View source for South East England

{{Short description|Region of England}}
{{About|the region|the former European constituency|South East England (European Parliament constituency)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = South East
| settlement_type    = [[Regions of England|Region]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image |border=infobox |perrow=2/2/2/1 |total_width=250 |align=center |caption_align=center
 | image1 = Palace Pier April 2018 02.jpg
 | image2 = Catte Street, Oxford - geograph.org.uk - 1951930.jpg
 | image3 = Ocean village marina southampton.JPG
 | image4 = Canterbury, St Peter's Street - geograph.org.uk - 3229514.jpg
 | image5 = Windsor Castle, Visitors' Apartments - geograph.org.uk - 4464014.jpg
 | image6 = View of Blenheim Palace.jpg
 | image7 = The White Cliffs of Dover (48904125611).jpg
 }}
| imagesize          = 
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = From top, left to right: [[Brighton]]; [[Oxford]]; [[Southampton]]; [[Canterbury]]; [[Windsor Castle]]; [[Blenheim Palace]]; [[White Cliffs of Dover]]
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| image_map          = South East England in England.svg
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = South East region shown within [[England]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|51.3|N|0.8|W|region:GB-ENG_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name   = [[United Kingdom]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[England]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = 
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| established_title  = [[Government Offices for the English regions|GO]] established
| established_date   = 1994
| established_title1 = [[Regional development agency|RDA]] established
| established_date1  = 1998
| established_title2 = GO abolished
| established_date2  = 2011
| established_title3 = RDA abolished
| established_date3  = 31 March 2012
| named_for          = 
| seat_type          = 
| seat               = 
| parts_type         = Subdivisions
| parts              = {{Collapsible list |title=9 [[Ceremonial counties of England|counties]]
 | [[Berkshire]]
 | [[Buckinghamshire]]
 | [[East Sussex]]
 | [[Hampshire]]
 | [[Isle of Wight]]
 | [[Kent]]
 | [[Oxfordshire]]
 | [[Surrey]]
 | [[West Sussex]]
 }}
{{Collapsible list |title=64 [[Districts of England|districts]]
 | 13 [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary]]
 | 51 [[Non-metropolitan district|non-metropolitan]] in 6 [[non-metropolitan county|non-metropolitan counties]]
 }}
<!-- Government -->| government_footnotes = <ref name="Leaders' board">{{cite web |url=https://www.secouncils.gov.uk/ |title=South East Councils (SEC) - Councils in Partnership |website=South East Councils |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>
| government_type    = [[Local authority leaders' board]]
| governing_body     = [[South East England Councils|South East Councils]]
| leader_title       = 
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| leader_name3       = 
| leader_title4      = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]s
| leader_name4       = [[Parliamentary constituencies in South East England|91 MPs]] (of 650)
<!-- Area -->
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->| area_footnotes     = <ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom/about |title=Standard Area Measurements (Latest) for Administrative Areas in the United Kingdom |date=24 April 2024 |website=[[ONS Open Geography Portal|Open Geography Portal]] |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=6 May 2024 }}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 19400
| area_land_km2      = {{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000008}}
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_rank          = [[Regions of England#List of regions|3rd]] <!-- of English regions -->
<!-- Population -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="popstats">{{UK subdivision statistics citation}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = {{UK subdivision statistics year}}
| population_total   = {{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000008}}
| population_rank    = [[Regions of England#List of regions|1st]] <!-- of English regions -->
| population_density_km2 = {{UK subdivision density|GSS=E12000008}}
| population_demonym = <!-- demographics (section 1) -->
| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]])</span>
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021 |id=E12000008 |title=South East Region |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list
 | 86.3% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
 | 7.0% [[British Asians|Asian]]
 | 2.8% [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]
 | 2.4% [[Black British people|Black]]
 | 1.5% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|other]]
 }}
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span>
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Religion in England|Religion]]
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible list
 | 46.5% [[Religion in England#Christianity|Christianity]]
 | 40.2% [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|no religion]]
 | 3.3% [[Islam in England|Islam]]
 | 1.7% [[Hinduism in England|Hinduism]]
 | 0.8% [[Sikhism in England|Sikhism]]
 | 0.6% [[Buddhism in England|Buddhism]]
 | 0.2% [[History of the Jews in England|Judaism]]
 | 0.6% [[Religion in England|other]]
 | 6.1% not stated
 }}
| timezone1          = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| utc_offset1        = +0
| timezone1_DST      = [[British Summer Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = +1
<!-- Codes -->| postal_code_type   = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|Postcode areas]]
| postal_code        = 
| area_code_type     = [[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom|Dialling codes]]
| area_code          = 
| iso_code           = 
| blank1_name        = [[International Territorial Level|ITL code]]
| blank1_info        = TLJ
| blank2_name        = [[GSS coding system|GSS code]]
| blank2_info        = E12000008
| website            = 
}}
{{Politics of England}}

'''South East England''' is one of the nine official [[regions of England|regions]] of [[England]] that are in the [[ITL 1 statistical regions of England|top level category]] for [[Statistics|statistical]] purposes. It consists of the nine [[counties of england|counties]] of [[Berkshire]], [[Buckinghamshire]], [[East Sussex]], [[Hampshire]], the [[Isle of Wight]], [[Kent]], [[Oxfordshire]], [[Surrey]] and [[West Sussex]]. South East England is the third-largest region of England, with a land area of {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000008}}|km2}}, and is also the most populous with a total population of {{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000008}} in {{UK subdivision statistics year}}.<ref name="popstats" /> 

South East England contains eight legally [[city status in the United Kingdom|chartered cities]]: [[Brighton and Hove]], [[Canterbury]], [[Chichester]], [[Milton Keynes]], [[Oxford]], [[Portsmouth]], [[Southampton]] and [[Winchester]]. <!-- Southend-on-Sea is in East of England --> Officially it does not include [[London]], which is a separate region. The geographical term for "South East England" may differ from the official definition of the region, for example London, [[Bedfordshire]], [[Hertfordshire]] and [[Essex]] are sometimes referred to as being in the south east of England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What regions make up the North and South of England? {{!}} YouGov |url=https://yougov.co.uk/politics/articles/19974-what-regions-make-north-and-south-england |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=yougov.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Keir |date=2024-02-26 |title=Essex, England |url=https://www.earth-site.co.uk/Education/essex-england/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Earth Site Education |language=en-GB}}</ref> This article only considers the South East as being the official statistical region.

In [[England in the Middle Ages|medieval times]], South East England included much of the [[Kingdom of Wessex]], which was the precursor to the modern state of [[England]]. [[Winchester]] was the capital of England after unification of the various states, including the kingdoms of [[kingdom of Kent|Kent]], [[kingdom of Sussex|Sussex]] and [[kingdom of Mercia|Mercia]]. Winchester stopped being the administrative capital of England some time in the 13th century as its influence waned while the [[City of London]] dominated commerce. The last [[List of English monarchs|monarch]] to be crowned at Winchester was [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] in 1377, although the last monarch to be crowned by the [[Bishop of Winchester]] was [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary I]] in 1553.

Today, the region's close proximity to London has led to South East England becoming a prosperous economic hub with the largest economy of any region in the UK, after London. The region is home to [[Gatwick Airport]] and [[Heathrow Airport]] (the UK's two busiest airports). The coastline along the [[English Channel]] provides numerous ferry crossings to mainland [[Europe]]. South East England is also known for its countryside, which includes two national parks: the [[New Forest National Park|New Forest]] and the [[South Downs National Park|South Downs]], as well as the [[North Downs]], the [[Chiltern Hills]] and part of the [[Cotswolds]]. The [[River Thames]] flows through the region and its basin is known as the [[Thames Valley]]. 

It is also the location of a number of internationally known places of interest, such as [[HMS Victory|HMS ''Victory'']] in Portsmouth, [[Cliveden]] in Buckinghamshire, [[Thorpe Park]] and [[RHS Garden, Wisley|RHS Wisley]] in Surrey, [[Blenheim Palace]] in Oxfordshire, [[Windsor Castle]] in Berkshire, [[Leeds Castle]], the [[White Cliffs of Dover]] and [[Canterbury Cathedral]] in Kent, [[Brighton Palace Pier]], and [[Hammerwood Park]] in East Sussex, and [[Wakehurst Place]] in West Sussex. The region has many universities; the [[University of Oxford]] is the oldest in the English-speaking world, and ranked among the best in the world.

South East England is host to various sporting events, including the annual [[Henley Royal Regatta]], [[Royal Ascot]] and [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]], and sporting venues include [[Wentworth Golf Club]] and [[Brands Hatch]]. Some of the events of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] were held in the south east, including the rowing at [[Dorney Lake|Eton Dorney]] and part of the cycling road race in the [[Surrey Hills AONB|Surrey Hills]].

==History==
{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2016}}
[[File:Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg|thumb|[[Uffington White Horse]], a [[Prehistoric Britain|prehistoric]] [[hill figure]] on the [[Berkshire Downs]]]]
The Meonhill Vineyard, near [[Old Winchester Hill]] in east Hampshire on the South Downs south of [[West Meon]] on the [[A32 road (England)|A32]], is an example of a site where the [[Romano-British]] grew [[Ancient Rome and wine|Roman grapes]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hagen |first=Herman August |url=http://archive.org/details/wiltshirearchaeo54hage |title=Wiltshire archaeological and history magazine |others=London Natural History Museum Library |year=1952 |pages=105}}</ref>

===Second World War===
Much of the [[Battle of Britain]] was fought in this region, especially in Kent. [[RAF Bomber Command]] was based at [[High Wycombe]]. [[RAF Medmenham]] at [[Danesfield House]], west of [[Marlow, Buckinghamshire|Marlow]] in Buckinghamshire, was important for [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II|aerial reconnaissance]]. [[Operation Corona]], based at RAF Kingsdown (at [[West Kingsdown]] next to Brands Hatch in Kent, between the A20 and M20), was implemented to confuse German [[night fighter]]s with native German-speakers, and coordinated by the RAF [[Y service]].

[[Bletchley Park]] in north Buckinghamshire was the principal Allied centre for codebreaking. The [[Colossus computer]], arguably the world's first, began working on Lorentz codes on 5 February 1944, with Colossus 2 working from June 1944. The site was chosen, among other reasons, because it is at the junction of the [[Varsity Line]] (between Oxford and Cambridge) and the [[West Coast Main Line]]. The [[Harwell computer]] (Dekatron), now at the [[National Museum of Computing]] at Bletchley, was built in 1949 and is believed to be the oldest working digital computer in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnmoc.org/news/news-releases/worlds-oldest-original-working-digital-computer |title=The world's oldest original working digital computer {{!}} The National Museum of Computing |website=www.tnmoc.org |language=en |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015905/http://www.tnmoc.org/news/news-releases/worlds-oldest-original-working-digital-computer |archive-date=25 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Scientific heritage===
[[John Wallis]] of Kent introduced the [[Infinity symbol|symbol for infinity]] and the [[Mathematical notation|standard notation]] for [[Exponentiation|powers of numbers]] in 1656. [[Thomas Bayes]] was an important statistician from Tunbridge Wells; his [[Bayes' theorem|theorem]] (of [[probability theory]]) is used for [[Email filtering|spam filter]]s and [[PageRank|Google's search]].

Sir [[David N. Payne]] at the University of Southampton's Optoelectronics Research Centre invented the [[erbium-doped fibre amplifier]], a type of [[optical amplifier]], in the mid-1980s, which became essential for the internet. [[Henry Moseley]] at Oxford in 1913 discovered his [[Moseley's law]] of [[X-ray spectroscopy|X-ray spectra of chemical elements]] that enabled him to be the first to assign the correct atomic number to elements in [[periodic table]]; he did not receive any [[Nobel Prize]] as it is not awarded posthumously (he was killed in 1915 at Gallipoli with the Royal Engineers). [[Carbon (fiber)|Carbon fibre]] was invented in 1963 at the RAE in Farnborough by a team led by William Watt. The Apollo [[Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment|LCG]] [[Apollo/Skylab A7L|space-suit]] cooling system originated mostly from work done at RAE Farnborough in the early 1960s.

[[File:Harwell Science and Innovation Campus 4677010 f0364f4f.jpg|thumb|right|[[Harwell Science and Innovation Campus]] seen from the air in September 2015; the [[JANET]] academic [[computer network]] is headquartered there.]]
[[Donald Davies|Donald Watts Davies]] invented [[packet switching]] in the late 1960s at the [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] in [[Teddington]]. Packet-switching was taken up by the Americans to form the [[ARPANET]], the precursor to the Internet.

Surrey's [[Alec Reeves]] invented [[pulse-code modulation]] (PCM) in 1937 (at [[ITT Corporation|ITT]]'s research laboratories in Paris), the standard for [[digital audio]] recordings.

Sir [[John Herschel]], son of the astronomer, from Kent, invented the term ''photography'' in 1839, meaning ''light writing''.
and discovered the first [[photographic fixer]], [[Sodium thiosulfate|sodium thiosulphate]], known as ''hypo'', also in 1839.

[[GLEEP]] was Britain's first nuclear reactor, in August 1947 at the [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]] (AERE) at Harwell, it would stay operational until 1990.

[[William Harvey]] of Folkestone, in Kent, discovered the [[Circulatory system|circulation of blood]]. The Lilly Research Centre in Windlesham, Berkshire, part of [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]], developed [[Olanzapine]] in 1996 (for [[bipolar disorder]], selling around $5bn worldwide annually). Beecham Research Laboratories at [[Brockham]] Park in 1959 discovered [[meticillin]] (or methicillin), the first semi-synthetic penicillin ([[beta-lactamase]] stable), deriving from their discovery in 1958 of [[6-APA]], the core constituent; the team, led by Prof George Rolinson, won the [[Mullard Award]] in 1971. [[Bipyridine]] compounds (Paraquat-Gramoxone and Diquat) were discovered for herbicide use in 1954 by [[William Boon]] at ICI's Plant Protection division at Jealott's Hill, being released onto the market in 1958. AZT/Retrovir ([[zidovudine]]) was first manufactured by Wellcome in 1987 in Kent; they also introduced Zovirax ([[aciclovir]]), and the naturally occurring [[digoxin]], a [[cardiac glycoside]]. After a plane crashed near his house in Oxford in 1940, Sir [[Peter Medawar]] helped the injured pilot, and in the process discovered [[Allotransplantation|homograft rejection]], leading to [[organ transplantation]] using [[azathioprine]]. Viagra ([[Sildenafil]]) was synthesized at Pfizer in Sandwich, Kent.

===Industrial heritage===
====Transport and communications====
[[File:Dover cliffs, South Foreland Lighthouse (7961633780).jpg|thumb|right|170px|South Foreland Lighthouse on Dover cliffs]]
Sir [[Francis Pettit Smith]] of Kent invented the screw [[propeller]].

On 3 May 1830 the world's first passenger train service, the [[Canterbury and Whitstable Railway]] (6 miles or 10&nbsp;km) began. It was built by [[George Stephenson]] and hauled by the locomotive ''[[Invicta (locomotive)|Invicta]]''. It introduced the world's first railway [[season ticket]] in 1834.

[[Maidenhead Railway Bridge]], known for its flat arch, was built in 1839 with 39-metre spans.

The [[Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment]], in Chertsey, developed [[Chobham armour]].

On 12 April 1903, the world's first bus service was by [[Eastbourne Buses]] from [[Eastbourne railway station]] to [[Meads]].

The world's first [[Submarine communications cable|submarine telephone cable]] was laid between England and France in 1891 by HMTS Monarch, enabling London-Paris calls from April 1891. On 3 December 1992, Neil Papworth of Reading, an engineer from [[Sema Group|Sema Group Telecoms]] at Vodafone in Newbury, sent the world's first text message from his computer to an Orbitel 901 handset of Richard Jarvis, Vodafone's technical director.

The first public automatic [[telephone exchange]] in the UK was at Epsom telephone exchange from 18 May 1912. It was introduced as standard across the UK's 6,700 telephone exchanges in 1922, lasting for around 70 years; it could handle up to 500 lines. It used the [[Strowger switch|Strowger design]] and was made by [[Automatic Electric|Automatic Telephone Manufacturing Company]] of Liverpool.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btplc.com/Thegroup/BTsHistory/1912to1968/1912.htm |title=1912to1968 |website=www.btplc.com |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030184819/http://www.btplc.com/Thegroup/BTsHistory/1912to1968/1912.htm |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The world's first automatic telephone exchange had opened in [[La Porte, Indiana]] in November 1892.

[[File:Britned map.svg|thumb|right|150px|BritNed connects from the Isle of Grain in Medway to the [[TenneT]] network in the Netherlands.]]
[[UK-Belgium 5]], laid in 1986 from Kent, was the world's first [[Optical fiber cable|optical fibre]] submarine cable, and is 36 miles long.

[[ThrustSSC]], the fastest car in the world in 1997, was built in [[Aldingbourne]], West Sussex, by G-Force Engineering, designed by [[Ron Ayers]], with further work done by the [[Defence Evaluation and Research Agency]] at Farnborough.

The [[BritNed]] 1000MW power-supply submarine cable from Isle of Grain to Rotterdam, was built in 2009. The [[HVDC Cross-Channel]] (2000MW) submarine cable was built in 1986. This is the world's highest-capacity submarine HVDC cable; it goes from France and lands near Folkestone, with the large transformer station (built by GEC) squeezed between the CTRL and the M20 in [[Aldington, Kent|Aldington]] and [[Smeeth]], made of eight 270 kV cables.
;Aviation
On 16 October 1908 the [[British Army Aeroplane No 1]], flown by the American [[Samuel Franklin Cody]], was the first aircraft flown in the UK, at Farnborough; on 14 May 1909 he flew it for more than a mile. On 13 August 1909, his wife was the first woman in the UK to fly in a plane, also at Farnborough.

The first human airborne ejection seat firing took place on 24 July 1946 over [[Chalgrove Airfield]], Oxfordshire, in a [[Gloster Meteor|Meteor]], piloted by [[Martin-Baker Mk.1|Bernard Lynch]]; the first dummy ejection had been 10 May 1945 over [[RAF Oakley]] in west Buckinghamshire (today near the M40); on 13 March 1962, the first in-flight rocket-powered ejection took place by [[Peter Howard (RAF officer)|Peter Howard]], an RAF doctor based at Farnborough's [[RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine|Institute of Aviation Medicine]] in Meteor ''WA364'' at 250&nbsp;ft over Chalgrove, with the rocket giving a maximum force of 16G. The [[Miles M.52]], designed at [[Woodley Aerodrome]] in Berkshire by [[Miles Aircraft]], was an advanced design of aircraft which had the innovation of the ''flying tail'' or ''all-moving tail'' also known as a [[stabilator]]; this would solve the problem of stability and [[Aircraft flight control system|aircraft control]] at [[supersonic speed]]s, and its design was taken wholesale into the American [[Bell X-1]], the first [[supersonic aircraft]].

The first Harrier aircraft ''XV738'' flew on 28 December 1967; this was the first aircraft of the RAF to have a [[head-up display]] avionics system. The first two-seat Harrier ''XW174'' flew on 24 April 1969, later crashing at [[Larkhill]] in June 1969. The [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier]] ''XZ450'' first flew on 20 August 1978; on 4 May 1982 this aircraft was hit by anti-aircraft fire at [[Goose Green]], killing the pilot with [[800 Naval Air Squadron]] from [[HMS Hermes (R12)|HMS ''Hermes'']]; the aircraft had no [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR), due to testing the [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]], so could not detect the Skyguard radar had locked on to it. It was destroyed with the [[Oerlikon GDF]] (35mm) of [[GADA 601]]; it was the first Sea Harrier lost in the Falklands campaign.

Royston Instruments of Byfleet developed the world's first multi-channel [[Flight recorder|flight data recorder]]s in 1965.

Although the [[De Havilland Comet|Comet]] is generally accepted as the world's first production-run jet airliner, the first jet airliner ever built (individual){{clarify|date=July 2023}} was a [[Rolls-Royce Nene|Nene]]-powered [[Vickers VC.1 Viking]] on 6 April 1948 from [[Wisley Airfield]]; the world's first [[turboprop]] airliner would fly from there on 16 July 1948 by [[Joseph Summers|Mutt Summers]]. In 1939 at Cowes ([[Northwood, Isle of Wight|Northwood]]) John Godeck invented the [[plan position indicator]] method of [[radar display]] as most commonly known ever since; the site became [[Plessey Radar]] in 1965, and currently is run by BAE Systems. [[Sperry Corporation|Sperry Gyroscope]] in Bracknell produced the [[guidance system]]s for Britain's 1960s space rockets.

====Other industries====
The [[Wealden iron industry]] in the [[Weald]] was the site of the first [[blast furnace]] in Britain in 1491, and produced much of Britain's [[cast iron]] until the 1770s.

[[Portsmouth Block Mills]] were the site of the world's first metal [[machine tool]]s, built for the manufacture of wooden [[pulley]]s, invented by [[Henry Maudslay]], and the site of the world's first industrial [[assembly line]] in 1803.

