View source for Ski jumping

{{Short description|Skiing winter sport}}
{{Redirect|Ski jump|the aircraft takeoff ramp|Ski-jump (aviation)}}
{{Infobox sport
| name      = Ski jumping
| image     = FIS Ski Weltcup Titisee-Neustadt 2016 - Peter Prevc1.jpg
| imagesize = 270
| caption   = [[Peter Prevc]] in [[Hochfirst Ski Jump|Titisee-Neustadt]], March 2016
| union     = [[International Ski Federation]] <small>(FIS)</small>
| first     = 22 November 1808<br/>[[Olaf Rye]],<br/>[[Eidsberg church]], [[Eidsberg]], [[Norway]]
| team      = {{Abbr|M|Men's Olympics, World Championships, World Cup}} Individual (50)<br/>{{Abbr|L|Women's Olympics, World Championships, World Cup}} Individual (40)<br/>Team event (4)<br/>Super Team event (2)
| category  = [[Nordic skiing]] 
| equipment = [[Ski]]s
| venue     = [[Ski jumping hill]]
| olympic   = [[1924 Winter Olympics|1924]] <small>(men)</small><br/>[[2014 Winter Olympics|2014]] <small>(women)</small><br/>[[2022 Winter Olympics|2022]] <small>(mixed team)</small>
| world     = [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1925|1925]] <small>(men's nordic)</small><br/>[[FIS Ski Flying World Championships 1972|1972]] <small>(ski flying)</small><br/>[[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009|2009]] <small>(women's nordic)</small>
}}
'''Ski jumping''' is a [[winter sport]] in which competitors aim to achieve the farthest jump after sliding down on their [[ski]]s from a specially designed curved [[ramp]]. Along with jump length, competitor's aerial style and other factors also affect the final score. Ski jumping was first contested in Norway in the late 19th century, and later spread through Europe and North America in the early 20th century. Along with [[cross-country skiing]], it constitutes the traditional group of [[Nordic skiing]] disciplines.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2019|title=The FIS Disciplines|url=https://www.fis-ski.com/en/inside-fis/about-fis/general/the-fis-disciplines|access-date=January 8, 2022|website=International Ski Federation}}</ref>

The [[ski jumping hill|ski jumping venue]], commonly referred to as a ''hill'', consists of the jumping ramp (''in-run''), take-off table, and a landing hill. Each jump is evaluated according to the distance covered and the style performed. The distance score is related to the [[construction point]] (also known as the ''K-point''), which is a line drawn in the landing area and serves as a "target" for the competitors to reach.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/olympics/ski-jumping-and-nordic-combined-winter-olympics-spectators-guide|title=Ski Jumping Winter Olympics Spectator's Guide by Ron Judd (13/12/2009)|newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>

The score of each judge evaluating the style can reach a maximum of 20 points. The [[ski jumping techniques|jumping technique]] has evolved over the years, from jumps with the skis parallel and both arms extended forward, to the "[[ski jumping techniques#V-style|V-style]]", which is widely used today.

Ski jumping has been included at the [[Winter Olympics]] since 1924 and at the [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]] since 1925. Women's participation in the sport began in the 1990s, while the first women's event at the Olympics has been held in 2014. All major ski jumping competitions are organised by the [[International Ski Federation]].

Ski jumping is not limited to winter conditions and can also be practiced during the summer months, thanks to specially designed facilities that simulate the snowy environment. In summer ski jumping, the in-run — which is the part of the hill where the jumper gains speed before takeoff — is constructed with tracks made from smooth porcelain materials.. The highest level summer competition is the [[FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix]], contested since 1994.

{{TOC limit|2}}

== History ==
[[File:Herman Paus.jpg|thumb|[[Herman Paus]] jumping in Hyttlibakken at [[Tryvannshøgda]] ca. 1919]]

Like most of the [[Nordic skiing]] disciplines, the first ski jumping competitions were held in [[Norway]] in the 19th century, although there is evidence of ski jumping in the late 18th century. The recorded origins of the first ski jump trace back to 1808, when [[Olaf Rye]] reached {{convert|9.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}. [[Sondre Norheim]], who is regarded as the "father" of the modern ski jumping, won the first-ever ski jumping competition with prizes, which was held in [[Høydalsmo]] in 1866.

The first larger ski jumping competition was held on [[Husebyrennet]] hill in [[Oslo]], Norway, in 1875. Due to its poor infrastructure and the weather conditions, in 1892 the event was moved to [[Holmenkollen]], which is today still one of the main ski jumping events in the season.

In the late 19th century, Sondre Norheim and Nordic skier [[Karl Hovelsen]] immigrated to the United States and started developing the sport in that country. In 1924, ski jumping was featured at the [[1924 Winter Olympics]] in [[Chamonix]], France. The sport has been featured at every Olympics since.

Ski jumping was brought to Canada by Norwegian immigrant [[Nels Nelsen]]. Starting with his example in 1915 until late 1959, annual ski jumping competitions were held on Mount Revelstoke — the ski hill Nelsen designed — the longest period of any Canadian ski jumping venue. Revelstoke's was the biggest natural ski jump hill in Canada and internationally recognized as one of the best in North America. The length and natural grade of its {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}} hill made possible jumps of over {{convert|60| m|ft|abbr=on}}—the longest in Canada. It was also the only hill in Canada where world ski jumping records were set, in 1916, 1921, 1925, 1932, and 1933.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/bc/revelstoke/decouvrir-discover/hist/ski |title=The History of Skiing on Mount Revelstoke |access-date=2017-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018071701/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/bc/revelstoke/decouvrir-discover/hist/ski |archive-date=2017-10-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1935, the origins of [[ski flying]] began in [[Planica]], Slovenia, where [[Josef Bradl]] became the first competitor in history to jump over {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}. At the same venue, the first official jump over {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} was achieved in 1994, when [[Toni Nieminen]] landed at 203 meters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skisprungschanzen.com/EN/Ski+Jumps/SLO-Slovenia/Planica/0475-Letalnica/|title=Letalnica, Planica|publisher=skisprungschanzen.com|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref>

In 1962 in [[Zakopane]], Poland, the normal hill event was introduced at the [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]]. Two years later, the normal hill event was included on the Olympic programme at the [[1964 Winter Olympics]]. The team event was added later, at the [[1988 Winter Olympics]].

== Rules ==

=== Hills ===
{{main|Ski jumping hill}}

[[Image:Ski jumping hill profile.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Model of a ski jumping hill. {{nowrap|A-B – point of departure}}; {{nowrap|t – take-off zone}}; {{nowrap|HS – total hill length}}; {{nowrap|P-L – landing area}}; {{nowrap|K – K-point}}]]
A ski jumping hill is typically built on a steep natural slope. It consists of the jumping ramp (''in-run''), take-off table, and a landing hill. Competitors glide down from a common point at the top of the in-run, achieving considerable speeds at the take-off table, where they take off, carried by their own momentum. While airborne, they maintain an aerodynamic position with their bodies and skis, which allows them to maximise the length of their jump. The landing slope is constructed so that the jumper's trajectory is near-parallel with it, and the athlete's relative height to the ground is gradually lost, allowing for a gentle and safe landing. The landing space is followed by an ''out-run'', a substantial flat or counter-inclined area that permits the skier to safely slow down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fis-ski.com/mm/Document/documentlibrary/Skijumping/03/20/22/StandardsfortheConstructionofJumpingHills2012_english_English.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fis-ski.com/mm/Document/documentlibrary/Skijumping/03/20/22/StandardsfortheConstructionofJumpingHills2012_english_English.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Standards for the Construction of Jumping Hills - 2012 | publisher=[[International Ski Federation]] |access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> The out-run area is fenced and surrounded by a public auditorium.

