View source for Six Nations of the Grand River

{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Six Nations 40
| official_name                   = Six Nations Indian Reserve No. 40
| settlement_type                 = [[Indian reserve]]
| nickname                        = 
| motto                           = 
| image_skyline                   = Place sign, Six Nations, Ontario.JPG
| imagesize                       = 200px
| image_caption                   = 
| image_flag                      = 
| flag_size                       = 
| image_blank_emblem              = Six Nations Elected Band Council Corporate Logo.gif
| blank_emblem_type               = Logo of the [[Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council|Elected Council]]
| blank_emblem_size               = 200px
| image_map                       = 
| mapsize                         = 
| map_caption                     = 
| pushpin_map                     = Canada Southern Ontario
| pushpin_mapsize                 = 200px
| pushpin_label                   = Six Nations 40
| pushpin_label_position          = left
| coordinates                     = {{coord|43|03|04|N|80|07|21|W|scale:250000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = {{CAN}}
| subdivision_type1               = Province
| subdivision_name1               = {{ON}}
| subdivision_type2               = County
| subdivision_name2               = [[County of Brant|Brant]]
| established_title               = Settled
| established_date                = 
| established_title2              = Formed
| established_date2               = 1924
| leader_title                    = Chief
| leader_name                     = Sherri-Lyn Hill
| leader_title1                   = Federal riding
| leader_name1                    = [[Brantford—Brant South—Six Nations]]
| leader_title2                   = Prov. riding
| leader_name2                    = [[Brantford—Brant (provincial electoral district)|Brantford—Brant]]
| area_total_km2                  = 
| area_land_km2                   = 183.20
| area_water_km2                  = 
| area_footnotes                  = <ref name=6Nprofile>{{cite web |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=121&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |title=Six Nations of the Grand River |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=2011-02-07 }}</ref>
| population_as_of                = end of 2017
| population_footnotes            = <ref name=MMS>{{cite web |url=http://www.sixnations.ca/SNMembershipPop1.pdf |title=Six Nations of the Grand River |date=December 31, 2017 |access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref>
| population_total                = 12848
| population_density_km2          = 
| timezone                        = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset                      = -5
| timezone_DST                    = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST                  = -4
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal codes in Canada|Postal Code]]
| postal_code                     = N0A
| area_codes                       = [[Area codes 519 and 226|519 and 226]]
| elevation_footnotes             = 
| elevation_m                     = 
| website                         = [http://www.sixnations.ca/ www.sixnations.ca]
| footnotes                       = 
| governing_body                  = [[Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council]]
}}
'''Six Nations''' (or '''Six Nations of the Grand River'''){{Efn|name=a|Other than English and French, the two official languages of Canada, indigenous languages of each of the six nations are also officially recognized and promoted:
* {{langx|fr|Réserve des Six Nations (de la rivière Grand)}}
* {{langx|cay|Hyeí Niyǫhwęjá:ge:}}<ref>Dyck, Carrie, Froman, Frances, Keye, Alfred & Keye, Lottie. 2024. ''A grammar and dictionary of Gayogo̱hó:nǫˀ (Cayuga)''. (Studies of Amerindian Linguistics). Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10473483. Pg 1061 [https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/398]</ref>
* {{langx|moh|Yá:ya'k Niyononhwentsyò:ten (ne Kenhionhata:tie Ó:se)}}<ref>''The Great Niagara Escarpment''. Indigenous Cultural Map, Kanienʼkéha Destinations. [https://www.thegreatniagaraescarpment.ca/moh/destinations]</ref>
* {{langx|one|Yá·yaˀk Nihonuhutsa·ké}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=oskanu·tú· |encyclopedia=Oneida–English/English–Oneida Dictionary |date=2002 |last1=Michelson |first1=Karen |last2=Doxtator |first2=Mercy |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=9780802035905 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVdI9AUa6CsC|page=1181}}</ref>
* {{langx|ono|Dyehashędákhwaˀ}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Dyehashędákhwaˀ |encyclopedia=Onondaga-English / English-Onondaga Dictionary |date=2003 |last1=Woodbury |first1=Hanni |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=9781442623637|url=https://archive.org/details/onondagaenglishe0000wood|page=1181}}</ref>
* {{langx|see|Ye:i’ Níónöëdzage:h}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Six Nations. |encyclopedia=English-Seneca Dictionary |date=2014|last1=Chafe |first1=Chafe|publisher=Onöndowa'ga:' Gawë:nö' (Seneca Language) Department |url=https://senecalanguage.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/SENECA-DICTIONARY-FINAL.pdf|page=151}}</ref>
* {{langx|tus|Swekęˀá·ka·ˀ}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Grand river indians |encyclopedia=Tuscarora-English/English-Tuscarora dictionary |date=2015|last1=Rudes|first1=Blair A. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=9781442628809|url=https://archive.org/details/tuscaroraenglish0000rude_x3e6/mode/1up|page=680}}</ref>}} is demographically the largest [[Indian reserve|First Nations reserve]] in Canada. As of the end of 2017, it has a total of 27,276 members, 12,848 of whom live on the reserve.<ref name=MMS/> The six nations of the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] are the [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]], [[Cayuga people|Cayuga]], [[Onondaga people|Onondaga]], [[Oneida people|Oneida]], [[Seneca people|Seneca]] and [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]]. Some [[Lenape]] (also known as Delaware) live in the territory as well.

