View source for Slovak language

{{Short description|West Slavic language}}
{{redirect|Slovenčina|the South Slavic language spoken in Slovenia|Slovene language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Slovak
| altname          = 
| nativename       = {{lang|sk|slovenčina}}, {{lang|sk|slovenský jazyk}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|sk|ˈslɔʋentʂina|}}, {{IPA|sk|ˈslɔʋenskiː ˈjazik||Slovensky jazyk.ogg}}
| states           = [[Slovakia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Hungary]], [[Carpathian Ruthenia]], [[Slavonia]], and [[Vojvodina]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vojvodina.gov.rs/en/autonomous-province-vojvodina | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220044137/http://www.vojvodina.gov.rs/en/autonomous-province-vojvodina | archive-date=20 December 2017 | title=Autonomous Province of Vojvodina &#124; Покрајинска влада }}</ref>
| ethnicity        = [[Slovaks]], [[Pannonian Rusyns]]
| speakers         = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|5.388870|1}} million
| date             = 2012–2021
| ref              = e27
| speakers2        = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|2.050800|2}} million (2012)<ref name=e27/>
| speakers_label   = Speakers
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Slovak alphabet]])<br />[[Slovak Braille]]<br />[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Pannonian Rusyn#Grammar and alphabet|Pannonian Rusyn alphabet]])
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam3             = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam4             = [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]
| fam5             = [[Czech–Slovak languages|Czech–Slovak]]
| dia1             = [[Western Slovak dialects|Western Slovak]]
| dia2             = [[Central Slovak dialects|Central Slovak]]
| dia3             = [[Eastern Slovak dialects|Eastern Slovak]] (including [[Pannonian Rusyn]])<ref>{{Cite book |title=Brill Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics |last=Habijanec |first=Siniša |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2020 |doi=10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_031961 |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/db/eslo |editor-last=Greenberg |editor-first=Marc |chapter=Pannonian Rusyn |issn=2589-6229 |quote=The third theory defines Pannonian Rusyn as a West Slavic language originating in the East Slovak Zemplín and Šariš dialects and being a mixture of the two. It fits the linguistic data in the most consistent manner and has been accepted by an overwhelming majority of scholars in the field (Bidwell 1966; Švagrovský 1984; Witkowski 1984; Lunt 1998; Čarskij 2011) and verified by several comprehensive analyses of Pannonian Rusyn language data (Bidwell 1966; Lunt 1998; Čarskij 2011). |access-date=2024-04-01 |editor-last2=Grenoble |editor-first2=Lenore}}</ref>
| nation           = {{SVK}}<br />''{{EU}}''<br />{{flag|Vojvodina}} ([[Serbia]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vojvodina.gov.rs/en/autonomous-province-vojvodina|title=Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|publisher=Government of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|date=2013|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| minority         = {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vlada.gov.cz/cz/ppov/rnm/narodnostni-mensiny---uvod-1361/ | title=Národnostní menšiny &#124; Vláda ČR }}</ref> <br />{{POL}}<ref name="7th EFNIL">{{cite conference |title=The relationship between official and minority languages in Poland |conference=7th Annual Conference: The Relationship between Official Languages and Regional and Minority Languages in Europe |location=Dublin, Ireland |publisher=European Federation of National Institutions for Language |last1=Pisarek |first1=Walery |date=2009 |page=18 |url=http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/16-Dublin-Pisarek-Mother.pdf |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214104352/http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/16-Dublin-Pisarek-Mother.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{HUN}}<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Not stated-->|title=Hungary needs to strengthen use of and access to minority languages|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages/home/-/asset_publisher/VzXuex45jmKt/content/hungary-needs-to-strengthen-use-of-and-access-to-minority-languages|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|place=Strasbourg, France|date=14 December 2016|access-date=29 June 2020|quote=The following languages have been given special protection under the European Charter [in Hungary]: Armenian, Beas, Bulgarian, Croatian, German, Greek, Polish, Romani, Romanian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian and Ukrainian.}}</ref><br />
{{CRO}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2020_07_78_1484.html|website=Narodne novine | title=Odluka o donošenju kurikuluma za nastavni predmet Slovački jezik i kultura u osnovnim i srednjim školama u Republici Hrvatskoj (Model C) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pravamanjina.gov.hr/nacionalne-manjine/nacionalne-manjine-u-republici-hrvatskoj/slovaci/369 | title=Slovaci }}</ref><br />
{{AUT}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population: demographic situation, languages and religions |url=https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/austria/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu}}</ref><br />
{{ROM}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pukanec.sk/fotogaleria/navsteva-mesta-nadlak-24-26-8-2012.html#fgallery--21419-1 | title=Pukanec }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slovacivrumunsku.sk/01-skol.php | title=Slováci v Rumunsku | access-date=27 January 2024 | archive-date=27 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127162600/http://www.slovacivrumunsku.sk/01-skol.php | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Semnarea Programului de cooperare în domeniul educației între Ministerul Educației Naționale din România și Ministerul Educației, Științei, Cercetării și Sportului din Republica Slovacă {{!}} Ministerul Educației | url=https://www.edu.ro/semnarea-programului-de-cooperare-%C3%AEn-domeniul-educa%C8%9Biei-%C3%AEntre-ministerul-educa%C8%9Biei-na%C8%9Bionale-din-0 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127161914/https://www.edu.ro/semnarea-programului-de-cooperare-%C3%AEn-domeniul-educa%C8%9Biei-%C3%AEntre-ministerul-educa%C8%9Biei-na%C8%9Bionale-din-0 | access-date=2024-12-26 | archive-date=2024-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.slovenskezahranicie.sk/rumunsko/ | title=Rumunsko }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bihon.ro/stirile-judetului-bihor/75-de-ani-de-invatamant-in-limba-slovaca-444889/ | title=75 de ani de invatamant in limba slovaca | date=16 September 2011 }}</ref><br />{{MNE}}
| agency           = [[Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic]]
| iso1             = sk
| iso2b            = slo
| iso2t            = slk
| iso3             = slk
| glotto           = slov1269
| glottorefname    = Slovak
| lingua           = 53-AAA-db < [[West Slavic languages|53-AAA-b...–d]]<br />(varieties: 53-AAA-dba to 53-AAA-dbs)
| notice           = IPA
| map              = Idioma eslovaco.PNG
| mapcaption       = The Slovak-speaking world:
{{Legend|#0080ff|regions where Slovak is the language of the majority}} {{Legend|#88c4ff|regions where Slovak is the language of a significant minority}}
}}
'''Slovak''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|l|oʊ|v|æ|k|,_|-|v|ɑː|k}} {{respell|SLOH|va(h)k}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521152532}}</ref> [[endonym]]: {{lang|sk|slovenčina}} {{IPA|sk|ˈslɔʋent͡ʂina|}} or {{lang|sk|slovenský jazyk}} {{IPA|sk|ˈslɔʋenskiː ˈjazik||Slovensky jazyk.ogg}}), is a [[West Slavic language]] of the [[Czech-Slovak languages|Czech–Slovak group]], written in [[Latin script]].<ref name="brit">{{cite web|title= Czech language|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/149048/Czech-language |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date= 6 January 2015}}</ref> It is part of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]], and is one of the [[Slavic languages]], which are part of the larger [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic branch]]. Spoken by approximately 5 million people as a native language, primarily ethnic [[Slovaks]], it serves as the official language of [[Slovakia]] and one of the 24 [[official languages of the European Union]].

Slovak is closely related to [[Czech language|Czech]], to the point of very high [[mutual intelligibility]],<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9|title = Mutual intelligibility between West and South Slavic languages|journal = Russian Linguistics|volume = 39|issue = 3|pages = 351–373|year = 2015|last1 = Golubović|first1 = Jelena|last2 = Gooskens|first2 = Charlotte|doi-access = free}}</ref> as well as to [[Polish language|Polish]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Swan|first=Oscar E. |title = A grammar of contemporary Polish |year = 2002 |isbn = 0893572969 |location = Bloomington, Ind. |publisher = Slavica |oclc = 50064627 |language=en | page=5}}</ref> Like other Slavic languages, Slovak is a [[fusional language]] with a complex system of [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and relatively flexible [[word order]]. Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by [[Latin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://babel.mml.ox.ac.uk/naughton/lit_to_1918.html |publisher=Babel - [[University of Oxford]] Modern Languages |title=Czech Literature, 1774 to 1918 |first1=James |last1=Naughton |date=2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181014091315/http://babel.mml.ox.ac.uk/naughton/lit_to_1918.html |archive-date= Oct 14, 2018 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2025}} and [[German language|German]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Czech Republic |url=http://slavic.ucla.edu/czech/czech-republic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011114417/http://slavic.ucla.edu/czech/czech-republic/ |archive-date=2017-10-11 |access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2025}} as well as other [[Slavic languages]].