[[File:Nordic World Ski Championships 2017-02-26 (33181155841).jpg|thumb|The [[Salpausselkä (ski jump)|Salpausselkä]] ski jumping hill in [[Lahti]], Finland]]
The slopes are classified according to the distance that the competitors travel in the air, between the end of the table and the landing. Each hill has a [[construction point]] (''K-point''), which serves as a "target" that the competitors should reach. The classification of the hills are as follows:<ref name="rulesFIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.fis-ski.com/mm/Document/documentlibrary/Skijumping/03/19/96/ICR_JP_2012_Final_English.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fis-ski.com/mm/Document/documentlibrary/Skijumping/03/19/96/ICR_JP_2012_Final_English.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=THE INTERNATIONAL SKI COMPETITION RULES (ICR)|publisher=[[International Ski Federation]] |access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
! Class !! Construction point !! [[Hill size]]
|-
| Small hill || to 45 meters || to 49 meters
|-
| Medium hill || 45–74 m || 50–84 m
|-
| Normal hill || 75–99 m || 85–109 m
|-
| Large hill || 100–130 m ||  110–149 m
|-
| Giant hill || 131–169 m ||  150–184 m
|-
| [[Ski flying]] hill || over 170 m || over 185 m
|}

=== Scoring system ===
Competitors are ranked according to a numerical score obtained by adding up components based on distance, style, inrun length (gate factor) and wind conditions. In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner.

Distance score depends on the hill's K-point. For K-90 and K-120 competitions, the K-point is set at 90 meters and 120 meters, respectively. Competitors are awarded 60 points (normal and large hills) and 120 points (flying hills) if they land on the K-point. For every meter beyond or below the K-point, extra points are awarded or deducted; the typical value is 2 points per meter in small hills, 1.8 points in large hills and 1.2 points in ski flying hills. A competitor's distance is measured between the takeoff and the point where the feet came in full contact with the landing slope (for abnormal landings, touchpoint of one foot, or another body part is considered). Jumps are measured with accuracy of 0.5 meters for all competitions.<ref name=rules>{{cite web | url = http://www.fis-ski.com/mm/Document/documentlibrary/Skijumping/03/19/96/ICRSkiJumping2017_clean_English.pdf | title = The International Ski Competition Rules (ICR): Book III – Ski Jumping | date = October 2017 | access-date = March 19, 2018 | publisher = [[International Ski Federation]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180127205304/http://www.fis-ski.com/mm/Document/documentlibrary/Skijumping/03/19/96/ICRSkiJumping2017_clean_English.pdf | archive-date = 27 January 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{rp|64–65}}

[[Image:Telemark landing Miyanomori.jpg|thumb|Telemark landing]]

During the competition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for jumping style, based on keeping the skis steady during flight, balance, optimal body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/02/why-does-olympic-ski-jumping-need-judges/283875/|title=Why Does Olympic Ski Jumping Need Judges?|date=17 February 2014|access-date=14 March 2017|publisher=theatlantic.com|author=Jim Pagels}}</ref>

Gate and wind factors were introduced by the 2009 rules, to allow fairer comparison of results for a scoring compensation for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take-off speed are important variables that affect the jump length, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be the same for all competitors. Gate factor is an adjustment made when the inrun (or start gate) length is adjusted from the initial position in order to provide optimal take-off speed. Since higher gates result in higher take-off speeds, and therefore present an advantage to competitors, points are subtracted when the starting gate is moved up, and added when the gate is lowered. An advanced calculation also determines compensation points for the actual unequal wind conditions at the time of the jump; when there is back wind, points are added, and when there is front wind, points are subtracted. Wind speed and direction are measured at five different points based on average value, which is determined before every competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsjusa.org/ski-jumping-101/
|title=Ski Jumping 101 |publisher=Women's Ski Jumping USA |access-date = March 19, 2018}}</ref>

If two or more competitors finish the competition with the same number of points, they are given the same placing and receive same prizes.<ref name="rulesFIS"/>
Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalised with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximise the distance they can achieve.<ref name="SlidingScale">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/12/sports/olympics/12skijump.html|title=For Ski Jumpers, a Sliding Scale of Weight, Distance and Health|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=11 February 2010 | first = Jeré | last = Longman | date = February 11, 2010}}</ref> In order to prevent an unfair advantage due to a "sailing" effect of the ski jumping suit, material, thickness and relative size of the suit are regulated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news/ski-jumping-101-equipment|title=Ski jumping 101: Equipment| date = June 19, 2017 | work=NBC Olympics|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en}}</ref>

== Techniques ==
{{For|details|Ski jumping techniques}}

[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-61623-0009, Harald Pfeffer.jpg|thumb|Kongsberger technique, used in 1920s to 1950s.<ref name=heritage2011>MacArthur, Paul J. (March–April 2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OijwKxr1ER0C&pg=PA20 ''Skiing Heritage Journal''], p. 23, at [[Google Books]]. International Skiing History Association. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</ref>]]
Each jump is divided into four parts: in-run, take-off (jump), flight, and landing.

By using the [[ski jumping techniques#V-style|V-style]], firstly pioneered by Swedish ski jumper [[Jan Boklöv]] in the mid-1980s,<ref name="Techniques"/> modern skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take-off hill by about 10% compared to the previous technique with parallel skis.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} Previous techniques included the [[Ski jumping techniques#Kongsberger|Kongsberger technique]], the [[Ski jumping techniques#Windisch|Windisch technique]], and the [[Ski jumping techniques#Parallel/classic/Däscher|Däscher technique]].<ref name="Techniques">{{cite web|url=http://www.skijumping-info.com/info-section/the-history/80-info/107-techniques.html|title=Development of ski jumping technique|publisher=skijumping-info.com|access-date=15 January 2012|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035059/http://www.skijumping-info.com/info-section/the-history/80-info/107-techniques.html}}</ref> Until the mid-1960s, the ski jumper came down the in-run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the Windisch technique was pioneered by [[Erich Windisch]] in the 1949 as a modification of the Kongsberger technique, further modified in the 1950s by the Däscher technique (parallel style), pioneered by [[Andreas Däscher]]. A lesser-used technique as of 2017 is the H-style which is essentially a combination of the parallel and V-styles, in which the skis are spread very wide apart and held parallel in an "H" shape. It is prominently used by [[Domen Prevc]].

Skiers are required to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style ({{langx|no|telemarksnedslag}}), named after the Norwegian county of [[Telemark]]. This involves the landing with one foot in front of the other with knees slightly bent, mimicking the style of [[Telemark skiing]]. Failure to execute a [[Telemark landing]] leads to the deduction of style points, issued by the judges.<ref name="rulesFIS"/><ref name = Kunnskapsforlagets>''Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon'' (Encyclopedia of Sports), Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget, 1990. {{ISBN|82-573-0408-5}}</ref>

== Major competitions ==

All major ski jumping competitions are organised by the [[International Ski Federation]].