[[South Foreland Lighthouse]] on 8 December 1858 was the world's first lighthouse with electric light, with the first type of industrial electrical generator made by [[Frederick Hale Holmes]], from work he had carried out with [[Floris Nollet]] of Belgium, and 36 permanent magnets. By 1880, of the ten lighthouses with electric light, five were in the UK. From the lighthouse in 1899, the first international radio broadcast to France was made. [[Zénobe Gramme]] of Belgium made a much [[Gramme machine|better design]] in 1870 with [[Excitation (magnetic)|self-excitation]] of magnets, and the first modern [[dynamo]]. North Foreland Lighthouse was the UK's last-staffed lighthouse until 1998.

Portland cement was developed in Northfleet, Kent, by William Aspdin, son of [[Joseph Aspdin]]. The development was to heat the ingredients to around 1450&nbsp;°C, producing [[Clinker (cement)|clinker]]. Previously, temperatures were taken to only 800&nbsp;°C, which was not enough. The first ever [[cement kiln]] is still in Northfleet today in a cardboard factory. In the late 1800s, the rotary kiln made the process much more efficient. Concrete, effectively human-made stone, is the most widespread human-made material. 5% of all carbon emissions worldwide are from concrete production.


[[George Albert Smith (film pioneer)|George Albert Smith]] developed the first [[Color photography|colour film]] process, known as [[Kinemacolor]], in 1906 at [[Southwick, West Sussex]]. [[George E. Davis]] from Slough, is the founding father of chemical engineering. Wiggins Teape, later [[Arjo Wiggins|ARJO Wiggins Fine Papers]], had the largest paper research centre in Europe at Butlers Court in Beaconsfield; built in 1891 and vacated in 2009. [[Bentalls]] in Bracknell (now [[Fenwick (department store)|Fenwick]] since 2017) had the first [[Payment terminal|point of sale terminal]] in Europe - the [[NCR Corporation|NCR]] 280 in 1973.

The [[National Fruit Collection]] is the largest collection of [[fruit tree]]s in the world, at [[Brogdale]], near [[Faversham]] in Kent. [[Scalextric]] was invented by Fred Francis in 1956, who founded Minimodels in Havant; initially the model cars had been [[clockwork]]; it was made from 1967 at [[Tri-ang Railways|Triang]] in Margate. The world's first [[Mars (chocolate bar)|Mars Bar]] was made in Slough in 1932; it was modelled on the [[Milky Way (chocolate bar)|Milky Way]], popular at the time in the USA. Twix was introduced at Slough in 1967, with production moving to eastern France (Mars Chocolat France at [[Haguenau]] in [[Alsace]]) in 2005. The [[Ford GT40]] was developed by [[Ford Advanced Vehicles]] at Slough in the mid-1960s.

==Geography==
[[File:London, Great Britain Population Density and Low Elevation Coastal Zones (5457306673).jpg|thumb|left|England population density and low elevation coastal zones. South East England is particularly vulnerable to [[sea level rise]].]]
[[File:France manche vue dover.JPG|thumb|right|301x301px|View of South East England coast from northern France]]
The highest point is [[Walbury Hill]] in [[Berkshire]] at {{cvt|297|m|ft|0}}.

Britain's tallest native tree, according to [[The Tree Register]] in April 2015, is a 144-ft beech at [[Devil's Dyke, Sussex|Devil's Dyke]] in [[Newtimber]] Woods in West Sussex.

=== Settlements ===
Cities and towns in the region include [[Aldershot]], [[Ashford, Kent|Ashford]], [[Aylesbury]], [[Basingstoke]], [[Bracknell]], [[Brighton and Hove]], [[Canterbury]], [[Chichester]], [[Crawley]], [[Eastbourne]], [[Farnborough, Hampshire|Farnborough]], [[Gosport]], [[Guildford]], [[Hastings]], [[High Wycombe]], [[Margate]], [[Maidstone]], [[Medway]], [[Milton Keynes]], [[Newport, Isle of Wight|Newport]], [[Oxford]], [[Portsmouth]], [[Ramsgate]], [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], [[Slough]], [[Southampton]], [[Winchester]], [[Woking]] and [[Worthing]].[[File:Litlington White Horse.jpg|thumb|The [[Litlington White Horse]] situated in the [[South Downs]]]]

===Historical boundaries===
Until 1999, there was a south east [[Standard statistical regions|Standard Statistical Region]], which also included the counties of [[Bedfordshire]], [[Greater London]], [[Essex]] and [[Hertfordshire]]. The former south east [[Historical and alternative regions of England#Civil defence regions|Civil Defence Region]] covered the same area as the current official region.

===Alternative definitions===
In unofficial usage, the South East can refer to a varying area – sometimes only to London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, and Surrey; but sometimes to an area corresponding to the former Standard Statistical Region. The South East is also occasionally used as a synonym for the [[home counties]].

==Demographics==
{{Further|List of districts in South East England by population}}
[[File:Regional profile of the South East.png|thumb]]
[[File:South East of England population pyramid 2020.svg|thumb|200x200px|Population pyramid of the South East in 2020]]
[[File:UK and foreign born population pyramid of the South East in 2021.svg|thumb|200x200px|UK- and foreign-born population pyramid of the South East in 2021]]
The population of the region at the 2011 census was 8,634,750 making it the most populous English region.<ref name=onspop>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/population-estimates-by-single-year-of-age-and-sex-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom/rft-pp04uk.xls 2011 Census: Population density, unrounded estimates, local authorities in the United Kingdom] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115203/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/population-estimates-by-single-year-of-age-and-sex-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom/rft-pp04uk.xls |date=24 September 2015 }}, Accessed 20 January 2015</ref> The major [[conurbation]]s of the region include [[South Hampshire]] (855,000), [[Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton]] (474,000) and [[Reading/Wokingham Urban Area|Reading]] (318,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/UK-UA.html |title=United Kingdom: Urban Areas |website=Citypopulation.de |access-date=31 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217002520/http://www.citypopulation.de/UK-UA.html |archive-date=17 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Settlements closer to London are part of the conurbation known as the [[Greater London Urban Area]].

The South East has the highest percentage of people born outside of Britain other than [[London]]. According to the 2021 census, 78.8% of residents were [[White British]], 7.1% [[Other White]] (inc. 0.8% [[Irish Briton|Irish]]), 7.0% [[British Asian]], 2.8% [[British Mixed|Mixed Race]], 2.4% [[Black British]], and 1.4% of [[Other ethnic group (United Kingdom Census)|other groups]].<ref name="ons.gov.uk">{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207095805/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population of the South East of England<ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10205724&c_id=10001043&add=N the South East GovOf through time | Population Statistics | Total Population] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012152032/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10205724&c_id=10001043&add=N |date=12 October 2012 }}. Visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref>
|-
! Census !! Population !! Change
|-
| 1801 || 962,350 || 
|-
| 1811 || 1,072,563 || {{increase}} 10.3
|-
| 1821 || 1,239,883 || {{increase}} 13.5
|-
| 1831 || 1,378,755 || {{increase}} 10.1
|-
| 1841 || 1,561,792 || {{increase}} 11.7
|-
| 1851 || 1,687,558 || {{increase}} 7.5
|-
| 1861 || 1,957,208 || {{increase}} 13.8
|-
| 1871 || 2,226,880 || {{increase}} 12.1
|-
| 1881 || 2,496,534 || {{increase}} 10.8
|-
| 1891 || 2,776,842 || {{increase}} 10.1
|-
| 1901 || 3,093,606 || {{increase}} 10.2
|-
| 1911 || 3,472,091 || {{increase}} 10.9
|-
| 1921 || 3,718,228 || {{increase}} 6.6
|-
| 1931 || 3,995,122 || {{increase}} 6.9
|-
| 1941<sup>'''a'''</sup> || 4,443,002 || {{increase}} 10.1
|-
| 1951 || 4,976,340 || {{increase}} 10.7
|-
| 1961 || 5,738,844 || {{increase}} 13.3
|-
| 1971 || 6,718,771 || {{increase}} 14.6
|-
| 1981 || 7,025,593 || {{increase}} 4.4
|-
| 1991 || 7,677,641 || {{increase}} 8.5
|-
| 2001 || 8,000,550 || {{increase}} 4.0
|-
| 2011 || 8,634,750 || {{increase}} 7.9
|-
| 2021 || 9,278,063 || {{increase}} 7.4
|}

<sup>'''a'''</sup>  There was no census in 1941.

===Cities and towns===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of largest cities and towns by population in South East England<ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation|England}}</ref>
! rowspan=2|City/town !!rowspan=2| Ceremonial county !! colspan=2|Population
|-
! City/town<br>(2019) !! Conurbation<br>(2011)
|-
| [[Brighton and Hove]]|| East Sussex|| 290,885|| 474,485
|-
| [[Milton Keynes]]|| Buckinghamshire|| 269,457|| 229,941
|-
| [[Southampton]]|| Hampshire|| 252,520|| 855,569
|-
| [[Portsmouth]]|| Hampshire || 214,905|| {{#tag:ref|Part of [[South Hampshire]].|name=SouthHampshireBUA|group=n}}
|-
| [[Slough]]|| Berkshire|| 164,455|| 163,777
|-
| [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]]|| Berkshire|| 161,780|| 318,014
|-
| [[Oxford]]|| Oxfordshire|| 152,457|| 171,380
|-
| [[High Wycombe]]|| Buckinghamshire|| 125,257|| 133,204
|-
| [[Basingstoke]]|| Hampshire || 113,776|| 107,642
|-
| [[Maidstone]]|| Kent || 113,137|| 107,627
|-
| [[Crawley]]|| West Sussex || 112,409|| 180,508
|-
| [[Worthing]]|| West Sussex || 110,570|| {{#tag:ref|Part of [[Brighton and Hove built-up area]].|name=BrightonAndHoveBUA|group=n}}
|-
| [[Gillingham, Kent|Gillingham]]|| Kent|| 104,157<ref>{{NOMIS2011|id=1119883912 |title=Gillingham Built-up area sub division |access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref>|| 243,931
|-
| [[Eastbourne]]|| East Sussex|| 103,745|| 118,219
|}

=== Ethnicity ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Ethnic group
! colspan="2" |1981 estimates<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1985 |title=Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement |url=https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806 |journal=Commission for Racial Equality |language=English |pages=Table 2.1|last1= Equality|first1= Commission for Racial}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1991<ref>Data is taken from United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm Casweb Data services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215152146/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm |date=15 December 2021 }} of the United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm |date=5 April 2022 }} (Table 6)</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602031124/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808112341/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="ons.gov.uk"/>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|colspan=11|
|-
![[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]: Total
!6,691,186
!97.2%
!7,271,256
!96.9%
!7,608,989
!95.10%
!7,827,820
!90.65%
!8,009,380
!86.2%
|-
|White: [[White British|British]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|7,304,678
|91.3%
|7,358,998
|85.22%
|7,315,058
|78.8%
|-
|White: [[Irish Briton|Irish]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|82,405
|1.02%
|73,571
|0.9%
|78,219
|0.8%
|-
|White: [[Irish Traveller]]/[[Romani people|Gypsy]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| –
| –
|14,542
|0.2%
|16,748
|0.2%
|-
|White: Roma
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|12,786
|0.1%
|-
|White: [[White Other (United Kingdom Census)|Other]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|221,906
|2.77%
|380,709
|4.4%
|586,569
|6.3%
|-
![[British Asian|Asian or Asian British]]: Total
!–
!–
!149,198
!2%
!219,704
!2.74%
!452,042
!5.23%
!650,545
!7%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian]]
|–
|–
|64,888
|0.9%
|89,219
|1.1%
|152,132
|1.76%
|241,537
|2.6%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]]
|–
|–
|35,946
|0.5%
|58,520
|
|99,246
|
|145,311
|1.6%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]]
|–
|–
|8,546
|0.1%
|15,358
|
|27,951
|
|39,881
|0.4%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]]
|–
|–
|18,226
|0.2%
|33,089
|
|53,061
|
|64,329
|0.7%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Asian|Asian Other]]
|–
|–
|21,592
|0.3%
|23,518
|
|119,652
|1.38%
|159,487
|1.7%
|-
![[Black British people|Black or Black British]]: Total
!–
!–
!46,636
!0.6%
!56,914
!0.71%
!136,013
!1.57%
!221,584
!2.4%
|-
|Black or Black British: [[Black British|African]]
|–
|–
|9,588
|0.1%
|24,582
|
|87,345
|
|150,540
|1.6%
|-
|Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean community|Caribbean]]
|–
|–
|23,633
|0.3%
|27,452
|
|34,225
|
|43,523
|0.5%
|-
|Black or Black British: [[Other Black|Other]]
|–
|–
|13,415
|0.2%
|4,880
|
|14,443
|
|27,521
|0.3%
|-
![[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
!85,779
!1.07%
!167,764
!1.94%
!260,871
!2.8%
|-
|Mixed: [[White people|White]] and [[British African-Caribbean community|Caribbean]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|23,742
|0.3%
|45,980
|
|62,087
|0.7%
|-
|Mixed: [[White people|White]] and [[Black British|African]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|9,493
|0.1%
|22,825
|
|38,633
|0.4%
|-
|Mixed: [[White people|White]] and [[British Asian|Asian]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|29,977
|0.4%
|58,764
|
|88,106
|0.9%
|-
|Mixed: [[Multiracial|Other Mixed]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|22,567
|0.3%
|40,195
|
|72,045
|0.8%
|-
!Other: Total
!–
!–
!32,964
!0.4%
!29,259
!0.36%
!51,111
!0.59%
!135,683
!1.4%
|-
|Other: [[Arab people|Arab]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| –
| –
|19,363
|
|29,574
|0.3%
|-
|Other: Any other ethnic group
|–
|–
|32,964
|0.4%
|29,259
|0.36%
|31,748
|0.36%
|106,109
|1.1%
|-
!Ethnic minority: Total
!191,229
!2.8%
!228,798
!3.1%
!391,656
!4.9%
!806,930
!9.4%
!1,268,683
!13.8%
|-
|colspan=11|
|-
!Total
!6,882,415
!100%
!7,500,054
!100%
!8,000,645
!100%
!8,634,750
!100%
!9,278,063
!100%
|}

===Religion===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in South East England
|-
! rowspan="2" |Religion
! colspan="2" |[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=TS030 - Religion Edit query|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts030|access-date=2022-11-29|website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2011 United Kingdom census|2011]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2001 United Kingdom census|2001]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| style="background:#E0E0FF;" |[[History of Christianity in Britain|Christianity]]
| 4,313,319
| 46.5%
| 5,160,128
| 59.8%
| 5,823,025
| 72.8%
|-
| style="background:#E0FFD0;" |[[Islam in the United Kingdom|Islam]]
| 309,067
| 3.3%
| 201,651
| 2.3%
| 108,725
| 1.4%
|-
| style="background:#FFE0C0;" |[[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|Hinduism]]
| 154,748
| 1.7%
| 92,499
| 1.1%
| 44,575
| 0.6%
|-
| style="background:#F0F0C0;" |[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|Sikhism]]
| 74,348
| 0.8%
| 54,941
| 0.6%
| 37,735
| 0.5%
|-
| style="background:#FFFFC0;" |[[Buddhism in the United Kingdom|Buddhism]]
| 54,433
| 0.6%
| 43,946
| 0.5%
| 22,005
| 0.3%
|-
| style="background:#E0F0FF;" |[[History of the Jews in the United Kingdom|Judaism]]
| 18,682
| 0.2%
| 17,761
| 0.2%
| 19,037
| 0.2%
|-
| style="background:#F0E0F0;" |Other religion
| 54,098
| 0.6%
| 39,672
| 0.5%
| 28,668
| 0.4%
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|No religion]]
| 3,733,094
| 40.2%
| 2,388,286
| 27.7%
| 1,319,979
| 16.5%
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Religion not stated
| 566,279
| 6.1%
| 635,866
| 7.4%
| 596,896
| 7.5%
|-
!Total population
! '''9,278,068'''
! '''100%'''
! '''8,634,750'''
! '''100%'''
! '''8,000,645'''
! '''100%'''
|-
|}

==Governance and politics==
South East England is an official region for statistical and strategic planning purposes, but is not served by any directly elected regional government. From 1998 to 2010 local councils sent{{Fix|text=Sent what or whom?}} to the voluntary [[South East England Regional Assembly]], based in [[Guildford]]. Delegates met six times a year and it was responsible for the [[South East England Development Agency]], a project which oversaw investment projects in the region.<ref name=seera>{{cite web |url=http://www.southeast-ra.gov.uk/ |title=South East England Regional Assembly website<!-- Bot generated title --> |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100528142817/http://www.southeast-ra.gov.uk/ |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> It was abolished on 31 March 2009 and replaced with [[South East England Councils]] in [[Kingston upon Thames]]. The region is divided into several local council areas, most composed of [[Non-metropolitan district|two-tiered councils]] (the tiers are county councils and district councils) and [[unitary authorities]]:
{| class="wikitable"
! Map || Ceremonial county || Shire county / unitary || Districts
|-
| rowspan="19" | [[File:South East England counties 2009 map.svg|300px]] || rowspan="6" colspan="1" | 1.&nbsp;[[Berkshire]] || colspan="2" | ''a'')&nbsp;[[West Berkshire]] U.A.
|-
| colspan="2" | ''b'')&nbsp;[[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] U.A.
|-
| colspan="2" | ''c'')&nbsp;[[Wokingham (district)|Wokingham]] U.A.
|-
| colspan="2" | ''d'')&nbsp;[[Bracknell Forest]] U.A.
|-
| colspan="2" | ''e'')&nbsp;[[Windsor and Maidenhead]] U.A.
|-
| colspan="2" | ''f'')&nbsp;[[Slough]] U.A.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Buckinghamshire]] || colspan="2" | 2.&nbsp;[[Buckinghamshire Council|Buckinghamshire U.A.]]
|-
| colspan="2" | 3.&nbsp;[[City of Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes]] U.A.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[East Sussex]] || 4.&nbsp;East Sussex || ''a'')&nbsp;[[Hastings]], ''b'')&nbsp;[[Rother District|Rother]], ''c'')&nbsp;[[Wealden District|Wealden]], ''d'')&nbsp;[[Eastbourne]], ''e'')&nbsp;[[Lewes (district)|Lewes]]
|-
| colspan="2" | 5.&nbsp;[[Brighton & Hove]] U.A.
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Hampshire]] || 6.&nbsp;Hampshire || ''a'')&nbsp;[[Fareham (borough)|Fareham]], ''b'')&nbsp;[[Gosport]], ''c'')&nbsp;[[City of Winchester|Winchester]], ''d'')&nbsp;[[Havant (borough)|Havant]], ''e'')&nbsp;[[East Hampshire]], ''f'')&nbsp;[[Hart, Hampshire|Hart]], ''g'')&nbsp;[[Rushmoor]], ''h'')&nbsp;[[Basingstoke and Deane]], ''i'')&nbsp;[[Test Valley]], ''j'')&nbsp;[[Eastleigh (borough)|Eastleigh]], ''k'')&nbsp;[[New Forest (district)|New Forest]]
|-
| colspan="2" | 7.&nbsp;[[Southampton]] U.A.
|-
| colspan="2" | 8.&nbsp;[[Portsmouth]] U.A.
|-
| colspan="3" | 9.&nbsp;[[Isle of Wight]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kent]] || 10.&nbsp;Kent || ''a'')&nbsp;[[Dartford (borough)|Dartford]], ''b'')&nbsp;[[Gravesham]], ''c'')&nbsp;[[Sevenoaks (district)|Sevenoaks]], ''d'')&nbsp;[[Tonbridge and Malling]], ''e'')&nbsp;[[Tunbridge Wells (borough)|Tunbridge Wells]], ''f'')&nbsp;[[Maidstone (borough)|Maidstone]], ''g'')&nbsp;[[Borough of Swale|Swale]], ''h'')&nbsp;[[Ashford (borough)|Ashford]], ''i'')&nbsp;[[Folkestone and Hythe (District)|Folkestone and Hythe]], ''j'')&nbsp;[[City of Canterbury|Canterbury]], ''k'')&nbsp;[[Dover (district)|Dover]], ''l'')&nbsp;[[Thanet District|Thanet]]
|-
| colspan="2" | 11.&nbsp;[[Medway]] U.A.
|-
| colspan="2" | 12.&nbsp;[[Oxfordshire]] || ''a'')&nbsp;[[Oxford]], ''b'')&nbsp;[[Cherwell (district)|Cherwell]], ''c'')&nbsp;[[South Oxfordshire]], ''d'')&nbsp;[[Vale of White Horse]],'' e'')&nbsp;[[West Oxfordshire]]
|-
| colspan="2" | 13.&nbsp;[[Surrey]] || ''a'')&nbsp;[[Borough of Spelthorne|Spelthorne]], ''b'')&nbsp;[[Runnymede (district)|Runnymede]], ''c'')&nbsp;[[Surrey Heath]], ''d'')&nbsp;[[Woking (borough)|Woking]], ''e'')&nbsp;[[Borough of Elmbridge|Elmbridge]], ''f'')&nbsp;[[Guildford (borough)|Guildford]], ''g'')&nbsp;[[Waverley, Surrey|Waverley]], ''h'')&nbsp;[[Mole Valley]], ''i'')&nbsp;[[Reigate and Banstead]], ''j'')&nbsp;[[Tandridge (district)|Tandridge]], ''k'')&nbsp;[[Epsom and Ewell]]
|-
| colspan="2" | 14.&nbsp;[[West Sussex]] || ''a'')&nbsp;[[Worthing]], ''b'')&nbsp;[[Arun District|Arun]], ''c'')&nbsp;[[Chichester (district)|Chichester]], ''d'')&nbsp;[[Horsham (district)|Horsham]], ''e'')&nbsp;[[Crawley]], ''f'')&nbsp;[[Mid Sussex District|Mid Sussex]], ''g'')&nbsp;[[Adur (district)|Adur]]
|}

