View source for Situationist International

{{short description|International organization of social revolutionaries (1957–72)}}
{{Redirect|Situationism}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = Situationist International
| full_name                = 
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| image                    = Situationist International 1957.png
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| caption                  = Certain founding members of the Situationist International in 1957. From left to right: [[Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio]], [[Piero Simondo]], Elena Verrone, [[Michèle Bernstein]], [[Guy Debord]], [[Asger Jorn]], and [[Walter Olmo]]
| abbreviation             = SI
| nickname                 = 
| named_after              = [[Situation (Sartre)|Situation]]
| predecessor              = {{plainlist|
* [[International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus]]
* [[Letterist International]]
* [[London Psychogeographical Association]]
}}
| successor                = 
| formation                = {{start date and age|1957}}
| founders                 = {{plainlist|
* [[Guy Debord]] 
* [[Asger Jorn]]
}}
| founding_location        = [[Cosio di Arroscia]]
| dissolved                = {{end date and age|1972}}
| merger                   = [[Gruppe SPUR]]
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| location_city2           = 
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| addnl_location_city      = 
| addnl_location_country   = 
| addnl_location_city2     = 
| addnl_location_country2  = 
| origins                  = 
| methods                  = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Dérive]]''
* ''[[Détournement]]''
* [[Hypergraphy|Situlogy]]
}}
| leader_title             = De facto leader and theorist
| leader_name              = Guy Debord
| leader_title2            = Theorist
| leader_name2             = 
| leader_title3            = [[Raoul Vaneigem]]
| leader_name3             = 
| leader_title4            = 
| leader_name4             = 
| key_people               = {{plainlist|
* [[Michèle Bernstein]]
* [[Jacqueline de Jong]]
* [[Mustapha Khayati]]
* [[Pinot Gallizio]]
* [[Alice Becker-Ho]]
* [[Attila Kotanyi]]
* [[Constant Nieuwenhuys]] 
* [[Ralph Rumney]]
* [[Gianfranco Sanguinetti]]
* [[Alexander Trocchi]]
* [[René Viénet]]
}}
| publication              = {{lang|fr|Internationale Situationniste}}
| secessions               = {{plainlist|
* Gruppe SPUR
* Nashists
* [[Second Situationist International]]
}}
| affiliations             = 
| remarks                  = 
| footnotes                = 
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}}
{{Situationists|all}}

The '''Situationist International''' ('''SI''') was an [[Proletarian internationalism|international]] organization of social revolutionaries made up of [[avant-garde]] artists, intellectuals, and [[Political philosophy|political theorists]]. It was prominent in Europe from its formation in 1957 to its dissolution in 1972.<ref name="Plant1992TheMost">{{cite book |author-last=Plant |author-first=Sadie |title=The Most Radical Gesture |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-415-06222-0}}</ref> The intellectual foundations of the Situationist International were derived primarily from [[libertarian Marxism]] and the avant-garde [[art movement]]s of the early 20th century, particularly [[Dada]] and [[Surrealism]].<ref name="Plant1992TheMost" /> Overall, situationist theory represented an attempt to synthesize this diverse field of theoretical disciplines into a modern and comprehensive critique of mid-20th century [[advanced capitalism]].<ref name="Plant1992TheMost" />

Essential to situationist theory was the concept of [[Spectacle (critical theory)|the spectacle]], a unified critique of advanced capitalism of which a primary concern was the progressively increasing tendency towards the expression and mediation of [[social relation]]s through [[Commodity (Marxism)|images]].<ref name="Debord1967Society">{{cite book |author-last=Debord |author-first=Guy |title=Society of the Spectacle |year=1967 }}</ref>  The situationists believed that the shift from individual expression through directly lived experiences, or the first-hand fulfillment of authentic desires, to individual expression by proxy through the exchange or [[Consumption (sociology)|consumption]] of [[Commodity (Marxism)|commodities]], or passive second-hand alienation, inflicted significant and far-reaching damage to the quality of human life for both individuals and society.<ref name="Plant1992TheMost" /> Another important concept of situationist theory was the primary means of counteracting the spectacle; the construction of situations, moments of life deliberately constructed for the purpose of reawakening and pursuing authentic desires, experiencing the feeling of life and adventure, and the liberation of everyday life.<ref name="Plant1992TheMost" /><ref name="Debord1958Definitions">{{cite magazine |author-last=Debord |author-first=Guy |author-link=Guy Debord |date=June 1958 |url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/definitions.html |title=Definitions |magazine=Internationale Situationniste |issue=1 |location=Paris |translator-first=Ken |translator-last=Knabb |translator-link=Ken Knabb |access-date=19 July 2007 |archive-date=17 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017183947/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/definitions.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The situationists recognized that capitalism had changed since [[Karl Marx]]'s formative writings, but maintained that his analysis of the [[capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]] remained fundamentally correct; they rearticulated and expanded upon several [[Classical Marxism|classical Marxist]] concepts, such as his [[Marx's theory of alienation|theory of alienation]].<ref name="Plant1992TheMost" /> In their expanded interpretation of [[Marxism|Marxist theory]], the situationists asserted that the misery of [[Marx's theory of alienation|social alienation]] and [[commodity fetishism]] were no longer limited to the fundamental components of capitalist society, but had now in advanced capitalism spread themselves to every aspect of life and culture.<ref name="Plant1992TheMost" /> They rejected the idea that advanced capitalism's apparent successes—such as technological advancement, increased productive capacity, and a raised general quality of life when compared to previous systems, such as feudalism—could ever outweigh the social dysfunction and degradation of everyday life that it simultaneously inflicted.<ref name="Plant1992TheMost" />

When the Situationist International was first formed, it had a predominantly artistic focus; emphasis was placed on concepts like [[unitary urbanism]] and [[psychogeography]].<ref name="Plant1992TheMost"/> Gradually, however, that focus shifted more towards revolutionary and political theory.<ref name="Plant1992TheMost"/> The Situationist International reached the apex of its creative output and influence in 1967 and 1968, with the former marking the publication of the two most significant texts of the situationist movement, ''[[The Society of the Spectacle]]'' by [[Guy Debord]] and ''[[The Revolution of Everyday Life]]'' by [[Raoul Vaneigem]]. The expressed writing and political theory of the two aforementioned texts, along with other situationist publications, proved greatly influential in shaping the ideas behind the [[May 1968 events in France|May 1968 insurrections in France]]; quotes, phrases, and slogans from situationist texts and publications were ubiquitous on posters and graffiti throughout France during the uprisings.<ref name="Plant1992TheMost"/>

==Etymology and usage==
The founding manifesto of the Situationist International, ''[[Report on the Construction of Situations]]'' (1957), defined the construction of situations as "the concrete construction of momentary ambiances of life and their transformation into a superior [[wikt:passional#Adjective|passional]] quality."<ref name="Debord1957Report" /> The term "situationist" refers to the construction of situations, one of the early central concepts of the Situationist International; the term also refers to any individuals engaged in the construction of situations, or, more narrowly, to members of the Situationist International.<ref name="Debord1958Definitions"/> Situationist theory sees the situation as a tool for the liberation of everyday life, a method of negating the pervasive [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]] that accompanied the [[Spectacle (critical theory)|spectacle]].<ref name="Debord1957Report" /> ''Internationale Situationniste'' No. 1 (June 1958) defined the constructed situation as "a moment of life concretely and deliberately constructed by the collective organization of a [[wikt:unitary#Adjective|unitary]] [[wikt:ambiance#Noun|ambiance]] and a game of events".<ref name="Debord1958Definitions"/> The situationists argued that [[advanced capitalism]] manufactured false desires; literally in the sense of [[Mass media|ubiquitous advertising]] and the glorification of [[capital accumulation|accumulated capital]], and more broadly in the abstraction and [[Reification (Marxism)|reification]] of the more ephemeral experiences of authentic life into [[Commodity (Marxism)|commodities]]. The experimental direction of situationist activity consisted of setting up temporary environments favorable to the fulfillment of true and authentic human desires in response.<ref name="PreliminarySituations">Guy Debord (1958) ''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/problems.html Preliminary Problems in Constructing a Situation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608044138/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline///si/problems.html |date=8 June 2011 }}''. Internationale Situationniste No. 1 (Paris, June 1958). Translated by Ken Knabb.</ref>

The Situationist International strongly resisted use of the term "situationism", which Debord called a "meaningless term", adding "[t]here is no such thing as situationism, which would mean a doctrine for interpreting existing conditions".<ref name="Debord1958Definitions"/> The situationists maintained a philosophical opposition to all [[Ideology|ideologies]], conceiving of them as abstract [[Base and superstructure|superstructures]] ultimately serving only to justify the [[Base and superstructure|economic base]] of a given society; accordingly, they rejected "situationism" as an absurd and self-contradictory concept.<ref name="Vaneigem1967Revolution1">Raoul Vaneigem (1967) ''[http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/display/35 Traité du savoir-vivre à l’usage des jeunes générations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224000044/http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/display/35 |date=24 February 2011 }}''. (Paris, June 1967). Chapter 1: The Insignificant Signified.</ref> In ''[[The Society of the Spectacle]]'', Debord asserted that ideology was "the abstract will to universality and the illusion thereof" which was "legitimated in modern society by universal abstraction and by the effective dictatorship of illusion".<ref name="Debord1967SocietyIX">Guy Debord (1967) [http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/tsots09.html ''Society of the Spectacle''. (Paris, June 1967). Chapter IX: Ideology in Material Form.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111547/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/tsots09.html |date=20 July 2011 }}</ref>

==History==

===Origins (1945–1955)===
The situationist movement had its origins as a left wing tendency within [[Lettrism]],<ref name="ReportManifesto57">''[[Report on the Construction of Situations]]'' (1957)</ref><ref name="SI58">{{cite web |url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline///si/is1.html |title=Internationale Situationniste No. 1 (June 1958) |publisher=Cddc.vt.edu |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=13 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613133347/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/is1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> an artistic and literary movement led by the Romanian-born French poet and visual artist [[Isidore Isou]], originating in 1940s Paris. The group was heavily influenced by the preceding [[avant-garde]] movements of [[Dadaism]] and [[Surrealism]], seeking to apply critical theories based on these concepts to all areas of art and culture, most notably in poetry, film, painting and [[political theory]].<ref name="Debord1957Report"/> Among some of the concepts and artistic innovations developed by the Lettrists were the ''lettrie'' (a poem reflecting pure form yet devoid of all semantic content), new syntheses of writing and visual art identified as [[metagraphics]] and [[hypergraphics]], as well as new creative techniques in filmmaking. Future situationist [[Guy Debord]], who was at that time a significant figure in the Lettrist movement, helped develop these new film techniques, using them in his Lettrist film ''[[Hurlements en faveur de Sade|Howlings for Sade]]'' (1952) as well as later in his situationist film ''[[The Society of the Spectacle (film)|Society of the Spectacle]]'' (1972).

