writer. An important diplomat, he was recalled in 1679, and for a brief period was a leading advisor to [[Charles II of England]], with whom he then fell out. Temple subsequently retired to the countryside, and thereafter occupied himself with gardening and writing. He is best remembered today for two aspects of his life after retirement: a passage on the designs of [[Chinese garden]]s, written without ever having seen one, and for employing a young [[Jonathan Swift]] as his secretary. The first is sometimes given as an early indication of the [[English landscape garden]] style, praising irregularity in design.<!-- This sentence is quoted in the [[statistically improbable phrase]] article; please do not change this sentence unless you also change that article to comply -->

==Biography==
[[File:Blazon of Temple Baronets of The Nash (1876).svg|thumb|Arms of Temple]]
William Temple was the son of Sir [[John Temple (judge)|John Temple]] of [[Dublin]], an Irish judge and [[Master of the Rolls]].  Born in London, and educated at [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]],<ref>{{acad|id=TML644W|name=Temple, William}}</ref> Temple travelled across Europe, and was for some time a member of the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]]. He was a representative at the [[Irish Convention (1660)|Irish Convention]] of 1660 and was also employed on various diplomatic missions. During his time as a diplomat, Temple successfully negotiated the [[Triple Alliance of 1668]] and the marriage of the [[William III of England|Prince of Orange]] and [[Mary II of England|Princess Mary]] of England in 1677. On his return in 1679 he was much consulted by [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], but disapproving of the anti-Dutch courses adopted, retired to his house at [[East Sheen|Sheen]].{{sfn|Prothero|1911|pp=602–603}}

He was called out of retirement to implement a plan of his design to reform government rule.  He was the architect of the [[Privy Council Ministry]] of 1679, which, though it failed, was an early effort to establish an executive along the lines of what later came to be understood as Cabinet government. Charles II disapproved of the scheme, which in his view took away too much of the [[Royal Prerogative]], although in the exceptional circumstances of the [[Exclusion Crisis]] he was willing to give it a brief trial.<ref>Kenyon, J.P., ''Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland 1641-1702'', Longmans Green, reissued 1992, pp. 23–30</ref>

Temple later left Sheen and purchased Compton Hall, [[Farnham]] around 1686. He renamed the house [[Moor Park, Farnham|More Park]]<ref>"The house in which Temple last lived and died is written thrice in his (probably) holograph will, and always as Moreparke or More Parke." Albert Forbes Sieveking (1908). ''Sir William Temple upon the Gardens of Epicurus, with Other XVIIth Century Garden Essays'', [https://archive.org/details/sirwilliamtempl00tempuoft/page/xx/mode/2up pp. xx–xxi].</ref> after [[Moor Park (house)|Moor Park, Hertfordshire]], a house he much admired and which influenced the formal gardens he built at Farnham. Here the later-famous [[Jonathan Swift]] was his secretary for most of the period from 1689 onward.{{sfn|Cousin|1910}} It was here that Swift met [[Esther Johnson]], who became his lifelong companion and whom he immortalised as ''Stella''.<ref>{{cite DNB|last=Stephen|first=Leslie|wstitle=Swift, Jonathan|volume=55}}</ref> Despite rumours that she was Temple's own daughter, the evidence suggests that her widowed mother lived in the house as companion to Temple's sister [[Martha Giffard|Martha]]. Temple installed his family motto "God has given us these opportunities for tranquility" above the door and took great pleasure from this house in his retirement from public life.<ref>Venn{{full citation needed|date=March 2014}}</ref>

He took no part in the [[Glorious Revolution]], but acquiesced to the new regime, and was offered, but refused, a role as [[Secretary of State]].{{sfn|Prothero|1911|p=603}}

Temple died in [[Moor Park, Farnham|More Park]], [[Surrey]], [[England]] in 1699.{{sfn|Prothero|1911|p=603}} 
His memorial in [[Westminster Abbey]] names also his wife Dorothy, and their daughter Diana; in 1722 his sister Martha was also buried in the abbey and her name was added as she had left money for a monument.<ref name=martha>{{Cite ODNB |title=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=2004-09-23 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/55435 |pages=ref:odnb/55435 |editor-last=Matthew |editor-first=H. C. G. |place=Oxford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/55435 |access-date=2023-01-19 |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=B.}}</ref> He was much loved by his friends; Swift wrote that all that was good and amiable in mankind departed with him.<ref>Stephen p. 208</ref> The normally cynical [[Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland]], was deeply grieved by his death, writing to Temple's sister Martha that "the chief pleasure I proposed to myself was to see him sometimes".<ref>Kenyon p. 309</ref>