==History==
{{Main|History of the Slovak language}}
The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the [[high medieval]] period, and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech–Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period. In the later mid-19th century, the modern [[Slovak alphabet]] and written standard became codified by [[Ľudovít Štúr]] and reformed by [[Martin Hattala]]. The [[Moravian dialects]] spoken in the western part of the country along the border with the [[Czech Republic]] are also sometimes classified as Slovak, although some of their western variants are closer to Czech; they nonetheless form the bridge dialects between the two languages.

==Geographic distribution and status==

Slovak language is primarily spoken in Slovakia. The country's constitution declared it the official language of the state (štátny jazyk):
{{Blockquote|(1) Na území Slovenskej republiky je štátnym jazykom slovenský jazyk.
(2) Používanie iných jazykov než štátneho jazyka v úradnom styku ustanoví zákon.}}

{{Blockquote|(1) The Slovak language is the official language on the territory of the Slovak Republic.
(2) The use of languages other than the official language in official communication shall be laid down by law.}}

[[Constitution of Slovakia]], Article 6.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.prezident.sk/upload-files/46422.pdf | title=Constitution of the Slovak Republic | website=www.prezident.sk}}</ref>

Beside that, national minorities and ethnic groups also have explicit permission to use their distinct languages.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Constitution of the slovak republic | url=https://www.prezident.sk/upload-files/46422.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927134402/https://www.prezident.sk/upload-files/46422.pdf | archive-date=2015-09-27}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/slovakia/overview | title=Overview }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.narodnostnemensiny.vlada.gov.sk/site/assets/files/3562/sprava_o_stave_pouzivania_jazykov_narodnostnych_mensin_na_uzemi_slovenskej_republiky_za_obdobie_rokov_2015_-_2016_e.pdf?csrt=10256904479415764857 | title=Report on the use of national minority languages in the territory of the Slovak Republic for the period 2015-2016 | website=www.narodnostnemensiny.vlada.gov.sk}}</ref> Slovakia is a country with established [[Language policy]] concerning its [[official language]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web| title=Act of the national council of the Slovak Republic on the State Language of the Slovak Republic | url=https://www.culture.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/zakon_o_sj_v_anj.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127182430/https://www.culture.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/zakon_o_sj_v_anj.pdf | archive-date=2021-11-27}}</ref>

===Regulation===
Standard Slovak ({{lang|sk|spisovná slovenčina}}) is defined by an Act of Parliament on the State Language of the Slovak Republic (language law). According to this law, the Ministry of Culture approves and publishes the codified form of Slovak based on the judgment of specialised Slovak linguistic institutes and specialists in the area of the state language. This is traditionally the [[Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics]], which is part of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. In practice, the Ministry of Culture publishes a document that specifies authoritative reference books for standard Slovak usage, which is called the codification handbook ({{lang|sk|[[:sk:Kodifikačná príručka|kodifikačná príručka]]}}). The current regulations were published on 15 March 2021. There are four such publications:<ref>{{cite web |title=MK-3620/2021-110/6659 |url=https://www.culture.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kodifikovana-podoba-vyhlasenie-2021_.pdf |website=Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic |access-date=5 August 2021 |language=Slovak |date=15 March 2021}}</ref>
* '{{lang|sk|Pravidlá slovenského pravopisu}}', 2013; (orthographic rules)
* '{{lang|sk|Krátky slovník slovenského jazyka}}', 2020; (dictionary)
* '{{lang|sk|Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti}}', 2009; (pronunciation)
* '{{lang|sk|Morfológia slovenského jazyka}}', 1966; (morphology)

Slovak speakers are also found in the [[Slovak diaspora]] in the [[United States]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Argentina]], [[Serbia]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Romania]], [[Poland]], [[Canada]], [[Hungary]], [[Germany]], [[Croatia]], [[Israel]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Ukraine]], [[Norway]], and other countries to a lesser extent.

Slovak language is one of the official languages of [[Autonomous Province of Vojvodina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Statute Of The Autonomous Province Of Vojvodina - Skupština Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine |url=https://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana.aspx?s=statut&j=EN |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs}}</ref>

[[File:Vojvodina slovak map.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Official usage of Slovak in Vojvodina, Serbia]]

===Slovak language high schools abroad===

*[[Budapest]], 'Szlovák Tanítási Nyelvű Óvoda, Általános Iskola, Gimnázium és Kollégium'<ref>{{Cite web | title=szlovak-bp.sulinet.hu | url=https://szlovak-bp.edu.hu/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319185801/https://szlovak-bp.edu.hu/ | access-date=2024-12-26 | archive-date=2022-03-19}}</ref>
*[[Békéscsaba]], 'Szlovák Gimnázium, Általános Iskola, Óvoda és Kollégium'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://szlovak-bcs.edu.hu/|title=Szlovák Iskola - Kezdőlap|website=szlovak-bcs.edu.hu}}</ref> 
*[[Bački Petrovac]], '[[Ján Kollár Gymnasium and Students' Home]]'<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jankollar.org/sr/ | title=Gymnázium Jána Kollára so žiackym domovom v Báčskom Petrovci | date=26 January 2024 }}</ref>
*[[Kovačica]], 'Gimnazija Mihailo Pupin' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://gymko.edu.rs/o-gimnaziji/ | title=O Gimnaziji – Gimnazija "Mihajlo Pupin" Kovačica }}</ref>
*[[Nădlac]], 'Liceul Teoretic Jozef Gregor Tajovský'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tajovskynadlac.ro/|title=LICEUL TEORETIC "JOZEF GREGOR TAJOVSKÝ" NĂDLAC|website=tajovskynadlac.ro}}</ref>

==Dialects==
[[File:Slovak Dialects EN.jpg|thumb|Slovak dialects]]
[[File:Mother tongue ratio in Slovakia districts 2021.svg|thumb|Linguistic structure of Slovakia in 2021]]

There are many Slovak dialects, which are divided into the following four basic groups:
*[[Western Slovak dialects]] ([[Trenčín]], [[Trnava]], [[Nitra]], [[Záhorie]])
*[[Central Slovak dialects]] (in [[Liptov]], [[Orava (region)|Orava]], [[Turiec]], [[Tekov]], [[Hont County|Hont]], [[Nógrád County (former)|Novohrad]], [[Gemer]] and around [[Zvolen]].)
*[[Eastern Slovak dialects]] (in [[Spiš]], [[Šariš]], [[Zemplín (region)|Zemplín]] and [[Abov]])
*Lowland (dolnozemské) Slovak dialects (outside Slovakia in the [[Pannonian Plain]] in Serbian [[Vojvodina]], and in southeastern [[Hungary]], western [[Romania]], and the Croatian part of [[Syrmia]])

The fourth group of dialects is often not considered a separate group, but a subgroup of Central and Western Slovak dialects (see e.g. Štolc, 1968), but it is currently undergoing changes due to contact with surrounding languages (Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, and Hungarian) and long-time geographical separation from Slovakia (see the studies in ''Zborník Spolku vojvodinských slovakistov'', e.g. Dudok, 1993).

The dialect groups differ mostly in phonology, vocabulary, and tonal inflection. Syntactic differences are minor. Central Slovak forms the basis of the present-day standard language. Not all dialects are fully mutually intelligible. It may be difficult for an inhabitant of the western Slovakia to understand a dialect from eastern Slovakia and the other way around.

The dialects are fragmented geographically, separated by numerous mountain ranges. The first three groups already existed in the 10th century. All of them are spoken by the Slovaks outside Slovakia, and central and western dialects form the basis of the lowland dialects (see above).