The Six Nations reserve is bordered by the [[County of Brant]], [[Norfolk County, Ontario|Norfolk County]], and [[Haldimand County]], with a subsection reservation, the [[Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation|New Credit Reserve]], located within its boundaries. The acreage at present covers some {{convert|46000|acre|km2}} near the city of [[Brantford, Ontario]]. This represents approximately 8% of the original {{convert|550000|acre|km2}} of land granted to the Six Nations by the [[Haldimand Proclamation|1784 Haldimand Proclamation]].<ref name=PaxtonBrant2008>{{cite book|title=Joseph Brant and His World: 18th Century Mohawk Warrior and Statesman|first=James W. |last=Paxton PhD|publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd.|year=2008}}</ref>

==History==
{{Historical populations
| title = On-reserve population
| type  = Canada
|align       = left
| width       =
| state       =
| shading     =
| percentages =
| footnote    = Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Six Nations Of The Grand River Community Profile |url=http://www.sixnations.ca/CommunityProfile.htm |website=www.sixnations.ca |access-date=2018-07-20 |archive-date=2017-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618022029/http://www.sixnations.ca/CommunityProfile.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Norman |first1=Alison Elizabeth |title=Race, Gender and Colonialism: Public Life among the Six Nations of Grand River, 1899-1939 |type=Doctoral Dissertation |date=2010 |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/24840/1/Norman_Alison_201004_PhD_thesis.pdf |publisher=University of Toronto |access-date=20 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shimony |first1=Annemarie Anrod |title=Conservatism among the Iroquois at the Six Nations Reserve |date=1994 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |page=43 |url=http://amicus.collectionscanada.ca/aaweb-bin/aamain/itemdisp?sessionKey=999999999_142&itm=000014354436 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>
|1784|1843
|1847|2200
|1858|2421
|1915|4700
|1956|5850
|1994|7000
|2013|12271
|2017|12848
}}

Many of the Haudenosaunee people allied with the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]], particularly warriors from the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga and Seneca nations. Some warriors of the Oneida and Tuscarora also allied with them, as warfare was highly decentralized. These nations had longstanding trade relations with the British and hoped they might stop European-American encroachment on their territories. These allies were from the Six Nations of the [[Iroquois|Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy]].

After the American victory in the conflict, [[the Crown]] ceded all of its territory in the colonies to their new government under a peace treaty, including that belonging to the Six Nations without consulting them or making them party to treaty negotiations. The Crown worked to resettle native [[Loyalists]] in Canada and provide some compensation for lands lost in the new United States. The Crown also hoped to use these new settlers, both Native Americans and European Americans, to develop agriculture and towns in areas west of [[Quebec]], the territory later known as [[Upper Canada]].