==Marriage and children==
[[File:Dorothy, Lady Temple by Gaspar Netscher.jpg|right|thumb|"Dorothy, Lady Temple" by [[Gaspar Netscher]] 1671]]
{{main|Dorothy Osborne}}
Temple married [[Dorothy Osborne]] (d. 1695), a daughter of Sir Peter Osborne and Dorothy Danvers, in 1654.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dorothy Osborne: Letters to Sir William Temple, 1652-54: Observations on Love, Literature, Politics and Religion|last=Osborne|first=Dorothy|publisher=Ashgate|year=2002|isbn=0-7546-0382-2|editor-last=Parker|editor-first=Kenneth|location=Aldershot, Burlington USA, Singapore, Sydney|pages=7–8}}</ref> It was a love marriage and the couple were noted for constancy during their long engagement: Dorothy resisted pressure from her family to accept any of several other more eligible suitors, including [[Henry Cromwell]] and her cousin [[Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds]]. She and William outlived all of their nine children, most of whom died in infancy; the [[suicide]] of their adult son John in 1689 was the greatest tragedy of their lives.<ref name=martha/> Dorothy died in 1695 and after her death William's strong-minded sister Martha, Lady Giffard kept house for him. She had married Sir Thomas Giffard in 1662 and been widowed young; she spent many years with William and Dorothy, for both of whom she had a deep affection. In her last years she wrote a short Life of her brother which was published in 1728 after her death in 1722.<ref name=martha/> However Martha believed that Jonathon Swift had lifted parts of her biography to include in his ''Memoirs of Sir William Temple, Part 3'', although Swift denied her accusation.<ref name=martha/>

Sir William and Dorothy Osborne's children included:
[[File:Hatchment DorothyTemple StMary'sChurch Coddenham Suffolk.jpg|thumb|Funeral hatchment of Nicholas Bacon (1686–1767) of Shrubland Hall, Coddenham, Suffolk, husband of Dorothy Temple, grand-daughter of Sir William Temple. The arms of Temple are shown as an inescutcheon, as appropriate for an heiress]]
*John Temple (d. 1689), who "as a compliment to his father"<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB |wstitle= Temple, William (1628-1699) |volume= 56 |last= Seccombe |first= Thomas  |author-link= Thomas Seccombe | pages=42-51 |short=1}}</ref> was made [[Paymaster General]] and, on 12 April 1689, [[Secretary at War]] in succession to [[William Blathwayt]]. A few days later, having filled his pockets with stones, he threw himself from a boat into the strong current beneath London Bridge, and was drowned. The suicide, which created the greatest sensation at the time, was probably due to official anxiety, aggravated by the treachery of a confidential agent whom he had recommended to the king.<ref>See further a contemporary account of the incident ''A Sad and lamentable account of the strange and unhappy misfortune of Mr. John Temple, the person who leaped out of the boat under London-bridg, and was drowned on Friday the 19th of this instant April. : Together with the manner of finding him, and the circumstances that attended this gentlemans ruine, with an account of the paper left by him in the boat, &c., London,: Printed by W.D. in Bartholomew-Close., 1689.''[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A92866.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext]</ref> He married Marie du Plessis-Rambouillet, daughter of Paul du Plessis-Rambouillet of France, of a Huguenot family, by whom he left two daughters:<ref name="DNB"/> 
**Elizabeth Temple of Moor Park, who married her cousin, John Temple (d. 1753), second son of [[John Temple (Irish politician)|Sir John Temple]], Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, but left no issue; 
**Dorothy Temple, who married Nicholas Bacon (1686–1767) of Shrubland Hall, Coddenham, Suffolk, and left issue. His funeral hatchment showing the arms of Temple survives in Coddenham Church.

Letters written by Dorothy to Temple before their marriage have been published in a number of editions.

==Retirement and gardening==
Temple saw his retirement from political life to his country estate at [[Moor Park, Farnham|Moor Park]] as following the example of the Greek philosopher [[Epicurus]]. In his essay of 1685 (first published in 1690), "Upon the Gardens of Epicurus" Temple wrote of "the sweetness and satisfaction of this retreat, where since my resolution taken of never entering again into any public employments, I have passed five years without once going to town". As a result of his introducing the term ''[[sharawadgi]]'' in this essay, Temple has been sometimes considered the originator of the [[English landscape garden]] style.<ref>See:Geoffrey Jellicoe (ed.) ''The Oxford Companion to Gardens'', Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 513</ref>

As a [[garden writer]], Temple was rather typical of his period in England, but perhaps to an extreme degree, in being highly interested in growing fruit trees of all sorts and very little interested in flowers:<blockquote>I will not enter upon any Account of Flowers, having only pleased my self with seeing and smelling them, and not troubled my self with the Care, which is more the Ladies Part than the Mens; but the Success is wholly in the Gardener.<ref>"Upon the Gardens of Epicurus", 1720 edn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AvBcAAAAcAAJ p. 183]</ref></blockquote>