The western dialects contain features common with the Moravian dialects in the Czech Republic, the southern central dialects contain a few features common with South Slavic languages, and the eastern dialects a few features common with Polish and the East Slavonic languages (cf. Štolc, 1994). Lowland dialects share some words and [[areal feature]]s with the languages surrounding them (Serbo-Croatian, Hungarian, and Romanian).

==Phonology==
{{main|Slovak phonology}}

Slovak contains 15 vowel phonemes (11 monophthongs and four diphthongs) and 29 consonants.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Slovak vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class=small
! short
! long
! short
! long
|-
! align="left" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| align="center" | {{IPA link|i̞|i}}
| align="center" | {{IPA link|i̞|iː}}
| align="center" | {{IPA link|u̞|u}}
| align="center" | {{IPA link|u̞|uː}}
|-
! align="left" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| align="center" | {{IPA link|e̞|e}}
| align="center" | {{IPA link|e̞|eː}}
| align="center" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}
| align="center" | ({{IPA link|ɔː}})
|-
! align="left" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
| align="center" | ({{IPA|æ}})<!-- Do not use the IPA link template here. /æ/ is a phonological monophthong, not a phonetic one. Phonetically, it is an opening diphthong [ɛɐ]. -->
|
| align="center" | {{IPA link|ä|a}}
| align="center" | {{IPA link|ä|aː}}
|-
! align="left" | [[Diphthong]]s
| colspan="4" align="center" | {{IPA|(ɪu) &nbsp; ɪe &nbsp; ɪɐ &nbsp; ʊɔ}}
|}

The phoneme /æ/ is marginal and often merges with /e/; the two are normally only distinguished in higher registers.{{sfnp|Kráľ|1988|p=55}}

Vowel length is phonemic in Slovak and both short and long vowels have the same quality.{{sfnp|Pavlík|2004|pp=93–95}} In addition, Slovak, unlike Czech, employs a [[Slovak orthography#Rhythmical rule|"rhythmic law"]] which forbids two long vowels from following one another within the same word. In such cases the second vowel is shortened. For example, adding the locative plural ending {{lang|sk|-ách}} to the root {{lang|sk|vín-}} creates {{lang|sk|vínach}}, not {{lang|sk|*vínách}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bethin |first1=Christina Y. |title=Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521591481 |page=149}}</ref> This law also applies to diphthongs; for example, the adjective meaning "white" is {{lang|sk|biely}}, not {{lang|sk|*bielý}} (compare Czech {{lang|cs|bílý}}).

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Slovak consonant phonemes{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}}
! colspan="3" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
| {{IPA link|c}}{{Sfnp|Pavlík|2004|pp=99,106}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɟ}}{{Sfnp|Pavlík|2004|pp=99,106}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|ts}}
| {{IPA link|tʂ}}
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|dz}}
| {{IPA link|dʐ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}}
|
| {{IPA link|x}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʐ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" | {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA link|ʋ|v}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
! {{small|short}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɫ|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʎ}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[gemination|geminated]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɫ|lː}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
! {{small|short}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ|r}}<!-- Please do not change it to "{{IPA link|ɾ}}", we transcribe it as reliable sources do. -->
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[gemination|geminated]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|r|rː}}<!-- Please do not change it to "{{IPA link|r}}", we transcribe it as reliable sources do. -->
|
|
|
|
|}

Slovak has [[final devoicing]]; when a voiced consonant ({{lang|sk|b, d, ď, g, dz, dž, z, ž, h|italic=no}}) is at the end of a word before a pause, it is devoiced to its voiceless counterpart ({{lang|sk|p, t, ť, k, c, č, s, š, ch|italic=no}}, respectively). For example, {{lang|sk|pohyb}} is pronounced {{IPA|/pɔɦip/}} and {{lang|sk|prípad}} is pronounced {{IPA|/priːpat/}}.

Consonant clusters containing both voiced and voiceless elements are entirely voiced if the last consonant is a voiced one, or voiceless if the last consonant is voiceless. For example, {{lang|sk|otázka}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ɔtaːska/}} and {{lang|sk|vzchopiť sa}} is pronounced {{IPA|/fsxɔpitsːa/}}. This rule applies also over the word boundary. For example, {{lang|sk|prísť domov}} {{IPA|sk|priːzɟ dɔmɔw|}} (to come home) and {{lang|sk|viac jahôd}} {{IPA|sk|ʋɪɐdz jaɦʊɔt|}} (more strawberries). The voiced counterpart of "{{lang|sk|ch}}" {{IPA|/x/}} is {{IPA|[ɣ]}}, and the unvoiced counterpart of "{{lang|sk|h}}" {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is {{IPA|/x/}}.

==Orthography==
{{Main|Slovak orthography|Slovak braille}}

Slovak uses the [[Latin script]] with small modifications that include the four [[diacritic]]s (<big>ˇ, ´, ¨, ˆ</big>) placed above certain letters ({{lang|sk|a-á,ä; c-č; d-ď; dz-dž; e-é; i-í; l-ľ,ĺ; n-ň; o-ó,ô; r-ŕ; s-š; t-ť; u-ú; y-ý; z-ž|italic=no}})

{{columns-list|colwidth=16em|
*A a {{IPA|[a]}}
*Á á {{IPA|[aː]}}
*Ä ä {{IPA|[ɛɐ̯~ɛ]}}
*B b {{IPA|[b]}}
*C c {{IPA|[ts]}}
*Č č {{IPA|[tʂ]}}
*D d {{IPA|[d]}}
*Ď ď {{IPA|[ɟ]}}
*Dz dz {{IPA|[dz]}}
*Dž dž {{IPA|[dʐ]}}
*E e {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
*É é {{IPA|[ɛː]}}
*F f {{IPA|[f]}}
*G g {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
*H h {{IPA|[ɦ]}}
*Ch ch {{IPA|[x]}}
*I i {{IPA|[i]}}
*Í í {{IPA|[iː]}}
*J j {{IPA|[j]}}
*K k {{IPA|[k]}}
*L l {{IPA|[l]}}
*Ľ ľ {{IPA|[ʎ]}}
*Ĺ ĺ {{IPA|[lː]}}
*M m {{IPA|[m]}}
*N n {{IPA|[n]}}
*Ň ň {{IPA|[ɲ]}}
*O o {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
*Ó ó {{IPA|[ɔː]}}
*Ô ô {{IPA|[ʊɔ̯]}}
*P p {{IPA|[p]}}
*''Q q {{IPA|[kʋ]}}''
*R r {{IPA|[r]}}
*Ŕ ŕ {{IPA|[r̩ː]}}
*S s {{IPA|[s]}}
*Š š {{IPA|[ʂ]}}
*T t {{IPA|[t]}}
*Ť ť {{IPA|[c]}}
*U u {{IPA|[u]}}
*Ú ú {{IPA|[uː]}}
*V v {{IPA|[v~ʋ]}}
*''W w {{IPA|[v~ʋ]}}''
*''X x {{IPA|[ks]}}''
*Y y {{IPA|[i]}}
*Ý ý {{IPA|[iː]}}
*Z z {{IPA|[z]}}
*Ž ž {{IPA|[ʐ]}}
}}

''Italic'' letters (Q and W) are used in loanwords and foreign names.

The primary principle of Slovak spelling is the [[phoneme|phonemic]] principle. The secondary principle is the morphological principle: forms derived from the same stem are written in the same way even if they are pronounced differently. An example of this principle is the assimilation rule (see below). The tertiary principle is the etymological principle, which can be seen in the use of ''i'' after certain consonants and of ''y'' after other consonants, although both ''i'' and ''y'' are usually pronounced the same way.

Finally, the rarely applied grammatical principle occurs when, for example, the basic singular form and plural form of masculine adjectives are written differently with no difference in pronunciation (e.g. {{lang|sk|pekný}} = nice – singular versus {{lang|sk|pekní}} = nice – plural). Such spellings are most often remnants of differences in pronunciation that were present in Proto-Slavic (in Polish, where the vowel merger did not occur, {{lang|pl|piękny}} and {{lang|pl|piękni}} and in Czech {{lang|cs| pěkný}} and {{lang|cs|pěkní}} are pronounced differently).

