View source for Snaefell Mountain Railway

{{Short description|Mountain railway on the isle of Man}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name                            = Snaefell Mountain Railway
| native_name                     = 
| color                           = 
| logo                            = 
| logo_width                      = 
| image                           = Tram at the summit station - geograph.org.uk - 1925909.jpg
| image_width                     = 
| caption                         = Tram No. 4 at the summit
| type                            = 
| system                          = 
| status                          = 
| locale                          = 
| start                           = Laxey (Interchange) Station
| end                             = Snaefell Summit Station
| stations                        = 3
| routes                          = 
| daily_ridership                 = 
| open                            = 1895
| close                           = 
| owner                           = [[Department of Infrastructure (Isle of Man)|Department of Infrastructure]]
| operator                        = [[Isle of Man Transport|Isle of Man Heritage Railways]]
| character                       = 
| depot                           = Laxey (Snaefell) Depot
| stock                           = 
| linelength                      = {{convert|5.5|mi|km}}
| tracklength                     = {{convert|11.7|mi|km}}
| tracks                          = [[Double track|Double Track]] (right-hand traffic)
| gauge                           = {{Track gauge|3ft6in|lk=on}}
| maxincline                      = 1:12 (83.3 [[Per mille|‰]])
| racksystem                      = [[Fell mountain railway system|Fell System]]
| electrification                 = 550 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[Overhead line|Overhead Wire]]
| speed                           = 
| elevation                       = {{convert|2,036|ft|m}}.
| map                             = 
| map_name                        = Route diagram
| map_state                       = collapsed
}}

The '''Snaefell Mountain Railway''' is an electric [[mountain railway]] on the [[Isle of Man]] in Europe. It joins the village of [[Laxey]] with the summit of [[Snaefell]], at {{convert|2036|ft|m|0}} above [[sea level]] the highest point on the island. It connects with the [[Manx Electric Railway]] (MER) in Laxey. The line is {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} long, is built to {{RailGauge|3ft6in}} [[Rail gauge|gauge]] and uses a [[Fell Incline Railway System]] centre rail for braking on the steep gradients. It is electrified using [[Overhead lines|overhead wires]] at 550 [[volt]]s [[direct current]], with [[bow collector]]s.

==Operation==
[[File:Snaefell Mountain Railway car no 4 on mountain.jpg|thumb|Car No.4 Note Central "Fell" Rail.]]
The railway operates from March to early November,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.im/media/1354960/iom_railways_dl_2018_timetable_web.pdf|access-date=2018-09-25|title=Isle of Man Railways Timetable 2018|publisher=Isle of Man Railways|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073538/https://www.gov.im/media/1354960/iom_railways_dl_2018_timetable_web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> taking 30 minutes for a one-way journey. In winter the overhead wires on the exposed upper part of the route are dismantled to avoid damage from icing. All passenger traffic is carried in five wooden-bodied electric [[railcar]]s, built in 1895 and numbered 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6. Car 3 was destroyed in 2016. Car 5 was burned out in an accident in 1970 and its body is a replacement built in 1971 to a similar design. The cars were re-equipped in the late 1970s with new [[bogie]]s to a design based on the original, using motors and traction equipment from withdrawn [[Trams in Aachen|Aachen]] {{Interlanguage link|ASEAG 1001–1011|lt=trams|de|ASEAG 1001–1011}} built by [[Waggonfabrik Talbot]] in 1956. Because of the [[Break of gauge|different gauge]] and the centre rail, vehicles cannot inter-run between the railway and the {{Track gauge|3ft|lk=on}} gauge [[Manx Electric Railway|MER]]. Railway vehicles are occasionally worked to the MER workshops at [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] by swapping their bogies, and to aid this there is a [[dual gauge]] [[Rail siding|siding]] in Laxey. The railway is owned and operated by [[Isle of Man Transport|Isle of Man Heritage Railways]], a department of the [[Isle of Man Government]].

==History==
[[File:Snaefell with Snaefell Mountain Railway.jpg|thumb|right|Mountain view (tram in distance)]]
The line was originally surveyed by George Noble Fell, the son of [[John Barraclough Fell]] who invented the Fell system. This survey was for a steam-operated railway using the Fell centre rail for both propulsion and braking, and the scheme was approved by [[Tynwald]] in 1888 but not built. In 1895 the Snaefell Mountain Railway Association (SMRA) revived the plans, and adopted the route of the earlier survey. As the line was built entirely on land leased by the association there was no need for statutory powers, and the line was constructed very quickly and opened on 20 August 1895. During construction the line was laid as a mixed gauge route of both 3' and 3'6"; the line was built using the six coupled [[Manx Northern Railway]] 4/IMR15 Caledonia; the 3' third rail was temporarily reinstated for the centenary to allow Caledonia, now fitted with a hydraulic Fell brake, to return to the mountain propelling an MER saloon coach. The line was built from scratch as an electric railway without Fell traction equipment, relying on normal [[rail adhesion]] for propulsion up the steep gradients; however the cars are fitted with Fell braking equipment for use when descending.