The large hill ski jumping event was included at the [[Winter Olympic Games]] for the first time in [[1924 Winter Olympics|1924]], and has been contested at every Winter Olympics since then.<ref name="olympichistory">{{cite news|url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/winter-olympics-ski-jumping.html|title=Winter Olympics: Ski Jumping|publisher=infoplease.com|author1=John Gettings|author2=Christine Frantz|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> The normal hill event was added in [[1964 Winter Olympics|1964]]. Since [[1992 Winter Olympics|1992]], the normal hill event is contested at the K-90 size hill; previously, it was contested at the K-60 hill.<ref name="olympichistory"/> Women's debuted at the Winter Olympics in [[2014 Winter Olympics|2014]].<ref name="womenolympics"/>

The [[FIS Ski Jumping World Cup]] has been contested since the [[1979–80 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|1979–80]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/news-multimedia/news/article=facts-figures-about-the-world-cup-sapporo.html|title=Facts & Figures about the World Cup in Sapporo|date=23 January 2014|access-date=14 March 2017|publisher=[[International Ski Federation]]}}</ref> It runs between November and March every season, and consists of 25–30 competitions at most prestigious hills across Europe, United States and Japan. Competitors are awarded a fixed number of points in each event according to their ranking, and the overall winner is the one with most accumulated points. [[FIS Ski Flying World Cup]] is contested as a sub-event of the World Cup, and competitors collect only the points scored at ski flying hills from the calendar.

[[Image:FIS Sommer Grand Prix 2014 - 20140809 - Young jumping.jpg|thumb|A ski jumper after landing on a hill equipped for summer events]]
The ski jumping at the [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]] was first contested in 1925. The team event was introduced in 1982, while the women's event was first held in 2009.

The [[FIS Ski Flying World Championships]] was first contested in 1972 in [[Planica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slovenia.si/slovenia/society/sport/winning-disciplines/planica-cradle-of-slovenian-sport/|title=Planica – cradle of Slovenian sport|access-date=14 March 2017|publisher=slovenia.si|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315003428/http://www.slovenia.si/slovenia/society/sport/winning-disciplines/planica-cradle-of-slovenian-sport/|archive-date=2017-03-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Four Hills Tournament]] has been contested since the 1952–53 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vierschanzentournee.com/en/ergebnisse/tourneesieger |title=All Winners |website=Four Hills Tournament}}</ref> It is contested around the New Year's Day at four venues – two in Germany ([[Oberstdorf]] and [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]]) and two in Austria ([[Innsbruck]] and [[Bischofshofen]]), which are also scored for the World Cup. Those events are traditionally held in a slightly different format than other World Cup events (first round is held as a knockout event between 25 pairs of jumpers), and the overall winner is determined by adding up individual scores from every jump.

Other competitions organised by the International Ski Federation include the [[FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix]] (held in summer), [[FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup|Continental Cup]], [[FIS Cup (ski jumping)|FIS Cup]], [[FIS Race (ski jumping)|FIS Race]], and [[FIS Ski Jumping Alpen Cup|Alpen Cup]].

== Women's participation ==

In January 1863 in [[Trysil Municipality]], Norway, at that time 16 years old Norwegian Ingrid Olsdatter Vestby, became the first-ever known female ski jumper, who participated in the competition. Her distance is not recorded.<ref name="Haarstad">Haarstad, Kjell (1993): Skisportens oppkomst i Norge. Trondheim: Tapir.</ref>

Women began competing at the high level since the [[2004–05 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup|2004–05 Continental Cup]] season.<ref name="women">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/mattslater/2009/03/why_its_time_to_let_ladies_fly.html|title=Why it's time to let ladies fly|author=Matt Slater|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2 March 2009|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> [[International Ski Federation]] organised three women's team events in this competition.

[[Image:20170205 Ski Jumping World Cup Ladies Hinzenbach 8927.jpg|thumb|[[Sara Takanashi]] is the most successful female ski jumper, winning the [[FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|World Cup]] title on four occasions.]]

Women's made a premiere [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]] performance in [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009|2009]] in [[Liberec]].<ref name="women"/> American ski jumper [[Lindsey Van]] became the first world champion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnevnik.si/1042246241|title=Liberec: Svetovna prvakinja v skoki Lindsey Van, Manja Pograjc zasedla 24. mesto|publisher=dnevnik.si|date=20 February 2009|access-date=14 March 2017|language=sl|author=(sta)}}</ref>

In the [[2011–12 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|2011–12]] season, women competed for the first time in the [[FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|World Cup]]. The first event was held on 3 December 2011 at [[Lysgårdsbakken]] at normal hill in 
[[Lillehammer]], Norway. The first-ever female World Cup winner was [[Sarah Hendrickson]],<ref name="sarah1stwin">{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/olympics/skijumping/story/_/id/7309917/us-teen-sarah-hendrickson-captures-inaugural-women-world-cup-ski-jump|title=Sarah Hendrickson, 17, wins ski jump|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=3 December 2001|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> who also became the inaugural women's World Cup overall champion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ladies-skijumping.com/wiadomosci/352/Zao-Sarah-Hendrickson-wins-overall-World-Cup/|title=Zao: Sarah Hendrickson wins overall World Cup|author1=Stefan Diaz|author2=Egon Theiner|publisher=ladies-skijumping.com|date=3 March 2012|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> Previously, women had only competed in [[FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup|Continental Cup]] seasons.

In the [[2022–23 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|2022–23]] season, women competed for the first time ever in ski flying. The historic event was held in [[Vikersundbakken]] in [[Vikersund]] on 19 March 2023. It was won by Slovenian jumper [[Ema Klinec]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-13 |title=Historisk FIS-vedtak: Kvinner får delta i skiflyging: – Bobler over av glede |url=https://www.vg.no/i/Or9ybA |first1=Anders K. |last1=Christiansen |first2=Hans Christian |last2=Boge-Fredriksen |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=VG |language=nb}}</ref><ref name="Lokøy">{{Cite web |last=Lokøy |first=Christian Dehlie |date=2023-03-18 |title=Hoppkvinnene skrev historie: – Det var helt magisk |url=https://www.nrk.no/sport/hoppkvinnene-skrev-historie_-_-det-var-helt-magisk-1.16342583 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=NRK |language=nb-NO}}</ref><ref name="zE9dOr">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Klinec med verdensrekord – Opseth på pallen i historisk renn |url=https://www.vg.no/i/zE9dOr |first1=Joachim |last1=Baardsen |first2=Kristian |last2=Arnesen Strømshoved |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=VG |language=nb}}</ref>

=== Olympic Games ===
In 2006, the International Ski Federation proposed that women could compete at the [[2010 Winter Olympics]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/news/pressreleases/pressreleases2006/gacongressdecisions.html|title=FIS MEDIA INFO: Decisions of the 45th International Ski Congress in Vilamoura/Algarve|publisher=[[International Ski Federation]]|access-date=14 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123053734/http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/news/pressreleases/pressreleases2006/gacongressdecisions.html|archive-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> but the proposal was rejected by the [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] because of the low number of athletes and participating countries at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/28/sports/ME_SPT_OLY_IOC_Meetings.php|title=IOC approves skicross; rejects women's ski jumping|publisher=iht.com|access-date=15 March 2009}}</ref>

A group of fifteen competitive female ski jumpers later filed a suit against the [[Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games]] on the grounds that it violated the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] since men were competing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2009/1109/p17s03-ussc.html|title=Why women can't ski jump in the Winter Olympics|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> The suit failed, with the judge ruling that the situation was not governed by the charter.