===Westminster seats===
[[File:United Kingdom General Election 2017 Results Map (South East England).svg|thumb|right|General election results in 2017]]
The South East of England is the most [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] voting region of Britain in terms of both seats and votes. The area also has some seats where there is strong support for other parties, for example, [[Oxford East (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford]], [[Slough (UK Parliament constituency)|Slough]] and [[Southampton Test (UK Parliament constituency)|Southampton Test]] for [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Brighton Pavilion (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton Pavilion]] which is held by the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]]. Out of 84 parliamentary seats, the Conservatives hold 72. In the 2017 general election, the Conservatives won 54.8% of votes, Labour 28.6%, Liberal Democrats 10.6%, Greens 3.1%, and UKIP 2.2%.
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;line-height:14px"
|-
! style="width:110px;" rowspan="2"|Date of election
! style="width:65px;" rowspan="2"|Electorate
! style="width:60px;" class="unsortable"| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]]
! style="width:60px;" class="unsortable"| [[Labour Party (UK)|Lab]]
! style="width:60px;" class="unsortable"| [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Lib Dem]]
! style="width:60px;" class="unsortable"| [[UK Independence Party|UKIP]]
! style="width:60px;" class="unsortable"| [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green]]
! style="width:60px;" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Others
! class="unsortable" style="width:20px;" rowspan="2"|Lead
|-
! class="unsortable" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}; width:60px;"|
! class="unsortable" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}; width:60px;"|
! class="unsortable" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}; width:60px;"|
! class="unsortable" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|UK Independence Party}}; width:60px;"|
! class="unsortable" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Green Party of England and Wales}}; width:60px;"|
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|'''[[2019 United Kingdom general election|12 December 2019]]'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|''4,652,810''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vuLS04XbYRNji_qIJ6JsFh7y6eW9vA7KMTn89u_cZl8/edit#gid=1295045003 |title=GE2019 - Constituency Results |publisher=[[Britain Elects]] |date=12 December 2019 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111164113/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vuLS04XbYRNji_qIJ6JsFh7y6eW9vA7KMTn89u_cZl8/edit#gid=1295045003 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="background:#B3E0FF"|'''54.0%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 22.1%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 18.2%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 0.2%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 3.9%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 1.5%
| style="background:#0087DC; color:white;" |'''31.9%'''
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|'''[[2017 United Kingdom general election|8 June 2017]]'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|''4,635,741''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1SGkPQqosDbVL9tSX_uMNaXPGiW2z02z2fchDezlyNss/edit#gid=1413119988 |title=GE2017 - Constituency Results |publisher=[[Britain Elects]] |date=9 June 2017 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430230037/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1SGkPQqosDbVL9tSX_uMNaXPGiW2z02z2fchDezlyNss/edit#gid=1413119988 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="background:#B3E0FF"|'''54.8%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 28.7%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 10.6%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 2.3%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 3.1%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 0.5%
| style="background:#0087DC; color:white;" |'''26.1%'''
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|'''[[2015 United Kingdom general election|7 May 2015]]'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|''4,394,400''<ref>{{cite web |first1=Oliver |last1=Hawkins |first2=Richard |last2=Keen |first3=Nambassa |last3=Nakatudde |first4=Steven |last4=Ayres |first5=Carl |last5=Baker |first6=Rachael |last6=Harker |first7=Paul |last7=Bolton |first8=Neil |last8=Johnston |first9=Richard |last9=Cracknell |url=https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7186 |title=General Election 2015 |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |date=28 July 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928121539/https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7186 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="background:#B3E0FF"|'''50.8%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 18.3%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 9.4%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 14.7%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 5.2%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 1.5%
| style="background:#0087DC; color:white;" |'''31.5%'''
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|'''[[2010 United Kingdom general election|6 May 2010]]'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|''4,294,240''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/region/8.stm |title=Election 2010 Results South East |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704033009/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/region/8.stm |archive-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="background:#B3E0FF"|'''49.9%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 16.2%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 26.2%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 4.1%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 1.4%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 2.2%
| style="background:#0087DC; color:white;" |'''23.7%'''
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|'''[[2005 United Kingdom general election|5 May 2005]]'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|''3,901,598''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/vote2005/html/region_8.stm |title=Election 2005 Results South East |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317175645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/vote2005/html/region_8.stm |archive-date=17 March 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="background:#B3E0FF"|'''45.0%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 24.4%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 25.4%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 3.1%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 1.3%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 0.8%
| style="background:#0087DC; color:white;" |'''19.6%'''
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|'''[[2001 United Kingdom general election|7 June 2001]]'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|''5,187,711''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/results_constituencies/uk_breakdown/south_east_1.stm |title=Election 2001 Results South East |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621040135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/results_constituencies/uk_breakdown/south_east_1.stm |archive-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="background:#B3E0FF"|'''42.6%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 31.7%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 21.6%
| colspan=3 style="background:#D5D5D5"| 4.1%
| style="background:#0087DC; color:white;" |'''10.9%'''
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|'''[[1997 United Kingdom general election|1 May 1997]]'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|''4,341,608''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m15.pdf |title=General Election Results, 1 May 1997 |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204080932/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m15.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="background:#B3E0FF"|'''41.9%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 29.1%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 23.3%
| colspan=3 style="background:#D5D5D5"| 5.7%
| style="background:#0087DC; color:white;" |'''7.2%'''
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|'''[[1992 United Kingdom general election|9 April 1992]]'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|''6,455,871''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m13.pdf |title=GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS, 9 APRIL 1992 |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426024405/https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m13.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="background:#B3E0FF"|'''54.5%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 20.8%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 23.3%
| colspan=3 style="background:#D5D5D5"| 1.4%
| style="background:#0087DC; color:white;" |'''31.2%'''
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|'''[[1987 United Kingdom general election|11 July 1987]]'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|''6,087,487''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m11.pdf |title=GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS, 11 JULY 1987 |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708193416/https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m11.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="background:#B3E0FF"|'''55.6%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 16.8%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 27.2%
| colspan=3 style="background:#D5D5D5"| 0.5%
| style="background:#0087DC; color:white;" |'''28.4%'''
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|'''[[1983 United Kingdom general election|9 June 1983]]'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"|''9,101,444''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m09.pdf |title=GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS, 9 JUNE 1983 |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029150237/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m09.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="background:#B3E0FF"|'''50.5%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 21.1%
| style="background:#D5D5D5"| 27.1%
| colspan=3 style="background:#D5D5D5"| 1.0%
| style="background:#0087DC; color:white;" |'''23.4%'''
|}
{{Constituencies in South East England}}

===Eurostat NUTS===
In the [[Eurostat]] [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]] (NUTS), South East England is a level-1 NUTS region, coded "UKJ", which is subdivided as follows:

[[File:United Kingdom European Union referendum 2016 voting area results (South East England).svg|thumb|right|How the region voted in the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 European referendum]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:gold; text-align:left;"
! NUTS 1
! Code
! width=150px| NUTS 2
! Code
! NUTS 3
! Code
|-
| South East England
| UKJ
| rowspan=4 | [[Berkshire]], [[Buckinghamshire]], and [[Oxfordshire]]
| rowspan=4 | UKJ1
| [[Berkshire]]
| UKJ11
|-
| rowspan=20 colspan=2 align="center" | [[File:NUTS 3 regions of South East England 2015 map.svg|240px]]
| [[City of Milton Keynes]]
| UKJ12
|-
| [[Buckinghamshire Council]] (UA)
| UKJ13
|-
| [[Oxfordshire]]
| UKJ14
|-
| rowspan=6 | [[Surrey]], [[East Sussex|East]] and [[West Sussex|West]] [[Sussex]]
| rowspan=6 | UKJ2
| [[Brighton and Hove]]
| UKJ21
|-
| [[East Sussex]] CC
| UKJ22
|-
| West Surrey ([[Borough of Elmbridge|Elmbridge]], [[Borough of Guildford|Guildford]], [[Borough of Runnymede|Runnymede]], [[Borough of Spelthorne|Spelthorne]], [[Surrey Heath]], [[Borough of Waverley|Waverley]] and [[Borough of Woking|Woking]])
| UKJ25
|-
| East Surrey ([[Epsom and Ewell]], [[Mole Valley]], [[Reigate and Banstead]] and [[Tandridge District|Tandridge]])
| UKJ26
|-
| West Sussex (South West) - ([[Adur District|Adur]], [[Arun District|Arun]], [[Chichester District|Chichester]] and [[Worthing]])
| UKJ27
|-
| West Sussex (North East) - ([[Crawley]], [[Horsham District|Horsham]] and [[Mid Sussex District|Mid Sussex]])
| UKJ28
|-
| rowspan=6 | [[Hampshire]] and [[Isle of Wight]]
| rowspan=6 | UKJ3
| [[Portsmouth]]
| UKJ31
|-
| [[Southampton]]
| UKJ32
|-
| [[Isle of Wight]]
| UKJ34
|-
| South Hampshire ([[Borough of Eastleigh|Eastleigh]], [[Borough of Fareham|Fareham]], [[Gosport]] and [[Borough of Havant|Havant]])
| UKJ35
|-
| Central Hampshire ([[East Hampshire]], [[New Forest District|New Forest]], [[Test Valley]] and [[City of Winchester|Winchester]])
| UKJ36
|-
| North Hampshire ([[Basingstoke and Deane]], [[Hart District|Hart]] and [[Rushmoor]])
| UKJ37
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Kent]]
| rowspan=5 | UKJ4
| [[Medway]]
| UKJ41
|-
| Kent Thames Gateway ([[Borough of Dartford|Dartford]], [[Gravesham]] and [[Borough of Swale|Swale]])
| UKJ43
|-
| East Kent ([[City of Canterbury|Canterbury]], [[Dover District|Dover]], [[Folkestone and Hythe (District)|Folkestone and Hythe]] and [[Thanet District|Thanet]])
| UKJ44
|-
| Mid Kent ([[Borough of Ashford|Ashford]] and [[Borough of Maidstone|Maidstone]])
| UKJ45
|-
| West Kent ([[Sevenoaks District|Sevenoaks]], [[Tonbridge and Malling]] and [[Borough of Tunbridge Wells|Tunbridge Wells]])
| UKJ46
|}

==Education==
===Schools===
Buckinghamshire, Medway and Kent, and Slough have an almost completely [[Selective school|selective education system]] – not just a few [[grammar school]]s as other English areas may have – with [[secondary modern school]]s as the alternative. Kent has 33 grammar schools, Buckinghamshire 13, Medway 6 and Slough 4. The other areas are [[Comprehensive school|comprehensive]]. The top thirty schools at [[Advanced Level (UK)|A level]] are almost exclusively selective schools; one or two are [[sixth form college]]s. However, the results for each county as a whole are not always directly related to the number of grammar schools, as Kent and Medway perform below average at A-level. [[The King's School, Canterbury]] claims to be oldest in England: 597 AD. Herschel Grammar School in Slough is the most oversubscribed school in England, with 14 people per place, Langley Grammar School in Slough is next with 13 per place, then Burnham Grammar School.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9729674/Top-state-schools-flooded-with-over-1000-applications.html |title=Top state schools 'flooded with over 1,000 applications' |first=Graeme |last=Paton |date=16 October 2018 |via=www.telegraph.co.uk |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130928/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9729674/Top-state-schools-flooded-with-over-1000-applications.html |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

508,000 in the region are at state secondary schools (the highest in England) with 101,000 in Kent (the highest in England for a county and completely selective) then 70,000 in Hampshire, 60,000 in Surrey, 45,000 in West Sussex, 36,000 in Oxfordshire, 35,000 in Buckinghamsire. The lowest is 6,000 at Bracknell Forest, then Reading with about 6,000. Of all regions, the South-East has the greatest percentage that attend a grammar school: 12%; the next highest is the South-West with 6%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN01398/SN01398.pdf |title=Grammar school attendance |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630092444/http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN01398/SN01398.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The most-educated people ([[National Qualifications Framework|NQF]] level 4 or above) in the region live in Elmbridge (51%), then Waverley, and Epsom and Ewell; 33% of people are at this level for the South-East, only second to London at 40%.

The region has the highest number of sixth formers, outside of London, in England;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/SFR/s001093/index.shtml |title=Sixth formers |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030172130/http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/SFR/s001093/index.shtml |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> the highest number is in Kent, the highest for England, then Buckinghamshire (also completely selective), then Surrey. For state school pupils, there is patchy [[science, technology, engineering and mathematics|STEM]] participation. Hampshire has the most passing STEM subjects in England and in the region, followed by Kent, Surrey and Buckinghamshire. For STEM subjects, Portsmouth is lowest by some distance (6 people passed A level Chemistry) and is almost the worst in England. Southampton also gets low STEM subject results. Bracknell Forest gets low STEM results, for its economic prosperity, but does not include private schools.

For languages, the best is Kent: the county achieves the most A-level language passes in England, although Hampshire is a close second. Both counties get more German A level passes than the whole of [[North East England]]. Buckinghamshire and Surrey have high language A-level passes. Hampshire gets the most A-level passes in England (27,500), again more than North-East England (25,000). Although Hampshire is the best at languages, Portsmouth gets the fewest language passes in the region, and some of the lowest in England, with four French A levels, and has only 500 A level passes in total; next lowest are Slough, Bracknell Forest, and Southampton.

[[File:Reading School - geograph.org.uk - 902287.jpg|thumb|right|Reading School often gets the highest percentage of Oxbridge acceptances for a state school in England.]]
Reading School, a grammar, is the state school that gets the highest percentage (23%) into Oxbridge in 2010, behind 10 independents, and is also the oldest existing state grammar school in England;<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://data.parliament.uk/DepositedPapers/Files/DEP2012-0244/DEP2012-0244.xls |title=Oxbridge admissions |journal=Nature |volume=217 |issue=5128 |pages=500–501 |bibcode=1968Natur.217S.500. |year=1968 |doi=10.1038/217500c0 |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213235210/http://data.parliament.uk/DepositedPapers/Files/DEP2012-0244/DEP2012-0244.xls |archive-date=13 February 2013 |url-status=live |doi-access=free}}</ref> above it in the region, of the independent schools, are [[Magdalen College School, Oxford]] (32%), [[Guildford High School]] (26%) and [[Wycombe Abbey]] (25%). The [[Kendrick School]], also in Reading, gets the 4th highest state school acceptance percentage to Oxbridge (18%) and the second highest in England outside of two grammar schools in London. Of the 25 state schools in the top 100 schools getting to Oxbridge, 7 are from the region. Many people from the north of East Sussex go to Kent's grammars; some people on the London edge of Surrey attend grammars in [[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston upon Thames]]; and Buckingham's two grammars attract people from nearby Milton Keynes;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.suttontrust.com/public/documents/GrammarsReviewSummary1.pdf |title=Sutton Trust }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Buckinghamshire's grammar schools get some of best admissions to Oxbridge in the UK. Surrey has twice as many acceptances into Oxbridge as the whole of Wales; acceptances to Oxbridge are concentrated in 10 counties in the South-East.

1% of those at school in the South-East gained no GCSE passes in 2010; Portsmouth was most with 2.5%, and Windsor and Maidenhead had the lowest with 0.2%. For school free school meals, the region has the lowest percentage in England with 7.2%; the highest percentage is Southampton with 17%, and the lowest is Wokingham with 3.5% (the second lowest in England after [[Rutland]]); Buckinghamshire is 4.3%, then Bracknell Forest and Surrey are 4.9%. For truancy, the highest is South Bucks at 7.0, then Canterbury 7.0, Portsmouth 6.9, Thanet 6.9, Southampton 6.4, and Rushmoor 6.1. The lowest truancy percentages are for Tandridge 2.5, Windsor & Maidenhead 2.5, and Slough 2.5.

At [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSE]], the area in the South East (and England) with the highest results is consistently Buckinghamshire. Berkshire is split into unitary authorities, and Wokingham, Windsor and Slough have the next best GCSE results. All of Berkshire's unitary authorities have results above the England average, with West Berkshire considerably above average. Schools in Surrey and Hampshire also have consistently good GCSE results, and they are above average in Oxfordshire, West Sussex, Kent, Medway, and East Sussex. There are a small number of districts where results are significantly below average including the unitary authorities of Portsmouth (one of the lowest [[Local Education Authority|LEA]]s in the country), the Isle of Wight, Southampton, Brighton, and the districts of Oxford in Oxfordshire, Adur in West Sussex and Hastings in East Sussex.

There are forty-nine FE colleges in the region. The two main FE colleges are [[Northbrook College]] in Sussex and [[Basingstoke College of Technology]] in Hampshire. Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshore share an [[Learning and Skills Council|LSC]] (which fund FE colleges), and Sussex has a combined LSC. The region's LSC office was in Reading, looking after five areas.

===Universities===
{{See also|Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom|Golden triangle (universities)|SES (universities)}}
[[File:Christ Church College.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tom Tower]] of [[Christ Church, Oxford]]; in 1920, the University of Oxford was the first in the UK to award degrees to women.]]
The best known university in the region is the [[University of Oxford]], famous for its academic achievements, and also for its ornate [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|colleges]] and its rowing crews on the Thames. It was ranked the fourth best university in the world by the Times Higher Education Supplement in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=World's top 100 universities 2013 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=5 March 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/mar/05/world-top-100-universities-reputation-rankings-times-higher-education |access-date=16 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311044850/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/mar/05/world-top-100-universities-reputation-rankings-times-higher-education |archive-date=11 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other universities include:
*[[University of Brighton]], Brighton and Eastbourne
*[[University of Buckingham]], Buckingham
*[[Buckinghamshire New University]], High Wycombe, Aylesbury, Uxbridge and Great Missenden
*[[Canterbury Christ Church University]], Canterbury, Medway towns and Tunbridge Wells
*[[University of Chichester]], Chichester and Bognor Regis
*[[University of Kent]], Canterbury
*[[The University of Law]], Guildford (as well as eight other UK campuses outside South East England)
*[[University of Reading]], Reading, Henley-on-Thames
*The [[Open University]], Milton Keynes
*[[Oxford Brookes University]], Oxford
*[[University of Portsmouth]], Portsmouth
*[[Royal Holloway, University of London]], Egham
*[[Solent University]], Southampton
*[[University of Southampton]], Southampton
*[[University of Surrey]], Guildford
*[[University of Sussex]], Brighton
*[[University of Winchester]], Winchester

By total [[HEFCE]] funding, the biggest university is the Open University, followed by Oxford University.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2009/09_42/ |title=Recurrent grants for 2009-10, then see Table 1 |publisher=HEFCE |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109122425/http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2009/09_42/ |archive-date=9 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Open and Oxford each receive around three times as much funding as any other university in the region, and Oxford receives the largest research grant in England (as of 2009). The University of Southampton gets the third largest amount of funding, with the next largest research grant, one of the largest in England. Other universities with a large research grant are Reading, Sussex and Surrey. Oxford gets twice as much total income (around £700&nbsp;million) as the next largest, Southampton. Surrey and Reading get the next largest total income.

Oxford and Southampton have the largest numbers of students, followed by Brighton. Of total students in the region, around 45% are from the region and 35% from other regions. Of full-time first degree students in the region, over 35% are from the region, 15% are from London, and 10% each are from the East of England and the South-West; in total, around 70% are from the south of England. Very few are from the North-East or Scotland. Around 35% of the region's native students stay in the region, with 15% going to London and over 10% going to the South-West. In general, for other regions of the UK, the South-East's students are more prepared to study in other regions than those regions' students are prepared to study in the South-East. Once they graduate, over 50% stay in the South-East, with 25% going to London, around 5% going to the East of England, and around 10% going to the South-West; around 90% stay in the south of England.

==Economy==
Overall, the South East of England is a very prosperous area with the second largest regional economy in the UK (after London), valued at £177&nbsp;billion in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file50736.pdf |title=Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform: Impact of RDA spending, March 2009 |access-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907205122/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file50736.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> GDP per capita in 2007 was estimated at £22,624, compared with a UK average of £19,956, making South East England the second richest region per capita, behind London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Regional GVA FINAL.doc |access-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326083726/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> However prosperity varies significantly across the region and despite its image of wealth there are large pockets of deprivation. GDP per capita in Berkshire and Milton Keynes is more than twice that of East Sussex and the Isle of Wight.<ref name=appsso/>

The region's [[Manufacturing Advisory Service]] is on the [[A30 road|A30]] in [[Hook, Hart|Hook]], north Hampshire<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mas-se.org.uk |title=Computer and consumer electronics blog - By Mas & Se |website=Computer and consumer electronics blog |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325135444/http://mas-se.org.uk/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[UK Trade & Investment|UKTI]] service for the region<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uktisoutheast.com |title=UKTI South East |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303124649/http://www.uktisoutheast.com/ |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is on Victory Park in [[Whiteley]], off junction 9 of the [[M27 motorway|M27]], opposite the ''Solent Hotel''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.solenthotel.com |title=Four Star Fareham Hotel - Solent Hotel & Spa - Thwaites |website=www.solenthotel.com |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812014043/http://www.solenthotel.com/ |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[South East Coast Ambulance Service]] has three headquarters, one each for Kent, Surrey and Sussex. These are on the B2163 at [[Coxheath]] (for Kent), on the [[A217 road|A217]] at [[Banstead]] (for Surrey), and on the A277 in [[Lewes]] (for Sussex). The [[South Central Ambulance Service]] is headquartered on the B4100 next to [[Bicester Town railway station]], with offices at [[Otterbourne]], Hampshire and [[Wokingham]]. The charity-funded air ambulances are [[Kent Air Ambulance]] at [[Marden, Kent]]; [[Hampshire & Isle of Wight Air Ambulance]] at [[Thruxton, Hampshire]]; [[Surrey and Sussex Air Ambulance]] at [[Dunsfold Aerodrome]], Surrey; and the [[Thames Valley Air Ambulance]] at [[RAF Benson]].