In December 1895, the SMRA sold the line to the Isle of Man Tramways & Electric Power Co. Ltd (IoMT&EP), which owned the MER. Doubt was thrown on this transaction retrospectively after the later collapse of the IoMT&EP, when it was revealed that the SMRA was unregistered, and that most of the directors of the IoMT&EP were also members of the SMRA and had voted on the acquisition in contravention of that company's [[articles of association]]. The IoMT&EP went into [[liquidation]] in 1900 as a consequence of a banking collapse. The railway and the MER were sold by the [[liquidator (law)|liquidator]] to the newly-formed Manx Electric Railway Co. Ltd, which took over in 1902. By the late 1950s the company was in financial difficulties as well, and it was acquired by the Isle of Man Government in 1957.

==Stations==
{{:List of Isle of Man railway lines and locations|transcludesection=smr}}
{{Snaefell Mountain Railway RDT}}
The main station on the line is the interchange with the [[Manx Electric Railway]] at Laxey; the only intermediate stopping place on the line is at the Bungalow, at the mid-way position where the line crosses the Mountain Road ([[Roads in the Isle of Man|A18]]), part of the [[Snaefell Mountain Course]] used in the [[Isle of Man TT|TT races]]. During race periods, trams terminate on either side of the road and passengers cross over a footbridge.

Above Laxey station there is a spur leading to the depot where all the rolling stock is housed and maintained; this complex was completely rebuilt in the winter of 1994–95 and officially opened in readiness for the railway's centenary. Also in the depot is a smaller shed which houses the Air Ministry railcars used to access masts at the summit during the winter months, when the overhead lines are removed from the top section of the line to prevent frost damage.

==Rolling stock==

===Passenger===
[[File:Snaefel Mountain Railway Car No.2.jpg|thumb|right|Car No. 2 at [[Laxey railway station|Laxey Station]]]]
The railway operates with five of the original six identical tramcars, all built in 1895 by George F. Milnes & Co., and delivered in time for the line's opening that year. Of note is Car No. 5 which was severely damaged by a fire on 16 August 1970 and subsequently rebuilt locally, re-entering service in 1971.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marsden |first=Colin J. |title=ABC RAIL GUIDE 2020 |publisher=Crécy Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-910809-59-4 |location=[S.l.] |pages=309 |oclc=1145273811}}</ref> It was distinguished by having modern aluminium-framed "bus" type windows, but these were removed and wooden sliding ones refitted during a subsequent rebuild in 2003, when the tram became the first to carry the railway's name in [[Manx language|Manx]] along its side.

The current livery has been standard for over a century, save for a period upon nationalisation in 1957 when certain cars carried an unpopular green and white scheme. The original livery used until 1899 was a cream and [[Prussian blue]] scheme featuring "tramway" wording (rather than "railway" which has since been favoured). With the extensive rebuild of Car No. 1 commencing in 2011, this car was chosen to revert to the original colour scheme, complete with original wording. This was the first time a markedly different livery has been carried by any of the cars since the abolition of the short-lived nationalisation (green and white) colour scheme in 1962.

Until the addition of [[dynamic braking]] equipment on car roofs in 1970, knifeboard adverts were carried on the roof tops. Car No. 3 was totally destroyed in an incident on 30 March 2016, when it ran away from Summit station and derailed.<ref name="2016 runaway"/> The salvageable remains of the vehicle have been stored at the engineering works of the Manx Electric Railway, where it is expected that the car will eventually be rebuilt.<ref>Storage and planned rebuild cited on [https://manxelectricrailway.co.uk/snaefell/stocklist/motors/no-3/ Manx Electric Railway website].</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Key:
|In Service
|bgcolor=#98fb98|Undergoing Rebuild
|bgcolor=#87cefa|Destroyed
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Year
!Type
!Livery
!Status
|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1895
|align="center"|Vestibuled Saloon
|align="center"|Blue, White & Teak
|align="center"|In Service
|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|1895
|align="center"|Vestibuled Saloon
|align="center"|Red, White & Teak
|align="center"|In Service
|-
|-bgcolor=#87cefa
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|1895
|align="center"|Vestibuled Saloon
|align="center"|~
|align="center"|Destroyed
|-
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|1895
|align="center"|Vestibuled Saloon
|align="center"|Green, White & Teak
|align="center"|In Service
|-
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|1895
|align="center"|Vestibuled Saloon
|align="center"|Red, White & Teak
|align="center"|In Service
|-
|-bgcolor=#98fb98
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|1895
|align="center"|Vestibuled Saloon
|align="center"|~
|align="center"|Withdrawn for overhaul in 2017
|}