By 1950, a much younger and more left-wing part of the Lettrist movement began to emerge. This group kept very active in perpetrating public outrages such as the [[Notre-Dame Affair]], where at the Easter High Mass at [[Notre Dame de Paris]], in front of ten thousand people and broadcast on national TV, their member and former Dominican Michel Mourre posed as a [[monk]], "stood in front of the altar and read a pamphlet proclaiming that [[God]] was dead".<ref name="Horn07p8">Horn (2007), p. 8</ref><ref name="Marcus89p279-86">[[Greil Marcus]] (1989) ''[[Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the 20th Century]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=TVAoeipLL38C preview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413042506/https://books.google.com/books?id=TVAoeipLL38C |date=13 April 2017 }} at Google books, pp. 279–86</ref> [[André Breton]] prominently came out in support of the action in a letter that spawned a large debate in the newspaper ''[[Combat (newspaper)|Combat]]''.<ref name="Boucharenc05">Boucharenc, Myriam (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYKf2PLK1BgC ''L'universel reportage''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413042610/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYKf2PLK1BgC |date=13 April 2017 }}, pp. 94–6</ref><ref name="Breton50NotreDame">[[André Breton|Breton, André]] (1950) [http://juralibertaire.over-blog.com/article-le-scandale-de-notre-dame-41681161.html ''Lettre a Louis Pauwels" sur le «"scandale" de Notre Dame»''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728124014/http://juralibertaire.over-blog.com/article-le-scandale-de-notre-dame-41681161.html |date=28 July 2011 }}, in ''[[Combat (newspaper)|Combat]]'', 12 April 1950, ''OC III'', pp. 1024–5</ref>

In 1952, this left wing of the Lettrist movement, which included Debord, broke off from Isou's group and formed the [[Letterist International]], a new Paris-based collective of avant-garde artists and political theorists. The schism finally erupted when the future members of the radical Lettrists disrupted a [[Charlie Chaplin]] press conference for ''[[Limelight (1952 film)|Limelight]]'' at the [[Hôtel Ritz Paris]]. They distributed a [[polemic]] entitled "No More Flat Feet!", which concluded: "The footlights have melted the make-up of the supposedly brilliant mime. All we can see now is a lugubrious and mercenary old man. Go home Mister Chaplin."<ref name="Berna1952No">Serge Berna, Jean-Louis Brau, Guy Debord & Gil J. Wolman (1952) ''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/presitu/flatfeet.html No More Flat Feet!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229081935/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/presitu/flatfeet.html |date=29 December 2010 }}''. Internationale Lettriste No. 1 (Paris, November 1952). Translated by Ken Knabb. Emphasis in original.</ref> Isou was upset with this, his own attitude being that Chaplin deserved respect as one of the great creators of the cinematic art. The breakaway group felt that his work was no longer relevant, while having appreciated it "in its own time," and asserted their belief "that the most urgent expression of freedom is the destruction of idols, especially when they claim to represent freedom," in this case, filmmaker Charlie Chaplin.<ref name="1952Position">(1952) ''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/presitu/position.html Position of the Lettrist International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111435/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/presitu/position.html |date=20 July 2011 }}''. Internationale Lettriste No. 1 (Paris, November 1952). Translated by Ken Knabb.</ref>

During this period of the [[Letterist International]], many of the important concepts and ideas that would later be integral in situationist theory were developed. Individuals in the group collaboratively constructed the new field of [[psychogeography]], which they defined as "the study of the specific effects of the [[geography|geographical environment]] (whether consciously organized or not) on the emotions and behavior of individuals."<ref name="Debord1958Definitions"/><ref name="Debord1955Introduction">Guy Debord (1955) ''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/presitu/geography.html Introduction to a Critique of Urban Geography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111146/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/presitu/geography.html |date=20 July 2011 }}''. Les Lèvres Nues No. 6 (Paris, September 1955). Translated by Ken Knabb.</ref> Debord further expanded this concept of psychogeography with his theory of the [[dérive]], an unplanned tour through an [[city|urban]] landscape directed entirely by the feelings evoked in the individual by their surroundings, serving as the primary means for mapping and investigating the [[psychogeography]] of these different areas.<ref name="Debord1956Theory">Guy Debord (1956) ''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/presitu/geography.html Theory of the Dérive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111146/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/presitu/geography.html |date=20 July 2011 }}''. Les Lèvres Nues No. 9 (Paris, November 1956). Reprinted in Internationale Situationniste No. 2 (Paris, December 1958). Translated by Ken Knabb.</ref> During this period the Letterist International also developed the situationist tactic of [[détournement]], which by reworking or re-contextualizing an existing work of art or literature sought to radically shift its meaning to one with revolutionary significance.

===Formation (1956–1957)===

In 1956, Guy Debord, a member of the [[Lettrist International]], and [[Asger Jorn]] of the [[International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus]], brought together a group of artistic collectives for the ''First World Congress of Free Artists'' in [[Alba, Piedmont|Alba]], Italy.<ref name="Horn07p5-7">Horn (2007), pp. 5–7, 42</ref> The meeting established the foundation for the development of the Situationist International, which was officially formed in July 1957 at a meeting in [[Cosio di Arroscia]], Italy.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International |author-last=Wark |author-first=McKenzie |date=20 June 2011 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=9781844677207 |edition=1 |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref> The resulting International was a fusion of these extremely small [[avant-garde]] collectives: the [[Lettrist International]], the [[International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus]] (an offshoot of [[COBRA (avant-garde movement)|COBRA]]), and the [[London Psychogeographical Association]] (though, Anselm Jappe has argued that the group pivoted around Jorn and Debord for the first four years).<ref name="Jappe99DebordJorn">[[Anselm Jappe]], 1999, p. 65 quotation: "For the first four years of the SI's existence, the pivot of the group was the collaboration between Debord and Asger Jorn, who complemented each other well precisely because they were so different".</ref> Later, the Situationist International drew ideas from other groups such as [[Socialisme ou Barbarie]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Hayes |first=Anthony |year=2017 |title=How the Situationist International became what it was |section=Appendix three: Whose spectacle? |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/132358 |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502044930/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/132358 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The most prominent member of the group, [[Guy Debord]], generally became considered the organization's de facto leader and most distinguished theorist. Other members included theorist [[Raoul Vaneigem]], the Dutch painter [[Constant Nieuwenhuys]], the Italo-Scottish writer [[Alexander Trocchi]], the English artist [[Ralph Rumney]] (sole member of the London Psychogeographical Association, Rumney suffered expulsion relatively soon after the formation), the Danish artist [[Asger Jorn]] (who after parting with the SI also founded the [[Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism]]), the architect and veteran of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Uprising]] [[Attila Kotanyi]], and the French writer [[Michèle Bernstein]]. Debord and Bernstein later married.

In June 1957, Debord wrote the [[manifesto]] of the Situationist International, titled ''[[Report on the Construction of Situations]]''. This manifesto plans a rereading of [[Karl Marx]]'s ''[[Das Kapital]]'' and advocates a cultural revolution in [[western countries]].<ref name="Debord1957Report">Guy Debord (1957) ''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/report.html Report on the Construction of Situations and on the International Situationist Tendency's Conditions of Organization and Action] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514125701/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/report.html |date=14 May 2011 }}''. (Paris, June 1957). Translated by Ken Knabb.</ref>

===Artistic period (1958–1962)===
[[File:Asger Jorn (1963) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|thumb|right|[[Danes|Danish]] painter, sculptor, [[ceramic art]]ist, and author [[Asger Jorn]], founding member of the Situationist International.]]

During the first few years of the SI's founding, [[avant-garde]] artistic groups began collaborating with the SI and joining the organization. [[Gruppe SPUR]], a German artistic collective, collaborated with the Situationist International on projects beginning in 1959, continuing until the group officially joined the SI in 1961. The role of the artists in the SI was of great significance, particularly [[Asger Jorn]], [[Constant Nieuwenhuys]] and [[Pinot Gallizio]].<ref name="PoliOntheReport"/>

Asger Jorn, who invented [[Situgraphy]] and [[Situlogy]], had the social role of catalyst and team leader among the members of the SI between 1957 and 1961. Jorn's role in the situationist movement (as in [[COBRA (avant-garde movement)|COBRA]]) was that of a catalyst and team leader. [[Guy Debord]] on his own lacked the personal warmth and persuasiveness to draw people of different nationalities and talents into an active working partnership. As a prototype [[Marxism|Marxist]] intellectual Debord needed an ally who could patch up the petty egoisms and squabbles of the members. When Jorn's leadership was withdrawn in 1961, many simmering quarrels among different sections of the SI flared up, leading to multiple exclusions.
[[File:Internationale situationniste nº1.jpg|thumb|left|''Internationale situationniste'']]
The first major split was the exclusion of Gruppe SPUR, the German section, from the SI on 10 February 1962.<ref name="1963TheExclusion">(1963) ''[http://www.notbored.org/spur-exclusion.html The Exclusion of the Spurists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520064219/http://www.notbored.org/spur-exclusion.html |date=20 May 2009 }}''. Internationale Situationniste No. 8 (Paris, January 1963). Translated by Ken Knabb.</ref> Many different disagreements led to the fracture, for example; while at the Fourth SI Conference in London in December 1960, in a discussion about the political nature of the SI, the Gruppe SPUR members disagreed with the core situationist stance of counting on a [[revolutionary proletariat]];<ref name="SI5Conf4">''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/SIOnline/si/london.html The Fourth SI Conference in London] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905181622/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/london.html|date=5 September 2008}}'',[http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/5.conf4.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923121507/http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/5.conf4.htm|date=23 September 2009}} Internationale Situationniste No. 5 (December 1960)</ref> the accusation that their activities were based on a "systematic misunderstanding of situationist theses";<ref name="1963TheExclusion"/> the understanding that at least one Gruppe SPUR member, sculptor [[Lothar Fischer]], and possibly the rest of the group, were not actually understanding and/or agreeing with the situationist ideas, but were just using the SI to achieve success in the [[Economics of the arts and literature|art market]];<ref name="1963TheExclusion"/><ref name="Kunzelmann">''[http://www.kurr.org/t_nothing.php Nothing to talk about]'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105221228/http://www.kurr.org/t_nothing.php |date=5 January 2009 }} key, Halil Altindere and Sezgin Boynik (editors)</ref> and the betrayal, in the ''Spur #7'' issue, of a common agreement on the Gruppe SPUR and SI publications.<ref name="SI7Conf5">''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/SIOnline/si/goteborg.html The Fifth SI Conference in Göteborg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029073104/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/goteborg.html|date=29 October 2010}}'',[http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/7.conf5.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923122644/http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/7.conf5.htm|date=23 September 2009}} Internationale Situationniste No. 7 (April 1962)</ref><ref name="DebordVernissage150362">[http://www.notbored.org/debord-15March1962.html Letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613154947/http://notbored.org/debord-15March1962.html|date=13 June 2010}} from Guy Debord and [[Uwe Lausen]] to the journal ''Vernissage'', 15 March 1962</ref>