Most [[loanword]]s from foreign languages are respelt using Slovak principles either immediately or later. For example, "weekend" is spelled {{lang|sk|víkend}}, "software" – {{lang|sk|softvér}}, "gay" – {{lang|sk|gej}} (both not exclusively){{Clarify|reason=Which two are meant? What are/do they "not exclusively"?|date=September 2020}}, and "quality" is spelled {{lang|sk|kvalita}}. Personal and geographical names from other languages using Latin alphabets keep their original spelling unless a Slovak [[endonym and exonym|exonym]] exists (e.g. {{lang|sk|Londýn}} for "[[London]]").

Slovak features some [[Heteronym (linguistics)|heterophonic homographs]] (words with identical spelling but different pronunciation and meaning), the most common examples being {{lang|sk|krásne}} {{IPA|/ˈkraːsnɛ/}} (beautiful) versus {{lang|sk|krásne}} {{IPA|/ˈkraːsɲɛ/}} (beautifully).

==Grammar==
===Syntax===
The main features of Slovak syntax are as follows:
*The verb ([[predicate (grammar)|predicate]]) agrees in person and number with its [[subject (grammar)|subject]].

Some examples include the following:
:{{lang|sk|Speváčka spieva}}. (The+singer+feminine suffix {{lang|sk|čka}} is+singing.)
:({{lang|sk|Speváčk-a spieva-∅}}, where -∅ is (the [[null morpheme|empty]]) third-person-singular ending)

:{{lang|sk|Speváčky spievajú}}. (Singer+feminine suffix {{lang|sk|čka}}+plural suffix {{lang|sk|y}} are+singing.)
:({{lang|sk|Speváčk-y spieva-j-ú}}; {{lang|sk|-ú}} is a third-person-plural ending, and /j/ is a [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] sound)

:{{lang|sk|My speváčky spievame}}. (We the+singer+feminine suffix {{lang|sk|čka}}+plural suffix {{lang|sk|y}} are+singing.)
:({{lang|sk|My speváčk-y spieva-me}}, where {{lang|sk|-me}} is the first-person-plural ending)
:and so forth.
*Adjectives, pronouns and numerals agree in [[Grammatical person|person]], [[Grammatical gender|gender]] and [[Grammatical case|case]] with the noun to which they refer.
*Adjectives precede their noun. Botanic or zoological terms are exceptions (e.g. {{lang|sk|mačka divá}}, literally "cat wild", {{lang|la|Felis silvestris}}) as is the naming of Holy Spirit ({{lang|sk|Duch Svätý}}) in a majority of churches.

Word order in Slovak is relatively free, since strong [[inflection]] enables the identification of [[Grammatical relation|grammatical roles]] (subject, object, predicate, etc.) regardless of word placement. This relatively free word order allows the use of word order to convey [[information structure|topic and emphasis]].

Some examples are as follows:
:{{lang|sk|Ten veľký muž tam dnes otvára obchod}}. = That big man is opening a store there today. ({{lang|sk|ten}} = that; {{lang|sk|veľký}} = big; {{lang|sk|muž}} = man; {{lang|sk|tam}} = there; {{lang|sk|dnes}} = today; {{lang|sk|otvára}} = opens; {{lang|sk|obchod}} = store) – The word order does not emphasize any specific detail, just general information.
:{{lang|sk|Ten veľký muž dnes otvára obchod tam}}. = That big man is today opening a store there. – This word order emphasizes the place ({{lang|sk|tam}} = there).
:{{lang|sk|Dnes tam otvára obchod ten veľký muž}}. = Today over there a store is being opened by that big man. – This word order focuses on the person who is opening the store ({{lang|sk|ten}} = that; {{lang|sk|veľký}} = big; {{lang|sk|muž}} = man).
:{{lang|sk|Obchod tam dnes otvára ten veľký muž}}. = The store over there is today being opened by that big man. – Depending on the intonation the focus can be either on the store itself or on the person.

The [[Markedness|unmarked]] order is [[subject–verb–object]]. Variation in word order is generally possible, but word order is not completely free.
In the above example, the noun phrase {{lang|sk|ten veľký muž}} cannot be split up, so that the following combinations are not possible:
:{{lang|sk|Ten otvára veľký muž tam dnes obchod}}.
:{{lang|sk|Obchod muž tam ten veľký dnes otvára}}. ...

And the following sentence is stylistically infelicitous:
:{{lang|sk|Obchod ten veľký muž dnes tam otvára}}. (Only possible in a poem or other forms of artistic style.)

The regular variants are as follows: 
: {{lang|sk|Ten veľký muž tam dnes otvára obchod.}}
: {{lang|sk|Ten veľký muž tam otvára dnes obchod.}}
: {{lang|sk|Obchod tam dnes otvára ten veľký muž.}}
: {{lang|sk|Obchod tam otvára dnes ten veľký muž.}}
: {{lang|sk|Dnes tam obchod otvára ten veľký muž.}}
: {{lang|sk|Dnes tam ten veľký muž otvára obchod.}}

===Morphology===

====Articles====
Slovak, like every major Slavic language other than [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], does not have articles. The demonstrative pronoun in masculine form {{lang|sk|ten}} (that one) or {{lang|sk|tá}} in feminine and {{lang|sk|to}} in neuter respectively, may be used in front of the noun in situations where [[definiteness]] must be made explicit.

====Nouns, adjectives, pronouns====
{{Main|Slovak declension}}
Slovak nouns are inflected for [[Grammatical case|case]] and [[number]]. There are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and instrumental. The [[vocative]] is purely optional and most of the time unmarked. It is used mainly in spoken language and in some fixed expressions: {{lang|sk|mama}} mum (nominative) vs. {{lang|sk|mami}} mum! (vocative), {{lang|sk|tato}}, {{lang|sk|oco}} dad (N) vs. {{lang|sk|tati}}, {{lang|sk|oci}} dad! (V), {{lang|sk|pán}} Mr., sir vs. {{lang|sk|pane}} sir (when addressing someone e.g. in the street). There are two numbers: singular and plural. Nouns have inherent [[Grammatical gender|gender]]. There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives and pronouns must agree with nouns in case, number, and gender.

====Numerals====
The numerals 0–10 have unique forms, with numerals 1–4 requiring specific gendered representations. Numerals 11–19 are formed by adding {{lang|sk|násť}} to the end of each numeral. The suffix {{lang|sk|dsať}} is used to create numerals 20, 30 and 40; for numerals 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90, {{lang|sk|desiat}} is used. Compound numerals (21, 1054) are combinations of these words formed in the same order as their mathematical symbol is written (e.g. 21 = {{lang|sk|dvadsaťjeden}}, literally "twenty-one").

The numerals are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1–10 !!  !! 11–20 !!  !! 10–100 !! 
|-
| 1 || {{lang|sk|jeden}} (number, masculine), {{lang|sk|jedno}} (neuter), {{lang|sk|jedna}}) (feminine) || 11 || {{lang|sk|jedenásť}} || 10 || {{lang|sk|desať}}
|-
| 2 || {{lang|sk|dva}} (number, masculine inanimate), {{lang|sk|dve}} (neuter, feminine), {{lang|sk|dvaja}} (masculine animate) || 12 || {{lang|sk|dvanásť}} || 20 || {{lang|sk|dvadsať}}
|-
| 3 || {{lang|sk|tri}} (number, neuter, masculine inanimate, feminine), {{lang|sk|traja}} (masculine animate) || 13 || {{lang|sk|trinásť}} || 30 || {{lang|sk|tridsať}}
|-
| 4 || {{lang|sk|štyri}} (number, neuter, masculine inanimate, feminine), {{lang|sk|štyria}} (masculine animate) || 14 || {{lang|sk|štrnásť}} || 40 || {{lang|sk|štyridsať}}
|-
| 5 || {{lang|sk|päť}} || 15 || {{lang|sk|pätnásť}} || 50 || {{lang|sk|päťdesiat}}
|-
| 6 || {{lang|sk|šesť}} || 16 || {{lang|sk|šestnásť}} || 60 || {{lang|sk|šesťdesiat}}
|-
| 7 || {{lang|sk|sedem}} || 17 || {{lang|sk|sedemnásť}} || 70 || {{lang|sk|sedemdesiat}}
|-
| 8 || {{lang|sk|osem}} || 18 || {{lang|sk|osemnásť}} || 80 || {{lang|sk|osemdesiat}}
|-
| 9 || {{lang|sk|deväť}} || 19 || {{lang|sk|devätnásť}} || 90 || {{lang|sk|deväťdesiat}}
|-
| 10 || {{lang|sk|desať}} || 20 || {{lang|sk|dvadsať}} || 100 || {{lang|sk|sto}}
|}

Some higher numbers: (200) {{lang|sk|dv'''e'''sto}}, (300) {{lang|sk|tristo}}, (400) ''štyristo'', (900) {{lang|sk|deväťsto}}, (1,000) {{lang|sk|tisíc}}, (1,100) {{lang|sk|tisícsto}}, (2,000) {{lang|sk|dv'''e'''tisíc}}, (100,000) {{lang|sk|stotisíc}}, (200,000) {{lang|sk|dv'''e'''stotisíc}}, (1,000,000) {{lang|sk|milión}}, (1,000,000,000) {{lang|sk|miliarda}}.