===Non-passenger car===
[[File:MER-Tram-34.jpg|thumb|right|Car No. 7 "Maria", as rebuilt]]
The seventh car built by the railway was a non-passenger car supplied at opening in 1895. It was based largely upon the passenger cars, but without seated closed accommodation. Numbered 7 in sequence with the other stock and nicknamed "Maria", it was used to convey coal from Laxey to the power station near the Bungalow, and traditionally borrowed traction bogies from other passenger vehicles as required. It latterly saw many years at the works depôt mounted on barrels until it became completely rotten and beyond saving. A replica was built in 1994 to take part in the [[International Railway Festival]] celebrating the line's centenary. This saw limited use on the line; later it was converted for use on the [[Manx Electric Railway]] and re-gauged to {{convert|3|ft|in|abbr=on}}. It was re-numbered as [[Manx Electric Car 34|Car No. 34]] on the "low road" (a colloquial name for the MER to differentiate it from the mountain line) before reverting to No.7 in 2025. It features a mounted diesel generator for self-propulsion when the overhead wires are down.
{| class="wikitable"
!Key:
|In Service
|bgcolor=#87cefa|Scrapped
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Built
!Builder
!Layout
!Livery
!Status
|-bgcolor=#87cefa
|align="center"|7 (i)
|align="center"|1896
|align="center"|[[G.F. Milnes & Co.|G.F. Milnes & Co., Ltd.]]
|align="center"|End Cabs & Open Wagon
|align="center"|Grey
|align="center"|Scrapped in 1995
|-
|align="center"|[[Manx Electric Car 34|7 (ii)]]
|align="center"|1994
|align="center"|[[Manx Electric Railway]]
|align="center"|End Cabs & Open Wagon
|align="center"|Grey
|align="center"|In regular (departmental) use
|}

===National Air Traffic Services===
[[File:SMR-CAA-car.jpg|thumb|right|Civil Aviation Railcar No. 4]]
There have been four different railcars on the line, all [[Wickham trolley]]s, starting with Air Ministry No. 1 which arrived in Air Force Blue livery, but was repainted into yellow and black (Civil Aviation Authority colours) in the 1960s; it has since been sold to a private owner and shipped to the UK in June 2007 for restoration. The second car also arrived in Air Force Blue livery, and was likewise repainted into yellow and black in the 1960s. The third trolley (built 1977) remains in service. The newest, No. 4, is currently in use by [[National Air Traffic Services]] (the successor of the Air Ministry and Civil Aviation Authority). The vehicles are used by crews travelling to maintain the aerial masts at the top of Snaefell mountain.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Works No.
!Fleet No.
!Builders
!Year Delivered
!Original Livery
!Status<br>{{when|date=June 2025}}
|-
|5864
|Air Ministry No.1
|rowspan=4|[[Wickham trolley|Wickham of Ware]]
|1951
|Teal Blue
|Awaiting restoration
|-
|7642
|C.A.A. No.2
|1957
|Teal Blue
|Unknown
|-
|10956
|C.A.A. No.3
|1977
|Teal Blue
|Operational
|-
|11730
|N.A.T.S. No.4
|1991
|Yellow / Black
|Undergoing overhaul
|}

===Other===
The railway also has a four-wheeled wagon used to carry supplies to the summit railway station, which has no road access; the wagon is ordinarily propelled in front of the first morning car which delivers the staff to the summit, and remains at the summit during the operational day, returning behind the last tram. It is occasionally used on service cars as part of special events, primarily for photographic purposes.

==Incidents==
[[File:Railway-osm-iom-mountain-bikemap.png|thumb]]
During the construction of the line in 1895, the steam locomotive "Caledonia" was being used to transport sleepers and rails up the line. Heading up the hill from [[Dumbell's Row Halt|Dumbell's Row]], the locomotive began to slip about 20 metres up the hill, crashing through a bakery and into a greengrocer's shop, causing significant damage to both properties. Neither property owners nor drivers were hurt.<ref name="1895 runawy">{{cite news |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000168/18950518/038/0005 |title=A Runaway Engine |work=Isle of Man Times |page=5 |date=18 May 1895 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

On Monday, 27 July 2009, a vehicle carrying a mechanical excavator came into contact with wires supplying traction power to the Snaefell Mountain Railway and the [[Manx Electric Railway]] at a crossing in Laxey, according to portal site Manx.net. There were no injuries. Police and MER electrical engineering crews were at the scene of the incident, the report also said. It did not indicate what damage had occurred as a result of the incident. Service resumed the next day after temporary repairs to the overhead lines, which were permanently repaired over the next couple of weeks.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