The exclusion was a recognition that [[Gruppe SPUR]]'s "principles, methods and goals" were significantly in contrast with those of the SI.<ref name="1963TheCounter"/><ref name="Debord180662">[http://www.notbored.org/debord-18June1962.html Letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613161653/http://notbored.org/debord-18June1962.html |date=13 June 2010 }} from [[Guy Debord]] to [[Rodolphe Gasche]] (member of the Gruppe SPUR), 18 June 1962</ref> This split however was not a declaration of hostilities, as in other cases of SI exclusions. A few months after the exclusion, in the context of judicial prosecution against the group by the German state, Debord expressed his esteem to Gruppe SPUR, calling it the only significant artist group in (Germany) since [[World War II]], and regarding it at the level of the [[avant-garde]]s in other countries.<ref name="DebordSpur280462">[http://www.notbored.org/debord-28April1962.html Letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228054921/http://www.notbored.org/debord-28April1962.html |date=28 February 2021 }} from Guy Debord To the Spur group, 28 April 1962</ref>

The next significant split was in 1962, wherein the "Nashists," the Scandinavian section of the SI led by [[Jørgen Nash]], were excluded from the organization. Nash created the [[2nd Situationist International]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 | title=Debord, Time and Spectacle: Hegelian Marxism and Situationist Theory | isbn=9789004356023 | last1=Bunyard | first1=Tom | date=20 November 2017 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref>

===Political period (1963–1968)===

By this point the Situationist International consisted almost exclusively of the Franco-Belgian section, led by [[Guy Debord]] and [[Raoul Vaneigem]]. These members possessed much more of a tendency towards political theory over the more artistic aspects of the SI. The shift in the intellectual priorities within the SI resulted in more focus on the theoretical, such as the [[Spectacle (Situationism)|theory of the spectacle]] and [[Marxism|Marxist]] critical analysis, spending much less time on the more artistic and tangible concepts like [[unitary urbanism]], [[détournement]], and [[situgraphy]].<ref name="Blissett2002Guy">Luther Blissett (2002) ''[http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/pub_contents/9 Guy Debord Is Really Dead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313022240/http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/pub_contents/9 |date=13 March 2011 }}''</ref>

During this period, the SI began having more and more influence on local university students in France. Taking advantage of the apathy of their colleagues, five "Pro-situs", situationist-influenced students, infiltrated the [[University of Strasbourg]]'s [[Student activity center|student union]] in November 1966 and began scandalising the authorities.<ref>{{cite book | last=Plant | first=Sadie | title=The Most Radical Gesture | publisher=Routledge | location=New York | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-415-06222-0 |page=94}}</ref><ref name="Vague1997Anarchy">{{cite book | last=Vague | first=Tom | title=Anarchy in the Uk: the Angry Brigade | publisher=AK Press | location=Stirling | year=1997 | isbn=978-1-873176-98-6 |pages=13–14}}</ref> Their first action was to form an "[[social anarchism|anarchist]] appreciation society" called The Society for the Rehabilitation for [[Karl Marx]] and [[Ravachol]]; next they appropriated union funds to [[Flyposting|flypost]] "Return of [[the Durruti Column]]", André Bertrand's ''[[détournement|détourned]]'' comic strip.<ref name="Vague1997Anarchy"/> They then invited the situationists to contribute a critique of the University of Strasbourg, and ''[[On the Poverty of Student Life]]'', written by Tunisian situationist [[Mustapha Khayati|Mustapha/Omar Khayati]] was the result.<ref name="Vague1997Anarchy"/> The students promptly proceeded to print 10,000 copies of the pamphlet using university funds and distributed them during a ceremony marking the beginning of the [[academic year]]. This provoked an immediate outcry in the local, national and international media.<ref name="Vague1997Anarchy"/>

===May events (1968)===
{{Main|May 1968 events in France}}

The Situationists played a preponderant role in the May 1968 uprisings,<ref name="ClarkAndNSWinter97"/> and to some extent their political perspective and ideas fueled such crisis,<ref name="ClarkAndNSWinter97"/><ref name="Lasn2000">[[Kalle Lasn|Lasn, Kalle]] (2000) ''Culture Jam''. New York: Quill. Quotation: <blockquote>In May 1968, the Situationist-inspired Paris riots set off "a chain reaction of refusal" against consumer capitalism.</blockquote></ref><ref name="BandiniImpactAndBoycott">{{Harvnb|Bandini|1988|loc=Preface to second edition}}<blockquote>L'I.S. diventa il detonatore, il reiferimento spesso taciuto per ragioni settarie, la fabbrica di metafore entrate nel linguaggio comune che ne ignora molto spesso l'esatto senso: e su tutte valga la metafora debordiana della nostra societa' come "societa' dello spettacolo.</blockquote></ref> providing a central theoretic foundation.<ref name="Rivarol1984">''[[Rivarol (magazine)|Rivarol]]'', 16 March 1984, quotation:<blockquote>the Situationist International, the political and revolutionary movement that was at the origin of the events of May 1968</blockquote></ref><ref name="Présent1984">''[[Présent]]'', 10 March 1984, quotation:<blockquote>...the enragé [[Guy Debord]], the leader of the situationists, the most nihilistic, the most destructive of the anarcho-surrealist movements, probably the principal promoter of subversion of 1968.</blockquote></ref><ref name="BabronskiEtAl1984">Babronski, Lamy, Brigouleix, ''[[France-Soir]]'', 9 and 10 March 1984, quotation:<blockquote>the situationists, a movement of libertarian tendency that was one of the detonators of the May '68 events.</blockquote></ref><ref name="WordsAndBullets1984">{{cite web | title=Words and Bullets – The Condemned of the Lebovici Affair | author=Guy Debord | url=http://www.notbored.org/les-mots.html | publisher=NOT BORED! | date=August 2003 | access-date=23 June 2008 | archive-date=25 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725073302/http://www.notbored.org/les-mots.html | url-status=live }}. On May '68, it quotes Babronski et al. (1984)</ref><ref name="20AnsJune68">The monthly magazine ''[[20 Ans]]'', June 1968 issue, quotation:<blockquote>The Situationist International is the vanguard of the student movement.</blockquote></ref><ref name="Rivarol3May1968">''[[Rivarol (magazine)|Rivarol]]'', 3 May 1968, quotation:<blockquote>it has largely been forgotten that, as early as February, the riots at Nantes showed the real face of these 'situationists,' fifteen hundred students under red and black flags, the Hall of Justice occupied...</blockquote></ref> While SI's member count had been steadily falling for the preceding several years, the ones that remained were able to fill revolutionary roles for which they had patiently anticipated and prepared. The active ideologists ("enragés" and Situationists) behind the revolutionary events in Strasbourg, Nanterre and Paris, numbered only about one or two dozen persons.<ref name="Atkins1977">{{Harvnb|Atkins|1977}}</ref>

This has now been widely acknowledged as a fact by studies of the period,<ref name="Jappe99May68">[[Anselm Jappe]], 1999, p. 81.</ref><ref name="Gombin71May68">[[Richard Gombin]](1971).</ref><ref name="Syring98">[[Marie Luise Syring]] (1998) (editor) ''Um 1968: konkrete Utopien in Kunst und Gesellschaft'', quotation: <blockquote>By far the greatest influence that the theory of art and aesthetics exercised upon the protest movement of students and left-wing intellectuals was in all likelihood that of the Situationists, something which practically nobody recalls today.</blockquote></ref><ref name="DemonetEtAl75">[[Michel Demonet|Demonet, Michel]] et al. (1975) ''[[Des Tracts en mai 68]]''. Paris: Champ Libre, 1978.</ref><ref name="Dumontier1990">[[Pascal Dumontier]] (1990) ''[[Les Situationnistes et mai 68]]: Théorie et la practique de la révolution (1966–1972)''. Paris: Gérard Lebovici.</ref><ref name="Fauré98">[[Christine Fauré]] (1998) ''[[Mai 68: Jour et Nuit]]''</ref> what is still wide open to interpretation is the "how and why" that happened.<ref name="ClarkAndNSWinter97"/> [[Charles de Gaulle]], in the aftermath televised speech of 7 June, acknowledged that "This explosion was provoked by groups in revolt against modern consumer and technical society, whether it be the communism of the East or the capitalism of the West."<ref>De Gaulle, Televised speech of 7 June 1968. Quoted in [[René Viénet]] (1968) ''Enragés et situationnistes dans le mouvement des occupations'' (Paris: Gallimard)</ref>

They also made up the majority in the [[Sorbonne Occupation Committee|Occupation Committee of the Sorbonne]].<ref name="ClarkAndNSWinter97"/> An important event leading up to May 1968 was the scandal in Strasbourg in December 1966.<ref name="Viénet68sec1">[[René Viénet]] (1968) ''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/enrages.html Enragés and Situationists in the Occupations Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327205321/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/enrages.html |date=27 March 2008 }}'' (Translated by Loren Goldner and Paul Sieveking, New York: Autonomedia, 1992), sec.1</ref> The [[Union Nationale des Étudiants de France]] declared itself in favor of the SI's theses, and managed to use public funds to publish [[Mustapha Khayati]]'s pamphlet ''[[On the Poverty of Student Life]]''.<ref>Mustapha Khayati (November 1966)</ref> Thousands of copies of the pamphlet were printed and circulated and helped to make the Situationists well known throughout the nonstalinist left.