A further milestone was reached when women's ski jumping was included as part of the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] at normal hill event. The first Olympic champion was [[Carina Vogt]].<ref name="womenolympics">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/winter-olympics/26057176|title=Sochi 2014: Carina Vogt wins women's ski jumping gold|author=Rob Hodgetts|work=[[BBC News]]|date=11 February 2014|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref>

== Record jumps ==
{{For|the world records|List of longest ski jumps}}
{{See also|List of national ski-jumping records}}
[[File:VikersundbakkenWorld Cup Ski flying 2011.jpg|thumb|right|The all-time longest jump was achieved in Vikersund in 2017.]]

Since 1936, when the first jump beyond {{convert|100|m|ft}} was made, all world records in the sport have been made in the discipline of [[ski flying]]. On 30 March 2025 the official world record for the longest ski jump was set at {{convert|254.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, by [[Domen Prevc]] at [[Letalnica bratov Gorišek]] in [[Planica]], Slovenia, and is the longest jump ever measured in an official competition. In a non-official event near [[Akureyri]] on [[Iceland]], in April 2024 [[Ryōyū Kobayashi]] achieved a distance of {{convert|291|m|ft|abbr=on}} after 10 seconds in the air and landing smoothly. It was an unofficial world record which is not being counted as a ski flying world record by the FIS.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/news/2023-24/ryoyu-kobayashi-flies-291-meters |title=Ryoyu Kobayashi flies 291 meter|work=FIS}}</ref>

[[Nika Prevc]] holds the women's world record at 236 metres (774 feet) which was set on 14 March 2025 in [[Vikersundbakken]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Skihopper Nika Prevc slo verdensrekorden |url=https://www.vg.no/sport/i/qPw3Ke/skihopper-nika-prevc-med-ny-verdensrekord}}</ref>

[[Image:Josef Bradl.JPG|thumb|right|[[Sepp Bradl]] became the first ski jumper to surpass 100 meters in 1936.]]
[[Image:Austria 2014 Iraschko-Stolz.jpg|thumb|right|In 2003, [[Daniela Iraschko]] became the first ever female ski jumper in history to reach 200 meters.]]

The lists below show the progression of world records through history at 50-meter milestones. Only official results are listed, invalid jumps are not included.

=== Men ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="background:#fff; font-size:86%; line-height:16px; border:grey solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse;"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=185|First jump
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=80 |Date 
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=145|
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=150|Country
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=185|Hill
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=205|Place
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=50 |Meters
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=50 |Yards
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=50 |Feet
|-
| in history || align=center|1808-11-22 || [[Olaf Rye]] || {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark–Norway]] || [[Eidsberg church]] || [[Eidsberg]], [[Norway]] || align=center|9.5 || align=center|10.4 || align=center|31
|-
| over 50 meters || align=center|1913-02-16 || [[Ragnar Omtvedt]] || {{flag|United States}} || [[Curry Hill (Ironwood)|Curry Hill]] || [[Ironwood, Michigan]], [[United States]] || align=center|51.5 || align=center|56.3 || align=center|169
|-
| over 100 meters || align=center|1936-03-15 || [[Sepp Bradl]] || {{flag|Austria}} || [[Bloudkova velikanka]] || [[Planica]], [[Slovenia]] || align=center|101.5 || align=center|111.0 || align=center|340
|-
| over 150 meters || align=center|1967-02-11 || [[Lars Grini]] || {{flag|Norway}} || [[Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze]] || [[Oberstdorf]], [[West Germany]] || align=center|150.0 || align=center|164.0 || align=center|492
|-
| over 200 meters || align=center|1994-03-17 || [[Toni Nieminen]] || {{flag|Finland}} || [[Letalnica bratov Gorišek|Velikanka bratov Gorišek]] || [[Planica]], [[Slovenia]] || align=center|203.0 || align=center|222.0 || align=center|666
|-
| over 250 meters || align=center|2015-02-14 || [[Peter Prevc]] || {{flag|Slovenia}} || [[Vikersundbakken]] || [[Vikersund]], [[Norway]] || align=center|250.0 || align=center|273.4 || align=center|820
|}

=== Women ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="background:#fff; font-size:86%; line-height:16px; border:grey solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse;"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=185|First jump
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=80 |Date 
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=145|
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=150|Country
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=185|Hill
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=205|Place
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=50 |Meters
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=50 |Yards
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=50 |Feet
|-
| in history || align=center|1863 || Ingrid Olsdatter Vestby || {{flag|Norway|1844}} || Nordbybakken || |[[Trysil Municipality|Trysil]], [[Norway]] || align=center colspan=3|unknown 
|-
| over 50 meters || align=center|1932 || Johanne Kolstad || {{flag|Norway}} || Gråkallbakken || [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]] || align=center|62.0 || align=center|67.8 || align=center|203
|-
| over 100 meters || align=center|1981-03-29 || Tiina Lehtola || {{flag|Finland}} || [[Rukatunturi ski jumping hill|Rukatunturi]] || [[Kuusamo]], [[Finland]] || align=center|110.0 || align=center|120.3 || align=center|361
|-
| over 150 meters || align=center|1994-02-05 || [[Eva Ganster]] || {{flag|Austria}} || [[Kulm (flying hill)|Kulm]] || [[Tauplitz]]/[[Bad Mitterndorf]], [[Austria]] || align=center|161.0 || align=center|176.1 || align=center|528
|-
| over 200 meters || align=center|2003-01-29 || [[Daniela Iraschko]] || {{flag|Austria}} || [[Kulm (flying hill)|Kulm]] || [[Tauplitz]]/[[Bad Mitterndorf]], [[Austria]] || align=center|200.0 || align=center|218.7 || align=center|656
|}

=== Tandem ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="background:#fff; font-size:86%; line-height:16px; border:grey solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse;"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=185|First jump
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=80 |Date 
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=145|
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=150|Country
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=185|Hill
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=205|Place
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=50 |Meters
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=50 |Yards
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=50 |Feet
|-
| in history<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.delo.si/sport/hokej/rok-urbanc-in-jaka-rus-izvedla-prvi-tandem-smucarski-skok-v-zgodovini-video.html|publisher=[[Delo (Slovenia)|Delo]]|date=22 February 2016|access-date=15 March 2017|language=sl|author=A. V.|title=Rok Urbanc in Jaka Rus izvedla prvi smučarski skok v tandemu (VIDEO)}}</ref> || align=center|2016-02-18 || [[Rok Urbanc]]<br>Jaka Rus || {{flag|Slovenia}}<br>{{flag|Slovenia}} || [[Planica Nordic Center#Abandoned hills|Planica Nordic Center]]  HS45 || [[Planica]], [[Slovenia]] || align=center|35.0 || align=center|38.3 || align=center|115
|}

