View source for Solidarity Forever

{{Short description|Trade union anthem written in 1915}}
{{Infobox song
| name      = Solidarity Forever
| cover     =
| alt       =
| type      =
| written   = 1914–1915
| published =
| writer    =
| composer  = Traditional music
| lyricist  = [[Ralph Chaplin]]
}}

[[File:Anita willcox solidarity-forever-poster.jpg|thumb|Poster for [[League for Industrial Democracy]], designed by Anita Willcox during the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], showing solidarity with struggles of workers and poor in America]]
[[File:Solidarity at Recall Scott Walker Demonstration in WI.webm|thumb|A portion of the song being sung at a union election day gathering in [[Wisconsin]], United States]]

"'''Solidarity Forever'''" is a [[trade union]] anthem written in 1915 by [[Ralph Chaplin]] promoting the use of [[solidarity]] amongst workers through unions. It is sung to the tune of "[[John Brown's Body]]" and "[[The Battle Hymn of the Republic]]". Although it was written as a song for the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW), other union movements, such as the [[AFL–CIO]], have adopted the song as their own. The song has been performed by musicians such as [[Utah Phillips]], [[Pete Seeger]], and [[John Darnielle]]. It was redone by [[Emcee Lynx]] and [[The Nightwatchman]]. It is still commonly sung at union meetings and rallies in the [[United States]], [[Australia]], and [[Canada]], and has also been sung at conferences of the [[Australian Labor Party]] and the Canadian [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]]. This may have also inspired the hymn of the [[Consumers' co-operative|consumer cooperative]] movement, "[[The Battle Hymn of Cooperation]]", which is sung to the same tune.

It has been translated into several other languages, including [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antiwarsongs.org/canzone.php?lang=en&id=50284&all=1#agg262593|title=Antiwar Songs (AWS): Ralph Chaplin - Solidarity Forever|website=www.antiwarsongs.org}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
{{poemquote|When the union's inspiration through the workers' blood shall run,
There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun;
Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one,
But the union makes us strong.

{{small|'''Chorus:'''}}
Solidarity forever!
Solidarity forever!
Solidarity forever!
For the union makes us strong.

Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite,
Who would lash us into serfdom and would crush us with his might?
Is there anything left to us but to organize and fight?
For the union makes us strong.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

It is we who plowed the prairies; built the cities where they trade;
Dug the mines and built the workshops, endless miles of railroad laid;
Now we stand outcast and starving ’midst the wonders we have made;
But the union makes us strong.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

All the world that's owned by idle drones is ours and ours alone.
We have laid the wide foundations; built it skyward stone by stone.
It is ours, not to slave in, but to master and to own.
While the union makes us strong.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

They have taken untold millions that they never toiled to earn,
But without our brain and muscle not a single wheel can turn.
We can break their haughty power, gain our freedom when we learn
That the union makes us strong.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

In our hands is placed a power greater than their hoarded gold,
Greater than the might of armies, multiplied a thousand-fold.
We can bring to birth a new world from the ashes of the old
For the union makes us strong.}}

==Composition==
[[Ralph Chaplin]] began writing "Solidarity Forever" in 1913, while he was working as a journalist covering the [[Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912]] in [[Kanawha County, West Virginia]], having been inspired by the resolve and high spirits of the striking miners and their families who had endured the violent strike (which killed around 50 people on both sides) and had been living for a year in tents. He completed the song on January 15, 1915, in Chicago, on the date of a hunger demonstration{{what|date=May 2022}}. Chaplin was a dedicated [[Wobblies|Wobbly]], a writer at the time for ''Solidarity'', the official IWW publication in the eastern United States, and a cartoonist for the organization. He shared the analysis of the IWW, embodied in its famed "Preamble", printed inside the front cover of every ''[[Little Red Songbook]]''.<ref>Ralph Chaplin, ''Wobbly'' (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948), especially pp. 167–168.</ref>

The Preamble begins with a classic statement of [[Class analysis|a two-class analysis]] of [[capitalism]]: "The [[working class]] and the [[employing class]] have nothing in common." The [[class struggle]] will continue until the victory of the working class: "Between these two classes a [[Class struggle|struggle]] must go on until the workers of the world organize as a class, take possession of the earth and the [[Means of production|machinery of production]], and abolish the wage system." The Preamble denounces [[trade unions]] as incapable of coping with the power of the employing class. By negotiating contracts, the Preamble states, trade unions mislead workers by giving the impression that workers have interests in common with employers.<ref>''I.W.W. Songs'', reprint of the 19th edition (1923) of the "Little Red Song Book" (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co., 2003), inside front cover.  Chaplin, ''Wobbly'', p. 148, also has a clear copy of the Preamble.</ref>