Quotations from two key situationist books, Debord's ''[[The Society of the Spectacle]]'' (1967) and Khayati's ''On the Poverty of Student Life'' (1966), were written on the walls of Paris and several provincial cities.<ref name="Viénet68sec1" /> This was documented in the collection of photographs published in 1968 by [[Walter Lewino]], ''L'imagination au pouvoir''.<ref name="SI12BeginningOfAnEra">''The Beginning of an Era'' ([http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/12.era1.htm part1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923121011/http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/12.era1.htm |date=23 September 2009 }}, [http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/12.era2.htm part 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323124837/http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/12.era2.htm |date=23 March 2009 }}) Situationist International No. 12, 1969</ref>

Though the SI were a very small group, they were expert self-propagandists, and their slogans appeared daubed on walls throughout Paris at the time of the revolt. SI member [[René Viénet]]'s 1968 book ''Enragés and Situationists in the Occupations Movement, France, May '68'' gives an account of the involvement of the SI with the student group of Enragés and the occupation of the [[Sorbonne (building)|Sorbonne]].

The occupations of 1968 started at the [[University of Nanterre]] and spread to the Sorbonne. The police tried to take back the Sorbonne and a riot ensued. Following this a general strike was declared with up to 10 million workers participating. The SI originally participated in the Sorbonne occupations and defended barricades in the riots. The SI distributed calls for the [[occupation of factories]] and the formation of [[workers' councils]],<ref name="SI12BeginningOfAnEra"/> but, disillusioned with the students, left the university to set up the [[Council for Maintaining the Occupations]] (CMDO) which distributed the SI's demands on a much wider scale. After the end of the movement, the CMDO disbanded.

===Aftermath (1968–1972)===
By 1972, [[Gianfranco Sanguinetti]] and [[Guy Debord]] were the only two remaining members of the SI. Working with Debord, in August 1975, Sanguinetti wrote a pamphlet titled ''Rapporto veridico sulle ultime opportunità di salvare il capitalismo in Italia'' (''The Real Report on the Last Chance to Save Capitalism in Italy''),<ref>{{cite web |author=u2r2h |url=https://tangibleinfo.blogspot.com/2010/08/gianfranco-sanguinetti-full-text-of.html |title=Complete (translated) texts |publisher=Tangibleinfo.blogspot.com |date=13 August 2010 |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013162433/http://tangibleinfo.blogspot.com/2010/08/gianfranco-sanguinetti-full-text-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which (inspired by [[Bruno Bauer]]) purported to be the cynical writing of "Censor", a powerful industrialist. The pamphlet argued that the ruling class of Italy supported the [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] and other covert, [[false flag]] mass slaughter for the higher goal of defending the capitalist status quo from communist influence. The pamphlet was mailed to 520 of Italy's most powerful individuals. It was received as genuine and powerful politicians, industrialists and journalists praised its content. After reprinting the tract as a small book, Sanguinetti revealed himself to be the true author. In the outcry that ensued<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.notbored.org/report.html |title=Gianfranco Sanguinetti |publisher=Notbored.org |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=26 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826043551/http://www.notbored.org/report.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and under pressure from Italian authorities Sanguinetti left Italy in February 1976, and was denied entry to France.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Preuves de l'inexistence de Censor|url=http://debordiana.chez.com/francais/preuves.htm|access-date=2021-02-27|website=debordiana.chez.com|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022033951/http://debordiana.chez.com/francais/preuves.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

After publishing in the last issue of the magazine, an analysis of the May 1968 revolts and the strategies that will need to be adopted in future revolutions,<ref name="SI12BeginningOfAnEra"/> the SI was dissolved in 1972.<ref name="Karen2001">{{cite web | title=Situationism in a nutshell | author=Karen Elliot | url=http://www.barbelith.com/cgi-bin/articles/00000011.shtml | publisher=Barbelith Webzine | date=1 June 2001 | access-date=23 June 2008 | archive-date=9 May 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509104610/http://www.barbelith.com/cgi-bin/articles/00000011.shtml | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Main concepts==

===The spectacle and its society===
{{main|Spectacle (critical theory)}}

The ''Spectacle'' is a central notion in situationist theory, developed by [[Guy Debord]] in his 1967 book ''[[The Society of the Spectacle]]''. In a limited sense, ''spectacle'' includes the mass media, which are "its most glaring superficial manifestation."<ref name="Debord1977t24">Debord (1967) thesis 24</ref> Debord said that the society of the spectacle came to existence in the late 1920s.<ref name="Brush2005p377">Brush (2005) pp. 377–8</ref><ref name="Debord1988cII">Debord (1988) ''Comments on the Society of the Spectacle'', II</ref>

The critique of the ''spectacle'' is a development and application of Karl Marx's concept of [[fetishism of commodities]], [[Reification (Marxism)|reification]] and [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]],<ref name="Debord1967SocietyI">Guy Debord (1967) [http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/tsots01.html ''Society of the Spectacle''. (Paris, June 1967). Chapter I: Separation Perfected.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111600/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/tsots01.html |date=20 July 2011 }}</ref> and the way it was reprised by [[György Lukács]] in 1923. In the society of the spectacle, the commodities rule the workers and the [[Consumerism|consumers]] instead of being ruled by them. The consumers are passive subjects that contemplate the reified spectacle.

As early as 1958, in the [[Report on the Construction of Situations|situationist manifesto]], Debord described [[official culture]] as a "rigged game", where conservative powers forbid subversive ideas to have direct access to the [[public discourse]]. Such ideas get first trivialized and sterilized, and then they are safely [[Social integration|incorporated]] back within mainstream society, where they can be exploited to add new flavors to old dominant ideas.<ref>Debord (1957) pp. 2, 10</ref> This technique of the spectacle is sometimes called ''[[recuperation (politics)|recuperation]]'', and its counter-technique is the ''[[détournement]]''.<ref name="Chasse1969Faces">Robert Chasse, Bruce Elwell, Jonathon Horelick, Tony Verlaan. (1969) ''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/faces.html Faces of Recuperation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111505/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/faces.html |date=20 July 2011 }}''. In the American section of the Situationist International, issue No. 1 (New York, June 1969).</ref>

===Détournement===
{{main|détournement}}
A ''détournement'' is a technique developed in the 1950s by the [[Letterist International]],<ref name="ReportManifesto57"/><ref name="SI58"/> and consist in "turning expressions of the capitalist system against itself,"<ref name="Holt2010p252">Holt (2010) p. 252</ref> like turning slogans and logos against the advertisers or the political status quo.<ref>Martin Kaste [https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=141526467 ''Exploring Occupy Wall Street's 'Adbuster' Origins''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215171558/https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=141526467 |date=15 December 2018 }}, NPR, 20 October 2011</ref> ''Détournement'' was prominently used to set up subversive political pranks, an influential tactic called [[situationist prank]] that was reprised by the [[punk movement]] in the late 1970s<ref name="Marrone05">Marrone, Gianfranco (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0jluoyGktKsC ''Sensi alterati: droghe, musica, immagini''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413102631/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jluoyGktKsC |date=13 April 2017 }}, p. 45, quote:
{{blockquote|[...] gioco al coplotto, alla manipolazione dei media, alla beffa, alla "grande truffa," o al ''detournement''—inventato dai situazionisti e ripreso dai punk—che appunto del situazionismo sono talvolta concreti continuatori. Pensiamo in questo senso al fin troppo noto caso, esagerato dai media, ma paradigmatico, del manager dei Sex Pistols, Malcom McClaren, a partire dal quale, nell'estate del 1977, si scateno', con grande scandalo, il lancio del gruppo dei Pistols in pieno Giubileo della regina, e l'interesse della stampa per la nascente scena punk. Tuttavia, anche in questo caso non-si tratta, come invece è stato spesso sostenuto, di freddo "gioco a tavolino", di cinismo, di furbo lancio di un prodotto da parte di chi aveva studiato i media e lavorava sulla guerriglia semiologica (cfr. Fabbri P. 2002, p. 40), di una tattica che sarebbe poi stata facilmente sfruttata e fatta propria da quel momento in avanti dall'industria culturale ''mainstream''.}}</ref> and inspired the [[culture jamming]] movement in the late 1980s.<ref name="Holt2010p252"/>

===Anti-capitalism===
The Situationist International, in the 15 years from its formation in 1957 and its dissolution in 1972, is characterized by a [[Marxist]] and [[surrealist]] perspective on [[aesthetics]] and politics,<ref name="PoliOnArtAndPolitics">[[Francesco Poli]] (1991) p. 63. Quotation: <blockquote> Nel 1972, quindici anni dopo la sua fondazione [[...]] l'Internazionale Situazionista si scioglie in quanto organizzazione. Durante questi anni, il movimento, caratterizzato da un'ideologia dell'estetico e del politico di matrice marxista e surrealista, produce una quantita' consistente di scritti teorici, opuscoli, libri, film e lavori artistici nel campo della pittura e della progettazione di interventi nella dimensione urbana. Di grande rilievo è il ruolo degli artisti, tra cui in particolare Asger Jorn, Constant e Pinot Gallizio;</blockquote></ref> without separation between the two: art and politics are faced together and in [[revolutionary]] terms.<ref name="BandiniArtAndPolitics">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bandini|1988}}, quotation: <blockquote>Per la prima volta dopo il surrealismo, arte e politica vengono affrontate insieme in termini rivoluzionari. [[...]] L'idea chiave è quella della 'costruzione di situazioni' [[...]] L'urbanesimo unitario [[...]] Fondamentale è la 'ricerca psicogeografica': studio delle leggi esatte e degli effetti precisi che l'ambiente geografico, coscientemente disposto o no, attua direttamente sul comportamento affettivo degli individui.</blockquote></ref> The SI analyzed the modern world from the point of view of everyday life.<ref name="Gombin71SIEverydayLife">[[Richard Gombin]] (1971), chap. 3, quotation: <blockquote>the IS was to attempt an analysis of the modern world from the point of view of everyday life.&nbsp;... The critique of everyday life is not intended to be purely an analysis; it is supposed to lead on to a revolutionary praxis.&nbsp;... [[On SI analysis of consumerism:]] This process causes an accelerating degradation of everyday life.</blockquote></ref> The core arguments of the Situationist International were an [[anti-capitalism|attack on the capitalist]] degradation of the life of people<ref name="Debord1957Report"/><ref name="Debord1967QualityOfLife"/><ref name="BandiniCapitaslismDegrade">{{Harvnb|Bandini|1988|loc=Preface to second edition}}, quotation: <blockquote>[...] reagire all'avvilita condizione dell'uomo nel sistema capitalista.</blockquote></ref> and the fake models advertised by the mass media,<ref name="Debord1957Report"/> to which the Situationist responded with alternative life experiences.<ref name="Debord1957Report"/> The alternative life experiences explored by the Situationists were the construction of situations, [[unitary urbanism]], [[psychogeography]], and the union of play, freedom and [[critical thinking]].<ref name="PoliOntheReport">Debord harshly denounced the degradation in the [[quality of life]] under capitalism, also in his 1957 ''Report''. {{Harvnb|Poli|1991}} said on Debord's Report: <blockquote>Con il suo ''Rapporto...'' del 1957, Debord definisce programmaticamente le basi teoriche del situazionismo. [[...]]
<br />Nel Rapporto di Debord si legge inoltre una durissima critica allo sfruttamento capitalistico delle masse anche nel tempo libero attraverso l'industria del divertimento che abbrutisce la gente con sottoprodotti dell'ideologia mistificata della borghesia.</blockquote></ref>

A major stance of the SI was to count on the force of a [[revolutionary proletariat]]. This stance was reaffirmed very clearly in a discussion on "To what extent is the SI a political movement?", during the Fourth SI Conference in London.<ref name="SI5Conf4"/> The SI remarked that this is a core Situationist principle, and that those that don't understand it and agree with it, are not Situationist.