The new lands granted to Six Nations reserves were all near important Canadian military targets and placed along the border to prevent any American invasion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thayendanegea |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thayendanegea_5E.html |website=www.biographi.ca |publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval}}</ref><!-- whose interpretation is this? The reserves were also near existing waterways, the only means of transportation and the obvious place for settlements because of water supply --> The growth of the Six Nations community was also hampered. Land, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, granted a certain measure of power to their owners. Influential leaders such as [[Joseph Brant]] and [[John Deseronto]] were prevented from granting land to business owners who could have brought industry and agriculture to their lands.

After the war, Mohawk leaders Deseronto and Brant met with British commander [[Sir Frederick Haldimand]] to discuss the loss of their lands in New York. Haldimand promised to resettle the Mohawk near the [[Bay of Quinte]], on the northeast shore of [[Lake Ontario]], in present-day [[Ontario]], Canada. Haldimand purchased from other First Nations a tract {{convert|12|mi|km|abbr=on}} by {{convert|13|mi|km|abbr=on}} on the Bay of Quinte, which he granted to the Mohawk. (There are of course questions about First Nations understanding of such purchase{{Clarify|reason=Unclear information, lack of sources, possible un-neutral siding.|date=March 2025}}). About 200 Mohawk settled with Deseronto on the bay, at what is now called the [[Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, Ontario]]. Deseronto later died in the [[Deseronto|town]] named after him in the territory. These were primarily Mohawk of the Lower Castle (of New York).

===Six Nations at Grand River===
Brant decided that he preferred to settle on the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]] north of Lake Erie. Mohawk of the Upper Castle joined him in settling on the Grand River, as did bands of the other Six Nations. By the [[Haldimand Proclamation]] of October 25, 1784, the government granted a tract of land to the [[Mohawk Nation|Mohawk]] and other Six Nations bands in appreciation of their support for the Crown during the revolution. The Crown had purchased the lands previously from the Mississauga on May 22, 1784, as part of the Between the Lakes Treaty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Between the Lakes Treaty No. 3 (1792) |url=http://mncfn.ca/treaty3/ |website=Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210043018/http://mncfn.ca/treaty3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Joseph Brant led a large group of Iroquois to settle in what is now referred to as the ''Six Nations of the Grand River''.

A 1785 census recorded 1,843 Natives living on the Grand River reserve, including 548 [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]], 281 [[Cayuga people|Cayuga]], 145 [[Onondaga people|Onondaga]], 262 [[Oneida people|Oneida]], 109 [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]], and 98 [[Seneca people|Seneca]]. There were also 400 persons from other tribes, including [[Lenape]], and others from southern territory, such as the [[Nanticoke people|Nanticoke]], [[Tutelo]], and some [[Muscogee|Creek]] and [[Cherokee]].{{sfn|Kelsay|1984|p=370}} African-American slaves were also brought to Six Nations and [[Brantford]] by Brant. He encouraged members of his family to marry local Blacks, absorbing them into the population on the reserve.<ref>{{citation |last1=Buxton Museum |title=Early Settlements In Canada West For The Fugitives Of Slavery |pages=36–37}}</ref>{{sfn|Kelsay|1984|p=279}} From the 1830s to the 1860s many runaway slaves, escaping through the [[Underground Railroad]], were received and absorbed into the population of Six Nations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Siebert |first1=Wilbur |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedon (1898) by Wilbert Henry Siebert. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49038/49038-h/49038-h.htm#Page_203 |website=www.gutenberg.org |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> Along with the African-Americans who settled largely in the area around [[Cainsville]], Brant invited several Anglo-American white families to live on the grant, particularly veterans of [[Brant's Volunteers]] and [[Butler's Rangers]] from [[New York (state)|New York]], who had fought with him during the war. To encourage his loyalist friends to settle there, Brant gave them larger grants than the government had given other loyalists in other areas of Upper Canada. Some Canadians objected to Brant giving such land grants to whites in the reserve area.