=== Perfect-score jumps ===

Those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps. [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]], [[Sven Hannawald]] and [[Wolfgang Loitzl]] were attributed 4x20 (plus another 19.5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times the maximum score of 20 points within one competition. [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]] is the only one in history who achieved this more than once. So far only eight jumpers are recorded to have achieved this score in total of eleven times:

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="background:#fff; font-size:86%; line-height:16px; border:grey solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse;"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=30 |No.
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=80 |Date
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=140|
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=20 |Rank
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=240|Hill
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=85 |Location
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=260|Competition
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=40 |Meters
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=40 |Yards
!style="background-color: #ccc;" width=40 |Feet
|-
| align=center|1
| align=center|1976-03-07
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Anton Innauer]]
| align=center|1st
| [[Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze]] K175
| [[Oberstdorf]]
| KOP International Ski Flying Week
| align=center|176.0
| align=center|192.5
| align=center|577
|-
| align=center|2
| align=center|1998-01-24
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]]
| align=center|2nd
| [[Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze]] K185
| [[Oberstdorf]]
| [[1997–98 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|World Cup]] / [[FIS Ski Flying World Championships 1998|Ski Flying World Championships]]
| align=center|187.5
| align=center|205.0
| align=center|615
|-
| align=center|3
| align=center|1998-01-25
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]]
| align=center|1st
| [[Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze]] K185
| [[Oberstdorf]]
| [[1997–98 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|World Cup]] / [[FIS Ski Flying World Championships 1998|Ski Flying World Championships]]
| align=center|205.5
| align=center|224.7
| align=center|674
|-
| align=center|4
| align=center|1998-02-15
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]]
| align=center|1st
| [[Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium|Hakuba]] K120
| [[Nagano (city)|Nagano]]
| [[Ski jumping at the 1998 Winter Olympics|Olympic Games]]
| align=center|132.5
| align=center|149.9
| align=center|438
|-
| align=center|5
| align=center|1999-01-17
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]]
| align=center|2nd
| [[Wielka Krokiew]] K116
| [[Zakopane]]
| [[1998–99 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|World Cup]]
| align=center|119.0
| align=center|130.1
| align=center|390
|-
| align=center|6
| align=center|2003-02-08
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Sven Hannawald]]
| align=center|1st
| [[Mühlenkopfschanze]] K130
| [[Willingen]]
| World Cup
| align=center|142.0
| align=center|155.3
| align=center|466
|-
| align=center|7
| align=center|2003-02-08
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Hideharu Miyahira]]
| align=center|6th
| [[Mühlenkopfschanze]] K130
| [[Willingen]]
| World Cup
| align=center|135.5
| align=center|148.2
| align=center|445
|-
| align=center|8
| align=center|2009-01-06
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Wolfgang Loitzl]]
| align=center|1st
| [[Paul-Ausserleitner-Schanze]] HS140 <small>(night)</small>
| [[Bischofshofen]]
| [[2008–09 Four Hills Tournament|Four Hills Tournament]]
| align=center|142.5
| align=center|155.8
| align=center|468
|-
| align=center|9
| align=center|2015-03-20
| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Peter Prevc]]
| align=center|1st
| [[Letalnica bratov Gorišek]] HS225
| [[Planica]]
| [[2014–15 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|World Cup]]
| align=center|233.0
| align=center|254.8
| align=center|764 
|-
| align=center|10
| align=center|2015-03-22
| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Jurij Tepeš]]
| align=center|1st
| [[Letalnica bratov Gorišek]] HS225
| [[Planica]]
| [[2014–15 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|World Cup]]
| align=center|244.0
| align=center|266.8
| align=center|801
|-
| align=center|11<ref>{{cite web |title=Viessmann FIS Ski Jumping World Cup – 34th World Cup Competition – Planica (SLO) – Men Flying Hill Individual – Official Results |url=https://medias1.fis-ski.com/pdf/2025/JP/3185/2025JP3185RL.pdf |publisher=[[International Ski and Snowboard Federation]] |access-date=28 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| align=center|2025-03-28
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Daniel Tschofenig]]
| align=center|4th
| [[Letalnica bratov Gorišek]] HS240
| [[Planica]]
| [[2024–25 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup|World Cup]]
| align=center|233.5
| align=center|255.4
| align=center|766
|}

== Health risks ==
Ski jumping includes the risk of crashes, who can end up with serious injuries like [[bone fracture]]s ([[Steinar Bråten]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/sport/skisport/article2195428.ece|title=Et av de styggeste fallene jeg har sett|publisher=[[aftenposten.no]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117122048/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/sport/skisport/article2195428.ece |language=no|access-date=2025-05-30|archive-date=17 January 2008 }}</ref> [[Masahiro Akimoto (ski jumper)|Masahiro Akimoto]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoff |first=Jørgen B. |date=10 January 2014 |url=http://www.vg.no/sport/hopp/morgenstern-til-sykehus-etter-grusomt-fall-i-kulm/a/10142452/ |title=Morgenstern til sykehus etter grusomt fall i Kulm |language=no |work=[[Verdens Gang]]. Schibsted |access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> [[John Lockyer]],<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.tbnewswatch.com/sports/64410/Lockyer-jumps-into-Hall-of-Fame|title = Lockyer jumps into Hall of Fame|accessdate = 2013-12-07|author=Jamie Smith|date=2009-08-29|publisher=tbnewswatch|language=en|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213065324/http://www.tbnewswatch.com/sports/64410/Lockyer-jumps-into-Hall-of-Fame|archivedate=2013-12-13}}</ref> [[Ulrike Gräßler]]<ref>Luis Holuch: ''Die medial-historische Entwicklung des Damen-Skispringens: Medienberichterstattung und Historie im Fokus.'' Engelsdorfer Verlag, Leipzig 2017; ISBN 978-3-96008891-2, p. 215.</ref>) or [[concussion]]s ([[Simon Ammann]], [[Thomas Morgenstern]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/sport/wintersport/skandal-springen-in-kuusamo-perversion-des-leistungssports-a-276157.html|title=Skandal-Springen in Kuusamo: Perversion des Leistungssports|work=Der Spiegel |date=30 November 2003 |publisher= spiegel.de|access-date=2025-06-06|language=de}}</ref> [[Eva Pinkelnig]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oe3.orf.at/sendungen/stories/3044066/|title=Kratky sucht das Glück... und findet: Eva Pinkelnig!|date=8 November 2019 |publisher=[[orf.at]]|access-date=2025-03-12|language=de}}</ref> [[Sondre Ringen]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas von Eichhorn |url=https://www.eurosport.de/skispringen/sondre-ringen-spricht-ausfuhrlich-uber-traurige-und-langweilige-zeit-nach-horrorsturz-in-engelberg_sto20040610/story.shtml|title=Sondre Ringen spricht offen über qualvolle Zeit nach Horror-Sturz in Engelberg – Norweger hat immer noch Beschwerden |publisher=eurosport.de|date=2024-09-27|access-date=2025-02-23|language=de}}</ref>). [[Paul Ausserleitner]] was one athlete among others, who died after an accident on the hill. [[Pekka Salo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.is.fi/makihyppy/art-2000006354992.html|title=Suomalainen mäkilegenda muistelee ystävänsä halvaantumista lentomäessä lähes 60 vuotta sitten – "Elämänhalu katosi" |publisher=[[Ilta-Sanomat|is.fi]]|date=2019-12-26 |language=fi|access-date=2022-12-05}}</ref> from Finland, [[Nicholas Fairall]], [[Lukas Müller (ski jumper)|Lukas Müller]] and the Swiss Nordic combined skier [[Matthias Lötscher]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paraplegie.ch/sites/default/files/2017-12/paraplegie_1_2015_de1.pdf|title="Wer aufgibt, hat verloren"|publisher=paraplegie - Das Magazin der Gönner-Vereinigung der Schweizer Paraplegiker-Stiftung No. 153 page 10|access-date=2025-05-30|language=de}}</ref> suffered [[paralysis|paralyses]] after crashes. Other jumpers with chronic disabilities after failed jumps are [[Rolf Åge Berg]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Erik Fløan und Rolf Bryhn |url=https://snl.no/Rolf_%C3%85ge_Berg|title=Rolf Åge Berg|publisher=Store norske leksikon |date=2019-12-12|access-date=2021-01-07|language=no}}</ref> and [[Thomas Diethart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.de/skispringen/vierschanzentournee-thomas-diethart-lebt-heute-ohne-geschmackssinn_sto7595648/story.shtml|title=Vierschanzentournee: Thomas Diethart lebt heute ohne Geschmackssinn|publisher=eurosport.de|date=2025-03-18|access-date=2025-05-30|language=de}}</ref>