Counted nouns have two forms. The most common form is the plural genitive (e.g. {{lang|sk|päť domov}} = five houses or {{lang|sk|stodva žien}} = one hundred two women), while the plural form of the noun when counting the amounts of 2–4, etc., is usually the nominative form without counting (e.g. {{lang|sk|dva domy}} = two houses or {{lang|sk|dve ženy}} = two women) but gender rules do apply in many cases.

====Verbs====
Verbs have three major conjugations. Three persons and two numbers (singular and plural) are distinguished. [[subject (grammar)|Subject]] [[personal pronoun]]s are omitted unless they are emphatic.

*Some imperfective verbs are created from the stems of perfective verbs to denote repeated or habitual actions. These are considered separate [[lexemes]]. One example is as follows: to hide (perfective) = {{lang|sk|skryť}}, to hide (habitual) = {{lang|sk|skrývať}}.
*Historically, two [[past tense]] forms were utilized. Both are formed analytically. The second of these, equivalent to the [[pluperfect]], is not widely used in the modern language, being rather considered archaic. Examples for two related verbs are as follows:
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skryl som}} (I hid / I have hidden); {{lang|sk|bol som skryl}} (I had hidden)
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrýval som; bol som skrýval}}.
*One [[future tense]] exists. For imperfective verbs, it is formed analytically; for perfective verbs, it is identical to the present tense. Some examples are as follows:
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skryjem}}
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: budem skrývať}}
*Two [[conditional mood|conditional]] forms exist. Both are formed analytically from the past tense:
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skryl by som}} (I would hide), {{lang|sk|bol by som skryl}} (I would have hidden)
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrýval by som; bol by som skrýval}}
*The [[grammatical voice|passive voice]] is formed either as in English ([[copula (linguistics)|copula]] + passive participle) or using the reflexive pronoun 'sa':
:{{lang|sk|skryť: je skrytý; skryje sa}}
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: je skrývaný; skrýva sa}}
*The [[passive participle]] (= ~ed (one), the "third form") is formed using the suffixes -{{lang|sk|ný}} / -{{lang|sk|tý}} / -{{lang|sk|ený}}:
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skrytý}}
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrývaný}}
*The active [[present participle]] (= ~ing (one)) is formed using the suffixes -{{lang|sk|úci}} / -{{lang|sk|iaci}} / -{{lang|sk|aci}}
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skryjúci}}
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrývajúci}}
*The [[Transgressive (linguistics)|transgressive]] (=(while/by) ...ing) is formed using the suffixes -{{lang|sk|úc}} / -{{lang|sk|uc}} / -{{lang|sk|iac/-ac}}.{{clarify|date=December 2012}}<!-- is this still used in Slovak or is it archaic? -->
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skryjúc}} (by hiding (perfective))
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrývajúc}} ((while/during) hiding)
*The active [[past participle]] (= ~ing (in the past)) was formerly formed using the suffix -{{lang|sk|vší}}, but is no longer used.
*The [[gerund]] (= the (process of) ...ing) is formed using the suffix -{{lang|sk|ie}}:
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skrytie}}
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrývanie}}

====Conjugations====
Several [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] paradigms exist as follows:<ref>Jozef Ružička and co.: Morfológia slovenského jazyka, 1966</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|á}}-type verbs (Class I)
!{{lang|sk|volať}}, to call
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense (masculine – feminine – neuter)
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|volám}}
|{{lang|sk|voláme}}
|{{lang|sk|volal}} – {{lang|sk|volala}} – {{lang|sk|volalo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|voláš}}
|{{lang|sk|voláte}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|volá}}
|{{lang|sk|volajú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|á}}-type verbs (Class I) + [[Slovak orthography#Rhythmical rule|rhythmical rule]]
!{{lang|sk|bývať}}, to live, dwell, but not exist
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|bývam}}
|{{lang|sk|bývame}}
|{{lang|sk|býval}} – {{lang|sk|bývala}} – {{lang|sk|bývalo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|bývaš}}
|{{lang|sk|bývate}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|býva}}
|{{lang|sk|bývajú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|á}}-type verbs (Class I) (soft stem)
!{{lang|sk|vracať}}, to return or (mostly in slang) to vomit
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|vraciam}}
|{{lang|sk|vraciame}}
|{{lang|sk|vracal}} – {{lang|sk|vracala}} – {{lang|sk|vracalo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|vraciaš}}
|{{lang|sk|vraciate}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|vracia}}
|{{lang|sk|vracajú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|í}}-type verbs (Class V)
!{{lang|sk|robiť}}, to do, work
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|robím}}
|{{lang|sk|robíme}}
|{{lang|sk|robil}} – {{lang|sk|robila}} – {{lang|sk|robilo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|robíš}}
|{{lang|sk|robíte}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|robí}}
|{{lang|sk|robia}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|í}}-type verbs (Class V) + [[Slovak orthography#Rhythmical rule|rhythmical rule]]
!{{lang|sk|vrátiť}}, to return
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|vrátim}}
|{{lang|sk|vrátime}}
|{{lang|sk|vrátil}} – {{lang|sk|vrátila}} – {{lang|sk|vrátilo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|vrátiš}}
|{{lang|sk|vrátite}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|vráti}}
|{{lang|sk|vrátia}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|e}}-type verbs (Class IV) (-{{lang|sk|ovať}})
!{{lang|sk|kupovať}}, to buy
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|kupujem}}
|{{lang|sk|kupujeme}}
|{{lang|sk|kupoval}} – {{lang|sk|kupovala}} – {{lang|sk|kupovalo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|kupuješ}}
|{{lang|sk|kupujete}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|kupuje}}
|{{lang|sk|kupujú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|e}}-type verbs (Class IV) (-{{lang|sk|nuť}}, typically preceded by a consonant)
!{{lang|sk|zabudnúť}}, to forget
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|zabudnem}}
|{{lang|sk|zabudneme}}
|{{lang|sk|zabudol}} – {{lang|sk|zabudla}} – {{lang|sk|zabudlo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|zabudneš}}
|{{lang|sk|zabudnete}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|zabudne}}
|{{lang|sk|zabudnú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|ie}}-type verbs (Class V)
!{{lang|sk|vidieť}}, to see
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|vidím}}
|{{lang|sk|vidíme}}
|{{lang|sk|videl}} – {{lang|sk|videla}} – {{lang|sk|videlo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|vidíš}}
|{{lang|sk|vidíte}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|vidí}}
|{{lang|sk|vidia}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|ie}}-type verbs (Class III) (-{{lang|sk|nuť}}, typically preceded by a vowel)
!{{lang|sk|minúť}}, to spend, miss
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|miniem}}
|{{lang|sk|minieme}}
|{{lang|sk|minul}} – {{lang|sk|minula}} – {{lang|sk|minulo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|minieš}}
|{{lang|sk|miniete}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|minie}}
|{{lang|sk|minú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|ie}}-type verbs (Class III) (-{{lang|sk|cť}}, -{{lang|sk|sť}}, -{{lang|sk|zť}})
!{{lang|sk|niesť}}, to carry
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|nesiem}}
|{{lang|sk|nesieme}}
|{{lang|sk|niesol}} – {{lang|sk|niesla}} – {{lang|sk|nieslo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|nesieš}}
|{{lang|sk|nesiete}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|nesie}}
|{{lang|sk|nesú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|ie}}-type verbs (Class II) (-{{lang|sk|nieť}})
!{{lang|sk|stučnieť}}, to carry (be fat)
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|stučniem}}
|{{lang|sk|stučnieme}}
|{{lang|sk|stučnel}} – {{lang|sk|stučnela}} – {{lang|sk|stučnelo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|stučnieš}}
|{{lang|sk|stučniete}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|stučnie}}
|{{lang|sk|stučnejú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+Irregular verbs
!
!{{lang|sk|byť}}, to be
!{{lang|sk|jesť}}, to eat
!{{lang|sk|vedieť}}, to know
|-
|1st singular
|{{lang|sk|som}}
|{{lang|sk|jem}}
|{{lang|sk|viem}}
|-
|2nd singular
|{{lang|sk|si}}
|{{lang|sk|ješ}}
|{{lang|sk|vieš}}
|-
|3rd singular
|{{lang|sk|je}}
|{{lang|sk|je}}
|{{lang|sk|vie}}
|-
|1st plural
|{{lang|sk|sme}}
|{{lang|sk|jeme}}
|{{lang|sk|vieme}}
|-
|2nd plural
|{{lang|sk|ste}}
|{{lang|sk|jete}}
|{{lang|sk|viete}}
|-
|3rd plural
|{{lang|sk|sú}}
|{{lang|sk|jedia}}
|{{lang|sk|vedia}}
|-
|Past tense
|{{lang|sk|bol}}, {{lang|sk|bola}}, {{lang|sk|bolo}}
|{{lang|sk|jedol}}, {{lang|sk|jedla}}, {{lang|sk|jedlo}}
|{{lang|sk|vedel}}, {{lang|sk|vedela}}, {{lang|sk|vedelo}}
|}