As the government did for European Americans, the Indian department provided the Haudenosaunee with some tools and other provisions for resettlement, including such items as saws, axes, [[grindstones]], and chisels. They received help in establishing schools and churches, and in acquiring farm equipment and other necessities. Conditions were extremely difficult in the first years on the frontier, as the government did not provide enough supplies or assistance to any of the resettled loyalists, neither Native Americans nor European Americans. They had to create new settlements out of woodlands. In 1785, the government built the first [[Protestant]] church in [[Upper Canada]] (now Ontario) on the reserve; it was known as [[Mohawk Chapel|Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks]]. The Crown maintained its support of this chapel, and it is among only twelve [[Chapel Royal|Chapels Royal]] in the world.

The main town developed at what is now Brantford. It was first called Brant's Town after Joseph Brant, who built his residence there. In 1798, it was described as a large and sprawling settlement. Brant's home was a two-story house, built in a European-American style. In 1797, Brant founded one of the earliest [[Masonic Lodge]]s in Upper Canada; he achieved the rank of its [[Masonic Lodge Officers#Worshipful Master|Worshipful Master]].

Governor [[John Simcoe]] confirmed the grant with a limited deed on January 14, 1793. The deed also forbade them to sell the land to anyone but each other and the king. Led by Joseph Brant, the chiefs rejected the deed. In 1795, the Grand River chiefs empowered Joseph Brant to sell large blocks of land in the northern section, which the Haudenosaunee were not using at the time. They set terms of no [[Down payment|money down]] because they wanted to take their payment entirely in future years as annual interest. At this time, the population on the reserve was declining; some Haudenosaunee left the Grand River for traditional native communities in New York. After Brant's land sales started in 1795, the population began to increase again. He and the chiefs insisted on [[annuities]] to help the Six Nations community survive.

According to the Haldimand Proclamation, the original tract of land stretched from the mouth of the Grand River on the shores of [[Lake Erie]] to the river's [[River source|head]], and for 10&nbsp;km (6&nbsp;mi) from either bank. However, the grant of land included land around the source that the Crown had not purchased from the [[Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation|Mississauga]]. A purchase from the Mississauga was later arranged, but not carried out. Between 1795 and 1797, Joseph Brant sold {{convert|381480|acre|km2}} to land speculators; the property comprising the northern half of the reserve was sold for £85,332. This was the highest price paid to Haudenosaunee up to this time for undeveloped land.

[[File: Chiefs of the Six Nations at Brantford, Canada, explaining their wampum belts to Horatio Hale September 14, 1871.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Chiefs of the Six Nations explaining their [[wampum]] belts to [[Horatio Hale]], 1871]]
Governor Simcoe opposed the land sales. The interest on the annuity promised an income to the people of £5,119 per year, far more than any other Iroquois people had received.  The land speculators were unable to sell farm-size lots to settlers fast enough. By 1801, however, all the land speculators had fallen behind in their payments. Because of the lack of payments, Brant was determined to sell more land to make up for the missing payments.

In 1796, [[Lord Dorchester]] issued another deed for the land. This empowered the Haudenosaunee to lease or sell their land, provided they offered it first for sale to the government. Brant rejected this deed, partly because the deed named the Six Nations as communal owners of the land. He believed the deed should be limited to the current persons living on the land.

By 1800, two-thirds of the Haudenosaunee had not yet adapted to the style of [[subsistence agriculture]] maintained by separate households that the Canadian government encouraged.  Brant had hoped that sales of land to European Americans would help them develop the frontier, but conditions were difficult for such agriculture.

In 1813, the chiefs and councillors of the Six Nations residing in the state of New York would declare war on the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada.

In 1828, chief [[John Brant (Mohawk leader)|John Brant]] was appointed resident [[Superintendent of Indian Affairs (Great Britain)|superintendent]] for the Six Nations of the Grand River.

The Six Nations people were originally given 10&nbsp;km (6 miles) on either side of the entire length of the Grand River, although much of the land was later sold. The ongoing [[Grand River land dispute]] is the result of disputes over the sale process. The current reserves encompass 184.7&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (71&nbsp;sq mi), all but 0.4&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (100 acres) in Six Nations reserve No. 40.