Many high technology companies are located near the M3 in Surrey and the M4 in Berkshire. [[Sun Microsystems]] had their UK base in [[Blackwater, Hampshire|Blackwater]] near [[Camberley]] until 2009. [[Microsoft]] and [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] have their UK headquarters next door to each other in Reading (Wokingham borough), as do the [[Yell Group]] and [[Logica]] (near junction 11 of the M4). The Gatwick Diamond is also a hub for hi-tech industry, centred at [[Gatwick Airport]] with [[Epsom]] to the north and [[Burgess Hill]] to the south. The largest company, by turnover, in the South East is Vodafone, followed by Ineos.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! South-East Region !! GDP € !! GDP per capita € (2013)<ref name=appsso>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/regions/data/database |title=Eurostat database |publisher=[[eurostat]] |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205449/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/regions/data/database |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live}} Follow 'Regional economic accounts - ESA2010 (reg_eco10)'. Then 'Gross domestic product indicators – ESA2010 (reg_eco10gdp)'. Then 'Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions (nama_10r_3gdp)'. Then 'folder with magnifying glass' icon. Then select 'GEO' [top of table]. Then 'select all' followed by 'deselect all'. Then scan down to UK data near end). Data source uses euros not pounds.</ref>
|-
| Berkshire || €45.2 bn || €51,500 (includes [[Borough of Reading]])
|-
| Buckinghamshire || €18.6 bn || €36,100 (excludes City of Milton Keynes UA)
|-
| Oxfordshire || €25.3 bn || €38,000
|-
| Milton Keynes || €12.8 bn || €50,300
|-
| Brighton & Hove|| €8.4 bn|| €30,400
|-
| East Sussex CC || €11.1 bn || €20,800
|-
| Surrey || €46.6 bn || €40,500
|- 
| West Sussex || €24.6 bn || €32,000
|- 
| Portsmouth || €6.8 bn || €33,000
|-
| Southampton || €7.4 bn || €30,700
|-
| Hampshire CC || €44.6 bn || €33,400 (excludes Portsmouth and Southampton)
|-
| Isle of Wight || €2.8 bn || €20,300
|-
| Medway|| €5.6 bn || €20,900
|-
| Kent CC || €38.6 bn || €25,900
|-
|-
| '''TOTAL'''
| €'''300.5''' bn
| €'''34.200'''
|}

==Transport==
[[File:166206 at Redhill.jpg|thumb|[[Redhill railway station|Redhill]] with the diesel [[British Rail Class 166|Class 166]] service run by [[First Great Western]] to [[Reading railway station|Reading]] as the line has not got the [[Third rail electrification]] fully installed on the [[North Downs Line]]]]
[[File:A21Pemburynorthbound.jpg|180px|thumb|right|Most main routes in the region are radials from London. Shown here is the [[A21 road (England)|A21]]. It is one of the major north–south routes connecting London and [[commuter town]]s and the coast.]]
[[File:Rail transport infrastructure map - UK - South East England.svg|thumb|Rail transport infrastructure map - UK - South East England]]
<!--[[File:HighWycombestation.jpg|180px|thumb|right|[[High Wycombe railway station]] in Buckinghamshire is a major commuter station on the [[Chiltern Main Line]] between London and Birmingham {{pufc|HighWycombestation.jpg|date=25 November 2010}}]]-->

The main road transport routes are along the [[M1 motorway|M1]] through Buckinghamshire; the [[M40 motorway|M40]] through Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire; the [[M4 motorway|M4]] through [[Berkshire]] and [[Buckinghamshire]]; the [[M2 motorway (Great Britain)|M2 motorway]]/[[A2 road (Great Britain)|A2]] and [[M20 motorway|M20]] through Kent; the [[M23 motorway|M23]] through Surrey and West Sussex; the [[M3 motorway (Great Britain)|M3]] through Surrey and Hampshire. All these routes connect to the [[M25 motorway|M25]], which runs near to and occasionally through the region's border with Greater London.

The [[A34 road (England)|A34]] provides a north–south road link through Oxfordshire, Berkshire and Hampshire. The east–west corridor through the south of the region is provided by the [[A27 road|A27]] and the [[M27 motorway|M27]].

The main intercontinental airport is [[Gatwick Airport]], with regional airports at [[Kent International Airport]] ([[Ramsgate]]), [[Shoreham Airport]] and [[Southampton Airport]]. [[Heathrow Airport]] is in [[Greater London]] but also serves (and is serviced by) the South East region.

The [[Great Western Main Line]] passes through Berkshire, Oxfordshire and southern Buckinghamshire. The [[South Eastern Main Line]] and [[High Speed 1]] pass through Kent; the latter connects to the [[Channel Tunnel]]. The [[Brighton Main Line]] passes through Surrey and West Sussex. The [[North Downs Line]] runs from [[Berkshire]] then through [[Surrey]] to connect with [[Sussex]] and [[Kent]]. The [[West Coast Main Line]] passes through northern Buckinghamshire. The [[Chiltern Main Line]] is a major commuter line between Birmingham and London passing through central Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. The [[Port of Dover]] and the port at [[Folkestone]] have many ferry services to [[France]] and though none currently run to [[Belgium]].

{{update section|date=May 2020}}
As part of the transport planning system the Regional Assembly is under statutory requirement to produce a Regional Transport Strategy (RTS) to provide long term planning for transport in the region. This involves region wide transport schemes such as those carried out by the [[Highways Agency]] and [[Network Rail]].<ref name=GoE1>
{{cite web |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gose/transport/regTransportStrat/?a=42496 |title=Regional Transport Strategy: the National Picture |publisher=[[Government Offices for the English Regions|Government Office for the South East]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719000308/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gose/transport/regTransportStrat/?a=42496 |archive-date=19 July 2006}}</ref> Within the region the local transport authorities carry out transport planning through the use of a [[Local transport plan|Local Transport Plan (LTP)]] which outlines their strategies, policies and implementation programme.<ref name=DfT1>{{cite web |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/ltp/theltpprocess |title=The LTP Process |publisher=[[Department for Transport]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816091752/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/ltp/theltpprocess |archive-date=16 August 2009}}</ref>

The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006–11. In the South East region the following transport authorities have published their LTP online: 
[[Bracknell Forest]] U.A.,<ref name=BFTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/env-transport-plan.htm |title=Bracknell Forest 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Bracknell Forest Borough Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127001906/http://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/env-transport-plan.htm |archive-date=27 January 2008}}</ref> [[Brighton & Hove]] U.A.,<ref name=BaHLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/index.cfm?request=c1146323 |title=Brighton and Hove 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Brighton & Hove|Brighton and Hove City Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501034723/http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/index.cfm?request=c1146323 |archive-date=1 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Buckinghamshire]],<ref name=BkLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.buckscc.gov.uk/bcc/transport/ltp2_enhancing_access.page? |title=Buckinghamshire 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Buckinghamshire|Buckinghamshire County Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525203320/http://www.buckscc.gov.uk/bcc/transport/ltp2_enhancing_access.page |archive-date=25 May 2011}}</ref> [[East Sussex]],<ref name=ESLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/roadsandtransport/localtransportplan/default.htm |title=East Sussex 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[East Sussex|East Sussex County Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207082116/http://eastsussex.gov.uk/roadsandtransport/localtransportplan/default.htm |archive-date=7 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hampshire]],<ref name=HmLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www3.hants.gov.uk/hampshire-transport/local-transport-plan.htm |title=Hampshire 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Hampshire County Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512175943/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/hampshire-transport/local-transport-plan.htm |archive-date=12 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Isle of Wight]],<ref name=IoWLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwight.com/living_here/environment/Transport_strategies/apr/ltp2.asp |title=Isle of Wight 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Isle of Wight Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202184233/http://www.iwight.com/living_here/environment/Transport_strategies/apr/ltp2.asp |archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref> [[Kent]],<ref name=KLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.kent.gov.uk/publications/transport-and-streets/ltp-provisional-plan.htm |title=Kent 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Kent County Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506212742/http://www.kent.gov.uk/publications/transport-and-streets/ltp-provisional-plan.htm |archive-date=6 May 2009}}</ref> [[Medway]] U.A.,<ref name=MwLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.medway.gov.uk/index/environment/transplanning/43663.htm |title=Medway 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Medway|Medway Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411200819/http://www.medway.gov.uk/index/environment/transplanning/43663.htm |archive-date=11 April 2009}}</ref> [[Milton Keynes]] U.A.,<ref name=MKLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/transport/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=13775 |title=Milton Keynes 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Milton Keynes Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026054134/http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/transport/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=13775 |archive-date=26 October 2007}}</ref> [[Oxfordshire]],<ref name=OLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/wps/portal/publicsite/councilservices?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=http://apps.oxfordshire.gov.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Internet/Council+Services/Roads+and+transport/Plans+and+policies/Local+Transport+Plan/ |title=Oxfordshire 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Oxfordshire County Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Portsmouth]] U.A.,<ref name=PmLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.portsmouthcc.gov.uk/living/5178.html |title=Portsmouth 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Portsmouth City Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907115827/http://www.portsmouthcc.gov.uk/living/5178.html |archive-date=7 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] U.A.,<ref name=RdLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.reading.gov.uk/ltp/GeneralM.asp?id=SX9452-A7817040 |title=Reading 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Reading Borough Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008045654/http://www.reading.gov.uk/ltp/GeneralM.asp?id=SX9452-A7817040 |archive-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> [[Slough]] U.A.,<ref name=SlLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.slough.gov.uk/services/1031.aspx |title=Slough 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Slough Borough Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110926215025/http%3A//www.slough.gov.uk/services/1031.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> [[Southampton]] U.A.,<ref name=ShLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.southampton.gov.uk/transport/transportplanning/localtransportplan/default.asp#0 |title=Southampton 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Southampton City Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920025842/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/transport/transportplanning/localtransportplan/default.asp |archive-date=20 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Surrey]],<ref name=SuLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspages.nsf/LookupWebPagesByTITLE_RTF/Surrey%27s+second+Local+Transport+Plan+2006-07+to+2010-11?opendocument |title=Surrey 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Surrey County Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927182434/http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspages.nsf/LookupWebPagesByTITLE_RTF/Surrey%27s+second+Local+Transport+Plan+2006-07+to+2010-11?opendocument |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Windsor and Maidenhead]] U.A.,<ref name=WaMLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/ltp_index.htm |title=Windsor and Maidenhead 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Windsor and Maidenhead|Windsor and Maidenhead Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011014319/http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/ltp_index.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> [[Wokingham (borough)|Wokingham]] U.A.<ref name=WoLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.wokingham.gov.uk/transport-roads-waste/transport-policy/local-transport-plan-2-2006-2011/ |title=Wokingham 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[Wokingham (borough)|Wokingham Borough Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100518100411/http://www.wokingham.gov.uk/transport-roads-waste/transport-policy/local-transport-plan-2-2006-2011/ |archive-date=18 May 2010}}</ref> and [[West Sussex]].<ref name=WSLTP>{{cite web |url=http://www.westsussex.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/your-council/plans--policies--reports-and-initiatives/west-sussex-transport-plan/1--west-sussex-transport-plan-2006-2016/west-sussex-transport-plan---full-version/ |title=West Sussex 2006-11 Local Transport Plan |publisher=[[West Sussex|West Sussex County Council]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429233208/http://www.westsussex.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/your-council/plans--policies--reports-and-initiatives/west-sussex-transport-plan/1--west-sussex-transport-plan-2006-2016/west-sussex-transport-plan---full-version/ |archive-date=29 April 2009}}</ref>

==Economic activity by county==
===Berkshire===
{{See also|List of mobile network operators of Europe}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}
[[File:Newbury, New Vodafone Headquarters - geograph.org.uk - 5590.jpg|thumb|left|Vodafone HQ north of Newbury; it arrived as Racal-Vodafone in 1983, when Bayer also arrived; Vodafone is the [[List of mobile network operators|world's second-biggest mobile phone company]] (the world's largest privately owned) with £40 billion of revenue and 464 million customers, and profits of £11bn; it has around 19M UK customers, and by value makes up about 5% of the FTSE 100.]]
Companies in Berkshire essentially follow the [[M4 corridor]]. In [[Theale]] are [[Nvidia|Nvidia UK]] (components for smartphones), [[The Range (retailer)|The Range]], [[Bathstore]], and Plumb Center. SPP Pumps (owned by [[Kirloskar Group]]) is at the [[Arlington Business Park]]; on the same estate [[PepsiCo]] is next to the GWML railway. [[Porsche|Porsche Cars Great Britain]] is in [[Calcot, Berkshire|Calcot]], [[Tilehurst]], west of Reading near Theale Interchange. [[Harley-Davidson|Harley-Davidson UK]] is in [[Pangbourne]]. [[Vodafone]], and [[High and Mighty (shop)|High and Mighty]] are based in [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]]; [[Bayer|Bayer UK]] ([[Aspirin]], Rennie and [[Alka-Seltzer]]) is to the west; [[National Instruments]] UK is to the east off the A4 on the Newbury Business Park, and [[Quantel]] was off the A4 and is now [[Snell Limited|Snell]] (former Snell & Wilcox, previously in Lower Earley), an important video technology company, near [[Aricent]] UK.

The [[Atomic Weapons Establishment]] is in [[Aldermaston]] on the Hampshire boundary. The Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre and [[Xtrac Limited]] are at [[Thatcham]]. The [[Royal School of Military Survey]] is in [[Hermitage, Berkshire|Hermitage]]. East of the A34, north of the M4, at [[Compton, Berkshire|Compton]] since 1992 is the UK HQ of [[Baxter International|Baxter Healthcare]], part of a global company which is working on a vaccine for [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]], and next door is the [[Institute for Animal Health]], which also researches H1N1.

[[File:Slough - Horlicks factory.jpg|thumb|right|Horlicks factory in Slough; GSK Slough makes 14,000 tonnes a year.]]
Retriever Sports, on the Mill Street Ind Est near [[Slough railway station]], is the world's largest manufacturer of [[darts]] equipment. [[Mars, Incorporated|Mars Limited]] has a large chocolate factory, run under the name of Effem Holdings Ltd, also in Slough on the enormous [[Slough Trading Estate]] which makes 3m Mars bars a day; nearby is [[Johnson Controls|Johnson Controls UK]] (car seats), and [[Imperial Chemical Industries|ICI Paints]], [[Polyfilla]], and [[Dulux]]. [[Horlicks]] is made by GSK there. [[Oki Electric Industry|Oki]] UK ([[Printer (computing)|desktop printer]]s) are based next to Mars. [[Honda|Honda UK]], [[Citroën|Citroën UK]], [[Fiat|Fiat UK]], [[Douwe Egberts|Douwe Egberts UK]] (and its owner [[Sara Lee Corporation|Sara Lee UK]]), [[BlackBerry (company)|BlackBerry UK]], [[Black & Decker|Black & Decker Europe]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon UK]], [[Ingres (database)|Ingres UK]], [[Telefónica Europe|Telefónica O2 Europe UK]] and [[Reckitt Benckiser]] are also in Slough.

Toyota Material Handling UK (fork lifts) is next door to Slough Heat and Power station. [[Lonza Group|Lonza]] UK makes [[biopharmaceutical]]s ([[monoclonal antibodies]]) on the A4. Honda Motor Europe is at the Langley Roundabout (A4/B470) of the M4 at [[Brands Hill]], part of [[Colnbrook with Poyle]], and near the [[Queen Mother Reservoir]]; on the opposite side of the M4 in [[Langley, Berkshire|Langley]] (Slough borough) is [[Royal Mail]]'s [[Heathrow World Distribution Centre|Heathrow Worldwide Distribution Centre]], and next door is [[Pentax]] Ricoh Imaging UK, next to Langley's leisure centre.

[[Hovis]], [[Ben & Jerry's]] (Unilever), [[FM Global]] UK (insurance), and [[Morgan Crucible]], are in Windsor; [[Nintendo|Nintendo UK]] is next to the Royal Mews Riding School. [[Centrica]] is in [[Dedworth]], next to [[Windsor Racecourse]]. [[Groupe SEB|Groupe SEB UK]] (owner of [[Krups]], [[Moulinex]], [[Rowenta]], and [[Tefal]]) is next to [[Windsor & Eton Riverside railway station]] and near the castle (previously next to [[Langley railway station]] until 2012). [[CA Technologies]] UK is at [[Ditton Park]] in [[Datchet]], home of the former [[Radio Research Station]] until 1979, which discovered the [[ionosphere]] in the 1920s. Ledco, near B3020/A329 junction in [[Sunninghill and Ascot]], is the UK distributor of LED Lenser torches, made by Zweibrüder Optoelectronics. [[Hitachi]], [[Corel]] UK, [[NSK Ltd.|NSK Europe]] (off the A308 to the north), [[WW International|Weight Watchers UK]] (next to [[Desborough School]]) and the [[Rank Group]] (leisure) are in Maidenhead.

Further east on the A404(M) is [[McGraw-Hill]] UK in [[Cox Green, Berkshire|Cox Green]]; other the side of the A404(M) at the Cox Green Interchange (9A), GSK makes [[Sensodyne]], [[Corsodyl]], [[Aquafresh]], and Macleans; [[Volvo Cars]] UK are at Scandinavia House (in Marlow from 1986 to 2012) next to GSK; [[Nortel|Nortel UK]] left in 2009. [[Sanofi Pasteur|Sanofi Pasteur MSD]] UK (vaccines) is based next to the Maidenhead council offices. [[Rentokil Initial|Initial Washrooms Solutions]] is next to the railway station and on the other side of A308 is [[Hutchison 3G|Hutchison 3G UK]]; on the other side of the railway is the [[Rank Group]] at the A308 roundabout, in [[Braywick, Berkshire|Braywick]]. [[Adobe Systems]] have their European HQ on the A4, south of the B4447 roundabout, next to a Sainsbury's. [[Hanson plc|Hanson]] UK is based at the A4/A308 roundabout; Hitachi Europe (with [[Hitachi Maxell|Maxell Europe]]) is off the [[A4094 road|A4094]] on the northern outskirts towards [[Cookham]] at Whitebrook Park, with [[DS Smith]], at the former [[Formica (plastic)|Formica]] Research Centre. Avery Dennison UK are based to the north off the A308 at [[Furze Platt]].

[[Abbott Laboratories]] UK (pharmaceuticals) are based on the Vanwall Business Park; nearby is [[Costain Group|Costain]], Pfizer Consumer Healthcare UK ([[Centrum (multivitamin)|Centrum]] [[multivitamin]]s); [[Toys "R" Us|Toys "R" Us UK]] and [[Mattel|Mattel UK]] are opposite each other, with [[Compuware]] UK. [[McNeil Laboratories|McNeil Products]] ([[Benylin]], [[Benadryl]], [[Daktarin]], [[Sudafed]] and [[Calpol]]) is at Foundation Park, next to the Great Western Main Line, in [[Cox Green, Berkshire|Cox Green]], south of Maidenhead, with other Johnson & Johnson (beauty) brands, and [[Lexmark]] UK. [[Bisham Abbey]], on the Thames, is a site of one of the [[National Sports Centres]], at the A404/A308 Bisham Roundabout, to the west of Maidenhead. [[GEO Group]] UK ([[Prisoner transport vehicle|prisoner custody]]) is off the [[A4130 road|A4130]] in [[Hurley, Berkshire|Hurley]], on the western edge of the district, with [[Hospira]] UK, owned by Pfizer.

[[BG Group]], [[Prudential plc]] (the country's biggest [[Life insurance|life insurer]] with 7m customers), the [[Rural Payments Agency]], and [[The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association|Guide Dogs for the Blind]] are in Reading. [[Primark|Primark UK]], near [[Reading Civic Centre]], was started by [[Arthur Ryan]] in Ireland; it arrived in the UK in 1973 and has bought many former sites of [[C&A]] and [[Littlewoods]]. North of the railway line is [[TP-Link]] UK (routers). Off the A33 towards the Three Mile Cross Interchange (M4) in south Reading is the [[Green Park Business Park]], home of Symantec UK (previously in [[Whitley, Berkshire|Whitley]]), many Cisco offices and [[Thames Water]] and to the south is the former Berkshire Brewery (closed in April 2010 by Heineken UK) and [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]] UK.

