View source for Sophia of Hanover

{{Short description|Electress of Hanover from 1692 to 1698}}
{{Distinguish|Sophia Charlotte of Hanover|Sophia Dorothea of Hanover}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort      = yes
| name         = Sophia 
| image        = Gerrit van Honthorst (c.1590-1592-1656) - Electress Sophia (1630–1714), Princess Palatine, Consort of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover - 493063 - National Trust.jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Gerard van Honthorst]], 1650
| succession   = [[Electress consort of Hanover]]
| reign        = 19 December 1692 – {{nowrap|23 January 1698}}
| succession1  = [[Duchess consort of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
| reign1       = 18 December 1679 – {{nowrap|23 January 1698}}
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1630|10|14|df=yes}}
| birth_name   = Princess Sophia of the Palatinate
| birth_place  = [[The Hague]], [[Dutch Republic]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1714|6|8|1630|10|14|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Herrenhausen Gardens]], [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]]
| burial_date  = 9 June 1714<ref name=sloan>{{cite web|url=http://www.anusha.com/pafg749.htm#25719|title=Sam Sloan's Big Combined Family Trees - pafg749 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File|website=anusha.com}}</ref>
| burial_place = [[Leineschloss|Leine Palace]], [[Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Hanover]]; <br /> 1957 <br /> [[Herrenhausen Palace]], Hanover
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover]]|1658|1698|end=d}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*[[George I of Great Britain]]
*[[Maximilian William of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Prince Maximilian William of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
*[[Sophia Charlotte of Hanover|Sophia Charlotte, Queen of Prussia]]
*[[Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany|Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany]]}}
| issue-link   = #Issue
| issue-pipe   = more...
| house        = [[House of Palatinate-Simmern|Palatinate-Simmern]]<br/>([[Cadet branch]] of [[House of Wittelsbach|Wittelsbach]])
| father       = [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine]]
| mother       = [[Elizabeth of Bohemia|Elizabeth Stuart]]
| religion     = [[Calvinism]]
| signature    = Signature of Sophia of Hanover.svg
}}

'''Sophia''' ({{Langx|de|Sophie}}, {{IPA|de|zoˈfiː|}}; {{OldStyleDate|14 October|1630|3 October}} – {{OldStyleDate|8 June|1714|28 May}}) was [[Electress of Hanover]] from 1692 to 1698 as the consort of [[Prince-Elector Ernest Augustus]]. She was later the [[heiress presumptive]] to the thrones of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (later [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]) and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] under the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], as she was the granddaughter of King [[James VI and I]]. Sophia died less than two months before she would have become Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. Consequently, her son [[George I of Great Britain|George]] succeeded her first cousin once removed, [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]], to the British throne. The succession to the throne has since been composed entirely of, and legally defined as, Sophia's legitimate and [[Protestant]] descendants.

Sophia was born in [[The Hague]] to [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine|Frederick V]], formerly [[Elector Palatine]] and [[King of Bohemia]], and [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Elizabeth (Stuart)]], daughter of King James VI and I. She grew up in the [[Dutch Republic]], where her family had sought refuge after the sequestration of their [[Electoral Palatinate|Electorate]] during the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Sophia's brother [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine|Charles Louis]] was restored as elector in the Palatinate as part of the [[Peace of Westphalia]]. During this time, the English [[House of Stuart|Stuarts]] also went into exile and Sophia was courted by her cousin, [[Charles II of England]]. 

Sophia instead married Prince Ernest Augustus, her third cousin, in 1658. Despite his temper and frequent absences, Sophia loved him and bore him seven children who survived to adulthood. Born a landless [[cadet (genealogy)|cadet]], Ernest Augustus succeeded in having the [[House of Hanover]] raised to electoral dignity in 1692. As a result, Princess Sophia became Electress of Hanover, the title by which she is best remembered. A patron of the arts, Sophia commissioned [[Herrenhausen Palace]] and its [[Herrenhausen Gardens|gardens]] and sponsored philosophers, such as [[Gottfried Leibniz]] and [[John Toland]].