After the V-style was established, the period of flying became more relevant in relation to the take-off. Therefore, its very useful for nowadays ski jumpers to have a very low body weight. The problem was firstly published by [[Stephan Zünd]], who suffered from [[anorexia nervosa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srf.ch/wissen/gesundheit/essstoerungen-im-leistungssport-mehr-training-weniger-essen-magersucht-bei-sportlern|publisher=srf.ch|title=Mehr Training, weniger Essen – Magersucht bei Sportlern|author=Anita Theiss|date=2015-03-18|access-date=2025-05-31|language=de}}</ref> Other cases were [[Christian Moser (ski jumper)|Christian Moser]]<ref name="cm">{{cite web|url=https://www.focus.de/sport/mehrsport/sport-und-auto-ich-schaeme-mich-doch-so_aid_154704.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204154808/https://www.focus.de/sport/mehrsport/sport-und-auto-ich-schaeme-mich-doch-so_aid_154704.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-02-04|title="Ich schäme mich doch so"|publisher=[[Focus (German magazine)|Focu]]|date=1995-12-04|access-date=2017-12-03|language=de}}</ref> and Norwegian [[Henriette Smeby]].<ref name="hs">{{cite web|url=http://skisprungfan.de/news0506/news05143.html|title=Magersucht durch BMI-Regel? |date=2005-07-19|accessdate=2020-09-05 |publisher=skisprungfan.de|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129040605/http://skisprungfan.de/news0506/news05143.html|archivedate=2015-11-29|language=de}}</ref> Sven Hannawald was suspected to have the same disorder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/sport/ich-war-nur-noch-ein-wrack-a-5915335a-0002-0001-0000-000017871141|title="Ich war nur noch ein Wrack"|work=Der Spiegel |date=19 November 2000 |publisher=spiegel.de|language=de|access-date=2025-06-06 |last1=Wulzinger |first1=Michael }}</ref> [[Janne Ahonen]] also reported in his autobiografie about the strict diet program.<ref name="az" /> In the mid-1990s the Austrian Ski Federation doctor Peter Baumgartl talked about having heard of cases in the German and Norwegian team.<ref name="cm" /> In late 1996 [[Dieter Thoma]] talked in an interview about trainers putting athletes under pressure, to gain a low body weight.<ref name="dt">{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/sport/ein-jumbo-fliegt-auch-a-ec066df1-0002-0001-0000-000009134322?context=issue|title="Ein Jumbo fliegt auch"|publisher=[[Der Spiegel|spiegel.de]]|date=1996-12-15|access-date=2025-06-14|language=de}}</ref> In 2004 the FIS announced the rule, that the ski has to be cutted, when an athlete has a [[Body mass index|BMI]] under 20 (today under 21). Originally its was just obligate for men,<ref name="hs" /> but is nowadays used for both genders. The rule's efficience is often doubted, because the cutted ski can be compensated with a low body weight<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mikko Virmavirta, Juha Kivekäs|title=Is it still important to be light in ski jumping?|journal=Sports Biomechanics |date=2021 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=407–418 |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]]|doi=10.1080/14763141.2018.1556326 |pmid=30689521 |language=en}}</ref> and the modern ski bindings. Actual and former ski jumpers, who talked critically about the topic, are for example [[Andreas Felder]],<ref name="cm" /> [[Øyvind Berg (ski jumper)|Øyvind Berg]],<ref name="dt" /> [[Reinhard Heß]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stern.de/sport/sportwelt/magersucht-debatte--hannawald-war-an-der-grenze--3519518.html|title="Hannawald war an der Grenze"|work=[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]|date=2003-12-17|access-date=2025-07-26|language=de}}</ref> [[Frank Löffler]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schwarzwaldadler.de/news0323.htm|title=Löffler erhebt schwere Vorwürfe|publisher=www.schwarzwaldadler.de|accessdate=2009-04-21 |date=2003-12-14|language=de}}</ref> [[Michael Möllinger]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/sport/ein-karren-voller-dreck-a-fec0dde2-0002-0001-0000-000029569069|title=Ein Karren voller Dreck|publisher=spiegel.de|access-date=2025-06-06|date=2003-12-28|language=de}}</ref> Janne Ahonen,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1239/file/Bachelorarbeit.pdf|author=Judith Carina Garbe|title=Biathlon – Von der Randsportart zum Wintersport Nummer eins|publisher=Hochschule Mittweida|access-date=2025-07-13|language=de}} page 20 and following.</ref> [[Michael Neumayer]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-02-20 |author=Christiane Moravetz |date=2010-01-03 |language=de |publisher=faz.net |title=An der Grenze zur Magersucht |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/wintersport/skispringen-an-der-grenze-zur-magersucht-1908639.html}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Martin Schmitt,<ref name="az">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerztezeitung.de/Panorama/Anorexia-athletica-Raubbau-am-Sportlerkoerper-210925.html|title=Anorexia athletica: Raubbau am Sportlerkörper|publisher=aerztezeitung.de|date=2010-02-12|access-date=2025-07-25|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/sport/wintersport/skispringen-dominik-peter-spricht-ueber-essstoerungen-ging-jahrelang-hungrig-ins-bett-a-ac9ef392-0b36-43b5-8518-f38468446ddc|title="Ich ging jahrelang hungrig ins Bett"|publisher=[[spiegel.de]]|date=2024-03-15|access-date=2025-04-21|language=de}}</ref> Anton Innauer,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-05-29 |author=Cathrin Gilbert |date=2010-02-07 |language=de |publisher=spiegel.de |title=Das Leben der Papiermänner |url=https://www.spiegel.de/sport/das-leben-der-papiermaenner-a-c78167f6-0002-0001-0000-000069003665}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Alexander Pointner]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-02-19 |author=Benedikt Voigt |date=2011-01-07 |language=de |publisher=tagesspiegel.de |title=Neue Technik: Skispringer mit Bindungsangst |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/skispringer-mit-bindungsangst-1897696.html}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Andreas Bauer (ski jumper)|Andreas Bauer]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Andreas Cornes|url=https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/sport/Skispringen-Warum-das-Gewicht-ploetzlich-wieder-ein-Problem-im-Skispringen-ist-id60901076.html|title=Warum das Gewicht plötzlich wieder ein Problem im Skispringen ist|publisher=augsburger-allgemeine.de|date=2021-10-29|access-date=2025-05-30|language=de}}</ref> [[Maren Lundby]], [[Lindsey Van]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Sondre Michael Skandsen |url=https://www.nrk.no/sport/halvor-egner-granerud-og-eirin-kvandal-slakter-maren-lundby-forslag-1.17285134 |title=Lundby-forslag ville gitt Tande startnekt: – Jeg sliter fortsatt |publisher=nrk.no|date=2025-02-17|language=no|access-date=2025-02-22}}</ref> [[Christoph Eugen]], [[Andreas Goldberger]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Melanie Haack |url=https://www.welt.de/sport/wintersport/article160813700/Die-Skispringer-werden-schon-wieder-duenner.html|title=Die Skispringer werden schon wieder dünner|publisher=welt.de |date=2017-01-03|access-date=2025-02-19|language=de}}</ref> [[Jens Weißflog]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sport1.de/news/wintersport/skispringen/2017/01/jens-weissflog-erwartet-neue-gewichtsproblematik-bei-skispringern|title=Jens Weißflog befürchtet Hunger-Debatte|publisher=sport1.de|access-date=2025-02-19|language=de}}</ref> Simon Ammann,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blick.ch/sport/wintersport/skispringen/nach-dem-horror-um-hannawald-und-co-bekommt-das-skispringen-wieder-ein-magersuchts-problem-id16253583.html|title=Bekommt das Skispringen wieder ein Magersucht-Problem?|publisher=blick.ch |date=2020-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220183605/https://www.blick.ch/sport/wintersport/skispringen/nach-dem-horror-um-hannawald-und-co-bekommt-das-skispringen-wieder-ein-magersuchts-problem-id16253583.html |access-date=2025-02-19|archive-date=20 February 2025 |language=de}}</ref> [[Gregor Deschwanden]],<ref name="gs">{{cite web|url=https://www.srf.ch/sport/mehr-sport/skispringen/diskussion-im-skispringen-wie-leicht-ist-zu-leicht|title=Wie leicht ist zu leicht?|publisher=srf.ch|date=2021-03-04|access-date=2025-02-19|language=de}}</ref> [[Bor Pavlovčič]], [[Anders Jacobsen (ski jumper)|Anders Jacobsen]], [[Christian Meyer (ski jumper)|Christian Meyer]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/sport/slankar-seg-for-kvar-hoppsesong_-_-det-er-ingen-annan-veg-utanom-1.15703405|title=Slankar seg før kvar hoppsesong: – Det er ingen annan veg utanom|date=2021-10-28|access-date=2025-07-05|publisher=nrk.no}}</ref> [[Thomas Thurnbichler]], [[Alexander Stöckl]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.de/skispringen/olympiasieger-tande-wehrt-sich-gegen-mogliche-revolution-bei-bmi-regel_sto9369323/story.shtml|title=Olympiasieger Daniel-André Tande wehrt sich gegen mögliche Regel-Revolution des BMI im Skispringen|publisher=eurosport.de|date=2023-02-03|access-date=2025-02-26|language=de}}</ref> Sven Hannawald,<ref name="az" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtyP8bVO9Oc|title=Hungern für Gold – Essstörungen im Spitzensport {{!}} Langlauf {{!}} Turnen {{!}} DokThema {{!}} BR|work=[[Youtube.com]]|publisher=Bayerischer Rundfunk|date=2023-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311133748/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtyP8bVO9Oc |access-date=2025-02-24|archive-date=11 March 2023 |language=de}}</ref> [[Dominik Peter]], [[Silje Opseth]]<ref name="so">{{cite web|author=Brede Bleiklie Thomassen |url=https://www.nrk.no/sport/silje-opseth-avslorer-vektproblemer-og-vonde-tanker_-_-foler-meg-som-en-ordentlig-mislykket-person-1.17253500|title=Avslører vektproblemer og vonde tanker: – Føler meg som en ordentlig mislykket person |publisher=nrk.no|date=2025-02-16 |language=no|access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref> and [[Katharina Schmid]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Brede Bleiklie Thomassen |url=https://www.nrk.no/skivm/ski-vm_-silje-opseth-opna-opp-om-vektproblem_-na-avslorer-vm-vinnar-eigne-problem-til-nrk-1.17317348|title=VM-vinnar opnar opp etter Opseths vektproblem: – Eg har kjent det same|publisher=nrk.no|date=2025-03-07|access-date=2025-03-09|language=no}}</ref> Gregor Deschwanden and Maren Lundby suggested a fixed lower bound for the BMI,<ref name="gs" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Maren Lundby|url=https://www.nrk.no/sport/kommentar_-maren-lundby-om-vektpresset-i-hopp-_-mener-utovere-bor-diskes-1.17270914|title=Verdt sin vekt i gull|publisher=nrk.no|date=2025-02-16|language=no|access-date=2025-05-31}}</ref> in 2025 Silje Opseth also proposed a change of the current rule.<ref name="so" /> After his retirement in 2006, [[Daniel Forfang]] had stood in the focus of a discussion about the low body weight in ski jumping and the unsatisfying influence of the BMI-rule. In 2012 the then ski flying world record holder [[Johan Remen Evensen]] ended up his career because of weight problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/sport/johan-remen-evensen-legger-opp-1.8003907|title=Remen Evensen orker ikke å slanke seg mer|publisher=nrk.no|date=2012-02-20|access-date=2025-05-16|language=no}}</ref> In the year of 2022 the ski federation of Poland was criticized for stopping the financial support of female jumpers with an BMI above 21. In this context the Polish jumper [[Anna Twardosz]] talked openly about suffering from [[Depression (mood)|depression]]s and [[bulimia nervosa]], [[Kamila Karpiel]] took a brake of almost two years because of the rule.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skispringen.com/bmi-regel-sorgt-fuer-zoff-im-polnischen-verband/|title=BMI-Regel sorgt für Zoff im polnischen Verband|author=Luis Holuch|publisher=skispringen.com|date=2025-04-06|access-date=2025-04-06|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skijumping.pl/wiadomosci/32352/kamila-karpiel-zawiesila-kariere/|title=Kamila Karpiel zawiesiła karierę|publisher=skijumping.pl|date=2022-10-01|access-date=2025-04-06|language=pl}}</ref> Too small amount of food can cause the [[relative energy deficiency in sport]] (for example Maren Lundby) and, in the cases of female jumpers, [[dysmenorrhea]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Antonia Dolezal|title=Gewichtsreduzierende Maßnahmen im Skisprungsport: eine Analyse der angewandten Strategien & Empfehlungen|url=https://ulb-dok.uibk.ac.at/ulbtirolhs/download/pdf/8492326|publisher=Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol|access-date=2025-05-31|language=de}}</ref> A critical observer from science is [[Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-07-03|author=Christian Dehlie Lokøy|date=2021-10-07|publisher=[[nrk.no]]|title=Mener regelverket må endres: – Vil alltid måtte slite med vektpining|url=https://www.nrk.no/sport/mener-regelverket-ma-endres_-_-vil-alltid-matte-slite-med-vektpining-1.15682089}}</ref>