[[Borland|Borland UK]], [[Interserve]] and [[Mabey Group]], the bridge manufacturer, are in [[Twyford, Berkshire|Twyford]]. [[Bang & Olufsen|Bang & Olufsen UK]] is in [[Winnersh]]. [[Rockwell Collins]] UK (avionics, [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control systems]]), is next to [[Jacobs Engineering Group|Jacobs Engineering UK]], at the end of the A3290 near the A4 Sutton Seeds Roundabout, at Suttons Business Park in Earley; on the opposite side of the railway is [[Thames Valley Park]], with Oracle next to [[ING Group|ING Direct UK]] in Earley and Microsoft UK in Woodley; The University of Reading's [[Reading Scientific Services]] (RSSL) in Earley is Cadbury's main research centre.

[[Foster Wheeler|Foster Wheeler UK]] is in [[Shinfield]] in the old headquarters of Berkshire County Council, next to the M4; next door is the [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts]] on the site of the [[RAF Shinfield Park|former Met Office College]]. [[Auto Trader Group]] is in nearby [[Earley]]. The [[Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers]] (REME) are based at [[Arborfield Garrison]], partly in [[Barkham]], also home of the School of Electronic and Aeronautical Engineering. [[TAC (building automation)|Pelco]] UK is at the Mulberry Business Park in south-west Wokingham. [[Christie (audiovisual company)|Christie Digital Systems]] ([[Europe, the Middle East and Africa|EMEA]] office) is in the centre. Off the B3430 in [[Wokingham Without]], [[McNeil Laboratories|McNeil]] have a laboratory, south of district.

[[File:Jealott's Hill Research Station - geograph.org.uk - 78429.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jealott's Hill Research Station]] (pesticides), former ICI Plant Protection Division]]
[[Syngenta|Syngenta UK]] and [[Wincor Nixdorf]] UK ([[Automated teller machine|ATM]]s) are in Bracknell. [[Boehringer Ingelheim]] UK is off the A3095 in west Bracknell in [[Easthampstead]]; nearby to the north is [[Waitrose]]; to the east along the A3095 is [[Panasonic|Panasonic UK]]; next door to the south is [[IHS Inc.|IHS UK]] (owner of [[Jane's Information Group]]) and [[Hyundai Heavy Industries|HHI Europe]] (construction equipment); further along the A3095 is [[BMW]] (GB); BMW sold their first model in the UK in 1966, the [[BMW 02 Series|2002]], and sold 230,000 cars in the UK, a record amount. In 2017, German car imports to the UK were worth €20.8 billion.<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times |last= Charter |first= David |date= 14 November 2017 |title= No-deal Brexit 'adds €2bn' to German cars |url= https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/no-deal-brexit-adds-2bn-to-german-cars-svvp9qvnf |access-date=29 May 2023 }}</ref> To the south on the Southern Ind Est is [[Daler-Rowney]] (known for its [[acrylic paint]]; Rowney was the first supplier in Europe in 1963.

On the other side of the A329, towards the B3408, is [[Cable & Wireless Worldwide|Cable & Wireless]] (the former overseas equivalent of BT); to the west on the [[Amen Corner, Berkshire|Amen Corner]] Business Park in [[Farley Wood]] next to the A329 and the [[Waterloo to Reading Line|railway]], is [[Dell|Dell UK]]; next door is [[Hewlett-Packard Company|HP UK]] (in [[Winnersh]] from the 1970s to 1990s) to the west; [[3M|3M UK]] is to the north-east, next to [[Bracknell Bees]] ice-hockey stadium. [[Novell|Novell UK]] is on the A329, north of the A322 roundabout at [[Arlington Square, Bracknell|Arlington Square]] (former [[Sperry Corporation|Sperry Gyroscope]]), and next door is [[Honeywell|Honeywell UK]] on the A329 at the Skimped Hill Roundabout near the Odeon cinema. [[Avis Europe]] (with [[Budget Rent a Car|Budget UK]]) is further north at the A322/A3095 Met Office Roundabout near [[Bracknell and Wokingham College]]; [[Imation]] UK is next door on the roundabout; south of the roundabout is [[Netgear]] UK next to the A3095. To the north, [[Syngenta]] have their main worldwide ([[pesticide]]) research centre at [[Jealott's Hill]], formerly owned by [[Imperial Chemical Industries|ICI]]. The [[Transport Research Laboratory]] and [[Broadmoor Hospital]] are in [[Crowthorne]] near the Wokingham boundary.

===Buckinghamshire===
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}
High Wycombe is known historically for its furniture industry, and has the Association of Master Upholsterers & Soft Furnishers. [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai UK]] and [[Tetra Pak]] UK are at Wycombe Marsh on the A40, and [[Dreams (bed retailer)|Dreams]], the UK base of Ariston (now owned by [[Indesit]]), [[Wilkinson Sword]], [[Merisant|Merisant UK]], and [[Staples Inc.|Staples]] are based in [[High Wycombe]]; [[Cofely]] (energy services) and [[Rank Hovis McDougall|Rank Hovis]] are off the M40 Handy Cross Interchange, with [[The Perfume Shop]], the food technology centre of [[Premier Foods]], and [[Instron]] Europe (tension testing machines), off the A4010. To the north of the town centre is [[Sennheiser]] UK (audio equipment). [[RAF High Wycombe]] ([[RAF Air Command|Air Command]]) is at [[Bradenham, Buckinghamshire|Bradenham]] on [[Grim's Ditch (Chilterns)]] off the A4010. To the west of the town, United Biscuits have their group technical centre on Sands Ind Estate, off the A4010, near the rugby ground of [[Wasps RFC|London Wasps]]. [[Swedish Match|Swedish Match UK]] (all their matches are made in Sweden) are in Totteridge. [[Johnson & Johnson|Johnson & Johnson UK]] have their base at [[Booker, Buckinghamshire|Booker]] next to the [[M40 motorway|M40]] near [[Handy Cross]], with [[Janssen-Cilag]] UK ([[Loperamide|Imodium]]); [[George Wimpey|Taylor Wimpey]] is off the A4010, with [[Focusrite]], a big industry player in consoles for sound recording, with [[Novation Digital Music Systems]] MIDI controllers and keyboards.

[[Pilot (pen company)|Pilot Pen]] UK is on the Wessex Road Industrial Estate in [[Wooburn and Bourne End]]; [[Psion Teklogix|Psion Teklogix UK]] is in the middle of [[Bourne End, Buckinghamshire|Bourne End]], east of Marlow, on the [[A4155 road|A4155]] ([[Symbian]], found on most smartphones until 2010, was developed from Psion's [[EPOC (operating system)|EPOC]]); nearby are [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries|Kawasaki UK]] and [[Nuance Communications]] UK. In [[Wooburn Green]], to the east off the [[A4094 road|A4094]] is [[Menarini]] UK [[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company|Takeda]] UK (both pharmaceuticals). [[Wyeth|Wyeth UK]] (pharmaceuticals) is in [[Burnham, Buckinghamshire|Burnham]], next to the M4 [[Huntercombe]] Spur junction. [[Saclà Italia]] UK ([[pesto]]) is in Beaconsfield; [[Grünenthal GmbH|Grünenthal]] UK (pharmaceuticals) is off the Stokenchurch Interchange of the M40.

[[File:Martin-Baker Ejection Seat Mk 9B.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Martin-Baker [[Martin-Baker Mk.9|Mk 9 ejection seat]]; Martin-Baker seats have saved around 950 RAF pilots, and around 7600 pilots around the world, and were developed by Sir [[James Martin (engineer)|James Martin]] (1893–1981) from Northern Ireland.]]
The UK base of [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Robert Bosch]] is in [[Denham, Buckinghamshire|Denham]]. [[Martin-Baker]] is in [[Denham, Buckinghamshire|Higher Denham]], and [[InterContinental Hotels Group]] is in Denham Green (formerly in Windsor) at Broadwater Park on the [[A412 road|A412]]. On the edge of Uxbridge, but on the Buckinghamshire side of Shire Ditch in (New) Denham is [[Amgen]] UK (biotechnology), [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]] UK (pharmaceuticals), and [[Mondelēz International]] UK (former Kraft); on the other side of the [[Uxbridge Road|A4020]] in the south of Denham next to [[River Colne, Hertfordshire|River Colne]], on the Great London boundary, is [[Medirest]], [[Eurest]], at the HQ of Compass Group UK. [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer UK]] is in [[Stoke Poges]] on the former site of the [[Fulmer Research Institute]]; [[Hitachi Data Systems]] [[Europe, the Middle East and Africa|EMEA]] is at Sefton Park (a former Glaxo research centre) on the B416, now home of [[Urenco Group]] (international [[Enriched uranium|uranium enrichment]]).

[[DX Group]] (couriers), are next to [[Muller Martini]] UK ([[Bookbinding|binding]]), and [[Cummins UK|Cummins]] have a design plant at Rideway Trading Est next to the M25 at [[Iver]]; [[Pinewood Studios]] is in Iver Heath; it takes its name as it is next to the adjacent [[pine]] trees in the 530 acres of [[Black Park]]. [[Avid Technology]] UK (industry-standard [[Pro Tools]] audio and [[Sibelius (software)|Sibelius]] notation software) is also based at Pinewood. Timberland Europe is at Wexham Springs, in Wexham west of Pinewood Studios in the same place is [[Servier]] Laboratories UK and [[Sun Chemical]] Europe (the world's largest producer of printing inks). [[STMicroelectronics]] UK (French-Italian, based in Geneva), is based next to [[Trend Micro|Trend Micro UK]] (Japanese) on Globeside Park at Marlow, next to the [[A404 road|A404]] and nearby are Expansys and [[Whistl]] (former TNT Post UK, part of [[PostNL]]), both north of [[Marlow railway station]]; [[Techtronic Industries]] UK ([[Ryobi]] power tools) is on the same estate. [[Dun & Bradstreet]] UK ([[Credit rating agency|credit references]]) is on the A404 bypass at the [[A4155 road|A4155]] Westhorpe Interchange. [[GE Healthcare]] has its world HQ in [[Little Chalfont]]. [[Uniq plc]] (bought by [[Greencore]] in November 2011) was in Chalfont St Peter, next to the A413 and [[River Misbourne]], off the B416 Kingsway Roundabout, next to [[Citrix Systems|Citrix]] UK; [[Doro (telecoms)|Doro]] UK (Swedish mobile phones) are off the A413. [[Bahlsen]] UK is in [[Gerrards Cross]] off the B416.

NT CADCAM in [[Haddenham, Buckinghamshire|Haddenham]] is the UK distributor of the industry-standard [[SolidWorks]] CAD software package; [[Schwartz (brand)|Schwartz]] UK (spices) and [[McCormick & Company|McCormick]] UK, the parent company of [[Camp Coffee]], is near [[Haddenham and Thame Parkway railway station]] off the A418 between Thame and Aylesbury. [[ACCO Brands|Acco UK]] (stationery), who own Rexel (stationery) and [[General Binding Corporation|GBC]] ([[pouch laminator]]s), are on the [[A418 road|A418]] in Aylesbury, opposite [[Aylesbury College]]; Askeys have made ice cream cones since 1965 next to the A4157 and Grand Union Canal. Demag Hamilton (owned by [[Sumitomo Heavy Industries|Sumitomo]]) who make [[Injection moulding|plastic injection-moulding]] machines, is based on the Triangle Business Park on the [[A413 road|A413]] next to the [[London to Aylesbury Line|railway]] in Stoke Mandeville. At [[Long Crendon]] is [[Demag|Terex Demag]] UK (cranes), and [[Furukawa Unic|Unic]] UK (mini cranes). Arla opened its huge Aylesbury dairy in Aylesbury in 2014, on the A41 Aston Clinton bypass. [[Arla Aylesbury]] is a fresh milk processing facility with 34 acres; its plastic bottles are made on-site by [[Alpla]].<ref>{{cite web |date= 20 April 2012 |title= Leading bottle supplier appointed for Arla's new dairy |publisher= Arla |url= https://news.arlafoods.co.uk/news/leading-bottle-supplier-appointed-for-arla-s-new-dairy |access-date= 29 May 2023 |archive-date= 29 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230529104054/https://news.arlafoods.co.uk/news/leading-bottle-supplier-appointed-for-arla-s-new-dairy |url-status= dead }}</ref>

[[File:Argos Head Office - geograph.org.uk - 746762.jpg|thumb|right|Argos head office on Avebury Boulevard in Milton Keynes; Argos was established in 1973 from what was the [[Green Shield Stamps]] company and shops, and since 2016 has been owned by Sainsbury's, formerly Home Retail Group.]]
[[Milton Keynes]] is home to many national companies such as [[Santander UK|Santander UK operations]]. The [[Home Retail Group]] ([[Argos (retailer)|Argos]] and [[Homebase]]), [[Filtrona]], [[Ingram Micro|Ingram Micro UK]] and BP Oil UK (retail) are in [[Central Milton Keynes]], as is the [[Network Rail]] headquarters at [[Quadrant:MK]]. [[Rightmove]] is in [[Campbell Park (civil parish)#Winterhill|Winterhill]]. Nearby, on the other side of [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5]], [[Loughton, Milton Keynes|Loughton]] is the home of the [[National House Building Council]] (NHBC), the [[National Energy Foundation]], and the former [[Atmosphere Bars and Clubs]] west of the A5, near Central MK; Leica Geosystems (owned by [[Hexagon AB]], [[List of surveying instruments|surveying equipment]]), on the same estate, is opposite the NHBC, and the [[Parcelforce]] HQ is nearby; to the south of Loughton is [[Korg]] UK (keyboards) and [[Vox (musical equipment)|Vox]] (originally from Kent, makers of amplifiers), just north of the [[National Bowl]], off Watling Street; to the west of Loughton at the Crownhill Ind Est in [[Shenley Church End]], [[SMC Corporation|SMC Pneumatics]] have their European Technical Centre. The [[Badminton England|National Badminton Centre]] is in Loughon Lodge.

East of the [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5]], [[Luminar Leisure]] is headquartered in Rooksley ([[Bradwell, Milton Keynes|Bradwell CP]]). In the north-west, the European HQ of [[WD-40]] and [[Rockwell Automation]] UK (former [[Allen-Bradley]]) are in Kiln Farm, [[Bradwell Abbey]]; near [[Sysmex Corporation|Sysmex]] UK (healthcare electronics) and Volkswagen Group's National Learning Centre. To the north, [[Constructa-Neff|NEFF UK]], [[Gaggenau Hausgeräte|Gaggenau]] UK, and [[BSH Hausgeräte|BSH Home Appliances]] are in [[Wolverton and Greenleys]]; opposite is Mars Horsecare UK; Electrolux have their distribution centre next to the WCML and [[Wolverton railway station|Wolverton station]].

To the east, near the M1 and the [[A422 road|A422]] in [[Great Linford]], [[Chrysler|Chrysler UK]] ([[Jeep]] and [[Dodge]]), [[Scania (company)|Scania UK]] (part of VW), [[Rohan (clothing)|Rohan]] (clothing), [[Makita]] UK ([[power tools]]) and [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-Benz UK]] (including [[Smart (marque)|Smart Cars]]) are in Tongwell; [[Volkswagen Group|VAG UK]] (VW and Audi) is opposite in Blakelands on the north side of the A422 opposite Tongwell Lake. DRS mark exam papers by [[electronic data capture]] at Linford Wood, south of the A422 and Stantonbury, near [[Leica Microsystems]]; [[Mitsubishi Pencil Company]] UK ([[uni-ball]]) is off the A422 at the B4034 Redbridge Roundabout; [[H. Bronnley & Co.]] (soap) is on the site of a factory used to build the [[Marconi Electronic Systems|GEC-Marconi]] [[AI.24 Foxhunter]] radar in the 1980s.

[[Image:Berrill Building Entrance The Open University.jpg|thumb|left|The [[The Open University|OU]] at Milton Keynes]]
In the south-east of Milton Keynes, [[The Open University]] is in [[Walton Hall, Milton Keynes|Walton Hall]], in [[Walton, Milton Keynes|Walton]]; BT Development & Training (management) is based at [[Kents Hill, Monkston and Brinklow|Kents Hill]], next to the OU, after it moved from Bletchley Park in 1993; south of the OU is Walton Manor, home of [[Schering-Plough|MSD Animal Health]] (former [[Merck & Co.|Intervet]], and previously a [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]] laboratory). [[Red Bull Racing]] is off the A4146 in Tilbrook, south of the OU; nearby is [[Jungheinrich]] UK (forklifts) in [[Walton, Milton Keynes|Walton]] near [[Bow Brickhill railway station]], and Yamaha Music Europe; north of Tilbrook on the A4146 is [[Walker Greenbank]] (upmarket furnishings). [[Fisher & Paykel|Fisher & Paykel UK]] (fridges) are in Kingston, [[Middleton (Milton Keynes Village)|Milton Keynes Village]]. Nearby is [[Duravit]] UK (bathroom plumbing); in Kingston off the A421 are [[Alpla]] UK (plastics), and [[Koyo Seiko|Koyo]] UK ([[JTEKT]]). Just east of the A421, near [[Wavendon]] and M1 Junction 13, John Lewis, [[River Island]] and Amazon have large logistics warehouses in the [[Magna Park]] distribution centre.

In the south-west of Milton-Keynes, [[Chemetall]], a chemical company, is in [[Denbigh, Milton Keynes|Denbigh West]], [[Bletchley]], near [[Marshall Amplification]], near Denbigh Roundabout (B4034); [[Yokohama Rubber Company|Yokohama]] UK (tyres) is at Mount Farm ([[Bletchley and Fenny Stratford]]) north of Denbigh West, next to the A5 ([[Fenny Stratford]] bypass); to the east of Mount Farm, Kemble and Co. were Britain's last piano manufacturers, until the factory closed in 2009. [[Holophane]] Europe make floodlighting on the Mount Farm Ind Est, east of A4146/A5 Caldecotte Interchange; on the west of Mount Farm, on the B4034, Basell Polyolefins UK (part of the Dutch [[LyondellBasell]]) make [[polypropylene]] compounds. [[Domino's Pizza Group]] (arrived in the UK in 1985) is in West Ashland near the A5/A421 junction. Suzuki GB is on the A421 near B4034 roundabout at [[Tattenhoe]] in [[Shenley Brook End]] on the south-western edge.

Elsewhere in the borough, [[Welcome Break]] is at the M1 [[Newport Pagnell services|service station]] in [[Newport Pagnell]], where [[Aston Martin]] had a factory until 2007 (The existing site is now home to the Aston Martin Works, which focuses on heritage sales, service, spares and restoration operations). The town is also home to a customer centre of car retailer [[Cazoo]], located just off the A509/A422 junction at Tickford Roundabout. [[FCO Services]] and [[Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre|HMGCC]] is based at [[Hanslope|Hanslope Park]], in a rural area {{cvt|6|mi}} north of Central Milton Keynes.

===Hampshire===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}
The [[British Army|Army]] have a large [[Aldershot Garrison|garrison]] in [[Aldershot]], with [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] being nearby. [[Elica]] also make [[extractor hood]]s in Aldershot, and the European HQ of the [[Computer Sciences Corporation]] consulting firm is based at the A323/[[A325 road|A325]] roundabout. [[Rentokil Initial]] have their head office and [[pest control]] division next to [[Blackwater railway station]], north of the A30, towards Camberley. [[Farnborough, Hampshire|Farnborough]] has many international aerospace companies as well as [[Sofa Workshop]]. [[Nokia|Nokia UK]], which had also been a R&D base for [[Nokia Siemens Networks]] on the A327, left in 2012; further along the A327 is [[Autodesk|Autodesk UK]].

DKB Household UK ([[Zyliss]]) is off the [[A327 road|A327]] in North Farnborough; at the A325/A327 roundabout is [[Parametric Technology Corporation]] UK (known for its industry-standard [[PTC Creo Elements/Pro]] (Pro/ENGINEER) CAD/CAM software) with [[Red Hat]] UK. [[Thomson Local]] directory is on the A325 next to [[Farnborough (Main) railway station|Farnborough railway station]], next to the [[Catholic National Library]]; opposite is the design centre for [[Qualcomm]] UK (W-CDMA UMTS mobile technology) with [[Hogg Robinson Group]] UK (its worldwide headquarters are in Basingstoke). BAE Systems with [[CORDA (UK)|CORDA]] is south of the airfield at the Farnborough Aerospace Centre, off the A325/[[A3011 road (Great Britain)|A3011]] Queen's Roundabout. [[Sun Microsystems]] had their UK headquarters at Guillemont Park (former [[Guillemont Barracks]] until 1997) north of the M3 [[Minley]] Interchange at [[Blackwater and Hawley]], until 2009.

The [[Ford Southampton plant]] of [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], near [[Southampton Airport]] and Stoneham Interchange (A335) of the M27, closed in July with production of the Transit moving to the [[Ford Otosan]] plant in [[Gölcük, Kocaeli]] (Turkey). [[Skandia|Skandia Insurance]] have their UK base there. [[Carnival Corporation & plc]], the world's largest cruise ship operator, has one of its two headquarters at Carnival House. The [[Maritime and Coastguard Agency]] is in the town centre near the A3057. [[Swatch]] UK (and [[Omega SA|Omega]] UK) are based near [[Millbrook, Southampton|Millbrook Flyover]] ([[A33 road|A33]]).

