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{{About||the French film titled ''Souterrain''|Underground (2020 film)}}
{{short description|Underground structure associated mainly with the Atlantic Iron Age}}
[[File:Neolithic souterrain Canna Island.jpg|thumb|Souterrain on [[Canna, Scotland|Canna]] in the [[Hebrides]]]]
[[Image:Killaltarpanojpg.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Panoramic view of a souterrain contemporary with a ringfort dating to around 700&nbsp;AD, built within a much earlier barrow cemetery, in County Armagh, Northern Ireland]]
'''''Souterrain''''' (from French ''{{interlanguage link|sous terrain|fr|souterrain}}''), meaning "subterrain", is a name given by [[archaeologist]]s to a type of underground structure associated mainly with the European Atlantic [[Iron Age]].

These structures appear to have been brought northwards from [[Gaul]] during the late Iron Age. Regional names include [[earth house]]s, [[fogou]]s and [[Pict]]ish houses. The term ''souterrain'' has been used as a distinct term from ''fogou'' meaning 'cave'.<ref>Crawford, O. G. S. (1959). ''Antiquity: A Quarterly Review of Archaeology''. Antiquity Publications.</ref> In [[Cornwall]] the regional name of ''fogou'' ([[Cornish language|Cornish]] for 'cave') is applied to souterrain structures.<ref>Thomas, C. (1965). ''Rural Settlement in Roman Britain: Papers Given at a C.B.A. Conference Held at St. Hugh's College, Oxford'', January&nbsp;1&ndash;3, Council for British Archaeology, St. Hugh's College (University of Oxford), 1966, 130&nbsp;pages</ref><ref>''Prehistoric Communities of the British Isles'', 1971, Greenwood Press, 274&nbsp;pages</ref> The design of underground structures has been shown to differ among regions; for example, in western Cornwall the design and function of the fogou appears to correlate with a larder use.<ref>Thomas, C. (1972). ''Souterrains in the Sea Province''. C.B.A. Research Report&nbsp;9</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''souterrain'' comes from the [[French language]] (''sous-terrain'' or ''souterrain''), in which it means "underground passageway" or refers to [[Subterranea (geography)|subterranea]] in general. In languages other than English, it is sometimes used to mean "[[basement]]", especially in warehouses, or [[semi-basement]].

== Construction and suggested purpose ==
[[File:Earth house Kildrummy Anderson 1883 scotlandinpagant00andeiala 0314.jpg|thumb|Plan and sections of an earth-house at [[Kildrummy]], Aberdeenshire]]
Souterrains are underground galleries and, in their early stages, were always associated with a settlement. The galleries were dug out and then lined with stone slabs or wood before being reburied. In cases where they were cut into rock this was not always necessary. They do not appear to have been used for burial or ritual purposes and it has been suggested that they were food stores or hiding places during times of strife, although some of them would have had very obvious entrances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022 |title=The Cracknie Souterrain in Scotland's Borgie Forest., mapped as a 3D point cloud |work=Forestry and Land Scotland |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zm2TS7m41-w&t=105s}}</ref>

==Examples==
=== Brechin ===
An example of a wood-lined Iron Age souterrain with a possible water tank was excavated in 2016 at Brechin Farm, [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]] by [[Headland Archaeology]]. It was {{convert|15|m|ft|round=5|abbr=off}} in total length and was constructed in a 'C' shape with two distinct chambers. A linear ditch was located immediately adjacent to the souterrain and was connected to the southwest chamber by a tunnel. This tunnel sloped gently downwards towards the chamber and its edges were iron-panned, indicating that water had run through it for a significant amount of time. This indicates the southwest chamber was used as some kind of water collection and storage system. The soil into which the souterrain was dug was soft sand that would have been impossible to maintain without a lining; the presence of stake holes along the edge of the northeast chamber and the lack of stones means that the walls would have been wood-lined. Radiocarbon dating suggests occupation between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ginnever|first1=Matthew|title=An Iron Age settlement and souterrain at Dubton Farm East, Brechin, Angus|journal=Tayside and Fife Archaeological Journal|date=2017|volume=23|page=1-12|url=http://www.tafac.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/p1-12-Ginnever.pdf}}</ref>

=== Rosal ===
An example of an excavated souterrain is the site at [[Rosal, Sutherland|Rosal]], [[Strathnaver]], [[Sutherland]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corcoran |first=John |date=30 November 1969 |title=The souterrain at Rosal, Strath Naver, Sutherland |url=https://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/view/8727 |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |language=en |volume=100 |pages=114–118 |doi=10.9750/PSAS.100.114.118 |issn=2056-743X}}</ref> In this excavation, no [[Artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] or other finds were made inside the structure and the roof may have been only partially covered with stones, a timber roof being present on part of it. It was suggested that the souterrain could have been used as a [[byre]] or barn and it was associated with an abandoned settlement.