Modern ski jumping is notourious for an increasing number of knee injuries, especially of the [[cruciate ligament]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Luis Holuch|url=https://www.skispringen.com/studie-klaert-auf-so-anfaellig-sind-skispringer-fuer-verletzungen/2/|title=Studie klärt auf: So anfällig sind Skispringer für Verletzungen|publisher=skispringen.com|date=2019-09-23|access-date=2025-05-19|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Luis Holuch |url=https://www.skispringen.com/tops-und-flops-die-saison-der-skispringerinnen-in-der-analyse/|title=Glanzlichter der Powerfrauen sorgen für positive Zukunftsaussichten|publisher=skispringen.com|date=2019-04-01|access-date=2025-05-12|language=de}}</ref> The ski bindings and the tabs under the jumping shoes (respectively the tabs' size) are often named as the reason, for example by [[Mario Stecher]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Alexander Tagger|url=https://www.kleinezeitung.at/sport/wintersport/skinordisch/5743080/OeSVSportdirektor_Mario-Stecher_Die-vielen-Knieverletzungen-sind|title=Mario Stecher: "Die vielen Knieverletzungen sind bedenklich"|publisher=kleinezeitung.at|date=2019-12-27|access-date=2025-02-19|language=de}}</ref> [[Lukas Müller (ski jumper)|Lukas Müller]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbfTIHiJFRw|title=Lukas Müller über seine Vision, Behinderten-Sprüche und magere Skispringer |publisher=youtube.com|date=2019-10-07|access-date=2025-02-19|language=de}}</ref> former equipment controller [[Sepp Gratzer]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skispringen-news.de/reglementaenderungen-stehen-bevor/|author=Konstanze Schneider|title='Reglementänderungen stehen bevor|date=2020-05-16|access-date=2025-06-06|publisher=skispringen-news.de|language=de}}</ref> [[Werner Schuster (sportsman)|Werner Schuster]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.de/skispringen/wm/2020-2021/wm-oberstdorf-silje-opseth-springt-138-meter-und-verliert-medaille-mit-sturz-nach-der-landung_vid1441476/video.shtml|title=WM Oberstdorf: Silje Opseth springt 138 Meter und verliert Medaille mit Sturz nach der Landung|publisher=eurosport.de|date=2021-03-03|access-date=2025-06-28|language=de}}</ref> Johan Remen Evensen, [[Eirin Maria Kvandal]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Brede Bleiklie Thomassen |url=https://www.nrk.no/skivm/ski-vm_-hevdar-denne-detaljen-sorger-for-alvorlege-skadar-_-meiner-han-bor-bli-forbode-1.17319192 |title=Kallar skaderaset ein epidemi – ekspert hevdar denne detaljen har skulda|publisher=nrk.no|date=2025-03-03|access-date=2025-03-22|language=no}}</ref> and [[Stefan Hula Jr.]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skijumping.pl/wiadomosci/37230/fis-rozwaza-powiekszenie-kombinezonow-skoczkin-znowu-bedzie-burza/|title=FIS rozważa powiększenie kombinezonów skoczkiń. „Znowu będzie burza|publisher=skijumping.pl|date=2025-09-20|access-date=2025-09-21|language=pl}}</ref> The time before, crashes were usually considered as the reason for injuries.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Meinolf|last1=Goertzen|first2=H.|last2=Nalbach|first3=R.|last3=Gürtler|url=https://www.germanjournalsportsmedicine.com/fileadmin/content/archiv2001/heft01/a03_0101.pdf|title=Analyse der Verletzungsproblematik im Nordischen Skisprung|publisher=germanjournalsportsmedicine.com|access-date=2025-03-29|language=de}}</ref> A popular athlete of the parallel-style-era, who had to end his career due to knee problems, was [[Walter Steiner]].