[[Image:Draper Tools HQ, Chandler's Ford - geograph.org.uk - 139718.jpg|thumb|left|HQ of Draper Tools]]
[[B&Q]] and [[Draper Tools]] are based in [[Chandler's Ford]]. [[Prysmian]] Cables & Systems, who make [[Electric power transmission|high-tension electric]] cables (for [[Offshore wind power|offshore windfarms]]), communication cables and [[Circuit integrity|fire-resistant cable]], are off the B3037 in Eastleigh, next to a rail servicing plant and the [[River Itchen, Hampshire|River Itchen]]. [[Bacardi|Bacardi-Martini]] and [[London Camera Exchange]] are in [[Winchester]] and {{convert|4|mi|km|spell=in}} north-west, [[Arqiva]] (broadcasting infrastructure, at the former technical division of the [[Independent Broadcasting Authority|IBA]]) are based in [[Crawley, Hampshire]]. The [[Adjutant General's Corps]] HQ (former [[Royal Army Pay Corps]]) is at [[Worthy Down Camp]] off the A34 north of Winchester at [[Kings Worthy]], since 2012 the home of the [[Defence School of Personnel Administration]]. To the north-west, the Leckford Estate, with [[Longstock Park]], next door provides much of the milk, mushrooms, fruit, honey and free-range chicken for Waitrose; [[John Spedan Lewis]], founder of John Lewis, lived there until his death in 1963.

[[File:Geograph 2222919 Ordnance Survey's new HQ.jpg|thumb|[[Ordnance Survey]] headquarters at Adanac Park|alt=]]
[[Garmin|Garmin Europe]] is in [[Hounsdown]] just west of Southampton. Esso has its main UK refinery at [[Fawley, Hampshire|Fawley]] (the largest refinery, by production, in the UK); north of Fawley is [[Polimeri Europa]] UK (former [[International Synthetic Rubber]], now owned by [[Eni]]) off the A326, which makes elastomers. [[Ineos]], the third largest chemicals company in the world, is in [[Lyndhurst, Hampshire|Lyndhurst]] in the New Forest (A35). [[Roke Manor Research]] (founded by Plessey in 1956, and owned since 2010 by Chemring) at [[Roke Manor]] at [[Romsey Extra]] developed the [[Hawk-Eye]] system in 2001. The [[Ordnance Survey]] have a new headquarters (previously further east in Southampton before 2011) at [[Nursling and Rownhams]], off the [[M271 motorway|M271]] Nursling Interchange. On the A337 in [[Mudeford]] in the east of Christchurch is a large BAE Systems radar site (the former [[Signals Research and Development Establishment]]).

[[Image:NATS London Area Control Centre, Swanwick - geograph.org.uk - 464744.jpg|thumb|[[National Air Traffic Service]] headquarters at Swanwick|alt=]]
[[Best Buy Europe]] is in Hedge End; SPI Lasers make [[Fiber laser|fibre laser]]s for [[Optical fiber|optical fibre]]s; [[Glen Dimplex]] have an HQ north of the [[A334 road|A334]]. [[Chemring Group]], [[Royal Boskalis Westminster|Boskalis Westminster]] ([[dredging]]) and the [[National Air Traffic Services]] (NATS) are in [[Fareham]] ([[Swanwick, Hampshire|Swanwick]]) near [[Zurich Financial Services|Zurich Insurance UK]]. At [[Locks Heath]] off the A27 further south at [[Kite's Croft]] Business Park is [[Estée Lauder Companies|Estée Lauder UK]] and the scrapped South East Regional Control Centre ([[FiReControl]]). On the opposite side of the A27 on Funtley Ind Est is [[Eaton Corporation|Eaton Aerospace]], who have their Fuel & Motion Control Systems Division ([[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]], making fuel valves for aircraft), which is the former Abbey Works site of [[Plessey]] Dynamics (Mechanical Systems) and Plessey Aerospace.

[[Raymarine Marine Electronics]] (owned by [[FLIR Systems]]) off the A27 (near Estée Lauder) at Titchfield is the world's leading leisure [[marine electronics]] company. [[TÜV SÜD]] UK ([[product certification]]) are next to [[Gemalto]] UK, who make [[EMV|chip and PIN cards]], at Segensworth between the railway and the M27; further along is [[The Cooper Companies|CooperVision]], who make contact lenses, and next door is [[Turbomeca]] UK (part of [[Safran]]). [[GE Aviation]], on a site which was formerly [[Folland Aircraft]] then [[British Aerospace|BAe Aerostructures]], has a factory at [[Hamble-le-Rice]] which makes [[Composite material|composites]] for [[airframe]]s and racing cars, using products such as [[Maleimide|Bismaleimide]] resin. [[Crewsaver]] (owned by [[Survitec Group|Survitec]]), [[Covidien]] UK (owned by [[VNUS]]), and [[Wickham Laboratories]] are off the [[A32 road|A32]] at Fleetlands, (north of Gosport), south of Fareham, and north of [[DM Gosport]], which handles the Navy's armaments including [[Sea Skua]], [[Sea Wolf (missile)|Sea Wolf]], the [[Eurosam]] [[Aster (missile family)|Aster]], [[Sea Dart]] ([[Surface-to-air missile|surface-to-air]]), and GEC-Marconi [[Sting Ray (torpedo)]].

Kenwood, owned by [[De'Longhi]] since 2001, have a factory at [[West Leigh]], Havant; next-door, Sumika Polymer Compounds (owned by [[Sumitomo Chemical]]), and Pfizer (former Wyeth Biotech before 2009) have plants on New Lane Ind Est next to the [[Portsmouth Direct Line|railway]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} [[Lockheed Martin U.K.]] is at the Langstone Technology Park<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.langtp.com |title=Affordable, Flexible Office Space Havant, Flexible Office Space Rental Hampshire - Langstone Technology Park |website=www.langtp.com |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110214202/http://www.langtp.com/ |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> off the A3023, near the A27, at [[Brockhampton, Hampshire|Brockhampton]], near to [[Apollo Fire Detectors]], [[Jobsite]] (owned by [[dmg::media]]), and [[Pains Wessex]] (a leading manufacturer of maritime distress [[flare]]s); [[SSE plc]] have their main southern HQ on the Southmoor Lane Ind Est next door. [[Paradigm Secure Communications]] ([[Airbus Defence and Space]]) control the UK's Ariane-launched [[Skynet (satellite)|Skynet]] military satellites from former the [[RAF Oakhanger]] off the [[A325 road|A325]] west of Bordon.

[[Southwick House]], off the B2177 in [[Southwick and Widley]], is the home of the [[Defence School of Policing and Guarding]] and the Regimental Headquarters of the [[Royal Military Police]]. [[VT Group]] is based in [[Hedge End]], with VT Education & Skills and VT Flagship based in [[North Harbour, Portsmouth]]. Near the A2030/A27 [[Farlington, Hampshire|Farlington]] Roundabout in east Portsmouth, Airbus Defence and Space (former Astrium before 2014, and earlier [[Marconi Space and Defence Systems]]) at Anchorage Park near [[Hilsea railway station]], make payloads for the [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo navigation system]], at its Broad Oak Works, with [[SELEX Elsag]] and BAE Systems on the former [[Portsmouth Airport, Hampshire|Portsmouth Airport]]; GKN Aerospace (former [[FPT Industries]]) situated at the former make aviation [[self-sealing fuel tank]]s; Atmosphere Control International (former [[Wellman Group|Wellman Defence]] before 2012, and part of TPG Engineering) in Portsmouth make the [[air purifier]]s for the British and French [[nuclear submarine]]s. [[Pall Corporation|PALL Europe]] (fluid filtration) is based on the Harbourgate Business Park, on the opposite side of the M27 from [[Port Solent]]. Much of the [[Royal Navy]] is based at [[HMNB Portsmouth]] with [[BAE Systems Surface Ships]]; [[Navy Command Headquarters]] is at [[Whale Island, Hampshire|Whale Island]], next to the [[M275 motorway|M275]]. [[IBM]] is headquartered in [[Cosham]], North [[Portsmouth]], with large laboratories in [[Hursley House]].

[[Lenovo]] UK and [[Serco]] are at Bartley Wood Business Park, off the B3349 (M3 [[Hook, Hart|Hook]] Interchange), with [[Virgin Media]] (13,600 staff in the UK, with 1,200 at the head office); next door is [[First Drinks]], a whisky distributor owned by [[William Grant & Sons]], [[Trimble Navigation]] UK (GPS systems) and [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise Services|HP Enterprise Services Defence & Security UK]] (former EDS Defence). The [[Police Staff College, Bramshill]], the Police's main training centre, is nearby to the north; the [[European Police College]] (CEPOL, run by [[Europol]]) was at Bramshill until 2014 when it moved to Budapest. [[Festo]] GB (industrial automation, based at [[Esslingen am Neckar]]) is next to the M3 on Ancells Business Park, next to [[Rohde & Schwarz]] UK (electronic testing). [[Vertu]], division of Nokia makes luxury phones at [[Church Crookham]]. [[CV-Library]] is in Fleet; [[Conair Corporation|Conair Group]] ([[BaByliss]] [[hair dryer]]s) are at the nearby Waterfront Business Park.

[[File:AA head office - geograph.org.uk - 780430.jpg|thumb|left|The AA's headquarters at [[Fanum House]] in Basingstoke]]
The [[The Automobile Association|AA]], [[Scott Wilson Group|Scott Wilson]], [[Genus plc]], and [[Winterthur Group|Winterthur Life]] are based in Basingstoke. The pharmaceuticals group [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly UK]], with [[Elanco]] UK ([[Veterinary medicine|animal health]]), is in [[Norfolk House, Basingstoke|Norfolk House]] in Houndmills east of the [[North Hampshire Hospital]], the main home for Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; also in Houndmills are [[Fyffes|Fyffes UK]] (next to the railway), and [[GAME (retailer)|GAME Group]], with [[Gamestation]] (formerly in York), which it bought in 2007; [[Palgrave Macmillan]], a leading worldwide trade publisher with the [[Pharmaceutical Press]], is south of A339 and hospital. [[Thales Missile Electronics]] (former [[Thorn EMI]]) is in central Basingstoke near the A3010/A339 junction, which makes parts for the [[Brimstone (missile)|Brimstone]] missile. [[Alberto-Culver|Alberto-Culver UK]] and [[Shire (pharmaceutical company)|Shire Pharmaceuticals Group plc]] left the Hampshire International Business Park near [[Chineham]] in 2011 and 2017 respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last= Garfield |first= Richard |date= 25 September 2011 |title= Jobs blow as firm quits town base |work= Basingstoke Gazette |url= https://www.basingstokegazette.co.uk/news/9270455.jobs-blow-as-firm-quits-town-base/ |access-date= 29 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Whiteway |first= Dan |date= 19 May 2019 |title= Green light to convert former Shire office into homes |work= Basingstoke Gazette |url= https://www.basingstokegazette.co.uk/news/17641411.green-light-convert-former-shire-office-homes/ |access-date= 29 May 2023}}</ref>

On the Chineham Business Park is the [[Gas safe register|Gas Safe Register]] (predecessor [[Council for Registered Gas Installers|CORGI]] was also in Basingstoke), and [[Hama Photo|Hama]] UK (photography equipment); [[Peek Traffic]], south of Shire, is one of two companies in the UK that make [[Traffic light|traffic signal]]s. [[Motorola|Motorola UK]], next-door to Meggitt Sensing Systems, and [[De La Rue]] are on the [[Viables]] industrial estate next to the M3 and [[Cranbourne, Hampshire|Cranbourne]]; BD UK (former [[CareFusion]] UK before 2014) makes ''Alaris'' [[infusion pump]]s, [[medical ventilator]]s and [[automated dispensing cabinet]]s. De La Rue have a main banknote printing works at Overton Mill in [[Overton, Hampshire|Overton]], to the west towards the [[A34 road|A34]], and a holographics factory on the Daneshill industrial estate, in the west of the town; [[De Dietrich]] UK (kitchen appliances) are near a plant of Thermo Fisher Scientific UK, and [[Boeing UK|Boeing Defence UK]]. Mars Drinks ([[Flavia Beverage Systems]] and [[Klix (company)|Klix]]) is north of the railway, south of Daneshill.

[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Cengage UK]] are in the east of [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]], off the A3093 on Walworth Industrial Estate; further south are [[Twinings]] (who also own [[Ovaltine]]) and to east of the estate is [[Stannah Lifts]] (owned by [[Schaefer Group|SSI Schaefer]]), next to [[Petty Wood]], owner of the Epicure food brand, with [[Le Creuset]] UK ([[Cookware and bakeware|cookware]]); [[Euronics]] UK is further west. The [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]] trains at [[Middle Wallop Flying Station]], off the A343. [[Britten-Norman]] (B-N Group) make [[turboprop]] aeroplanes on the Isle of Wight. The Danish [[Vestas]] (former [[NEG Micon]] before 2004) closed the UK's only wind turbine factory on the Isle of Wight in 2010, and Vestas Technology have a research site in [[Northwood, Isle of Wight|Northwood]]; [[Stainless Games]] developed [[Carmageddon]]. GKN Aerospace at East Cowes make engine [[nacelle]]s, with its [[GKN Aerospace Composites Research Centre|Composites Research Centre]], in the former main plant of [[Saunders-Roe]]. [[Ratsey and Lapthorn]] make sails at Cowes.

===Kent===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}
[[BAE Systems Electronics, Intelligence & Support]], next to [[Rochester Airport (England)|Rochester Airport]], manufacture [[helmet mounted display]]s and [[head-up display]]s; it was GEC Avionics, previously Marconi Avionics and Elliott Flight Automation, and Kent's biggest employer in the 1980s; the display technology originated from acquiring [[Cintel]] in 1963; the site was a Shorts factory in the war, and built many [[Short Sunderland]]s.<ref>{{cite web |date= 22 March 2021 |title= Rochester |publisher= BAE Systems |url= https://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/heritage/rochester |access-date= 29 May 2023 }}</ref> The [[Royal Engineers]] and the [[Royal School of Military Engineering]] are based in [[Chatham, Medway|Chatham]] at Brompton Barracks. [[London Thamesport]] is on the [[Isle of Grain]]. [[Metsä Board]] UK (paper) is off the [[A289 road|A289]] near [[Medway Tunnel]], and next to the [[Universities at Medway]], Chatham. [[Sleepeezee]] (owned by the [[Simmons Bedding Company]]) is at Conquest Ind Est in [[Strood]] on the A228 next to the River Medway. [[Bose Corporation|Bose]] UK are on the Gillingham Business Park, off the [[A278 road|A278]] near the A2 Bowaters Roundabout; on other side of A278 is [[Delphi Automotive|Delphi Diesel Systems]].

[[Bovis Homes Group|Bovis Homes]] is near [[Gravesend]] and in [[Northfleet]] on the B2175, Kimberly-Clark (formerly Bowater-[[Scott Paper Company|Scott]] until 1996) makes [[Andrex]] toilet rolls. [[Caterham Cars]] manufacturers of British sports cars including the [[Caterham 7]] have their manufacturing facilities in [[Dartford]]. [[Laing O'Rourke]] is off the A206 in [[Stone, Kent|Stone]], east of the Dartford Tunnel on Crossways Business Park, where [[Mazda|Mazda UK]] are; in the same building is [[Forest Laboratories]] UK (bought by [[Actavis]] in 2014), who make [[Veno's]] ([[Cough medicine|cough mixture]], the brand was bought from Beechams-GSK in 2011), [[Sudocrem]], Otomize ([[Dexamethasone]]) and [[Bisodol]] ([[Antacid|indigestion]]), made in Dartford; Crosswater (taps and showers) is in [[Stone, Kent|Stone]], further along the [[A206 road|A206]] near the [[Thames Europort]].

[[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]] in [[Greenhithe, Kent|Greenhithe]] is the third-largest shopping centre in the UK; it was built on the former [[Blue Circle Industries|Blue Circle]] [[Swanscombe]] Cement Works, which closed in 1990. [[South East Water]] is in [[Snodland]]. [[H+H]] UK (aerated concrete) is based at the A25/[[A227 road|A227]] roundabout at [[Ightham]], south of Wrotham; to the east is [[Geographers' A–Z Street Atlas|Geographers' A-Z Map Company]] off the A227 near the [[Borough Green & Wrotham railway station|railway station]], near the M26. [[Aylesford Newsprint]] (owned by [[Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget]] and [[Mondi Group]]), between the M20 and [[River Medway]], makes [[newsprint]] and is Europe's largest recycler of paper.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pearce |first=Fred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6SOrUuimGfAC&dq=Europe%27s+largest+recycler+of+paper&pg=PA259 |title=Confessions of an Eco Sinner: Travels to find where my stuff comes from |date=2008-09-04 |publisher=Transworld |isbn=978-1-4070-3359-4 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Rolex]] since 2010 has had its European headquarters (it moved from [[Bexley]]) at [[Kings Hill]] near [[West Malling]] on the [[A228 road|A228]]; [[Kimberly-Clark]] have their UK HQ there, on the former [[RAF West Malling]] wartime airfield, near [[FLIR Systems]] UK ([[Thermography|thermal imaging]]); opposite is the [[Charities Aid Foundation]] and to the east is [[Voyages-sncf.com]] (former Rail Europe before 2013, who operate [[InterRail]]) near the [[Tonbridge and Malling]] council offices. Readers in [[Teston]], to the south on the A26, are the UK's leading manufacturer of [[cricket ball]]s. [[DS Smith]] Paper (former [[Rexam|Bowater]]-Scott), Britain's largest paper manufacturer is at [[Kemsley]], north of Sittingbourne, off the [[A249 road|A249]]/B2005 Grovehurst Road Junction. [[Shepherd Neame Brewery]] in [[Faversham]] is Britain's oldest brewer. [[Brake Bros]] is on the Eureka Business Park, off the [[A251 road|A251]] north of M20 junction 9 in [[Boughton Aluph]]; nearby is [[Coty]] [[Rimmel]] UK (perfumes) and [[Houchin (company)|Houchin]] (owned by [[Illinois Tool Works|ITW]]), who make [[ground power unit]]s for [[airport apron]]s.

Further south along the M20, [[Givaudan]] UK (flavourings, former [[Quest International]], and previously Proprietary Perfume and Flavours, or PPF International) has a 10-acre large plant in [[Kennington, Kent|Kennington]]; next-door is Premier Foods (former RHM before 2007, and opened as Batchelors in 1957) on the [[A2070 road|A2070]] next to the [[River Stour, Kent|River Great Stour]] and the [[Ashford to Ramsgate (via Canterbury West) Line|railway]], east of the M20; the 16-acre site makes [[Paxo]] [[stuffing]], Savoury Rice, Pasta n Sauce, Bisto, [[Cup-a-Soup]] (introduced in 1972), Vesta curries (launched by Batchelors in 1961), and claims to be the largest dry food manufacturing site in Europe; it now makes [[Bird's Custard]] and [[Angel Delight]]. Chartham Papers (owned by [[Arjo Wiggins]]) is the UK's only manufacturer of [[tracing paper]] at [[Chartham]]. Kent grows three-quarters of the UK's [[Bramley apple]]s.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

[[Cummins|Cummins Power Generation]] is in [[Acol, Kent|Acol]], near Manston Airport on the [[A299 road|A299]], and [[Pfizer]], the largest pharmaceutical company in the world and manufacturer of [[Anadin]], had its European R&D site in Sandwich until 2012, next to the [[River Stour, Kent|River Stour]] and [[A256 road|A256]]. Hornby, with Airfix and [[Humbrol]], is on the [[A254 road|A254]] on [[Westwood, Kent|Westwood]] Ind Est on the southern edge of Margate; the site started out as [[Tri-ang Railways]] in 1954, becoming Hornby in 1972 when the parent company collapsed, and the last [[Rail transport modelling|model train set]]s were made there in 1999; these are now made by a company owned by [[Kader Group|Kader]]. Delfinware (owned by [[WPP plc]]) makes dish drainers off the [[A259 road|A259]] on the Pennypot Ind Estate in [[Hythe, Kent|Hythe]]. [[Megger]] make electrical test equipment in Dover on the A20; nearby [[P&O Ferries]] is on the A20 below the [[Dover Western Heights]]. [[Saga plc]], founded in 1959, has a large headquarters in [[Sandgate, Kent|Sandgate]], next to [[Folkestone School for Girls]], at the A259/B2963 junction.