== Early life ==
[[File:Sophia of Hanover.jpg|thumb|200px|Portrait of Sophia, Princess Palatine, 1641]]

The twelfth<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/sophia-hanover-dies|title = Sophia of Hanover Dies &#124; History Today}}</ref> child and fifth daughter of [[Frederick V of the Palatinate]] and [[Elizabeth Stuart (1596–1662)|Elizabeth Stuart]], also known as the "Winter King and Queen of Bohemia" for their short rule in that country, Sophia was born in The Wassenaer Hof, [[The Hague]], [[Dutch Republic]], where her parents had fled into exile after the [[Battle of White Mountain]]. Through her mother, she was the granddaughter of [[James VI and I]], king of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of England|England]] in a [[Union of the Crowns|personal union]].<ref>Uglow, p 20.</ref> At birth, Sophia was granted an annuity of 40 [[thaler]]s by the Estates of [[Friesland]]. Sophia was courted by her first cousin, [[Charles II of England]], but she rebuffed his advances as she thought he was using her in order to get money from her mother's supporter, [[William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)|Lord William Craven]].<ref>Dirk van der Cruysse, ''Sophie de Hanovre, mémoires et lettres de voyage'', Paris, Fayard, 1990; J.N. Duggan, ''Sophia of Hanover: From Winter Princess to Heiress of Great Britain'', London, Peter Owen, 2010</ref>

Additionally, Sophia's birth was accompanied by the death of her eldest brother, [[Frederick Henry, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate]], who died by drowning. <ref> {{cite book |last1=Duggan |first1=Josephine |title=Sophia of Hanover : from Winter Princess to heiress of Great britain, 1630-1714 |date=2009 |publisher=London, UK ; Chester Springs, PA : Peter Owen |isbn=9780720613421 0720613426 |url=https://archive.org/details/sophiaofhanoverf0000dugg/page/28/mode/2up |access-date=9 November 2025}}</ref>

== Marriage ==
[[File:Sophie von der Pfalz als Indianerin.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Sophia, dressed as an indigenous American. Painted by her sister (circa 1644), [[Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate]]]]
Before her marriage, Sophia, as the daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, was referred to as Sophie, Princess Palatine of the Rhine, or as Sophia of the Palatinate. The [[Prince-elector|Electors]] of the [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]] were the [[Calvinist]] senior branch of [[House of Wittelsbach]], whose Catholic branch ruled the [[Electorate of Bavaria]].

On 30 September 1658, she married [[Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], at [[Heidelberg]], who in 1692 became the first [[prince-elector|Elector]] of [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]].<ref name=Cavendish>{{cite web| url = https://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/sophia-hanover-dies| title = Cavendish, Richard. "Sophia of Hanover Dies", ''History Today'', Vol. 64 Issue 6, June 2014}}</ref> Ernest Augustus was a second cousin of Sophia's mother [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia]], as they were both great-grandchildren of [[Christian III of Denmark]].

Sophia became a friend and admirer of [[Gottfried Leibniz]] while he was librarian at the Court of Hanover.<ref name=Cavendish/> Their friendship lasted from 1676 until her death in 1714. This friendship resulted in a substantial correspondence, first published in the 19th century (Klopp 1973), that reveals Sophia to have been a woman of exceptional intellectual ability and curiosity. She was well-read in the works of [[René Descartes]] and [[Baruch Spinoza]]. Together with Ernest Augustus she greatly improved the [[Herrenhausen Palace]], and she was the guiding spirit in the creation of the [[Herrenhausen Gardens]] surrounding the palace, where she died.

In 1680, during another long visit to Italy by her husband, Sophia wrote her memories of her first fifty-years of life.

===Letters===
Sophia was an amazing writer renowned across Europe for her intellect. She is placed among [[Madame de chroniclers|Madame de Sevigne]] and [[Cardinal de Retz]] as chroniclers of history in royal and princely courts. 