=== Castle Bloody ===
An example of a partially explored souterrain in northern [[Scotland]], on [[Shapinsay]] in the [[Orkney Islands]] is [[Castle Bloody]], situated near the seacoast.<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17936 Hogan, C. M. (2007). Castle Bloody, In ''The Megalithic Portal'', (Ed.) Burnham, A. 2007 Nov&nbsp;6],</ref> Another example has been excavated in Perthshire near [[Alyth]].<ref>Coleman, R. & Hunter, F. (2002). The excavation of a souterrain at Shanzie Farm, Alyth, Perthshire. ''Tayside and Fife Archaeological Journal'', '''''8''''', 77&ndash;101.</ref>

In Scotland some souterrains may be connected with the same people who built [[broch]]s.

=== Newtownbalregan ===
A well-illustrated account of a souterrain excavated at Newtownbalregan, [[County Louth]], one of the many souterrains discovered during a road-building project in Ireland, may be found in ''Archaeology Ireland'' Winter 2003 issue.<ref>Bailey, D. & Roycroft, N. (2003). Souterrain City. ''Archaeology Ireland'', '''''66''''', 24&ndash;27.</ref>

=== Farrandreg ===
A full report on the excavation of a three-level souterrain at Farrandreg, County Louth, in 1998 gives references for the 14 souterrains previously excavated in this souterrain-rich county.<ref>Murphy, D. (1998). Archaeological excavation of a souterrain at Farrandreg, Dundalk, County Louth, ''County Louth Archaeological and Historical Journal'', '''''24'''''&nbsp;(2), 261&ndash;280.</ref> Finds included a rotary [[quern-stone]] (a grinding stone), a bone comb, a copper-alloy stick pin, three bone needles and the greater part of a tub-shaped pottery vessel in ‘Souterrain ware.’ Based on the finds, the excavator concluded the souterrain had been closed up in the 12th century.

=== Other Irish souterrains ===
Souterrains often are referred to in Ireland simply as ‘caves.’ A. T. Lucas, a folklorist and director of the National Museum of Ireland in the 1960s, published a series of articles on the references to souterrains in the early [[Irish annals]].<ref>Lucas, A. T. (1971&ndash;1973). Souterrains: The Literary Evidence, ''Bealoideas'' '''39&ndash;41''', 165&ndash;191.</ref> [[Donaghmore Souterrain]], discovered in County Louth in 1960, and [[Drumlohan Souterrain and Ogham Stones|Drumlohan Souterrain]] in County Waterford are the only souterrains to be an Irish [[National Monument (Ireland)|National Monument]].

In Ireland, souterrains often are found inside or in close proximity to a [[ringfort]] and as such are thought to be mainly contemporary with them, making them somewhat later in date than in other countries. This date is reinforced by many examples where [[ogham]] stones dating to around the 6th century have been reused as roofing lintels or door posts, most notably at the widened natural limestone fissure at the ‘Cave of the Cats’ in [[Rathcrogan]]. The distribution of souterrains is very uneven in Ireland, with the greatest concentrations occurring in north Louth, north Antrim, south Galway, and west Cork and Kerry. Lesser numbers are found in counties Meath, Westmeath, Mayo, north Donegal, and Waterford. Other counties, such as Limerick, Carlow, and Wexford, are almost completely lacking in examples.<ref name=Clinton_2001>Clinton, M. (2001). ''The Souterrains of Ireland'', p.&nbsp;33. Wordwell, Bray.</ref>

An article by Warner on the archaeology of souterrains, although published {{Years ago|1979}} years ago, still is possibly the best general overview of the subject.<ref>Warner, R.B. (1979). The Irish souterrains and their background. In ''Subterranean Britain: aspects of underground archaeology,'' 100-144, (Ed) H. Crawford. London.</ref>

The most comprehensive study of Irish souterrains is M. Clinton's 2001 work, containing chapters on distribution, associated settlements, function, finds, chronology and 13 appendices on various structural aspects of souterrains.<ref name=Clinton_2001 />

A short summary account of souterrains in Ireland appeared in the quarterly magazine ''Archaeology Ireland'' in 2004.<ref>O'Sullivan, M. & Downey, L. (2004). Souterrains. ''Archaeology Ireland'', '''''70''''', 34&ndash;36, (Winter 2004).</ref>

==See also==
*{{annotated link|Erdstall}}
*{{annotated link|Pit-house}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927161228/http://highlandfolk.museum/raitts.php The Raitts souterrain], approximately two thousand years old, in the [[Badenoch]] district of the [[Scottish Highlands]]

[[Category:Archaeology in Europe]]
[[Category:Types of monuments and memorials]]
[[Category:House types]]
[[Category:Subterranea (geography)]]