The passage in which Temple outlines the concept of [[sharawadgi]] is the following:<blockquote>Amongst us, the Beauty of Building and Planting is placed chiefly in some Proportions, Symmetries and Uniformities; our Walks and our Trees ranged so, as to answer one another, and at exact Distances. The ''Chineses'' scorn this way of Planting, and say a Boy that can tell an Hundred, may plant Walks of Trees in strait Lines, and over-against one another, and to what Length and Extent he pleases. But their greatest reach of Imagination, is employed in contriving Figures, where the Beauty shall be great, and strike the Eye, but without any Order or Disposition of Parts, that shall be commonly or easily observ'd. And though we have hardly any Notion of this sort of Beauty, yet they have a particular word to express it; and where they find it hit their Eye at first Sight, they say the ''Sharawadgi'' is fine or is admirable, or any such Expression of Esteem. And whoever observes the Work upon the best ''Indian'' gowns, or the Painting on their best Skreens and Purcellans, will find their Beauty is all of this Kind, (that is) without Order. But I should hardly advise any of these Attempts in the Figure of Gardens among us; they are Adventures of too hard Atchievement for any common hands; and tho' there may be more Honour if they succeed well, yet there is more Dishonour if they fail, and 'tis Twenty to One they will; whereas in regular Figures, 'tis hard to make any great and remarkable Faults.<ref>"Upon the Gardens of Epicurus", 1720 edn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AvBcAAAAcAAJ p. 186]</ref></blockquote>

In 1690, Temple intervened in the debate about the difference between the ancients and the moderns with his essay ''On Ancient and Modern Learning'',<ref name="Deb#">{{Cite book |title=Sir William Temple's essays on ancient and modern learning, and on poetry |date=1909 |last=Spingarn |first=Joel E. |page=iii |url=https://archive.org/details/sirwilliamtemple00tempuoft |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref> and his prose style was praised by later critics. [[David Hume|Hume]] called it negligent and infected by foreign idioms, but agreeable and interesting; not like the perusal of a book, but conversation with a companion. [[Samuel Johnson]] called him "the first writer who gave cadence to English prose. Before his time they were careless of arrangement, and did not mind whether a sentence ended with an important word or an insignificant word, or with what part of speech it was concluded".<ref name="Deb#" /> His style was also highly praised by [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]]. [[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Macaulay]] called his prose singularly lucid and melodious.<ref>Sieveking, A. F. (1908) ''Sir William Temple Upon the Gardens of Epicurus'', [https://archive.org/details/sirwilliamtempl00tempuoft/page/xxii/mode/2up pp. xxii–xxiii].</ref>

==Death==
Temple died on 27 January 1699. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, but his heart, by his special wish, was placed in a silver casket under the sun-dial at Moor Park, near his favourite window seat. Swift recorded, "He died at one o clock in the morning and with him all that was great and good among men".<ref>Stubbs, John, Jonathan Swift: The Reluctant Rebel, p. 176</ref>

==Bibliography==
His literary works consist for the most part of essays, which were published as ''Miscellanea'' in volumes in the 1690s, then collected by Swift and given a collected volume in 1720.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AvBcAAAAcAAJ google books]</ref> However, he did write some longer pieces such as ''[[Wikisource:Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands|Observations upon the United Provinces]]'' and ''Essay on the Original and Nature of Government''.{{sfn|Cousin|1910}}

*''Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands'', 1673. Republished by [[Cambridge University Press]], with an introduction by G. N. Clark, Cambridge, 2011.
*{{cite book |title=Miscellanea: The First Part. (4th ed.) |year=1705 |publisher=Printed For Jacob Tonson |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w04JAAAAQAAJ}}
*''The Works of Sir William Temple'', London, 1720; new. ed. 1757

==See also==
* [[General opinion]], a concept introduced by Temple in his ''Essay on the Original and Nature of Government''<ref>Hans Speier, "Historical Development of Public Opinion", ''American Journal of Sociology'', Vol. 55, No. 4 (Jan., 1950), pp. 376–388.</ref>
* Archive.org: [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Temple%2C+William%2C+Sir%2C+1628-1699%22 "Temple, William, Sir, 1628-1699"]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Temple, Sir William|volume=26|pages=602–603 |first=George Walter |last=Prothero |authorlink=George Prothero}}
*{{cite DNB |wstitle= Temple, William (1628-1699) |volume= 56 |last= Seccombe |first= Thomas  |author-link= Thomas Seccombe | pages=42-51 |short=1}}
*{{cite SBDEL|wstitle=Temple, Sir William}}
*{{cite ODNB|first=J. D.|last= Davies|title=Temple, Sir William, baronet (1628–1699)|id=27122}}
* Pierre Marambaud: Sir William Temple, sa vie, son œuvre, Paris, Éditions Minard, 1968, VI-431 p.

==External links==
{{DNB poster|Temple, William (1628-1699)}}
{{Commons category |Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Gutenberg author|id=35715}}
* [http://essays.quotidiana.org/temple/ Essays by Temple on Quotidiana.org]
* {{UK National Archives ID}}

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[[Category:1628 births]]
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[[Category:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of England]]
[[Category:17th-century English diplomats]]
[[Category:English essayists]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of England]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of England to the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Masters of the Rolls in Ireland]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Carlow constituencies]]
[[Category:Irish MPs 1661–1666]]
[[Category:English Landscape Garden style]]
[[Category:Temple baronets]]