[[Axa]] Personal pension scheme is in [[Tunbridge Wells]], and [[Lamberts Healthcare]] (part of [[Merck KGaA|Merck]]), based at [[High Brooms]], are a leading manufacturer of vitamin supplements. [[J.H. Dewhurst]] (founded in 1919) was last based in Tunbridge Wells, until it closed in 2006 (it had in the early 1990s over 1,100 stores nationwide and was Britain's largest butcher). [[Panini Group|Panini]] UK are on the [[A264 road|A264]] in the west of Tunbridge Wells. [[Rotosound]] on the A22 near [[Sevenoaks railway station]] makes [[Strings (music)|guitar string]]s. [[Salter Housewares]] (weighing equipment) is in the east of [[Tonbridge]] at the A26/B2017 roundabout in [[Tudeley]], [[Capel, Kent|Capel]]; Adrian Scripps produce apples off the B2017 near the A228 east of Tonbridge.
[[File:Mini Cooper.jpg|thumb|left|Around 1,000 Minis are made each day in Cowley; BMW bought the plant in 1994 and has made around 3m since 2001; there are 4,500 staff and around ten miles of conveyors; the engines are made at [[Hams Hall]] in [[North Warwickshire]]. ]]

===Oxfordshire===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}
[[Oxford University Press]], [[Blackwell UK]], [[Electrocomponents]] and [[Amey plc]] are in [[Oxford]] as is the BMW plant that builds the Mini. BMW assemble the [[Mini (marque)|MINI]] at [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]]; in the south of Oxford is [[Unipart]] and [[TI Automotive]] UK. South of Oxford in [[Littlemore]], off the A4074 at the [[Oxford Science Park]] is [[Nominet UK]] ([[.uk|UK domain names]]). [[SAE Institute]] has its world HQ on Littlemore Park off the A4074. [[Grafton Group|Grafton Merchanting GB]] ([[Buildbase]], and [[Hirebase]]) are on Oxford Business Park in Cowley, with Electrocomponents next to [[Publishing Technology plc|Publishing Technology]], [[Blackwell UK]] and Harley Davidson UK; to the south on the side of the B480 is [[Oxfam GB]] at [[Oxfam House]], [[BT iNet]], and [[TI Automotive]]; further north along the B480 at the B4495 junction is [[Macmillan Education]], a leading worldwide publisher of school textbooks, with [[Genzyme]] UK (owned since 2011 by Sanofi).

[[Ascari Cars|Ascari]] are in Banbury. [[Kenco]] coffee is made at [[Kraft Foods Banbury]] owned by [[Mondelēz International]] (former Kraft before October 2010) with [[Café HAG]] and [[Carte Noir]] off A422/A423 roundabout opposite a Tesco; the site was built to make [[Bird's Custard]] in 1964, by [[General Foods]] who were bought by Kraft in 1990, and claims to be the biggest coffee-production site in Europe; Nestle make much of their coffee in [[South Derbyshire]]. On other side of A422 to Kraft is a manufacturing site of [[Dematic]] UK, with Terex MHPS (former [[Demag]] Cranes), and [[Kannegiesser]] UK (industrial clothes washers). On north-east side of Banbury is the large site of [[Norbar Torque]], who are a main international manufacturer of [[torque wrench]]s. Next door is a large factory of [[Barry Callebaut]] UK, a Swiss manufacturer of cocoa (for Nestle and Cadbury), on the Wildmere Road Ind Est, north of the A422 near the M40 junction 11. Prodrive are on the north of the estate, and [[iSOFT]] are on the east near the M40. Further north was a main site of Alcan Extrusions (former [[British Aluminium]], bought by Alcan in 1982), which closed in 2008.

[[Yaskawa Electric Corporation|Yaskawa]] UK (Motoman [[Robot welding|robotic welding]] equipment) is on the Wildmere Ind Est, off the A422 near junction 11; [[Kärcher]] UK ([[pressure washer]]s) are nearby off the A423. [[Marussia F1]] are in the east of Banbury. [[Hook Norton Brewery]] is to the south-west. [[Travelodge UK]] is at the A418/B4445 roundabout in [[Thame]] next to [[CPM Group]] (the UK's largest [[field marketing]] company), with [[W. Lucy & Co.|Lucy Electric]] (switchgear) in the east of Thame off the B4012, with the UK site of [[Universal Media Corporation|UMC]] (branded televisions from Slovakia). [[Kubota Corporation|Kubota]] UK, the tractor manufacturer, on the B4445, is the UK market leader of ride-on (diesel) lawn mowers; Kidde Products UK (fire protection) is off the B4012. [[Renault F1]] is in [[Enstone]]; off B4030 at Enstone Airfield Complex, [[Airbus Helicopters|Airbus Helicopters UK]] (Eurocopter before 2014) is at [[London Oxford Airport]]. [[Agilent Technologies]] (former [[Magnex Scientific]]) make superconducting magnets for NMR applications on the A44 next to the railway at [[Yarnton]]. [[Solid State Logic]] ([[mixing console]]s) is at [[Begbroke]] on the A44, which has the [[Begbroke Science Park]].

The [[Joint European Torus]] is developing [[fusion power]] at [[Culham]] on a [[RNAS Culham (HMS Hornbill)|former airfield]]. Also on the [[Culham Centre for Fusion Energy|Culham Science Centre]] at [[Clifton Hampden]] is the [[United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority]], and the [[Reusable launch system|re-usable]] [[Skylon (spacecraft)|Skylon]] spacecraft is being developed by [[Reaction Engines Limited]]; [[ABSL Space Products]] Culham (owned by [[EnerSys]]) made batteries for [[Philae (spacecraft)|Philae]]. The [[Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]] and [[Diamond Light Source]] (built by the [[Wellcome Trust]]) are on the [[Harwell Science and Innovation Campus]] in [[Chilton, Oxfordshire|Chilton]] and [[East Hendred]]. Harwell has an office of [[Telespazio VEGA UK]] (satellites) and the UK's base of the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), with the [[European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications]] and the UK's [[Satellite Applications Catapult]]; Rutherford Appleton also has the [[Central Laser Facility]], the UK's site of research into [[inertial confinement fusion]] power from the [[HiPER]] project. The science cluster is known as Science Vale UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencevale.com |title=Science Vale UK - A global hot spot for enterprise and innovation |website=www.sciencevale.com |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406141333/http://sciencevale.com/ |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Rotherfield Peppard]], near [[Sonning Common]], is the [[Johnson Matthey Technology Centre]], which research [[fuel cell]]s (with platinum supplied by [[Anglo American Platinum]], the world's largest producer). [[Stuart Turner (engineer)|Stuart Turner]] (pumps) is at [[Henley-on-Thames]], with [[Ella's Kitchen]]. [[Countax]] UK, off the [[A329 road|A329]] at [[Great Haseley]] (nearer to [[Great Milton]]), manufactures Britain's best-selling [[garden tractor]]s, and distributes [[ECHO (company)|ECHO]] (Japanese) power tools; to the south off the B480, Martin-Baker test ejector seats at Martin Baker Aerospace Chalgrove. [[Castrol Technology Centre]] is towards the Thames. South of [[RAF Benson]] off the A4074 at [[Howbery Park]], [[Crowmarsh]] is HR Wallingford (former [[Hydraulics Research Station]]) and further south along the Thames is [[CAB International]] (agricultural research).

[[File:Williams F1 at Grove.jpg|thumb|left|Williams F1 at Grove, next to the Great Western Main Line and A338, north of Wantage]]
[[RM Education]], [[Kaspersky Lab|Kaspersky Lab UK]], [[Achilles (company)|Achilles]] ([[supply chain risk management]], international HQ), [[Routledge]] (publisher), [[Chroma Therapeutics]], and [[Smeg (appliances)|Smeg UK]] are at [[Milton Park]]. The former [[Esso Research Centre]] at Milton Hill is now the headquarters of [[Infineum]], a division of Esso and Shell which researches [[oil additive]]s. [[Rowse Honey]] is in [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire|Wallingford]]. All parachute training for the RAF and Army takes place at [[RAF Brize Norton]]; the RAF 's refuelling force ([[No. 10 Squadron RAF|10 Sqn]] and [[No. 101 Squadron RAF|101 Sqn]]) operate the [[Airbus A330 MRTT|Voyager]], the RAF's largest aircraft, a converted [[Airbus A330]] which carries 111 tonnes of fuel; they also operate the twice-weekly air-bridge to [[RAF Mount Pleasant]]; Brize Norton has 24 [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]], 8 [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster]]s ([[No. 99 Squadron RAF|99 Sqn]]), 8 Voyagers (the replacement for the [[Vickers VC10|VC-10]]), and one [[Airbus A400M Atlas|A400M]] Atlas (the future replacement for the Hercules). The [[Blue Cross (animal charity)|Blue Cross]] animal charity are further north on the B4020.

[[Siemens Magnet Technology]] (former Oxford Magnet Technology), the main provider of [[superconducting magnet|superconducting]] [[History of electromagnetism|magnets]] (30% of the world's market) for [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] scanners, is in [[Eynsham]]; in Witney is [[Wychwood Brewery]] (owned by Marstons) which makes Hobgoblin, and brews [[Brakspear Brewery]] (formerly of Henley until 2002). [[Oxford Products]], off the B4047 west of Witney, make cycle and motorcycle safety products, with [[Abbott Laboratories|Abbott Diabetes Care]] and Corndell Furniture at [[River Windrush|Windrush]] Park. JSP are market leaders in industrial head protection, based next to the [[River Windrush]] at [[Worsham, Oxfordshire|Worsham]] in [[Asthall]] west of Witney.

[[Williams Grand Prix Engineering]] is based at [[Grove, Oxfordshire|Grove]] on the A338 north of Wantage. Towards Wiltshire, the [[Defence Academy of the United Kingdom]] is in [[Shrivenham]], with the [[Defence Academy of the United Kingdom|Defence School of Languages]] (previously at [[Wilton Park Estate|Wilton Park]] north of the M40 Beaconsfield Interchange), and the [[Joint Services Command and Staff College]] is in [[Watchfield]].

===Surrey===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}
[[Allianz]] Insurance has its UK headquarters in Guildford as do [[Ericsson]], [[Colgate-Palmolive]], [[Constellation Brands]], [[Electronic Arts]] (formerly in Chertsey before 2008), [[Sanofi]], the [[Cyclists' Touring Club|CTC]], [[Surrey Satellite Technology]], [[Avaya]] and [[Philips]]. [[Alexander Dennis]] is off the [[A320 road|A320]] at [[Worplesdon]] on the north of Guildford on the [[Slyfield Industrial Estate]], towards [[Jacobs Well, Surrey|Jacobs Well]]. [[Lionhead Studios]] and [[BAE Systems Digital Intelligence]] are near the [[Royal Surrey County Hospital]]. [[BOC (company)|BOC]] are also in Guildford. [[University College London|UCL]]'s [[Mullard Space Science Laboratory]] is high in the [[Surrey Hills AONB|Surrey Hills]].

[[Mövenpick Ice Cream]] is off the A248 at [[St Martha, Surrey|St Martha]], to the east of Guildford; [[Vivid Imaginations]], in [[Artington]] to the south, own the UK rights to [[Crayola]]. The former company, now owned by the [[Linde Group]], was based in [[Windlesham]]. [[British Car Auctions]] is on the A325 in [[Farnham]]. Motor company [[McLaren Group|McLaren]] and [[McLaren Automotive]] are based at the [[McLaren Technology Centre]] in [[Woking]] as are the UK base of [[Yum! Brands|Yum Restaurants]] (owner of [[KFC]]), [[SABMiller]], [[BIW Technologies]], [[SPSS]], and [[Capgemini]]. [[ISS A/S|ISS]] is next to the railway on the Sheerwater Ind Est. In the south of [[Woodham, Surrey|Woodham]], next to the Basingstoke Canal, is [[Playtex]], and to the east is Fernox (water treatment, owned by [[Alent]]) Towards Woking along the railway is [[Pirbright]] (home of the [[Institute for Animal Health|Pirbright Institute]]), where [[Merial|Merial Animal Health]] also make vaccines. [[Tupperware]] is in [[Knaphill]].

[[File:Sheilas' Wheels - geograph.org.uk - 721120.jpg|thumb|left|Sheilas' Wheels outside the head office of esure in Reigate; esure was started by [[Peter Wood (businessman)|Peter Wood]]. ]]
[[Friends Life]] have an office in the north of Dorking in the former HQ of Friends Provident and [[Kuoni Travel]] are on the former [[Deepdene House and Gardens|Deepdene]] estate. [[Kimberly-Clark]] is in the north of [[Reigate]]; [[Esure]] and [[Sheilas' Wheels]] is on the A25 south of [[Reigate College]]; [[Canon (company)|Canon]] is to the south in [[Woodhatch]]. [[SGN (company)|SGN]] is in [[Horley]]. [[Bristow Helicopters]] is at [[Redhill, Surrey|Redhill]] and the food research centre [[Brewing Industry Research Foundation|Campden-BRI]] is at [[Nutfield, Surrey|Nutfield]]. [[Cubic Corporation|Cubic]] is on the Perrywood Business Park south of Redhill,  next door is [[Rapiscan Systems]].

In the area straddling the [[M25 motorway|M25]], the huge [[Compass Group]] is based in [[Chertsey]] as is [[Samsung Group|Samsung]], [[The Siemon Company|Siemon]], [[Crest Nicholson]], [[Kone]], [[IWG plc|IWG]], and [[Britax]]. [[Papa John's Pizza]] is off the A320 near the M25; [[Ubisoft]] is on the B375. [[Juniper Networks]] is off the B3121), [[Pandrol]] and [[Royal Caribbean Group]] are in [[Addlestone]]; at Hamm Moor (in the east of Addlestone) on the A317 and Weybridge Business Park is [[Thales Group]] and the UK corporate headquarters of [[Toshiba]], who have another base in Camberley; further west along the A317 is Aviator Park, on the B3121, a former main research site of [[Plessey]] Radar, later GEC Marconi.

Near [[Weybridge]] are the UK headquarters of [[Sony]] with [[SSP Group]] (situated in [[Byfleet]]) and [[Procter & Gamble]] (next door to each other on The Heights Business Park near the former [[Brooklands]] racing circuit) with [[Kia]] and [[Petroleum Geo-Services]], and [[Gallaher Group]] to the north, next to the Brooklands Museum; to the east is [[Verint Systems]] on the B374. In Weybridge are the local newspaper group [[Newsquest]], [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]; [[BAE Systems Regional Aircraft]] is on the Brooklands Ind Park off the [[A318 road|A318]] (since 2001 it has no longer manufactured). On Sprint Ind Est in Byfleet, west of Weybridge, off the A318, [[AIM Altitude]] (former Henshalls) make cabin [[Galley (kitchen)|galley]]s for airliners. The Central Veterinary Laboratory, which is run by the [[Veterinary Laboratories Agency]], with the [[Animal and Plant Health Agency]], is in [[New Haw]] to the west on the other side of the M25. [[Mouchel]] is in [[West Byfleet]].

[[Air Products]] is in [[Walton-on-Thames]]. [[Atkins (company)|Atkins]], the civil engineering company, and are in [[Epsom]]; [[Sartorius AG|Sartorius]] is to the north off the B284 next to the [[Sutton & Mole Valley lines|railway]]; [[Toyota]] (towards [[Banstead]]) is on the [[A240 road|A240]] at the B284 junction at Great Burgh, [[Tattenham Corner]], at the site of the former R&D HQ of [[SmithKline Beecham]] (Beecham Pharmaceuticals) from 1979 until the mid-1990s before their research centre moved to Harlow; Toyota arrived in the UK in 1965 with its [[Toyota Corona|Corona]], and have made 3m cars in the UK. [[Legal & General]] have their largest office near [[Kingswood railway station]]. [[Dairy Crest]] is in [[Esher]]. [[Ian Allan Publishing]] is at [[Hersham]]. SHL Group (former Saville & Holdsworth) is just to the north-east at [[Thames Ditton]]. [[Samaritans (charity)|Samaritans]] is in [[Ewell]]. [[Ann Summers]] is in [[Whyteleafe]] near [[Caterham]]. [[Caterham Cars]] sales and marketing offices are in [[Caterham]]. [[Swiftcover]] (owned by [[Axa]]) is on the [[A307 road|A307]] in the west of [[Cobham, Surrey|Cobham]]; further to west on the A245 is [[Berkeley Group Holdings]], and Europa Technologies (digital mapping data) is on the A245 opposite Waitrose; [[Cargill|Cargill Europe]] is on the eastern edge. [[Pfizer]] is at Walton Oaks (the former R&D HQ of Beecham Pharmaceuticals until 1979) next to the B2032 bridge over the M25 at [[Walton-on-the-Hill]].

[[BAM Nuttall]] (opposite [[Camberley Theatre]]) and [[Krispy Kreme]] (south of the M3 near junction 4 on Albany Park) are in [[Camberley]]; [[Alfa Laval]] is on the Yorktown Ind Est, in York Town off the A331 near [[Stihl]] with a technical centre of Toshiba on the other side of the A331; to the south on [[Watchmoor]] Park off the A331 are [[Adaptec]] and [[Fluor Corporation|Fluor]]  and [[Zodiac Aerospace]]. Further south in [[Frimley Green]], home to the [[Lakeside Leisure Complex]], between the B3411 and the railway is [[SC Johnson]] and its ''[[Glade (brand)|Glade]]'' [[air freshener]] factory. Opposite Albany Park over the A331 is Frimley Business Park, with [[Advanced Micro Devices]], off M3 junction 4 next to the A331; nearby is [[Novartis]] Pharmaceuticals UK (Sandoz) and [[Alcon]]. Further along the A325 towards Frimley at the B311 roundabout is [[Siemens]] (the former site of Marconi Command & Control Systems, then BAE Systems Insyte). [[Frimley]] has [[Amer Sports]] (the world's largest sporting equipment manufacturer) on the B3411 Lyon Way Ind Estate, with [[VMware]]. [[Zoggs]] is in [[Lightwater]], near the M3 [[Bagshot]] Interchange.

[[File:Service station, Teignmouth Road, Torquay - geograph.org.uk - 1716787.jpg|thumb|[[Esso]] is based in Leatherhead; Esso have around 1,100 petrol stations in the UK - 14% of all stations, and pays around £7bn in UK tax, and own the [[Brent Crude|Brent]] oil field; the site is also the worldwide base of ExxonMobil Aviation Fuels and Marine.]]
[[ExxonMobil]] ([[Esso]]), part of the largest oil company in the world, is in the east of [[Leatherhead]], next to the M25 towards [[Ashtead]] at ExxonMobil House, off the A24. In the town the [[Wates Group]] nearby, [[Unilever|Unilever Bestfoods]] (in Crawley before 2008), and to the south is [[Robert Dyas]]; [[Puma (brand)|Puma]] is east of Unilever near the M25 and [[A243 road|A243]]. [[Harsco]] is off the B2430. On the B2122 in Fetcham, to the west of Leatherhead, is the UK division of [[Carrier Corporation|Carrier]], the world leaders (and originators) of [[air conditioning]]. [[Rowlett Rutland]] in [[Great Bookham|Bookham]] is Britain's only manufacturer of (commercial-size) [[toaster]]s, next to [[Bookham railway station]] and [[Photo-Me International]]. Leatherhead Food International moved to Epsom in the mid-2010s.<ref>{{cite news |date= 24 November 2015 |title= Leatherhead Food Research to leave town after 96 years |work= Surrey Comet |url= https://www.surreycomet.co.uk/news/epsom/14099068.leatherhead-food-research-to-leave-town-after-96-years/ |access-date= 29 May 2023 }}</ref>

Although [[BP]] has its international headquarters in central London, most of its UK division (chemicals and energy) with [[Air BP]] ([[aviation fuel]]) is headquartered at [[Sunbury-on-Thames]], and the UK's third largest company by stock market value; nearby is [[Kingston Technology|Kingston Technology Europe]] (the world's second largest producer of [[flash memory]]), just inside the Surrey boundary; [[ADT Inc.|ADT]] is at the end of the M3 in Sunbury, and [[Chubb Fire & Security|Chubb]] is on the other side of the roundabout, and M3. [[Enterprise Rent-a-Car]] is near [[Thorpe, Surrey|Thorpe]], near to [[Cemex]] and [[Thorpe Park]] (situated on a series of former [[gravel pit]]s). [[Shepperton Studios]] is next to [[Littleton, Spelthorne|Littleton]].

[[Del Monte Foods]] is in [[Staines-upon-Thames]] on the side of the [[A30 road|A30]] and [[Dalkia]] is on the A308; [[British Gas]] is on the A308 in Pooley Green nearby to the west, with [[Salesforce]] at Lotus Park, next to [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical]]. [[Kerry Group|Kerry Foods]] are based on the B388, east of the M25, in the south end of Pooley Green at [[Thorpe Lea]]. [[Cisco Videoscape]], on the A308 in Birch Green.

===Sussex===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}
[[File:Virgin Atlantic HQ, Manor Royal, Crawley.JPG|thumb|right|Virgin Atlantic on Manor Royal in Crawley; Virgin has 12 [[Boeing 747|747]]s compared to BA's 56, but both have around 18 of the new [[Airbus 380]]; Gatwick now flies 40 million passengers a year, a world record for a single-runway airport.]]
The [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|RSPCA]] is on the [[A24 road (England)|A24]] in [[Southwater]], south of Horsham. [[FrieslandCampina|Campina UK]] is in [[Horsham]]. [[Dunkin' Donuts]] UK on the B2237 in the south of Horsham centre at the Prewett's Mill Roundabout in the same building as [[Beam Inc.|Beam Global]] UK ([[Bourbon whiskey|Bourbon whisky]]), and its subsidiary [[Thomas Lowndes & Co]] (formerly owned by [[Allied Domecq]], and the UK's leading supplier of [[culinary alcohol]]). [[RSA Insurance Group]] (former [[Royal and Sun Alliance]], and the UK's largest commercial insurer) has its main office in Horsham.

The [[Caravan Club]] is in [[East Grinstead]], with Rentokil Specialist Hygiene, and Initial Medical Services. [[Roche Diagnostics]] UK headquarters and [[CAE Inc.|CAE Inc. UK]] are in the Victoria Business Park off the [[A273 road|A273]] in the west of [[Burgess Hill]] near Tesco; further to east is the HQ of [[Filofax]], and [[Heidenhain]] GB, who make [[linear encoder]]s for CNC machines.