In the late 19th century, the Scottish doctor [[Joseph Bell]] excavated skulls of indigenous people in the Six Nations. These skulls reached Berlin through the mediation of the doctor [[William Osler]], where they were considered untraceable for decades. In 2020, the journalists David Bruser and Markus Grill, supported by the ethnologist [[Nils Seethaler]], succeeded in finding the skulls in the anatomical collection of the [[Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory]]. A return of the skulls to the care of the community of origin was suggested in this context.<ref>Markus Grill/Ralf Wiegand: Die Spur der Schädel Süddeutsche Zeitung, 17.12.20.</ref><ref>David Bruser/Markus Grill: The untold story of four Indigenous skulls given away by one of Canada’s most famous doctors, and the quest to bring them home. Toronto Star, 17.12.20.</ref>

On July 24, 2024, [[ice hockey]] player [[Brandon Montour]] became the first person to bring the [[Stanley Cup]] to [[Ohsweken]] after the [[Florida Panthers]] won their first championship following their series win over the [[Edmonton Oilers]] in Game 7 of the [[2024 Stanley Cup Final]]. A parade was held in his honour that went from the [[Ohsweken Speedway]] to the [[Gaylord Powless]] Arena.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Montour shares his Stanley Cup win with hometown Six Nations of the Grand |url=https://theturtleislandnews.com/index.php/2024/07/24/brandon-montour-shares-his-stanley-cup-win-with-hometown-six-nations-of-the-grand/ |access-date=July 31, 2024}}</ref>

==Communities==
Several named communities exist within the Six Nations reserve:
*Beavers Corner
*Longboat Corners
*Medina Corners
*Millers Corner
*[[Ohsweken, Ontario|Ohsweken]]
*St. Johns
*Sixty-Nine Corners
*Smith Corners
*Smoothtown
*Sour Spring
*Stoneridge

==Members==
[[File:Six nations of the Grand, Pow Wow Dancers 0592.jpg|thumb|Dancers at the Six Nations Pow Wow]]
They later welcomed to the reserve a group of [[Lenape]], who speak [[Munsee language|Munsee]], an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]].

Six Nations of the Grand River is the most populous reserve in Canada. As of March 2023, there were 28,520 band members, of whom 11,688 lived on the reserve. The population consists of the following bands:<ref name=MMS2013>
{{cite report
 |date      = March 2023
 |url       = https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06225&lang=eng
 |work      = [[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]]
 |publisher = Government of Canada
 |title     = Reserve/Settlement/Village Detail
 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Nation !! Band name !! Total !! On reserve
|-
| rowspan="12" |Haudenosaunee 
| [[Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte First Nation|Bay of Quinte Mohawk]] || 840 || 368
|-
| [[Tuscarora First Nation|Lower Towns Tuscarora]] || 2,430 || 974
|-
| [[Konadaha Seneca First Nation|Konadaha Seneca]] || 621 || 207
|-
| [[Niharondasa Seneca First Nation|Niharondasa Seneca]] || 434 || 177
|-
| [[Lower Mohawk First Nation|Lower Mohawk]] || 4,456 || 2,152
|-
| [[Walker Mohawk First Nation|Walker Mohawk]] || 521 || 318
|-
| [[Upper Mohawk First Nation|Upper Mohawk]] || 6,802 || 2,964
|-
| [[Lower Cayuga First Nation|Lower Cayuga]] || 3,881 || 1,407
|-
| [[Upper Cayuga First Nation|Upper Cayuga]] || 3,996 || 1,522
|-
| [[Bearfoot Onondaga First Nation|Bearfoot Onondaga]] || 690 || 150
|-
| [[Onondaga Clear Sky First Nation|Clear Sky Onondaga]] || 876 || 452
|-
| [[Oneida First Nation|Oneida]] || 2,226 || 771
|-
| Lenape || [[Delaware First Nation|Delaware of Six Nations]] || 747 || 226
|-
! colspan="2" | Total || 28,520 || 11,688
|}

==Government==
The [[Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council]] is a governing body established to run the affairs of the reserve in 1924, formed under the ''[[Indian Act]]''. The Elected Council has, since its foundation, been the primary government of Six Nations recognised by the Government of Canada. However, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council has maintained a presence on the reserve despite the establishment of the elected council, representing a continuity with the traditional government of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.