===Art and politics===
{{main|Art and politics}}
The SI rejected all art that separated itself from politics, the concept of [[20th-century art]] that is separated from topical political events.<ref name="Debord1957Report"/><ref name="1963TheCounter">(1963) ''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/SIOnline/si/counter.html The Counter-Situationist Campaign in Various Countries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821121236/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/counter.html |date=21 August 2008 }}''. Internationale Situationniste No. 8 (Paris, January 1963). Translated by Ken Knabb.</ref> The SI believed that the notion of artistic expression being separated from politics and current events is one proliferated by reactionary considerations to render artwork that expresses comprehensive critiques of society impotent.<ref name="Debord1957Report"/> They recognized there was a precise mechanism followed by reactionaries to defuse the role of subversive artists and intellectuals, that is, to reframe them as separated from the most topical events, and divert from them the taste for the new that may dangerously appeal the masses; after such separation, such artworks are sterilized, banalized, degraded, and can be safely integrated into the [[official culture]] and the public discourse, where they can add new flavors to old dominant ideas and play the role of a gear wheel in the mechanism of the society of the spectacle.<ref name="Debord1957Report"/>

According to this theory, artists and intellectuals that accept such compromises are rewarded by the [[art dealer]]s and praised by the dominant culture.<ref name="1963TheCounter"/> The SI received many offers to sponsor "creations" that would just have a "situationist" label but a diluted political content, that would have brought things back to order and the SI back into the old fold of artistic praxis. The majority of SI continued to refuse such offers and any involvement on the conventional avant-garde artistic plane.<ref name="1963TheCounter"/> This principle was affirmed since the founding of the SI in 1957, but the qualitative step of resolving all the contradictions of having situationists that make concessions to the cultural market, was made with the exclusion of [[Gruppe SPUR]] in 1962.<ref name="1963TheCounter"/>

The SI noted how reactionary forces forbid subversive ideas from artists and intellectuals to reach the [[public discourse]], and how they attack the artworks that express comprehensive critique of society, by saying that art should not involve itself into politics.<ref name="Debord1957Report"/>

===The construction of situations===
The first edition of ''Internationale Situationniste'' defines the constructed situation as "a moment of life concretely and deliberately constructed by the collective organization of a unitary ambiance and a game of events."

As the SI embraced dialectical Marxism, the situation came to refer less to a specific avant-garde practice than to the dialectical unification of art and life more generally. Beyond this theoretical definition, the situation as a practical manifestation thus slipped between a series of proposals. The SI thus were first led to distinguish the situation from the mere artistic practice of the [[happening]], and later identified it in historical events such as the [[Paris Commune]] in which it exhibited itself as the revolutionary moment. The SI's interest in the Paris Commune was expressed in 1962 in their fourteen "[[Theses on the Paris Commune]]."

===Psychogeography===
{{Main|Psychogeography}}
The first edition of ''Internationale Situationniste'' defined [[psychogeography]] as "the study of the specific effects of the geographical environment (whether consciously organized or not) on the emotions and behavior of individuals."<ref name="Debord1958Definitions"/> The term was first recognized in 1955 by Guy Debord while still with the Letterist International:<blockquote>The word psychogeography, suggested by an illiterate [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] as a general term for the phenomena a few of us were investigating around the summer of 1953, is not too inappropriate. It does not contradict the materialist perspective of the conditioning of life and thought by objective nature. Geography, for example, deals with the determinant action of general natural forces, such as soil composition or climatic conditions, on the economic structures of a society, and thus on the corresponding conception that such a society can have of the world. Psychogeography could set for itself the study of the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, whether consciously organized or not, on the emotions and behavior of individuals. The charmingly vague adjective psychogeographical can be applied to the findings arrived at by this type of investigation, to their influence on human feelings, and more generally to any situation or conduct that seems to reflect the same spirit of discovery.<ref name="Debord1955Introduction" /></blockquote>

====Dérive====
{{Main|Dérive}}
By definition, psychogeography combines subjective and objective knowledge and studies. Debord struggled to stipulate the finer points of this theoretical paradox, ultimately producing "Theory of the Dérive" in 1958, a document which essentially serves as an instruction manual for the psychogeographic procedure, executed through the act of [[dérive]] ("drift").

{{blockquote|In a [[dérive]] one or more persons during a certain period drop their usual motives for movement and action, their relations, their work and leisure activities, and let themselves be drawn by the attractions of the terrain and the encounters they find there... But the dérive includes both this letting go and its necessary contradiction: the domination of psychogeographical variations by the knowledge and calculation of their possibilities.|Ken Knabb<ref name="Knabb, Ken 1995. pg 50">{{cite book|editor-last=Knabb |editor-first=Ken |editor-link=Ken Knabb |title=Situationist International Anthology |location=Berkeley |publisher=Bureau of Public Secrets |date=1995 |pages=50}}</ref>}}

SI engaged in a play-form that was also
practiced by its predecessor organization, the [[Letterist International|Lettrist International]], the art of wandering through urban space, which they termed [[dérive]], whose unique mood is conveyed in Debord's darkly romantic meaning of palindrome. Two excursions organized by Andre Breton serve as the closest cultural precedents to the [[dérive]]. The first in 1921, was an excursion to the [[Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre|Church of Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre]] with the Parisian [[Dadaists]];<ref>{{cite book|title=Dada in Paris |author-last=Sanouillet |author-first=Michel |author-last2=Ganguly |author-first2=Sharmila |date=2 October 2012 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262518215 |edition=Revised, Expanded |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=178 |language=en}}</ref> the second excursion was on 1 May 1923, when a small group of [[Surrealists]] walked toward the countryside outside of [[Blois]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Boredom and Art: Passions of the Will To Boredom |author-last=Haladyn |author-first=Julian Jason |date=30 October 2015 |publisher=Zero Books |isbn=9781782799986 |language=en}}</ref> Debord was cautious however to differentiate between the derive and such precedents. He emphasized its active character as "a mode of experimental behavior" that reached to [[Romanticism]], the Baroque, and the age of chivalry, with its tradition of long adventures voyages. Such urban roaming was characteristic of Left Bank bohemianism in Paris.<ref>Andreotti, Libero. "Play-Tactics of the "Internationale Situationniste""''<nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/779148Play-tactics of the Internationale Situationniste*</nowiki>''(n.d.): 36–58. ''Jstor''. The MIT Press, 2000. Web. 2015.</ref>

In the SI's 6th issue, [[Raoul Vaneigem]] writes in a manifesto of unitary urbanism, "All space is occupied by the enemy. We are living under a permanent curfew. Not just the cops—the geometry".<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Gray |editor-first=Christopher |title=Leaving the 20th Century: the Incomplete Work of the Situationist International |location=London |publisher=Rebel P. |date=1998 |pages=26}}</ref> Dérive, as a previously conceptualized tactic in the French military, was "a calculated action determined by the absence of a greater locus", and "a maneuver within the enemy's field of vision".<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=McDonough |editor-first=Tom |title=Guy Debord and the Situationist International: Texts and Documents |location=Boston |publisher=October Press |date=2004 |pages=259}}</ref> To the SI, whose interest was inhabiting space, the dérive brought appeal in this sense of taking the "fight" to the streets and truly indulging in a determined operation. The dérive was a course of preparation, reconnaissance, a means of shaping situationist psychology among urban explorers for the eventuality of the situationist city.

==Political theory==
{{Libertarian socialism sidebar|Philosophies}}
{{Left communism sidebar |expanded=Movements}}

===Major works===
Twelve issues of the main French edition of journal ''Internationale Situationniste'' were published, each issue edited by a different individual or group, including: [[Guy Debord]], [[Hadj Mohamed Dahou]], [[Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio]], [[Maurice Wyckaert]], [[Constant Nieuwenhuys]], [[Asger Jorn]], [[Helmut Sturm]], [[Attila Kotanyi]], [[Jørgen Nash]], [[Uwe Lausen]], [[Raoul Vaneigem]], [[Michèle Bernstein]], [[Jeppesen Victor Martin]], [[Jan Strijbosch]], [[Alexander Trocchi]], [[Théo Frey]], [[Mustapha Khayati]], [[Donald Nicholson-Smith]], [[René Riesel]], and [[René Viénet]].<ref>Issues available at {{Cite web |title=situationist international archive |url=https://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/situ.html |website=situationist international archive |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503192836/https://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/situ.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Classic Situationist texts include: ''[[On the Poverty of Student Life]]'', ''[[Society of the Spectacle]]'' by Guy Debord, and ''[[The Revolution of Everyday Life]]'' by Raoul Vaneigem.

The first English-language collection of SI writings, although poorly and freely translated, was ''Leaving The 20th century'' edited by Christopher Gray. ''[[The Situationist International Anthology]]'' edited and translated by [[Ken Knabb]], collected numerous SI documents which had previously never been seen in English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/index.htm|title=Situationist International Anthology|website=www.bopsecrets.org|access-date=12 August 2006|archive-date=15 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815030230/http://bopsecrets.org/SI/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Relationship with Marxism===
Rooted firmly in the [[Marxist]] tradition, the Situationist International criticized [[Trotskyism]], [[Marxism–Leninism]], [[Stalinism]] and [[Maoism]] from a position they believed to be further left and more properly Marxist. The situationists possessed a strong anti-authoritarian current, commonly deriding the centralized bureaucracies of [[China]] and the [[Soviet Union]] in the same breath as capitalism.