===Adverbs===
Adverbs are formed by replacing the adjectival ending with the ending -{{lang|sk|o}} or -{{lang|sk|e}} / -{{lang|sk|y}}. Sometimes both -{{lang|sk|o}} and -{{lang|sk|e}} are possible. Examples include the following:
:{{lang|sk|vysoký}} (high) – {{lang|sk|vysoko}} (highly)
:{{lang|sk|pekný}} (nice) – {{lang|sk|pekne}} (nicely)
:{{lang|sk|priateľský}} (friendly) – {{lang|sk|priateľsky}} (in a friendly manner)
:{{lang|sk|rýchly}} (fast) – {{lang|sk|rýchlo}} (quickly)

The comparative of adverbs is formed by replacing the adjectival ending with a comparative/superlative ending -{{lang|sk|(ej)ší}} or -{{lang|sk|(ej)šie}}, whence the superlative is formed with the prefix ''naj-.'' Examples include the following:
:{{lang|sk|rýchly}} (fast) – {{lang|sk|rýchlejší}} (faster) – {{lang|sk|najrýchlejší}} (fastest): {{lang|sk|rýchlo}} (quickly) – {{lang|sk|rýchlejšie}} (more quickly) – {{lang|sk|najrýchlejšie}} (most quickly)

====Prepositions====
Each preposition is associated with one or more grammatical cases. The noun governed by a preposition must agree with the preposition in the given context. The preposition {{lang|sk|od}} always calls for the genitive case, but some prepositions such as {{lang|sk|po}} can call for different cases depending on the intended sense of the preposition.

:from friends = {{lang|sk|od priateľov}} (genitive case of {{lang|sk|priatelia}})
:around the square = {{lang|sk|po námestí}} (locative case of {{lang|sk|námestie}})
:up to the square = {{lang|sk|po námestie}} (accusative case of {{lang|sk|námestie}})

==Vocabulary==
Slovak is a descendant of [[Proto-Slavic]], itself a descendant of [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]. It is closely related to the other [[West Slavic languages]], primarily to [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Polish language|Polish]]. Czech also influenced the language in its later development. The highest number of borrowings in the old Slovak vocabulary come from [[Latin]], [[German language|German]], Czech, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], Polish and [[Greek language|Greek]] (in that order).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Martina |last1=Kopecká |first2=Tatiana |last2=Laliková |first3=Renáta |last3=Ondrejková| first4=Jana| last4=Skladaná |first5=Iveta |last5=Valentová |title=Staršia slovenská lexika v medzijazykových vzťahoch ) |pages=10–46|publisher=Jazykovedný ústav Ľudovíta Štúra SAV| location=Bratislava| year=2011| isbn=978-80-224-1217-9| url=https://www.juls.savba.sk/attachments/pub_starsia_slovenska_lexika/starsia.pdf}}</ref> Recently, it is also influenced by English.

===Czech===
Although most dialects of Czech and Slovak are [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] (see [[Comparison of Slovak and Czech]]), [[eastern Slovak dialects]] are less intelligible to speakers of Czech and closer to Polish and [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]], and contact between speakers of Czech and speakers of the eastern dialects is limited.

Since the [[dissolution of Czechoslovakia]] it has been permitted to use Czech in TV broadcasting and during court proceedings (Administration Procedure Act 99/1963 Zb.). From 1999 to August 2009, the Minority Language Act 184/1999 Z.z., in its section (§) 6, contained the variously interpreted unclear provision saying that "When applying this act, it holds that the use of the Czech language fulfills the requirement of fundamental intelligibility with the state language"; the state language is Slovak and the Minority Language Act basically refers to municipalities with more than 20% ethnic minority population (no such Czech municipalities are found in Slovakia). Since 1 September 2009 (due to an amendment to the State Language Act 270/1995 Z.z.) a language "fundamentally intelligible with the state language" (i.e. the Czech language) may be used in contact with state offices and bodies by its native speakers, and documents written in it and issued by bodies in the Czech Republic are officially accepted. Regardless of its official status, Czech is used commonly both in Slovak mass media and in daily communication by Czech natives as an equal language.

Czech and Slovak have a long history of interaction and mutual influence well before the creation of [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1918, a state which existed until 1993. [[literary language|Literary]] Slovak shares significant [[Czech orthography|orthographic features with Czech]], as well as technical and professional terminology dating from the Czechoslovak period, but phonetic, grammatical, and vocabulary [[Differences between Slovak and Czech|differences]] do exist.

===Other Slavic languages===
Slavic language varieties are relatively closely related, and have had a large degree of mutual influence, due to the complicated ethnopolitical history of their historic ranges. This is reflected in the many features Slovak shares with neighboring language varieties. Standard Slovak shares high degrees of mutual intelligibility with many Slavic varieties. Despite this closeness to other Slavic varieties, significant variation exists among Slovak dialects. In particular, eastern varieties differ significantly from the standard language, which is based on central and western varieties.

[[Eastern Slovak dialects]] have the greatest degree of mutual intelligibility with [[Polish language|Polish]] of all the Slovak dialects, followed by [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], but both Eastern Slovak and Rusyn lack familiar technical terminology and upper [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] expressions. Polish and [[Sorbian language|Sorbian]] also differ quite considerably from Czech and Slovak in upper registers, but non-technical and lower register speech is readily intelligible. Some mutual intelligibility occurs with spoken [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], and even [[Russian language|Russian]] (in this order), as their orthographies are based on the [[Cyrillic script]].