She first sat down to write her memoirs when she was fifty, around when some of her family had died, most notably, her brother and sister, Karl-Ludwig and [[Elisabeth of the Palatinate]], as therapy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duggan |first1=Josephine |title=Sophia of Hanover: from Winter Princess to heiress of Great britain, 1630-1714 |date=2009 |publisher=London, UK; Chester Springs, PA: Peter Owen |isbn=9780720613421 0720613426 |pages=244 |url=https://archive.org/details/sophiaofhanoverf0000dugg/page/24/mode/2up |access-date=9 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Issue ===
Sophia had seven children who reached adulthood:
[[File:Jacobite broadside - Electress Sophia and her daughter.jpg|thumb|upright|Electress Sophia and her daughter]]
* [[George I of Great Britain|George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland]] (7 June 1660 – 22 June 1727)
*[[Frederick Augustus (1661-1690)|Frederick Augustus]] (3 October 1661 – 10 June 1691), Imperial General
* Stillborn twin sons (February 1664 – February 1664)
* [[Maximilian William of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] (13 December 1666 – 27 June 1726), [[field marshal]] in the Imperial Army
* Stillborn son (13 December 1666 – 13 December 1666)
* [[Sophia Charlotte of Hanover|Sophia Charlotte]] (2 October 1668 – 21 January 1705), [[Queen in Prussia]]
* Charles Philip of Brunswick-Lüneburg (13 October 1669 – 1 January 1690), colonel in the Imperial Army
* Christian Henry of Brunswick-Lüneburg (29 September 1671 – 31 July 1703)
* [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany|Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of York and Albany]] (7 September 1674 – 14 August 1728), became [[prince-bishop of Osnabrück]]

Three of her sons were killed in battle.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 11th ed. (1911), vol. 25</ref>

Sophia was absent for almost a year, 1664–65, during a long holiday with Ernest Augustus in Italy. She corresponded regularly with her sons' governess and took a great interest in her sons' upbringing, even more so on her return.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Dirk |last=van der Cruysse |title=Sophie de Hanovre: mémoires et lettres de voyage}}; {{cite book |last=Hatton |first=Ragnhild |author-link=Ragnhild Hatton |title=George I: Elector and King |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |year=1978 |pages=26–28 |isbn=0-500-25060-X}}</ref> After Sophia's tour, she bore Ernest Augustus another four sons and a daughter. In her letters, Sophia describes her eldest son as a responsible, conscientious child who set an example to his younger brothers and sisters.<ref name="p29">Hatton, p. 29</ref>

Sophia was, at first, against the marriage of her son George and [[Sophia Dorothea of Celle]], looking down on Sophia Dorothea's mother [[Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse]] (who was not of royal birth and to whom Sophia referred as "mouse dirt mixed among the pepper") and concerned by Sophia Dorothea's legitimated status, but was eventually won over by the financial advantages inherent in the marriage.<ref>Hatton, pp. 36, 42</ref>

== Heiress presumptive ==
In September 1700, Sophia met her cousin [[William III of England|King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland]] at [[Het Loo Palace]] in [[Apeldoorn]], Netherlands. This happened two months after the death of his nephew [[Prince William, Duke of Gloucester]], son of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Princess Anne of Denmark]] (the future Queen Anne). By this time, given the ailing William III's reluctance to remarry, the inclusion of Sophia in the line of succession was becoming more likely<ref>{{Cite book |last=Horwitz |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/parliamentpolicy0000horw_o2j8/page/276 |title=Parliament, policy, and politics in the reign of William III |publisher=Manchester University Press ND |year=1977 |isbn=0-7190-0661-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/parliamentpolicy0000horw_o2j8/page/276 276] |url-access=registration}}</ref> because she was a [[Protestant]], as was her son. Her candidature was aided by the fact that she had grown up in the Netherlands close to William III and was able to converse fluently with him in [[Dutch language|Dutch]], his native tongue.
[[File:Kurfuerstin Sophie.JPG|thumb|upright|right|Sophia as dowager Electress of Hanover, around the time she was proclaimed heir presumptive of the British crown.]]
A year after their meeting, the [[Parliament of England]] passed the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], which declared that in the event of no legitimate issue from Anne or William III, the crowns of England and Ireland were to settle upon "the most excellent princess Sophia, electress and duchess-dowager of Hanover" and "the heirs of her body, being Protestant". Scotland being a separate state in international law at the time, this did not mean she would also succeed Anne as queen of Scotland, which led to a succession crisis and eventually to the Treaty of Union between Scotland and England in 1706/07.