On 30 March 2016, the empty Car No. 3 suffered a runaway from the [[Snaefell Summit railway station|Summit]] and derailed just north of [[The Bungalow, Isle of Man|Bungalow station]].<ref name="2016 runaway">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/isle-of-man-news/run-away-mountain-tram-crash-drama-1-7824668|title=PICTURES: Runaway mountain tram crash drama|last=Darbyshire|first=Adrian|date=2016-03-30|website=www.iomtoday.co.im|publisher=Isle of Man Today|access-date=2018-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411061555/http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/isle-of-man-news/pictures-runaway-mountain-tram-crash-drama-1-7824668|archive-date=2016-04-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> No injuries were reported, but the 121-year old tramcar was totally destroyed in the incident. 30 passengers were left stranded at the Summit for a short time.<ref name="2016 runaway" />

On 4 August 2017, Car No. 2 suffered brake failure on the descent from the Summit to the Bungalow. The Isle of Man's Director of Public Transport, Ian Longworth, stated that the tram had sustained a loss of [[Dynamic braking|rheostatic]] braking due to an interruption in the overhead electricity supply which occurred when the bow current collector momentarily lost contact with the overhead wire. In this incident the crew attempted to apply the emergency Fell-rail brake, but were initially hampered in their attempts by a gap in the Fell-rail at a road crossing near the [[Bungalow railway station]]. The crew were eventually able to stop the vehicle when the tram returned to the Fell-rail section.<ref>'Terror on Tram'. ''Isle of Man Examiner'' 8–14 August 2017.</ref> Following the incident, the speed limit on the line was reduced from {{convert|12|mph|km/h}} to {{convert|8|mph|km/h}}. However, on 10 August, the Health and Safety at Work Inspectorate banned trams from operating following reports that trams were not adhering to the new speed limit.<ref name=IoMToday35371>{{cite web |url=http://www.iomtoday.co.im/article.cfm?id=35371&headline=Snaefell+Mountain+Railway+is+brought+to+a+halt&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2017 |title=Snaefell Mountain Railway is brought to a halt |first=Jackie |last=Turley |publisher=Tindle Newspapers Ltd |work=IoM Today |date=10 August 2017 |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> Services resumed on 30 March 2018 after modifications to the braking systems.<ref name=IoMToday39563>{{cite web |url=http://www.iomtoday.co.im/article.cfm?id=39563 |title=No trams today - but services will resume tomorrow. Update |first=Adrian |last=Darbyshire |publisher=Tindle Newspapers Ltd |work=IoM Today |date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Transport on the Isle of Man]]
*[[List of light-rail transit systems|List of light-rail/tram systems]]
*[[British narrow gauge railways]]

== References ==
<!--===Notes===-->
{{reflist}}
<!--
===Bibliography===-->
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|title=Manx Electric
|isbn=1-872524-52-4
|author=Goodwyn, Mike
|publisher=Platform 5 Publishing Ltd.
|year=1993
}}
*{{cite book|last=Heavyside|first=Tom|title=Douglas – Laxey – Ramsey: including the Groudle Glen Railway|series=Narrow Gauge Branch Lines series|date=2010|publisher=Middleton Press|location=Midhurst, West Sussex, UK|isbn=9781906008758}}
* {{cite book | last1=Hendry |first1=R Preston | last2=Hendry |first2=R Powell | year =1978 | title = Manx Electric Railway Album| publisher = Hillside Publishing Co.| location = Rugby| isbn = 0-9505933-0-3 }}
* Hendry, R. (1993) ''Rails in the Isle of Man: A Colour Celebration'', Midland Publishing Limited, {{ISBN|1-85780-009-5}}
* MERS Online (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070704132335/http://www.mers.org.im/mer.htm ''The Manx Electric Railway : Outline History''] www site, Manx Electric Railway Society [accessed 23 August 2004]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://manxelectricrailway.co.uk/snaefell/ Official website]
*[http://www.iombusandrail.info/ Isle of Man Transport]
*[http://www.mers.org.im/ Manx Electric Railway Society]
*[http://www.iomguide.com/mountainrailway.php Snaefell Mountain Railway]
*[https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20250710-a-vintage-ride-on-the-british-isles-only-electric-mountain-railway ''A vintage ride on the British Isles' only electric mountain railway''] (bbc.com 2025)

{{Heritage railways in the Isle of Man}}
{{Historic UK Trams}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|54.2502|-4.4317|scale:30000_region:IM_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Manx Electric Railway]]
[[Category:Heritage railways in the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Mountain railways]]
[[Category:3 ft 6 in gauge railways in the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1895]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 1895]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2016]]
[[Category:Railway lines in the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:National Transport Trust Red Wheel sites]]