The Preamble calls for workers to build an organization of all "members in any one industry, or in all industries". Although that sounds a lot like the [[industrial unionism]] developed by the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]], the IWW would oppose [[John L. Lewis]]' campaign to split from the [[American Federation of Labor]] and organize industrial unions in the 1930s. The Preamble explains, "Instead of the conservative motto, 'A fair day's wage for a fair day's work,' we must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary watchword, 'Abolition of the wage system.'{{-"}} The IWW embraced [[syndicalism]], and opposed participation in electoral politics: "by organizing industrially we are forming the structure of the [[new society within the shell of the old]]".<ref>''I.W.W. Songs'', reprint of the 19th edition (1923) of the "Little Red Song Book" (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co., 2003), inside front cover.</ref>

The outlook of the Preamble is embodied in "Solidarity Forever", which enunciates several elements of the IWW's analysis. The third stanza ("It is we who plowed the prairies") asserts the primacy of the role of workers in creating value. This is echoed in stanzas four and five, which provide ethical justification for the workers' claim to "all the world."<!-- The third stanza ("It is we who plowed the prairies") embodies a [[labor theory of value]], echoed in stanzas four and five, which provide ethical justification for the workers' claim to "all the world". This is an earlier version of the preceding sentence, commented out until it is sourced, for reasons explained on talk.--~~~~-->  The second stanza ("Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite") assumes the two antagonistic classes described in the Preamble.  The first and fifth stanzas provide the strategy for labor: union solidarity.  And the sixth stanza projects the outcome, a new world brought to birth "from the ashes of the old".

Chaplin was not pleased with the widespread popularity of "Solidarity Forever" in the labor movement. Late in his life, after he had become a voice opposing (State) [[Communists]] in the labor movement, Chaplin wrote an article, "Why I wrote Solidarity Forever", in which he denounced the "not-so-needy, not-so-worthy, so-called 'industrial unions' spawned by an era of compulsory unionism".  He wrote that among [[Wobblies]] "there is no one who does not look with a rather jaundiced eye upon the 'success' of 'Solidarity Forever.'{{-"}} "I didn't write 'Solidarity Forever' for ambitious politicians or for job-hungry labor [[Fakir|fakirs]] seeking a ride on the gravy train.… All of us deeply resent seeing a song that was uniquely our own used as a singing commercial for the soft-boiled type of post-[[Wagner Act]] industrial unionism that uses million-dollar slush funds to persuade their congressional office boys to do chores for them." He added, "I contend also that when the labor movement ceases to be a Cause and becomes a business, the end product can hardly be called progress."<ref>Ralph Chaplin, "Why I Wrote Solidarity Forever", ''American West'', January 1968, pp. 23, 24.</ref>

Despite Chaplin's misgivings, "Solidarity Forever" has retained a general appeal for the wider labor movement because of the continued applicability of its core message.  Some performers do not sing all six stanzas of "Solidarity Forever," typically dropping verses two ("Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite") and four ("All the world that's owned by idle drones is ours and ours alone"), thus leaving out the most radical material.<ref>An example is the Almanac Singers' cover on ''Talking Union and other Union Songs'', Folkways FH 5285 (1955), reissued by Smithsonian Folkways.  See also ''The People's Songbook'', ed. Waldemar Hill (Boni & Gaer, 1948) pp. 68-69.</ref>

==Modern additions==
Since the 1970s women have added verses to "Solidarity Forever" to reflect their concerns as union members.  One popular set of stanzas is:

:We're the women of the union and we sure know how to fight.
:We'll fight for women's issues and we'll fight for women's rights.
:A woman's work is never done from morning until night.
:Women make the union strong!
:(Chorus)

:It is we who wash the dishes, scrub the floors and clean the dirt,
:Feed the kids and send them off to school—and then we go to work,
:Where we work for half men's wages for a boss who likes to flirt.
:But the union makes us strong!
:(Chorus)<ref>"The Union Bug", (January–February 2004), of the United Staff Union, McFarland, WI. [http://www.usu-wisconsin.org/newsletters/UnionBugs/UnionBug_Jan_Feb2004.pdf usu-wisconsin.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163907/http://www.usu-wisconsin.org/newsletters/UnionBugs/UnionBug_Jan_Feb2004.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref>

A variation from Canada goes as follows:

:We're the women of the union in the forefront of the fight,
:We fight for women's issues, we fight for women's rights,
:We're prepared to fight for freedom, we're prepared to stand our ground,
:Women make the union strong.
:(Chorus)

:Through our sisters and our brothers, we can make our union strong,
:For respect and equal value we have done without too long,
:We no longer have to tolerate injustices and wrongs,
:For the union makes us strong.
:(Chorus)

:When racism in all of us is finally out and gone,
:Then the union movement will be twice as powerful and strong,
:For equality for everyone will move the cause along,
:For the union makes us strong.
:(Chorus)<ref>"Activities for Activists," Education Section of the Public Service Alliance of Canada, June 2004. [http://www.psac.com/what/education/documents/picket_Line_e.pdf psac.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032808/http://www.psac.com/what/education/documents/picket_Line_e.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

The centennial edition of the Little Red Songbook includes these two new verses credited to Steve Suffet:

:They say our day is over; they say our time is through,
:They say you need no union if your collar isn't blue,
:Well that is just another lie the boss is telling you,
:For the Union makes us strong!
:(Chorus)

:They divide us by our color; they divide us by our tongue,
:They divide us men and women; they divide us old and young,
:But they'll tremble at our voices, when they hear these verses sung,
:For the Union makes us strong!
:(Chorus)<ref>''Songs of the Workers to Fan the Flames of Discontent: The Little Red Songbook'', Limited Centenary Concert Edition (IWW, June 2005), pp. 4–5.</ref>
[[Pete Seeger|Pete Seeger's]] adaptation of the song removes the second and fourth verses and rewrites the final verse as:

:In our hands is placed a power greater than their hoarded gold
:Greater than the might of atoms, magnified a thousand fold,
:We can bring to birth a new world from the ashes of the old,
:For the union makes us strong.
:(Chorus)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pete Seeger - Solidarity Forever Lyrics {{!}} Lyrics.com|url=https://www.lyrics.com/lyric/9055634/Pete+Seeger/Solidarity+Forever|access-date=2021-09-06|website=www.lyrics.com}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:Solidarity forever.jpg|thumb|[[Anarchist]] banner protest reading "Solidarity forever" in three languages, in [[Portland, Oregon]], United States]]

"Solidarity Forever" is featured in the 2014 film ''[[Pride (2014 film)|Pride]]'' in which London organisation [[Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners]] collect funds to support the [[miner]]s of a [[Wales|Welsh]] village during the [[UK miners' strike (1984–85)|1984–1985 UK miners' strike]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pride Soundtrack |url=http://soundtrack.pridemovie.co.uk |publisher=Universal Music Operations Limited |access-date=17 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008210222/http://soundtrack.pridemovie.co.uk/ |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>

The [[Little Red Songbook]] by the IWW includes a satire reversion of Solidarity Forever, retitled ''Aristocracy Forever''; mocking the adoption of the song by the AFL-CIO.

==See also==
* {{Portal-inline|Organized labour}}
* [[Industrial Workers of the World]]
* ''[[Little Red Songbook]]''
* [[Union organizer]]
* [[List of socialist songs]]
{{-}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* ''I.W.W. Songs: To Fan the Flames of Discontent'', a facsimile reprint of the 19th edition (1923) of the ''Little Red Song Book'' (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co., 2003).
* ''Songs of the Workers To Fan the Flames of Discontent: The Little Red Songbook'', Limited Centenary Concert Edition (IWW, June 2005).
* Ralph Chaplin, ''Wobbly: The Rough-and-Tumble Story of an American Radical'' (The University of Chicago Press, 1948), ch. 15, pp.&nbsp;162–171.
* Ralph Chaplin, "Confessions of a Radical," two-part article in ''Empire Magazine'' of the ''Denver Post'', Feb. 17, 1957, pp.&nbsp;12–13, and Feb. 24, 1957, pp.&nbsp;10–11.
* Ralph Chaplin, "Why I Wrote Solidarity Forever," ''American West'', vol. 5, no. 1 (January 1968), 18–27, 73.
* ''[[Rise Up Singing]]'' page 218. Includes [[United Farm Workers]] lyrics in Spanish.

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCnEAH5wCzo Solidarity Forever] [[Pete Seger]] [[YouTube]]
*[[Pete Seger]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyMmv8LqCmY Solidarity Forever]  Solidarity Forever - Hudson Valley Area Labor Federation - March 2011 YouTube

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1915 songs]]
[[Category:Industrial Workers of the World culture]]
[[Category:Labor relations]]
[[Category:Trade union songs]]
[[Category:Socialist songs]]
[[Category:1915 in the United States]]