Debord's work ''[[The Society of the Spectacle]]'' (1967) established situationist analysis as [[Marxist analysis|Marxist]] critical theory. ''The Society of the Spectacle'' is widely recognized as the main and most influential Situationist essay.<ref name="Agamben1990">[[Giorgio Agamben]] (1990), "''Glosse in margine ai Commentari sulla societa dello spettacolo''" in {{Harvnb|Debord|1990|pp=233–250}}:
<blockquote> On book ''Society of Spectacle'': "l'analisi più lucida e severa delle miserie e della servitù di una società—quella dello spettacolo, in cui noi viviamo—che ha esteso oggi il suo dominio su tutto il pianeta</blockquote></ref>

The concept of revolution created by the Situationist International was [[anti-capitalist]],<ref name="Gombin71SIAntiCapitalism">[[Richard Gombin]] (1971), chap. 3, quotation: <blockquote>The concept of revolution created by the Situationist International is that of total contestation of modern capitalism.</blockquote></ref><ref name="SI6DebordTapeRecord1961">Guy Debord (1961) ''[http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/6.everyday.htm Perspectives for Conscious Changes in Everyday Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221103531/http://bopsecrets.org/SI/6.everyday.htm|date=21 February 2009}}''. This work was originally presented by tape recording 17 May 1961 at a conference of the [[Group for Research on Everyday Life]] convened in Paris by [[Henri Lefebvre]]. Its first print appearance was in Internationale Situationniste No. 6 (Paris, August 1961).</ref><ref name="SI8EditorialNotes">''[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/is8.html Editorial Notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304151519/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/is8.html |date=4 March 2009 }}'', Internationale Situationniste No. 8, 1963.</ref> [[Marxist]], [[Young Hegelian]],<ref name="ClarkAndNSWinter97">Clark and Nicholson-Smith (Winter 1997), quotation: <blockquote>In particular the key issue, of how and why the situationists came to have a preponderant role in May 1968—that is, how and why their brand of politics participated in, and to an extent fueled, a crisis of the late-capitalist State—is still wide open to interpretation.</blockquote> A description of the portion of the Left at clash with the situationists is found in note #4: <blockquote>The word "Left" [[...]] much of the time is used descriptively, and therefore pessimistically, to indicate a set of interlocking ideological directorships stretching roughly from the statist and workerist fringes of social democracy and laborism to the para-academic journals and [[think tank]]s of latter-day [[Trotskyism]], taking in the [[Stalinist]] and lightly post-Stalinist center along the way.</blockquote></ref> and from the very beginning in the 50s, remarkably differently from the established Left, [[Anti-Stalinist left|anti-Stalinist]] and against all repressive regimes.<ref name="BandiniAntiStalisnism">{{Harvnb|Bandini|1988|loc=Preface to second edition}}<blockquote>Non a caso l'I.S. sorge ed e' coeva alla denuncia dello Stalinismo.</blockquote></ref>

Debord starts his 1967 work with a revisited version of the first sentence with which Marx began his critique of classical political economy, ''[[Das Kapital]]''.<ref name="DasKapitalEntrySentence">''[[Das Kapital]]'', entry sentence, p. 125: "The wealth of societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevails appears as an 'immense collection of commodities'"</ref><ref name="DebordThesis1st">''"The whole life of those societies in which modern conditions of production prevail presents itself as an immense accumulation of spectacles."'' Debord G.E. (1967), thesis 1st.</ref> In a later essay, Debord will argue that his work was the most important social critique since Marx's work. Drawing from Marx, which argued that under a capitalist society the ''wealth'' is degraded to an immense accumulation of [[Commodity (Marxism)|commodities]], Debord argues that in [[advanced capitalism]], life is reduced to an immense accumulation of spectacles, a triumph of mere appearance where "all that once was directly lived has become mere representation".<ref>Debord G.E. (1967) : thesis 17, 42</ref><ref>Giorgio Agamben, 1989</ref> The spectacle, which according to Debord is the core feature of the advanced capitalist societies,<ref>Debord G.E. (1967) : thesis 6, 34</ref> has its "most glaring superficial manifestation" in the advertising-mass media-marketing complex.<ref>Debord G.E. (1967) : thesis 24</ref>

Elaborating on Marx's argument that under capitalism our lives and our environment are continually depleted, Debord adds that the Spectacle is the system by which capitalism tries to hide such depletion. Debord added that, further than the impoverishment in the [[quality of life]],<ref name="PoliOntheReport"/><ref name="Debord1967QualityOfLife">Debord G.E. (1967) : thesis 6, 8, 10, 17, 19, 30, 37, 60, 68, 114, 134</ref> our psychic functions are altered, we get a degradation of mind and also a degradation of [[knowledge]].<ref>Debord G.E. (1967) : thesis 25, 192</ref> In the spectacular society, knowledge is not used anymore to question, analyze, or resolve [[contradiction]]s, but to assuage reality.

Situationist theorists advocated methods of operation that included [[worker's council|democratic workers' councils]] and [[workers' self-management]],<ref>[http://www.notbored.org/debord-12March1969.html Guy Debord letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126012432/http://notbored.org/debord-12March1969.html |date=26 November 2010 }} to Italian section of the SI in Milan and to Mario Perniola in Rome,
12 March 1969</ref><ref>[http://www.notbored.org/debord-9December1969.html Guy Debord letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126032709/http://notbored.org/debord-9December1969.html |date=26 November 2010 }} to Paolo Salvadori 9 December [19]69</ref><ref>[http://www.notbored.org/debord-17March1970.html Guy Debord letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126025115/http://notbored.org/debord-17March1970.html |date=26 November 2010 }} To all the sections of the SI, [17 March 1970]</ref><ref>[http://www.notbored.org/debord-30July1969.html#_edn4 Guy Debord letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126032309/http://notbored.org/debord-30July1969.html#_edn4 |date=26 November 2010 }} To Rene Vienet, Wednesday 30 July [19]69</ref> interested in empowering the individual, in contrast to the perceived corrupt bureaucratic states of the [[Eastern bloc]]. Their anti-authoritarian interpretation of Marxist theory can be identified with the broader [[council communism|council communist]] and [[libertarian Marxism|libertarian Marxist]] movements, themselves more broadly termed as [[left communism]].

The last issue (1969) of the ''Situationist International'' journal, featured an editorial analyzing the events of [[May 1968 in France|May 1968]]. The editorial, written by [[Guy Debord]], was titled ''The Beginning of an Era'',<ref>{{cite web |author=Situationist International |url=http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/12.era1.htm |title=''The Beginning of an Era'' |publisher=Bopsecrets.org |date=9 December 1966 |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213040316/http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/12.era1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> probably as a [[détournement]] reference of ''[[Nachalo]]'' (''The Beginning''), a Russian Marxist monthly magazine.

According to [[Greil Marcus]], some found similarities between the Situationists and the [[Yippies]].<ref>[[Greil Marcus]] ''The long walk of the Situationist International'' in McDonough (2004), ''Guy Debord and the Situationist International''</ref>

Former situationists [[T. J. Clark (art historian)|T. J. Clark]] and [[Donald Nicholson-Smith]] (British section), argued that the portion of the moderate Left that is the "established Left", and its "Left opinion-makers", usually addressed contemptuously the SI as "hopelessly [[young-Hegelian]]".<ref name="ClarkAndNSWinter97"/>

===Relationship with anarchism===
The Situationist International was differentiated from both anarchists and [[Marxist]]s. In spite of this, they have frequently been associated with anarchism.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/situimage.htm | title=A Short Guide to the Anglo-American Situationist Image | access-date=16 September 2019 | archive-date=30 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030160253/http://bopsecrets.org/PS/situimage.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Debord did a critical assessment of the anarchists in his 1967 ''[[The Society of the Spectacle]]''.<ref>Debord (1967) ''The Society of the Spectacle'', chap. 4 ''The Proletariat as Subject and as Representation'', theses 92-4</ref> In the final, 12th issue of the journal, the situationists rejected [[spontaneism]] and the "mystics of nonorganization," labeling them as a form of "sub-anarchism":<ref name="Riesel969">Riesel, René [http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/councils.html ''Preliminaries on Councils and Councilist Organization''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331232234/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/councils.html |date=31 March 2012 }}, International Situationniste No. 12 (September 1969)</ref>

{{blockquote|The only people who will be excluded from this debate are... those who in the name of some sub-anarchist spontaneism proclaim their opposition to any form of organization, and who only reproduce the defects and confusion of the old movement—mystics of nonorganization, workers discouraged by having been mixed up with Trotskyist sects too long, students imprisoned in their impoverishment who are incapable of escaping from bolshevik organizational schemas. The situationists are obviously partisans of organization—the existence of the situationist organization testifies to that. Those who announce their agreement with our theses while crediting the SI with a vague spontaneism simply don't know how to read.}}

According to situationist [[Ken Knabb]], Debord pointed out the flaws and merits of both Marxism and anarchism.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ken Knabb |url=http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/joyrev2.htm#N_3_ |title=The Joy of Revolution (chap. 2) |publisher=Bopsecrets.org |date=28 October 1980 |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629050718/http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/joyrev2.htm#N_3_ |url-status=live }}</ref> He argued that "the split between Marxism and anarchism crippled both sides. The anarchists rightly criticized the authoritarian and narrowly economistic tendencies in Marxism, but they generally did so in an undialectical, moralistic, ahistorical manner... and leaving Marx and a few of the more radical Marxists with a virtual monopoly on coherent dialectical analysis—until the situationists finally brought the libertarian and dialectical aspects back together again."