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!English
!Slovak
!Czech
!Polish

!Rusyn
!Ukrainian
!Belarusian

!Serbo-Croatian
!Bulgarian
!Slovenian
|-
|to buy
|{{lang|sk|kupovať}}
|{{lang|cs|kupovat}}
|{{lang|pl|kupować}}
|{{lang|rue|куповати}} ({{Transliteration|rue|kupovaty}})
|{{lang|uk|купувати}} ({{Transliteration|uk|kupuvaty}})
|{{lang|be|купляць}} ({{Transliteration|be|kuplać}})

|{{lang|sh|kupovati}}
|{{lang|bg|купува}} ({{Transliteration|bg|kupuva}})
|{{lang|sl|kupovati}}
|-
|Welcome
|{{lang|sk|Vitajte}}
|{{lang|cs|Vítejte}}
|{{lang|pl|Witajcie}}
|{{lang|rue|Вітайте}} ({{Transliteration|rue|vitajte}})
|{{lang|uk|Вітаю}} ({{Transliteration|uk|vitaju}})
|{{lang|be|Вітаю}} ({{Transliteration|be|vitaju}})

|{{lang|sh|Dobrodošli}}
|{{lang|bg|добре дошли}} ({{Transliteration|bg|dobre došli}})
|{{lang|sl|Dobrodošli}}
|-
|morning
|{{lang|sk|ráno}}
|{{lang|cs|ráno/jitro}}
|{{lang|pl|rano/ranek}}
|{{lang|rue|рано}} ({{Transliteration|rue|rano}})
|{{lang|uk|рано/ранок}} ({{Transliteration|uk|rano/ranok}})
|{{lang|be|рана/ранак}} ({{Transliteration|be|rana/ranak}})
|{{lang|sh|jutro}}
|{{lang|bg|утро}} ({{Transliteration|bg|utro}})
|{{lang|sl|jutro}}
|-
|Thank you
|{{lang|sk|Ďakujem}}
|{{lang|cs|Děkuji}}
|{{lang|pl|Dziękuję}}
|{{lang|rue|Дякую}} ({{Transliteration|rue|diakuju}})
|{{lang|uk|Дякую}} ({{Transliteration|uk|diakuju}})
|{{lang|be|Дзякуй}} ({{Transliteration|be|dziakuj}})

|{{lang|sh|Hvala}}
|{{lang|bg|благодаря}} ({{Transliteration|bg|blagodarja}})
|{{lang|sl|Hvala}}
|-
|rowspan=2|How are you?
|rowspan=2|{{lang|sk|Ako sa máš?}}
|rowspan=2|{{lang|cs|Jak se máš?}}
|rowspan=2|{{lang|pl|Jak się masz}}?<br />(colloquially "{{lang|pl|jak leci?}}")

|rowspan=2|{{lang|rue|Як ся маєш/маш?}}<br />({{Transliteration|rue|jak sia maješ/maš?}})
|{{lang|uk|Як справи?}} ({{Transliteration|uk|jak spravy?}})
|{{lang|be|Як справы?}} ({{Transliteration|be|jak spravy?}})
|rowspan=2|{{lang|sh|Kako si?}} 
|rowspan=2|{{lang|bg|Как си?}} ({{Transliteration|bg|Kak si?}})
|rowspan=2|{{lang|sl|Kako se imaš?/Kako si?}}
|-
|{{lang|uk|Як ся маєш?}}<br />({{Transliteration|uk|jak sia maješ?}})
|{{lang|be|Як маесься?}}<br />({{Transliteration|be|jak majeśsia?}})
|}

===Latin===
* {{lang|sk|bakuľa}}: {{lang|la|baculum}} (stick)
* {{lang|sk|kláštor}}: {{lang|la|claustrum}} (monastery)
* {{lang|sk|kostol}}: {{lang|la|castellum}} (church)
* {{lang|sk|košeľa}}: {{lang|la|casula}} (shirt)
* {{lang|sk|machuľa}}: {{lang|la|macula}} (blot, stain)
* {{lang|sk|škola}}: {{lang|la|scola}} (school)
* {{lang|sk|skriňa}}: {{lang|la|skrinium}} (cupboard)
* {{lang|sk|titul}}: {{lang|la|titulus}} (title)

===English===
<u>Sports:</u>
* {{lang|sk|športovať}}: to do sports
* {{lang|sk|šport}}: sport
* {{lang|sk|futbal}}: football ([[Association football]]; it can also mean [[American football]], especially when specified as {{lang|sk|americký futbal}})
* {{lang|sk|ofsajd}}: offside
* {{lang|sk|aut}}: out (football)
* {{lang|sk|hokej}}: hockey
* {{lang|sk|bodyček}}: body check (hockey)

<u>Food:</u>
* {{lang|sk|hemendex}}: ham & eggs
* {{lang|sk|kečup}}: [[ketchup]]

<u>Clothing:</u>
* {{lang|sk|džínsy}}: jeans
* {{lang|sk|legíny}}: leggings
* {{lang|sk|sveter}}: sweater
* {{lang|sk|tenisky}}: tennis shoes

<u>Exclamations:</u>
* {{lang|sk|fajn}}: fine
* {{lang|sk|super}}: super
*{{lang|sk|okej}}: OK

===German===

<u>Nouns:</u>
* {{lang|sk|brak}}: {{lang|de|Brack}} (rubbish)
* {{lang|sk|cech}}: {{lang|de|Zeche}} (guild)
* {{lang|sk|cieľ}}: {{lang|de|Ziel}} (goal/target)
* {{lang|sk|cín}}: {{lang|de|Zinn}} (tin)
* {{lang|sk|deka}}: {{lang|de|Decke}} (blanket)
* {{lang|sk|drôt}}: {{lang|de|Draht}} (wire)
* {{lang|sk|erb}}: {{lang|de|erben}} (coat-of-arms, from "to inherit")
* {{lang|sk|faloš}}: {{lang|de|Falschheit}} (falsity)
* {{lang|sk|farba}}: {{lang|de|Farbe}} (color)
* {{lang|sk|fašiangy}}: {{lang|de|Fasching}} (carnival)
* {{lang|sk|fialka}}: {{lang|de|Veilchen}} (viola)
* {{lang|sk|fľaša}}: {{lang|de|Flasche}} (bottle)
* {{lang|sk|fúra}}: {{lang|de|Fuhre}} (load)
* {{lang|sk|gróf}}: {{lang|de|Graf}} (count)
* {{lang|sk|hák}}: {{lang|de|Haken}} (hook)
* {{lang|sk|helma}}: {{lang|de|Helm}} (helmet)
* {{lang|sk|hoblík}}: {{lang|de|Hobel}} (hand plane)
* {{lang|sk|jarmok}}: {{lang|de|Jahrmarkt}} (funfair)
* {{lang|sk|knedľa}}: {{lang|de|Knödel}} (dumpling)
* {{lang|sk|minca}}: {{lang|de|Münze}} (coin)
* {{lang|sk|ortieľ}}: {{lang|de|Urteil}} (verdict)
* {{lang|sk|pančucha}}: {{lang|de|Bundschuh}} (stocking)
* {{lang|sk|plech}}: {{lang|de|Blech}} (sheet metal)
* {{lang|sk|regál}}: {{lang|de|Regal}} (shelf)
* {{lang|sk|ruksak}}: {{lang|de|Rucksack}} (backpack)
* {{lang|sk|rúra}}: {{lang|de|Rohr}} (pipe)
* {{lang|sk|rytier}}: {{lang|de|Ritter}} (knight)
* {{lang|sk|šachta}}: {{lang|de|Schacht}} (mine shaft)
* {{lang|sk|šindeľ}}: {{lang|de|Schindel}} (roof shingle)
* {{lang|sk|šnúra}}: {{lang|de|Schnur}} (cord)
* {{lang|sk|taška}}: {{lang|de|Tasche}} (purse)
* {{lang|sk|téma}}: {{lang|de|Thema}} (topic)
* {{lang|sk|vaňa}}: {{lang|de|Badewanne}} (bathtub)
* {{lang|sk|Vianoce}}: {{lang|de|Weihnachten}} (Christmas)
* {{lang|sk|vločka}}: {{lang|de|Flocke}} (flake)
* {{lang|sk|žumpa}}: {{lang|de|Sumpf}} (cesspit)

<u>Verbs:</u>
* {{lang|sk|študovať}}: {{lang|de|studieren}} (to study (as in, to major in))
* {{lang|sk|vinšovať}}: {{lang|de|wünschen}} (to wish)
** Note: colloquially, the standard term in Slovak is {{lang|sk|želať}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jesenská |first1=Petra |title=Jazyková situácia na Slovensku v kontexte EÚ, s ohľadom na anglicizmy v slovenskej dennej tlači |url=https://www.ff.umb.sk/app/cmsFile.php?disposition=a&ID=3394 |access-date=2019-11-27 |language=sk |date=2007}}</ref>

<u>Greetings:</u>

{{lang|sk|Servus}} is commonly used as a greeting or upon parting in Slovak-speaking regions and some German-speaking regions, particularly Austria. {{lang|sk|Papa}} is also commonly used upon parting in these regions. Both {{lang|sk|servus}} and {{lang|sk|papa}} are used in colloquial, informal conversation.