The key excerpt from the Act, naming Sophia as heir presumptive, reads:

{{Blockquote|Therefore for a further Provision of the Succession of the Crown in the Protestant Line We Your Majesties most dutifull and Loyall Subjects the [[Lords Spiritual]]l and [[Lords Temporal]]l and Commons in this present Parliament assembled do beseech Your Majesty that it may be enacted and declared and be it enacted and declared by the Kings most Excellent Majesty by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons in this present Parliament assembled and by the Authority of the same That the most Excellent Princess Sophia Electress and Dutchess Dowager of Hannover Daughter of the most Excellent Princess Elizabeth late Queen of Bohemia Daughter of our late Sovereign Lord King James the First of happy Memory be and is hereby declared to be the next in Succession in the Protestant Line to the Imperiall Crown and Dignity of the forsaid Realms of England France and Ireland with the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging after His Majesty and the Princess Anne of Denmark and in Default of Issue of the said Princess Anne and of His Majesty respectively.}}

Sophia was made next in line to cut off a claim by the Catholic [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], who would have become James III and VIII, and to deny the throne to the many other Roman Catholics and spouses of Roman Catholics who held a claim. The act restricts the British throne to the "Protestant heirs" of Sophia of Hanover who had never been Roman Catholic, or married a Roman Catholic. In 1711, the [[General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]] recommended that its congregations pray regularly "for the Princess Sophia, Electoress and Duchess Dowager of Hanover, and the Protestant line in that family, upon whom the succession to the crown of these dominions is by law established".<ref>{{cite web |title=Acts: 1711 Pages 450-459 Acts of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1638-1842. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/church-scotland-records/acts/1638-1842/pp450-459 |website=British History Online |publisher=Edinburgh Printing & Publishing Co, Edinburgh, 1843. |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

Some British politicians attempted several times to bring Sophia to England in order to enable her to assume government immediately in the event of Anne's death. It was argued that such a course was necessary to ensure Sophia's succession, for Anne's Roman Catholic half-brother was significantly closer to [[London]] than was Sophia. The Electress was eager to move to London,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharpe |first=Kevin |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringrevolu0000unse/page/59 |title=Refiguring revolutions: aesthetics and politics from the English revolution to the Romantic revolution |publisher=University of California Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-520-20920-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/refiguringrevolu0000unse/page/59 59]}}</ref> but the proposal was denied, as such action would mortally offend Anne, who was strongly opposed to a rival court in her kingdom. Anne might have been aware that Sophia, who was active and lively despite her old age, could cut a better figure than herself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sachse |first=William Lewis |title=Lord Somers: a political portrait |publisher=Manchester University Press ND |year=1975 |isbn=0-7190-0604-X |pages=236}}</ref> Sophia was completely uncertain of what would happen after Anne's death, saying: "What Parliament does one day, it undoes the next."<ref name="p309">Sachse, p. 309</ref>

When the law was passed in mid-1701, Sophia at age 70, five of her children from ages 35 to 41, and three legitimate grandchildren from ages 14 to 18, were alive. Although Sophia was 35 years older than Anne, she was very fit and healthy, and invested time and energy in securing the succession either for herself or her son.<ref>Hatton, pp. 75–76</ref> There are more than 5,000 legitimate descendants of Sophia, although not all are in the [[Succession to the British throne#Current line of succession|line of succession]]. The [[Sophia Naturalization Act 1705]] ([[4 & 5 Ann.]] c. 16) granted the right of British (or more correctly English, as [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] only came into existence in 1707) nationality to Sophia's non-Roman Catholic descendants;<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Picknett |first1=Lynn |last2=Prince |first2=Clive |last3=Prior |first3=Stephen |last4=Brydon |first4=Robert |date=2002 |title=War of the Windsors: A Century of Unconstitutional Monarchy |page=206 |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |isbn=9781840186314}}; {{Cite web |title=Prince Ernest of Hanover v. Attorney General (1955-1957) |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/Hanover_case.htm |website=heraldica.org}}</ref> those who had obtained the right to [[British citizenship]] via this Act at any time before its [[repeal]] by the [[British Nationality Act 1948]] retain this lawful right today.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Ned |date=9 June 2021 |title=The UK is still handing passports to the descendants of a 17th Century German aristocrat |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2018/05/uk-still-handing-passports-descendants-17th-century-german-aristocrat |website=New Statesman}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
[[File:Unbekannt, Maison de Plaisir d'Herrenhausen, c1708..jpg|thumb|[[Herrenhausen Gardens|Summer Palace of Herrenhausen]] and the Great Garden, ca 1708]]
[[File:Welfs mausoleum Berggarten Herrenhausen Hannover Germany.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of King [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus I]] in the Berggarten of Herrenhausen Gardens, into which the remains of Sophia were removed in 1957, from their original burial site in the chapel of [[Leineschloss|Leine Palace]], Hanover]]
Although considerably older than Queen [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]], Sophia enjoyed much better health. According to the Countess of Bückeburg in a letter to Sophia's niece, the [[Raugraves|Raugravine]] Luise,<ref>J. N. Duggan, Chapter 13</ref> on 5 June 1714 Sophia felt ill after receiving an angry letter from Queen Anne. Three days later, on 8 June, she was walking in the [[Herrenhausen Gardens|gardens of Herrenhausen]] when she ran to shelter from a sudden downpour of rain and collapsed and died in the arms of her granddaughter-in-law [[Caroline of Ansbach]], Electoral Princess of Hanover. Sophia was 83, a very advanced age for the era.<ref name="ODNB">[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37994?docPos=3] The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</ref> Queen Anne died less than two months later on 1 August 1714 at the age of 49. Had Sophia survived Anne, she would have been the oldest person to [[Succession to the British throne|ascend the British throne]].