==Notable people==
{{main list|List of people from Six Nations}}

==Education==
Prior to colonization, education in Haudenosaunee communities took place in "unstructured and non-coercive ways."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Norman|first=Alison|date=2015|title="True to my own noble race"|journal=Ontario History|language=en|volume=107|issue=1|pages=5–34|doi=10.7202/1050677ar|issn=0030-2953|doi-access=free}}</ref> This continues to this day alongside provincial education.

Members of the Six Nations attended the [[Mohawk Institute Residential School|Mohawk Institute]], a [[Canadian Indian residential school system|residential school]] which was the subject of numerous abuse allegations. Upon closure of the institute in 1972, the residential school was replaced by the Woodland Cultural Centre.<ref>[http://woodlandculturalcentre.ca/ Woodland Cultural Centre]</ref>

Day schools were also operated on the reserve under the Six Nations School Board (1878–1933), the first Indigenous school board in Ontario.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=History of Education on the Six Nations Reserve|last1=Moses|first1=Olive|last2=Henhawk|first2=Doris|last3=King|first3=Loyd|publisher=Woodland Cultural Centre|year=1987|location=Brantford}}</ref> While the official colonial curriculum was taught and many non-Indigenous teachers taught on the reserve, Indigenous influence on the board allowed for the hiring of many Six Nations teachers, many of them women - as was and continues to be the case at the elementary level in Ontario.<ref name=":0" /> Teachers on the reserve also formed their own association for professional development, the Six Nations Teacher's Organization.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[Bell Homestead National Historic Site]]
* [[List of townships in Ontario]]
* [[Six Nations Polytechnic]]
* [[Oneida Indian Nation]]
* [[Oneida Nation of the Thames]]
* [[Oneida Nation of Wisconsin]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* Graymont, Barbara, ''The Iroquois in the American Revolution'', 1972, {{ISBN|0-8156-0083-6}}
* Johnson, Charles M., ''[http://champlainsociety.utpjournals.press/doi/book/10.3138/9781442618510 The Valley of the Six Nations: A Collection of Documents on the Indian Lands of Grand River]'', Toronto: [[Champlain Society]] Publications, 1964. e-{{ISBN|9781442618510}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kelsay |first1=Isabel Thompson |title=Joseph Brant, 1743-1807, Man of Two Worlds |year=1984 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=0-8156-0182-4|url=https://archive.org/details/josephbrant1743100kels |url-access=registration |quote=Joseph Brant Slaves. |access-date=12 February 2019 |language=en}}
* Taylor, Alan, ''The Divided Ground'', 2006, {{ISBN|0-679-45471-3}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation}}
* [http://www.sixnations.ca Six Nations of the Grand River website]
* [https://chiefswoodnhs.ca/ Chiefswood National Historic Site]

{{Geographic location
 | Centre    = Six Nations of the Grand River
 | North     = [[County of Brant]]
 | Northeast =
 | East      = [[Haldimand County]]
 | Southeast =
 | South     = [[Haldimand County]], [[Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation|New Credit 40A]]
 | Southwest = [[Norfolk County, Ontario|Norfolk County]]
 | West      = [[County of Brant]]
 | Northwest =
}}

{{Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation}}
{{Americans abroad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Iroquois populated places]]
[[Category:Cayuga]]
[[Category:First Nations governments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Grand River (Ontario)]]
[[Category:Lenape]]
[[Category:Mohawk]]
[[Category:Seneca]]
[[Category:Oneida First Nation]]
[[Category:Onondaga]]
[[Category:Tuscarora]]
[[Category:Six Nations of the Grand River| ]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Grand River (Ontario)]]
[[Category:Iroquois governments]]
[[Category:Indian reserves in Ontario]]