Athletes like Sven Hannawald and Thomas Morgenstern<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/spitzensport-die-angst-ist-oft-der-haerteste-gegner-100.html|title=Die Angst ist oft der härteste Gegner|date=17 January 2016 |publisher=deutschlandfunkkultur.de|access-date=2025-03-29|language=de}}</ref> also talked openly about the mental pressure of the sport. Hannawald retired because of [[occupational burnout]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rnd.de/sport/interview-wie-sich-sven-hannawald-nach-burnout-zurueckgekaempft-hat-K2EMYAR72FFIRHVWPLWHHOJFEA.html|title=Interview: Wie sich Sven Hannawald nach Burnout zurückgekämpft hat|date=14 September 2023 |publisher=rnd.de|access-date=2025-03-29|language=de}}</ref>

See also [[List of ski flying accidents]].

== See also ==
* [[Ski flying]]
* [[Nordic combined]]
* [[List of FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping]]
* [[List of FIS Ski Jumping World Cup team events]]
* [[List of Olympic medalists in ski jumping]]
* [[List of Four Hills Tournament winners]]
* [[Medicinernes Skiklub Svartor]] 
* [[FIS Ski Flying World Cup]]

== References ==
{{Commons category|Ski jumping}}
;General
* {{cite web |
  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120814114109/https://www.olympic.org/ski-jumping-equipment-and-history?tab=history |
 url = https://www.olympic.org/ski-jumping-equipment-and-history?tab=history |
 archive-date = 14 August 2012 |
  title = Ski Jumping History |
  publisher = olympic.org |
  access-date = 13 March 2017 }}
* {{cite web |
  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141202002749/http://www.skijumping-info.com/info-section/the-history.html |  url = http://www.skijumping-info.com/info-section/the-history.html |
 archive-date = 2 December 2014 |
  title = The history of ski jumping |
  publisher = skijumping-info.com |   url-status = usurped |
  access-date = 13 March 2017 }}
* {{cite web |
  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160322055154/http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/ski-jumping/history.asp |  url = http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/ski-jumping/history.asp |
 archive-date = 22 March 2016 |
  title = Ski Jumping – History |
  publisher = abc-of-skiing.com |   url-status = usurped |
  access-date = 19 March 2017 }}
* {{cite web |
  url = https://www.bakken-skijumping.com/database/ |
  title = Bakken - Ski Jumping Database |
  publisher = bakken-skijumping.com |
  access-date = 30 November 2022 }}

;Specific
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Skiing}}
{{Winter Olympic sports}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ski jumping| ]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Winter Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Sports originating in Norway]]
[[Category:Types of skiing]]
[[Category:Nordic skiing]]
[[Category:Jumping sports]]