===Relationship with the established left===
The SI poses a challenge to the model of political action of a portion of the left,<ref name="ClarkEtAlSpring97">Clark and Nicholson-Smith (Spring 1997), response to [[Peter Wollen]] (March–April 1989). Quotation: <blockquote>So far as Wollen is concerned, the anger was provoked by his essay on the history of the SI, and specifically his three-sentence treatment of the organization in its last decade. We think he should look again at these sentences (which conclude some thirty pages of discussion of the SI's place in modern art), and ask himself whether they are not lofty, contemptuous, and dismissive. That's how they read to us. They seem to epitomize—and, in view of their publication history, to enshrine—a certain effort to turn the SI safely into an [[art movement]], and thereby to minimize its role in the political and social movements of the sixties. Like Wollen, presumably, we think that those up-heavals are of much more than historical interest, and every day they are traduced and trivialized by the [[culture industry]]. Much is at stake, therefore. We wanted to denounce a loose conspirancy of silence and misrepresentation which has been the response of a portion of the Left to the challenge that the SI poses to their model of political action.</blockquote></ref> the "established Left" and "Left opinion-makers".<ref name="ClarkAndNSWinter97"/> The first challenging aspect is the fueling role that the SI had in the upheavals of the political and social movements of the 1960s,<ref name="BandiniImpactAndBoycott"/><ref name="Jappe99May68"/> upheavals for which much is still at stake and which many foresee as recurring in the 21st century. The second challenging aspect,<ref name="BandiniImpactAndBoycott"/> is the comparison between the Situationist Marxist theory of the [[Society of the Spectacle]], which is still very topical 30 years later,<ref name="Jappe99May68"/> and the current status of the theories supported by leftist establishments in the same period, like [[Althusserianism]], [[Maoism]], [[Autonomism]], [[Freudo-Marxism]] and others.<ref name="Jappe99May68"/>

The response to this challenge has been an attempt to silence and misinterpret, to "turn the SI safely into an [[art movement]], and thereby to minimize its role in the political and social movements of the sixties".<ref name="BandiniImpactAndBoycott"/><ref name="ClarkEtAlSpring97"/>

The core aspect of the revolutionary perspectives, and the political theory, of the Situationist International, has been neglected by some commentators,<ref name="KnabbOnArtAndPolitics">Ken Knabb (2006) ''SI Anthology'', Bibliography – Books about the SI – In English, p. 498</ref> which either limited themselves to an apolitical reading of the situationist [[avant-garde]] art works, or dismissed the Situationist political theory. Examples of this are [[Simon Sadler]]'s ''The Situationist City'',<ref name="KnabbOnArtAndPolitics"/> and the accounts on the SI published by the ''[[New Left Review]]''.<ref name="ClarkAndNSWinter97"/>

The concept of revolution created by the Situationist International was [[anti-capitalist]],<ref name="Gombin71SIAntiCapitalism"/><ref name="SI6DebordTapeRecord1961"/><ref name="SI8EditorialNotes"/> [[Marxist]], [[Young Hegelian]],<ref name="ClarkAndNSWinter97"/> and from the very beginning in the 1950s, remarkably differently from the established Left, [[Anti-Stalinist left|anti-Stalinist]] and against all repressive regimes.<ref name="BandiniAntiStalisnism"/> The SI called in [[May 1968 in France|May 1968]] for the formation of [[workers' councils]].<ref name="SI12BeginningOfAnEra"/>

There was no separation between the artistic and the political perspectives.<ref name="BandiniArtAndPolitics"/> For instance, [[Asger Jorn]] never believed in a conception of the Situationist ideas as exclusively artistic and separated from political involvement. He was at the root and at the core of the Situationist International project, fully sharing the revolutionary intentions with Debord.<ref>[[Mario Lippolis]] (2000) ''Notizie su Asger Jorn, situazionista iperpolitico'' in {{Harvnb|Jorn|2000}}</ref><ref>Mario Lippolis (2000) ''Un dialogo tra vandali civilizzatori nello sfacelo dell'impero della merce'' in {{Harvnb|Jorn|2000}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Criticism===
Critics of the Situationists frequently assert that their ideas are not in fact complex and difficult to understand, but are at best simple ideas expressed in deliberately difficult language, and at worst actually nonsensical. For example, anarchist [[Chaz Bufe]] asserts in [[Listen Anarchist!]] that "obscure situationist jargon" is a major problem in the anarchist movement.<ref>{{cite web | title=Listen Anarchist! | author=Chaz Bufe | url=http://www.seesharppress.com/listen.html | publisher=See Sharp Press | access-date=23 June 2008 | archive-date=23 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123073642/http://www.seesharppress.com/listen.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Andrea Gibbons argues that the Parisian situationists failed to take on board practically or theoretically the experience of their African members, such as is shown by [[Abdelhafid Khattib]]'s experience of police harassment while conducting psychogeographic research on [[Les Halles]] in 1958. She remarks how little the suppression of Algerians in Paris had impacted their activity and thinking – Bernstein and Debord co-signed the ''Declaration on the Right to Insubordination in the Algerian War'' in 1961, which led to them being questioned by the police. She cites a letter written by Jacqueline de Jong, Jorgen Nash, and Ansgar Elde protesting the expulsion of the ''Spur'' group in 1962 which highlights the political repression in Paris at that time. Gibbons also criticises the lack of mention of the Algerian situationists in either Debord's or Vaneigem's memoirs.<ref name="Gibbons">{{cite web|last1=Gibbons|first1=Andrea|title=Salvaging Situationism: Race and Space {{!}} Salvage|url=http://salvage.zone/in-print/salvaging-situationism-race-and-space/|website=salvage.zone|publisher=Salvage|access-date=10 May 2018|date=30 November 2015|archive-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510184520/http://salvage.zone/in-print/salvaging-situationism-race-and-space/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Influence===

Debord's analysis of the spectacle has been influential among people working on television, particularly in France and Italy;<ref name="BlissettNuncEstBibendum95"/><ref name="Derrida02Q&A">Derrida (2002) Q&A session at Film Forum pp. 116–7 quote: {{blockquote|I think you probably know that his work [Debord's] is read now more than when he was alive. At least that's the case in France. I don't know if he's read in the States, but in France he's read as presenting a precise critique and political analysis of the media, of the becoming-spectacle, the exploitation of the 'show' in politics and in the media, and television.

What's interesting is that in France people, especially the writers or the intellectuals who are often asked to appear on TV—sometimes almost every day—they [reflexively] mention Guy Debord as their master, and I hate this! So I never quote Debord when I'm on TV, and I'm almost never on TV—so I guess that's how, in my way, I'm true to Debord.}}</ref> in Italy, TV programs produced by situationist intellectuals, like Antonio Ricci's ''[[Striscia la notizia]]'', or Carlo Freccero's programming schedule for ''[[Italia 1]]'' in the early 1990s.<ref name="BlissettNuncEstBibendum95">[[Luther Blissett (nom de plume)|Luther Blissett]] (2002) [1995] ''Guy Debord Is Really Dead'', Sabotage Editions, {{ISBN|978-0-9514417-3-2}} English edition of ''[http://www.scienzepostmoderne.org/DiversiAutori/Debord/DebordMortoDavvero.html Guy Debord è morto davvero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425091929/http://www.scienzepostmoderne.org/DiversiAutori/Debord/DebordMortoDavvero.html |date=25 April 2012 }}''</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, anarchists, communists, and other leftists offered various interpretations of Situationist concepts in combination with a variety of other perspectives. Examples of these groups include: in Amsterdam, the [[Provo (movement)|Provos]]; in the UK, [[King Mob]], the producers of ''Heatwave'' magazine (including [[Charles Radcliffe]] who later briefly joined the [[Members of the Situationist International#English Section (5)|English Section of the Situationist International]]), and the [[Angry Brigade]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Situationist-International-in-Britain-Modernism-Surrealism-and-the/Cooper/p/book/9781138680456|title=The Situationist International in Britain: modernism, surrealism, and the avant-gardes|last=Cooper|first=Sam|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781138680456|location=New York|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124072224/https://www.routledge.com/The-Situationist-International-in-Britain-Modernism-Surrealism-and-the/Cooper/p/book/9781138680456|url-status=live}}</ref> In the US, groups like [[Black Mask (anarchists)|Black Mask]] (later [[Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers]]), [[Weatherman (organization)|The Weathermen]], and the [[Chicago Surrealist Group|Rebel Worker]] group also explicitly employed their ideas.<ref name="Lang 2007">{{cite journal | last=Lang | first=Daniel | title="Give Us the Dumpsters -Or- Give Us Life": Res Derilictae and the Trash of Free Trade | journal=Cultural Recycling | volume=3 | issue=1 | date=May 2007 | url=http://www.othervoices.org/3.1/dlang/index.php | access-date=3 October 2008 | archive-date=28 September 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928121045/http://www.othervoices.org/3.1/dlang/index.php | url-status=live }}</ref>

Anarchist theorists such as [[Fredy Perlman]], [[The Abolition of Work|Bob Black]], [[Hakim Bey]], and [[John Zerzan]], have developed the SI's ideas in various directions away from Marxism. These theorists were predominantly associated with the magazines ''[[Fifth Estate (periodical)|Fifth Estate]]'', ''[[Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed]]'', and ''[[Green Anarchy]]''. During the early 1980s, English anarchist Larry Law produced the ''Spectacular Times'' pocket-books series, which aimed to make Situationist ideas more easily assimilated into the anarchist movement. Later anarchist theorists such as the [[CrimethInc.]] collective also claim Situationist influence.<ref name="Lang 2007"/>

Situationist urban theory, defined initially by the members of the [[Lettrist International]] as "Unitary Urbanism," was extensively developed through the behavioural and performance structures of [[The Workshop for Non-Linear Architecture]] during the 1990s. The re-emergence of the [[London Psychogeographical Association]] also inspired many new psychogeographical groups including Manchester Area Psychogeographic. The LPA and the [[Neoist Alliance]] along with the [[Luther Blissett (nom de plume)|Luther Blissett]] Project came together to form a New [[Lettrist International]] with a specifically [[Communist]] perspective. Around this time, [[Unpopular Books]] and the LPA released some key texts including new translations of [[Asger Jorn]]'s work.

Around this time also, groups such as [[Reclaim the Streets]] and [[Adbusters]] have, respectively, seen themselves as "creating situations" or practicing detournement on advertisements.

==Punk and culture==
In cultural terms, Situationist International's influence has arguably been greater, if more diffuse. In the late 1960s, [[MC5]], [[the Fugs]] and [[Hawkwind]] were radical situationist bands.