Upon Sophia's death, her eldest son Elector [[George I of Great Britain|George Louis of Hanover]] (1660–1727) became [[heir presumptive]] in her place and within two months succeeded Anne as George I of Great Britain. Sophia's daughter [[Sophia Charlotte of Hanover]] (1668–1705) married [[Frederick I of Prussia]], from whom the later Prussian and German monarchs descend.

Sophia was buried in the chapel of [[Leineschloss|Leine Palace]] in Hanover, as were her husband and their son George I. After the destruction of the palace and its chapel during World War II by [[Bombing of Hanover in World War II|Allied aerial raids]], their remains were moved into the mausoleum of King [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus I]] in the Berggarten of Herrenhausen Gardens in 1957.
{{-}}

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Sophia, Electress of Hanover'''
|2= 2. [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine]]
|3= 3. [[Elizabeth of Bohemia|Elizabeth Stuart]]
|4= 4. [[Frederick IV, Elector Palatine]]
|5= 5. [[Louise Juliana of Nassau]]
|6= 6. [[James VI and I|James VI of Scotland and I of England]]
|7= 7. [[Anne of Denmark]]
|8= 8. [[Louis VI, Elector Palatine]]
|9= 9. [[Elisabeth of Hesse]]
|10= 10. [[William the Silent|William I, Prince of Orange]]
|11= 11. [[Charlotte of Bourbon]]
|12= 12. [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]
|13= 13. [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]
|14= 14. [[Frederick II of Denmark]]
|15= 15. [[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]]
}}
{{Stuart to Hanover family tree}}

== Works ==
* ''Memoirs of Sophia, Electress of Hanover 1630-1680'', translated by H. Forester (London, 1888)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book|last=Hatton|first=Ragnhild|author-link=Ragnhild Hatton|title=George I: Elector and King|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|year=1978|isbn=0-500-25060-X}}
* Israel, Johnathan I. Radical Enlightenment. [[Oxford University Press]], 2001, 84.

== Further reading ==
* Duggan, J. N., ''Sophia of Hanover, From Winter Princess to Heiress of Great Britain''; London, Peter Owen, 2010
* Klopp, Onno (ed.), ''Correspondance de Leibniz avec l'électrice Sophie''. Hanover, 1864–1875
* Van der Cruysse, Dirk; ''Sophie de Hanovre, memoires et lettres de voyage''; Paris, Fayard, 1990
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sophia |short=x}}

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{{S-bef|before=[[Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate]]}}
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{{Royal consorts of Hanover}}
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[[Category:Sophia of Hanover| ]]
[[Category:1630 births]]
[[Category:1714 deaths]]
[[Category:Princesses of the Palatinate]]
[[Category:Nobility from The Hague]]
[[Category:House of Palatinate-Simmern]]
[[Category:17th-century Dutch people]]
[[Category:House of Stuart]]
[[Category:House of Hanover]]
[[Category:Heirs presumptive to the English throne]]
[[Category:Heirs presumptive to the British throne]]
[[Category:Burials at Berggarten Mausoleum, Herrenhausen (Hanover)]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
[[Category:Electresses of Hanover]]

[[Category:Patrons of the arts from the Holy Roman Empire]]

[[Category:Mothers of British monarchs]]
[[Category:Children of Frederick V of the Palatinate]]
[[Category:Daughters of prince-electors]]