===Hungarian===
Hungarians and Slovaks have had language interaction ever since the settlement of Hungarians in the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathian area]]. Hungarians also adopted many words from various Slavic languages related to agriculture and administration, and a number of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian loanwords]] are found in Slovak. Some examples are as follows:
*"wicker whip": Slovak {{lang|sk|korbáč}} (the standard name for "whip" is {{lang|sk|bič}} and {{lang|sk|korbáč}}, itself originating from [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{lang|tr|kırbaç}}, usually means only one particular type of it—the "wicker whip") – Hungarian {{lang|hu|korbács}};
*"dragon/kite": Slovak {{lang|sk|šarkan}} (rather rare, {{lang|sk|drak}} is far more common in this meaning; {{lang|sk|šarkan}} often means only "kite", especially a small one that is flown for fun and this term is far more common than {{lang|sk|drak}} in this meaning; for the "dragon kite", the term {{lang|sk|drak}} is still used almost exclusively){{Clarify|date=February 2020}} – Hungarian {{lang|hu|sárkány}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c3.hu/~nyelvor/period/1233/123306.htm|title=Magyar Nyelvőr – Pacsai Imre: Magyar–szlovák kulturális és nyelvi kapcsolat jegyei...|first=Pacsai|last=Imre|website=c3.hu}}</ref>
*"rumour": Slovak {{lang|sk|chýr}}, Hungarian {{lang|hu|hír}};
*"[[camel]]": Slovak {{lang|sk|ťava}}, Hungarian {{lang|hu|teve}};
*"ditch": Slovak {{lang|sk|jarok}}, Hungarian {{lang|hu|árok}};
*"glass": Slovak {{lang|sk|pohár}}, Hungarian {{lang|hu|pohár}};

== Sample text ==
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Slovak (latin script):

:''Všetci ľudia sa rodia slobodní a rovní v dôstojnosti aj právach. Sú obdarení rozumom a svedomím a majú sa k sebe správať v duchu bratstva.''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.amnesty.sk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/UDHRvSVK.pdf | title=Všeobecná deklarácia ľudských práv | language=sk | trans-title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights | publisher=Amnesty International Slovakia}}</ref>

Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in English:
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|website=un.org}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Slovak orthography]]
*[[Slovak phonology]]
*[[Slovak declension]]
*[[List of language regulators]] for a list of languages with a regulated standard variety

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Dudok |first=D. |title=Vznik a charakter slovenských nárečí v juhoslovanskej Vojvodine |volume=15 |pages=19–29 |year=1993 |trans-title=The emergence and character of the Slovak dialects in Yugoslav Vojvodina |series=Zborník spolku vojvodinských slovakistov |location=Nový Sad |publisher=Spolok vojvodinských slovakistov}}
* {{citation |last1=Hanulíková |first1=Adriana |title=Slovak |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=373–378 |year=2010 |url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf |doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162 |last2=Hamann |first2=Silke |doi-access=free}}
* {{citation |last=Kráľ |first=Ábel |title=Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti |year=1988 |location=Bratislava |publisher=Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo}}
* {{citation |last1=Musilová |first1=K. |last2=Sokolová |first2=M. |year=2004 |chapter=Funkčnost česko-slovenských kontaktových jevů v současnosti |trans-chapter=The functionality of Czech-Slovak contact phenomena in the present-time |editor-last1=Fiala |editor-first1=J. |editor-last2=Machala |editor-first2=L. |title=Studia Moravica I |series=AUPO, Facultas Philosophica Moravica |volume=1 |location=Olomouc |publisher=Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci |pages=133–146}}
* {{citation |last=Nábělková |first=M. |year=2003 |chapter=Súčasné kontexty slovensko-českej a česko-slovenskej medzijazykovosti |trans-chapter=Contemporary contexts of the Slovak-Czech and Czech-Slovak interlinguality |editor-last1=Pospíšil |editor-first1=I. |editor-last2=Zelenka |editor-first2=M. |title=Česko-slovenské vztahy v slovanských a středoevropských souvislostech (meziliterárnost a areál) |location=Brno |publisher=ÚS FF MU |pages=89–122}}
* {{citation |last1=Nábělková |first1=M. |year=2006 |chapter=V čom bližšie, v čom ďalej... Spisovná slovenčina vo vzťahu k spisovnej češtine a k obecnej češtine |trans-chapter=In what closer, in what further... Standard Slovak in relation to Standard Czech and Common Czech |editor-last1=Gladkova |editor-first1=H. |editor-last2=Cvrček |editor-first2=V. |title=Sociální aspekty spisovných jazyků slovanských |location=Praha |publisher=Euroslavica |pages=93–106}}
* {{citation |last=Nábělková |first=M. |year=2007 |doi=10.1515/IJSL.2007.004 |title=Closely related languages in contact: Czech, Slovak, "Czechoslovak" |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |issue=183 |pages=53–73}}
* {{citation |last=Nábělková |first=M. |year=2008 |title=Slovenčina a čeština v kontakte: Pokračovanie príbehu |trans-title=Slovak and Czech in Contact: Continuation of the Story |location=Bratislava |publisher=Veda |isbn=978-80-224-1060-1}}
* {{citation |last=Pavlík |first=Radoslav |title=Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda |journal=Jazykovedný časopis |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=87–109 |year=2004 |editor1-last=Bosák |editor1-first=Ján |trans-title=Slovak Speech Sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet |url=http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf |location=Bratislava |publisher=Slovak Academic Press, spol. s r. o. |language=sk |issn=0021-5597 |editor2-last=Petrufová |editor2-first=Magdaléna |trans-journal=The Linguistic Journal}}
* {{citation |last=Sloboda |first=M. |year=2004 |title=Slovensko-česká (semi)komunikace a vzájemná (ne)srozumitelnost |trans-title=Slovak-Czech (semi)communication and the mutual (un)intelligibility |journal=Čeština doma a ve světě |volume=12 |issue=3–4 |pages=208–220}}
* {{citation |last=Sokolová |first=M. |year=1995 |chapter=České kontaktové javy v slovenčine |trans-chapter=Czech contact phenomena in Slovak |editor-last1=Ondrejovič |editor-first1=S. |editor-last2=Šimková |editor-first2=M. |title=Sociolingvistické aspekty výskumu súčasnej slovenčiny |series=Sociolinguistica Slovaca |volume=1 |location=Bratislava |publisher=Veda |pages=188–206}}
* {{citation |last=Štolc |first=Jozef |year=1968 |title=Reč Slovákov v Juhoslávii I.: Zvuková a gramatická stavba |trans-title=The speech of the Slovaks in Yugoslavia: phonological and grammatical structure |location=Bratislava |publisher=Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied}}
* {{citation |last=Štolc |first=Jozef |year=1994 |title=Slovenská dialektológia |trans-title=Slovak dialectology |editor-first=I. |editor-last=Ripka |location=Bratislava |publisher=Veda}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Mistrík
|first=Jozef
|year=1988
|orig-year=First published 1982
|title=A Grammar of Contemporary Slovak
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
|location=Bratislava
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Pauliny
|first1=Eugen
|last2=Ru̇žička
|first2=Jozef
|last3=Štolc
|first3=Jozef
|title=Slovenská gramatika
|year=1968
|publisher=Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
}}
* {{citation
|last=Short
|first=David
|chapter=Slovak
|title=The Slavonic Languages
|editor1-last=Comrie
|editor1-first=Bernard
|editor2-last=Corbett
|editor2-first=Greville G.
|year=2002
|pages=533–592
|location=London and New York
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=9780415280785
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=sk}}
{{Wikivoyage|Slovak phrasebook|Slovak|a phrasebook}}
{{commons category|Slovak language}}
*[http://www.juls.savba.sk/english.html Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics – Slovak Academy of Sciences]
*[http://korpus.juls.savba.sk/index_en.html Slovak National Corpus]
*[http://slovniky.korpus.sk/?lang=en Slovak Monolingual Dictionaries]
*[http://slovake.eu/en/ Slovake.eu – Online Language Course]
*[http://slovniky.lingea.sk/ Online Translation Dictionaries]
*[http://www.e-slovak.sk/ E-Slovak – Online Language Course]
*[https://sites.google.com/site/marekhlavac/slovak_lessons_beginner_overview Slovak Language Lessons for Beginners]

{{Slovakia topics}}
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{{Languages of Hungary}}
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{{Languages of Serbia}}
{{Slavic languages}}
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