Situationist ideas exerted a strong influence on the design language of the [[punk rock]] phenomenon of the 1970s and the post-punk scene of the early 1980s. To a significant extent, this was the result of the adoption of the style, aesthetics and slogans employed by the SI. These were often secondhand influences received through British situationist groups such as [[King Mob]] whose associates included [[Malcolm McLaren]] and [[Jamie Reid]]. [[Factory Records]] owner [[Tony Wilson]] was influenced by situationist [[The Haçienda|urbanism]], and Factory band [[the Durutti Column]] took their name from André Bertrand's collage ''Le Retour de la Colonne Durutti''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Retour de la Colonne Durutti |url=http://www.cerysmaticfactory.info/durutti_le_retour_66.html |publisher=Cerysmatic Factory |access-date=23 October 2007 |archive-date=25 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725014808/http://www.cerysmaticfactory.info/durutti_le_retour_66.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (Bertrand, in turn, took his title from the eponymous [[Durruti Column|anarchist army]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]]). American punk group the [[Feederz]] have been acclaimed as exhibiting a more direct and conscious influence. Formed in the late 1970s, they became known for extensive use of detournement and their intention to provoke their audience through the exposition of situationist themes.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Situationist International in American Hardcore Punk, 1982–2002 |author-first=Neil |author-last=Nehring |journal=Popular Music & Society |date=December 2006 }}</ref> Other musical artists whose lyrics and artwork have referenced situationist concepts include [[the Clash]], [[Pussy Riot]],<ref>Russian anti Putin punk band</ref> [[Crass]], [[Tom Robinson Band]], [[Ian Dury]], [[X-Ray Spex]], [[Sham 69]], [[Buzzcocks]], [[The Fall (band)|the Fall]], [[Patrik Fitzgerald]], Conflict, the Royal Family and the Poor, [[Angelic Upstarts]], [[Chaos UK]], [[Chaotic Dischord]], [[MDC (band)|MDC]], [[Dead Kennedys]],<ref>Vander Molen, Jodi, [http://www.progressive.org/mag_intvbiafra  Jello Biafra Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625162455/http://progressive.org/mag_intvbiafra/ |date=25 June 2006 }} The Progressive Retrieved 21 March 2022</ref> [[Reagan Youth]], [[Chumbawamba]] and [[Manic Street Preachers]]. Situationist theory experienced a vogue in the late '90s [[hardcore punk]] scene, when it was referenced by [[Orchid (screamo band)|Orchid]], [[His Hero Is Gone]] and [[CrimethInc.]]

Situationist ideas may be found within the development of other avant-garde threads such as [[unilalianism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/elliswilson/docs/the_secret_stairs_001 |title=The Secret Stairs: YNAPMOK – Deconstructing the Badaud |website=Issuu |date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424090832/https://issuu.com/elliswilson/docs/the_secret_stairs_001 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unilalia.com/ynapmok |title=YNAPMOK: An Installation |website=The Unilalia Group |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224220138/https://www.unilalia.com/ynapmok |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[neoism]], as well as artists such as [[Mark Divo]] and American artist [[Joey Skaggs]] who has been compared to Situationist practitioners for his use of staged spectacles and media infiltration to subvert dominant cultural narratives. His satirical hoaxes, such as ''Cathouse for Dogs'' and ''Portofess'', reflect Situationist strategies like [[détournement]] by exposing media complicity and challenging societal norms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harold |first=Christine |date=2004-09-01 |title=Pranking rhetoric: "culture jamming" as media activism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0739318042000212693 |journal=Critical Studies in Media Communication |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=189–211 |doi=10.1080/0739318042000212693 |issn=1529-5036|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Writers such as [[Thomas de Zengotita]] have echoed situationist theories regarding the [[Mediated: How the Media Shapes your World and the Way you Live in it|spectacle]] of contemporary society.

==See also==
* [[Anti-art]]
* [[Bernadette Corporation]]
* [[Golden Fleet]]
* [[King Mob]]
* ''[[The Right to Be Greedy]]: Theses on the Practical Necessity of Demanding Everything''
* [[Neoism]]
* [[Arsenale Institute for Politics of Representation]]: an international institution for cultural studies and philosophical research, which archives contains an extensive research collection of the avant-garde movements of the early 20th century, with a focus on documents and works by Situationists, among others

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | editor=[[Manifestolibri]] | title=I situazionisti e la loro storia | location=Roma | publisher=Manifestolibri | url=http://www.manifestolibri.it/vedi_indice.php?id=409 | year=2006 | orig-year=1991 | isbn=978-88-7285-438-9 | oclc=173233761 | language=it | access-date=12 December 2008 | archive-date=23 January 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123010330/http://www.manifestolibri.it/vedi_indice.php?id=409 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal | first=Giorgio | last=Agamben | author-link=Giorgio Agamben | title=Violenza e speranza nell'ultimo spettacolo: Dal maggio francese a piazza Tian An Men | journal=[[Il Manifesto]] | date=6 July 1989 | pages=1–2}}
* {{cite book | last=Atkins | first=Guy | title=Asger Jorn, the Crucial Years: 1954–1964 | publisher=Wittenborn Art Books | location=New York | year=1977 | isbn=978-0-8150-0696-1 | url=http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/blindmen81.htm | oclc=3260328 | access-date=10 December 2008 | archive-date=23 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323115504/http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/blindmen81.htm | url-status=live }}
* {{cite book | last=Bandini | first=Mirella | title=L'estetico, il politico. Da Cobra all'Internazionale situazionista 1948–1957 | orig-year=1977 | year=1988 | location=Ancone | oclc=42461565 | publisher=Costa & Nolan | isbn=978-88-7648-344-8 | language=it}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Clark | first1=T. J. | last2=Nicholson-Smith | first2 = Donald | author-link1 =T. J. Clark (historian) | author-link2 = Donald Nicholson-Smith | title = Why Art Can't Kill the Situationist International | journal = October | volume = 79 | pages=15–31 | date = Winter 1997 | jstor = 778836 }} [http://www.notbored.org/why-art.html Full text.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320033331/http://www.notbored.org/why-art.html |date=20 March 2009 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Clark | first1=T. J. | last2=Nicholson-Smith | first2 = Donald | last3 =Wollen | first3 = Peter | author-link1 =T. J. Clark (historian) | author-link2 = Donald Nicholson-Smith | author-link3 = Peter Wollen | title = Letters and Responses | journal = [[October (journal)|October]] | volume = 80 | issue = 149–151 | pages=149 | doi = 10.2307/778815 | date = Spring 1997 | jstor = 778815 | s2cid=147610507 }}
* {{Cite book | last=Debord | first=Guy | year=1990 | publisher=Milan | title=Commentari sulla società dello spettacolo e La società dello spettacolo | language=it | oclc=84945205}}
* {{cite book|last=Debord|first=Guy|url=http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/pub_contents/4|title=The Society of the Spectacle|publisher=Black & Red|oclc=44236857|year=1967|isbn=978-0-86091-302-3|access-date=12 December 2008|archive-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130200055/http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/pub_contents/4|url-status=live}}
* [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida, Jacques]] (2002) Q&A session at [[Film Forum]], New York City, 23 October 2002, transcript by [[Gil Kofman]]. Published in Kirby Dick, Amy Ziering Kofman, Jacques Derrida (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ICD8tI-LSOUC ''Derrida: screenplay and essays on the film''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507180357/https://books.google.com/books?id=ICD8tI-LSOUC |date=7 May 2016 }}
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Gombin |orig-year=1971 |year=1975 |url=http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/2379/gomlef01.htm |title=The Origins of Modern Leftism |isbn=978-0-14-021846-6 |oclc=247811170 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |others=[[Michael K. Perl]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010824131201/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/2379/gomlef01.htm |archive-date=24 August 2001 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Anselm Jappe |last=Jappe |first=Anselm |orig-year=1992 |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfguCi3qQasC |title=Guy Debord |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-21205-3 |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413173626/https://books.google.com/books?id=rfguCi3qQasC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book|author-link=Asger Jorn|last=Jorn |first=Asger |title=Asger Jorn, la comunitá prodiga |location=Rapallo |publisher=Zona |year=2000 |isbn=978-88-87578-08-9 |oclc=79899532 |editor=Mario Lippolis |language=it}}
* {{cite magazine | last=McDonough | first=Tom | title=The many lives of Asger Jorn | magazine=[[Art in America]] |date=July 2002}}
* {{cite book | editor-first=Tom | editor-last=McDonough | title=Guy Debord and the Situationist International: Texts and Documents | publisher=[[MIT Press]] | location=Cambridge | date=1 April 2004 | isbn=978-0-262-63300-0 | oclc=254164446}}
* {{cite book | last=Khayati | first=Mustapha | title=On the Poverty of Student Life | year=1966| title-link=On the Poverty of Student Life }}
* {{cite journal|author-link=Francesco Poli|last=Poli |first=Francesco |year=1991 |title=Sulla scia dei surrealisti |journal=I Situazionisti e la Loro Storia |page=63 |language=it}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Wollen | first1 = Peter | author-link1 = Peter Wollen | title = The Situationist International | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = I | issue = 174 | pages = 67–95 | date = March–April 1989 | url = https://newleftreview.org/I/174/peter-wollen-the-situationist-international | access-date = 7 January 2016 | archive-date = 26 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160326045610/https://newleftreview.org/I/174/peter-wollen-the-situationist-international | url-status = live }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* Balsebre, Gianluigi. ''Della critica radicale. Bibliografia ragionata sull'Internazionale situazionista. Con documenti inediti in italiano'' Grafton edizioni, Bologna, 1995.
* Cooper, Sam. ''The Situationist International in Britain: Modernism, Surrealism, and the Avant-Gardes''. Routledge, New York, 2016. {{ISBN|9781138680456}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Knabb |editor1-first=Ken |title=The Situationist International Anthology |date=2024 |orig-date=originally 1981 |publisher=PM Press |location=Oakland, California |isbn=979-8-887440-57-6 |edition=Revised and updated}}
* [[Simon Ford|Ford, Simon]]. ''The Situationist International: A User's Guide'' (Black Dog, London, 2004) {{ISBN|978-1-904772-05-7}}
* [[Simon Sadler|Sadler, Simon]]. ''The Situationist City''. MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-262-69225-0}}
* Vachon, Marc. ''L'arpenteur de la ville: L'utopie situationniste et Patrick Straram''. Les Éditions Triptyque, Montreal, 2003 {{ISBN|978-2-89031-476-4}}.
* [[McKenzie Wark|Wark, McKenzie]]. ''50 Years of Recuperation of the Situationist International'' (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2008) {{ISBN|978-1-56898-789-7}}
* Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International'' (Verso, New York, 2011) {{ISBN|978-1-84467-720-7}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150930091721/http://news.infoshop.org/anarchist-news/rise-and-fall-green-mountain-anarchist-collective ''The Rise and Fall of The Green Mountain Anarchist Collective''], 2015.
* ''The Situationist international (1957–1972) In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni''. JRP Ringier, Zurich, 2007 {{ISBN|978-3-905770-14-8}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Situationist International}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.sionline.researche-editions.cddc.vt.edu/ Situationist International Online]
* [http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/all/ The Situationist International Text Library]
* [https://0xdb.org/list==rlx:Situationist%20Film Situationist Cinema at 0xDB]
* [http://libcom.org/library/internationale-situationiste Translations of all twelve issues of Internationale Situationniste]
* [https://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/67/merjian.php "REVOLUTIONARY ABSENCE" by Ara H. Merjian] found in Issue 67 of [[Cabinet Magazine]] (2019–20).

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