[[Southern Water]] is on the A2032 in [[Durrington, West Sussex|Durrington]], [[Worthing]]; [[Durrington Bridge House]] on the Barrington Road Ind Estate, next to [[Durrington-on-Sea railway station]], in [[Goring-by-Sea]] has [[HM Revenue and Customs|HMRC]]'s national office for its [[Voluntary Arrangement Service]] (former Enforcement & [[Insolvency Service]], for [[Individual voluntary arrangement|IVA]]s) and [[members voluntary liquidation]], [[United Kingdom insolvency law|company administrations]], and [[Trading while insolvent|voluntary arrangement]]s. GSK in east Worthing is the former Beecham Pharmaceuticals, on the western edge of [[Sompting]], which makes antibiotics such as [[Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|Augmentin]]; to the south of GSK on the same estate is [[Electronic Temperature Instruments]], a worldwide manufacturer of [[thermometer]]s, and the UK's largest manufacturer of digital thermometers. [[Bowers & Wilkins|B & W]] is an important loudspeaker company in the north of Worthing at the A2032/A24 junction in [[Tarring, West Sussex|West Tarring]]. [[Eurotherm]] make temperature controllers.

[[Virgin Atlantic]] is off the A23, with [[Paslode]] UK ([[nail gun]]s) next-door, on the [[Manor Royal]] Ind Estate in the north of [[Crawley]], as is [[Edwards (Vacuum)|Edwards]] (former BOC Edwards), an international engineering company that makes [[vacuum pump]]s, with another plant on the [[A259 road|A259]] in [[Kingston by Sea]], Shoreham. Also on Manor Royal are the headquarters of [[Spirent]], [[G4S]], [[Doosan Babcock|Doosan Babcock Energy]], [[Pilz GmbH & Co. KG|Pilz UK]] and [[TUI Travel PLC]] with [[TUI Airline Management]] (the fifth largest European air carrier). [[Air Miles]] (now called [[Avios]] since November 2011) is on Fleming Way Roundabout of the A23 north of Crawley in the former headquarters of [[British Caledonian]], at County Oak retail park, and to the west is the British [[Dualit]] brand of catering electrical equipment (iconic toasters).

[[Nestlé]] UK is moving its headquarters from [[City Place Gatwick]] to Manor Royal Business District in Crawley from September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last= Leonard-Bedwell |first= Niamh |date= 20 January 2023 |title= Nestlé to move Gatwick HQ and open London hub in 2023 |work= The Grocer |url= https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/people/nestle-to-move-gatwick-hq-and-open-london-hub/675495.article |access-date= 29 May 2023 }}</ref> To the south, on the east of Manor Royal, is [[Monier Group|Monier]] [[Redland plc|Redland]] ([[roof tile]]s) and [[ARINC]] UK ([[avionics]]), and a large site of Thales, with its civilian [[Flight simulator|aircraft simulation]] [[Thales Training & Simulation|TTS]] division (former [[Rediffusion|Redifon]]) now owned since 2012 by [[L-3 Communications]]); much of Thales in Crawley is the former [[Mullard]], who made radars, and Thomson Racal Defence Electronics (and Thorn EMI); Thales in Crawley make much of the Royal Navy's electronic (mission) systems. [[UK Power Networks]] (electrical operator for region) is south of Manor Royal in [[Three Bridges, West Sussex|Three Bridges]]; [[SEEBOARD]] was based on the A23 in [[Broadfield, West Sussex|Broadfield]]. [[Invensys]] have many sites in Crawley. [[WesternGeco]] ([[Geophysics|geophysical]] services) is at the end of the Gatwick Interchange M23 spur.

[[Colas Ltd]] (road engineering) is in [[Worth, West Sussex|Worth]], east of Crawley. The former ICI Agrochemicals research department was at the [[Fernhurst Research Station]] (later part of Zeneca) at [[Fernhurst]]. [[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] UK (reference books) is in Chichester (off the [[A286 road|A286]]) next door to [[Shippam's|Shippam's Foods]]. [[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars]] make vehicles at [[Westhampnett]] off the A27. [[Vie at Home]] is at [[Tangmere]]; Philips [[Respironics]] UK is at Tangmere airfield. Hayes UK make plumbing supplies on the Huffwood Trading Est on the other side of the [[Arun Valley Line|railway]].

[[MTU Friedrichshafen|MTU]] UK (diesel [[Engine-generator|engine generators]], owned by [[Rolls-Royce Power Systems]]) are on the Birches Ind Est at the A22/A264 junction in [[Felbridge]]; nearby are [[Thermo Fisher Scientific]] UK and [[Jencons]] UK (owned by [[VWR International]]). [[Cats Protection]] is at the [[National Cat Centre]] on the A275 in [[Danehill, East Sussex|Danehill]] in the [[Ashdown Forest]]. [[The Body Shop]] is at the A259/B2187 Body Shop Roundabout in [[Toddington, West Sussex|Toddington]], [[Littlehampton]]. [[Palmer and Harvey]] is in [[Hove]] and [[Hosiden]] Besson, near [[Aldrington railway station]], makes telephone equipment; a [[Legal & General]] main office is on the [[A2023 road|A2023]] next to [[Hove Park]]. [[C Dugard]] ([[Numerical control|CNC]] machines) is at the A2023/A270 junction. [[American Express|American Express UK]] is in Brighton. [[EDO Corporation|EDO MBM]] near [[Moulsecoomb railway station]] makes electrical equipment for the [[Brimstone (missile)|Brimstone]] missile. [[Elektromotive]] is at [[Falmer]] (electric vehicle charging).

[[Jones Bootmaker]] head office is based in Eastbourne; [[Alfa Laval]] UK have a manufacturing plant at Birch Road Ind Est, off the [[A2290 road|A2290]] near the [[A259 road|A259]] roundabout. [[Ricardo plc]], the engineering consultancy, is on the A27 next to [[Shoreham Airport]] and [[River Adur]]. [[Merrydown]] cider was formerly made in [[Horam]] until 2004, when it was bought by [[SHS Group]] of Belfast. [[Páramo Directional Clothing]] and [[Nikwax]] are on the B2099 in Durgates, in [[Wadhurst]], East Sussex, towards the Kent boundary. [[Notifier]] UK (fire alarms, owned by Honeywell) is in South Malling in Lewes, also the HQ of [[Morley-IAS]] UK, who make [[fire alarm control panel]]s.

{{Electricity generation in South East England}}

==Culture==
The culture of South East England has been influenced a number of factors: by its part of contributing to the "idealised English identity", due to the region's historic idyllic rural landscape;<ref name="conv-N/S">{{cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Alan |last2=Atkinson |first2=Peter |url=http://theconversation.com/englands-north-south-divide-is-history-but-the-nations-rifts-are-deepening-99044 |title=England's north-south divide is history – but the nation's rifts are deepening |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=1 July 2018 |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926131119/http://theconversation.com/englands-north-south-divide-is-history-but-the-nations-rifts-are-deepening-99044 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> its serving for [[Greater London]] as commuting [[hinterland]],<ref name="Pratt-SE create">{{cite journal |last1=Pratt |first1=Andy |title=Mapping the cultural industries: regionalization; the example of south-east England. |journal=Routledge Studies in International Business and the World Economy |date=2004 |issue=33 |pages=19–36 |isbn=9780415331012 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/9822/ |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926170242/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/9822/ |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and, in recent times, the concentration of the UK's creative industry across the South East as well as London.<ref name="conv-N/S"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ccskills.org.uk/supporters/blog/5-outstanding-facts-about-the-south-east-creative-economy |title=5 outstanding facts about the South East creative economy |author=Andrea Stark |publisher=Creative & Cultural Skills |date=14 March 2016 |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130902/https://ccskills.org.uk/supporters/blog/5-outstanding-facts-about-the-south-east-creative-economy |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Literature, TV Puppetry & Animation, Cinema, Music and Cuisine===
[[Ashdown Forest]] in [[East Sussex]] was the inspiration for the [[Hundred Acre Wood]] in the [[Winnie-the-Pooh]] stories by [[A.A. Milne]] who also lived in the nearby village of [[Hartfield]] and visited the forest with his son [[Christopher Robin]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ashdownforest.org/winnie-the-pooh/pooh.php |title=About Pooh |website=www.ashdownforest.org |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616152424/https://www.ashdownforest.org/winnie-the-pooh/pooh.php |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Alice Liddell]], also known as Alice Hargreaves, the inspiration for Alice in [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', spent the majority of her childhood living in [[Oxford]], and in her later years lived in and around [[Lyndhurst, Hampshire]] after her marriage to Reginald Hargreaves. She is buried in the graveyard of St Michael and All Angels Church in the town.<ref name="nfp">{{cite web |url=http://www.newforestparishes.com/page8/page2/lyndhurst.html |title=New Forest Parishes |publisher=New Forest Parishes |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=28 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128100032/http://www.newforestparishes.com/page8/page2/lyndhurst.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Roger Hargreaves]] lived in Lower Sunbury on the River Thames on the next to [[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond upon Thames]] borough boundary, and wrote his ''[[Mr. Men]]'' books. [[Mary Tourtel]] from Canterbury created ''[[Rupert Bear]]''. [[Frank Hampson]], of ''[[Dan Dare]]'', drew all his pictures when he lived in the east of Epsom, off the [[A2022 road|A2022]]. Buckinghamshire's [[E. L. James]] author of the [[erotic romance novels|erotic romance]] ''[[Fifty Shades (novel series)|Fifty Shades Trilogy]]'' has the UK record for the fastest-selling [[paperback]] of all time.

''[[Trumpton]]'' (1967) was based on [[Plumpton, East Sussex]], with other titles in the series based on nearby villages; ''Trumpton'' was actually shot by [[Gordon Murray (puppeteer)|Gordon Murray]]'s company in [[Crouch End]], London. [[Gerry Anderson]]'s [[AP Films]] filmed ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'' on the Slough Trading Estate near to the site's [[cooling tower]]s, being first broadcast in 1965. The [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] woman [[Pocahontas]] is buried at [[St George's Church, Gravesend]] in [[Kent]] and was the inspiration for the popular [[Pocahontas (1995 film)|Disney animated film of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/pocahontas-the-gravesend-connection-1595037.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/pocahontas-the-gravesend-connection-1595037.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pocahontas: the Gravesend connection |date=23 October 2011 |website=The Independent}}</ref>

The first multiplex cinema in the UK was in Milton Keynes, in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-38717476 |title=Milton Keynes at 50: Landmark in cinema |work=BBC News}}</ref>

Elgar wrote his [[Cello Concerto (Elgar)|Cello Concerto]] at [[Fittleworth]], West Sussex, in 1919. [[Isaac Watts]], a hymn writer from Southampton, wrote ''[[When I Survey the Wondrous Cross]]'' and ''[[O God, Our Help in Ages Past]]''. [[John Goss (composer)|John Goss]], who wrote the hymn tune for ''[[Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven]]'', came from Fareham. At [[Chalfont St Giles]], [[John Milton|Milton]] finished ''[[Paradise Lost]]''. Olney in Buckinghamshire is known for the ''[[Olney Hymns]]'' - ''Amazing Grace'', and for [[Henry Gauntlett]], the composer of the tune of ''[[Once in Royal David's City]]''.<ref>{{cite ODNB |last1= Trolley |first1= Terence |last2= Blizzard |first2= Judith |title= Gauntlett, Henry John |date= 23 September 2004 |doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/10462 |freearticle=y}}</ref> The Christian non-profit music festival ''Big Church Day Out'' takes place annually on the last Saturday and Sunday of May at [[Wiston House]], [[Wiston, West Sussex|Wiston]] in [[West Sussex]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bigchurchdayout.com/south |title=Big Church Day Out 2020 |website=bigchurchdayout.com |access-date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605215621/https://bigchurchdayout.com/south |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pimm's]] was invented by [[James Pimm]] of Kent in the 1820s.<ref>{{cite ODNB |last= McConnell |first= Anita |title= Pimm, James |date=  22 September 2005 |doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/92811 }}</ref> [[Banoffee pie]] was invented in 1972 in [[Willingdon and Jevington|Jevington]] in East Sussex. [[Maria Ann Smith]] from Sussex emigrated to Australia and created the [[Granny Smith]] apple. Horticulturist [[Richard Cox (horticulturist)|Richard Cox]] lived in [[Colnbrook]], where he bred his [[Cox's Orange Pippin]], a popular apple. [[Elizabeth David]], a cookery writer who [[Elizabeth David bibliography|revolutionised]] the nation's [[English cuisine|home cooking]] in the 1950s, came from Sussex.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peskett |first=Words Louise |date=2020-09-07 |title=Meet six of Sussex's most iconic cooks |url=https://www.greatbritishlife.co.uk/people/sussex-cooks-from-eliza-acton-to-fanny-cradock-7287322 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Great British Life |language=en-UK |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419130304/https://www.greatbritishlife.co.uk/people/sussex-cooks-from-eliza-acton-to-fanny-cradock-7287322 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Media===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}

====Television====
[[Image:Kingswood Warren - geograph.org.uk - 3774.jpg|thumb|right|[[BBC Research]] was based until 2010 in [[Kingswood, Surrey|Kingswood Warren]] near Reigate in [[Surrey]] on the [[A217 road|A217]], which was responsible for developing [[NICAM|stereo]] and [[High-definition television|HD]] TV broadcasts and [[teletext]].]]

The [[BBC]] operate ''[[South Today]]'' ([[BBC South]]) out of Havelock Road, Southampton and ''[[South East Today]]'' ([[BBC South East]]) in [[Tunbridge Wells]], [[Kent]]. ''[[ITV News Meridian]]'' ([[ITV Meridian]]) which has sub-regions for the South and South East based in [[Whiteley]], near [[Fareham]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC South |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006pfl4 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507194417/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006pfl4 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC South East |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006pfp8 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507194417/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006pfp8 }}</ref>

**Television coverage for Buckinghamshire is complex and is split three ways depending on location. The western part of the county is in the BBC South and ITV Meridian (South Coast sub-region).{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} Much of Milton Keynes UA is covered by [[BBC East]] based in [[Norwich]], with the ''[[BBC Look East|Look East]]'' programme; similarly the ITV region for most of Milton Keynes is [[ITV Anglia]] with the ''[[ITV News Anglia]]'' programme, also from Norwich. South of the county is covered by ''[[BBC London News]]'' and ''[[ITV London News]]'' which both broadcast from [[London]].
*''[[That's Solent TV]]'', a subsidiary TV station from [[That's TV]] based in Portsmouth, covers Portsmouth, Isle of Wight, Southampton and Winchester.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2014 |title=That's Solent TV station begins broadcasting on Freeview |url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/11631368.thats-solent-tv-station-begins-broadcasting-on-freeview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103171720/https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/11631368.thats-solent-tv-station-begins-broadcasting-on-freeview/ |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=[[Southern Daily Echo]] |publisher=[[Newsquest]]}}</ref>
<!-- Information about the location of transmitters is far too detailed for an over-view article like this. It is to be found in the TV station articles. -->

====Radio====
*[[BBC Local Radio]] services in the region include [[BBC Berkshire|Berkshire]], [[BBC Surrey|Surrey]], [[BBC Sussex|Sussex]], [[BBC Radio Solent|Solent]], [[BBC Radio Oxford|Oxford]], and [[BBC Radio Kent|Kent]], with Buckinghamshire & Milton Keynes served by [[BBC Three Counties Radio]] (which also covers Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire, and falls under the [[BBC East]] region).
*Commercial radio stations include:
**[[Heart South]] serves much of the region, created in 2019 by the combination of [[Heart Sussex and Surrey]] (formerly [[Heart Sussex]] of Brighton and [[Mercury FM]] in [[Crawley]]), [[Heart Thames Valley]] ([[Heart Berkshire]] and [[Heart Oxfordshire]]), [[Heart South Coast]] ([[Heart Dorset and New Forest]] and [[Heart Hampshire]]), and [[Heart Kent]]. Milton Keynes is served by - and is the studio base of - [[Heart East]] (via the former [[Heart 103.3]]/Horizon Radio)
**[[Capital South]] (previously known as Galaxy South Coast/Power FM based in [[Segensworth]] and [[Capital Brighton|Juice 107.2]] in Brighton)
**[[Greatest Hits Radio South]] operates on the former frequencies of The Breeze (previously [[Andover Sound]], [[Newbury Sound]] (former Kick FM), [[Reading 107 FM]], and [[Kestrel FM]] (Basingstoke)), [[Spirit FM (UK radio station)|Spirit FM]] ([[Chichester]]), and [[96.4 Eagle Radio]] (Guildford). In Buckinghamshire, [[Greatest Hits Radio East]] took the place of [[Mix 96 (Aylesbury)]] on FM and this was added to the Herts/Beds/Bucks DAB multiplex.
**Greatest Hits Radio South Coast, formerly regional adult contemporary station [[Wave 105]] in South Hampshire and East Dorset, and following its transition to GHR (with its own dedicated breakfast and afternoon shows separate from those on the other stations in the South) also broadcasts on the former [[Wessex FM]] and [[Vale FM]] frequencies in Dorset, which previously carried GHR South and GHR West respectively. Broadcast from the same studio complex as GHR South, the former Wave 105 base at Fareham
**[[Nation Broadcasting]] operates two services based in Southampton: [[Nation Radio South Coast]] (a regional station, previously broadcasting as Greatest Hits Radio South Coast, Sam FM, JACK FM and Original 106), and [[The Breeze (South & East Hampshire)|Easy Radio South Coast]] (former Hits Radio South Coast, 107.4 The Quay, Portsmouth; The Saint, Southampton; and Dream 107.2, Winchester).
**More Radio is broadcast on four frequencies in Sussex, previously [[Arrow FM (Hastings)|Arrow FM]] ([[Hastings]]), [[Bright 106.4 FM]] ([[Burgess Hill]]), [[Sovereign FM]] ([[Hailsham]]), and [[More Radio Worthing|Splash FM]] (Worthing). A countywide service broadcasts on DAB, alongside from 2021 a digital-first sibling station, More Radio Retro.
**[[Isle of Wight Radio]]
**[[KMFM (radio network)|KMFM]], a network of seven stations in Kent, and a countywide DAB output, since 2012 sharing all programmes from the premises of [[KMFM Medway]]
** Milton Keynes is served by BBC Three Counties Radio, Heart FM and MKFM.
<!-- Information about the location of transmitters is far too detailed for an over-view article like this. It is to be found in the TV station articles. -->

====Newspapers====
The region is served by [[Southern Daily Echo]] (Southampton), [[Portsmouth News]], [[Hampshire Chronicle]] [[The Oxford Times|Oxford Times]], [[Oxford Journal]], [[Oxford Mail]],<ref>{{cite news |last= Way |first= Fran |date= 16 November 2019 |title= A look back in time at the Oxford Mail's history |work= Oxford Mail |url= https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/18041035.look-back-time-oxford-mails-history/ |access-date= 29 May 2023 }}</ref> [[The Argus (Brighton)|Argus]] (Brighton), [[Reading Evening Post]], the [[KM Group]] titles (Kent), [[Surrey Advertiser]], [[Reading Chronicle]], [[Medway News]], [[KOS Media]] titles (Kent), [[Basingstoke Gazette]] ([[Basingstoke]]).<ref>{{cite web |date= 21 November 2020 |title= The history of the Basingstoke Gazette |work= Basingstoke Gazette |url= https://www.basingstokegazette.co.uk/news/18888454.history-basingstoke-gazette/ |access-date= 29 May 2023 }}</ref> and the [[Milton Keynes Citizen]].

===Sport===
[[File:Michael Whyte on Hickstead Derby Bank.jpg|thumb|right|Michael Whyte on Highpark Lad at the [[British Jumping Derby]] at Hickstead in June 2011]]
[[File:Bat and Ball Sign.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Bat & Ball Inn, Clanfield]], the birthplace of cricket]]
[[Badminton England]] is at Milton Keynes. The [[Royal Yachting Association]] (RYA) is headquartered at [[Hamble-le-Rice|Hamble]] in Hampshire. The [[World Squash Federation]] is headquartered in Hastings. [[England Hockey]] is headquartered at [[Bisham Abbey]] on the south side of the Thames. The first [[List of World Transplant Games (WTG)|World Transplant Games]] were held in Portsmouth in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://wtgf.org/history/ |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=World Transplant Games Federation |language=en-US |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507131305/https://wtgf.org/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[All England Jumping Course at Hickstead]] ([[Royal International Horse Show]]) is held (usually) at the A2300 Hickstead Interchange on the side of the A23, west of Burgess Hill, next to the [[River Adur]] in [[Hurstpierpoint and Sayers Common]]. There are many horse-racing stables on the [[North Wessex Downs|Lambourn Downs]]. The [[Epsom Derby]] is held in early June.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Randall |first=John |title=A century of champions : horse-racing's millennium book |date=1999 |publisher=Portway Press |others=Tony Morris |isbn=1-901570-15-0 |location=Halifax |oclc=806490675}}</ref> In the mid 18th century, the [[Hambledon Club|Hambledon Cricket Club]], in south-east Hampshire, was the focal point of modern cricket. It was here where a number of innovations were made to the game until the formation of [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] and the opening of [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]] in 1787.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Cricket Council |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/early-cricket#:~:text=There%20is%20a%20consensus%20of,clearings%20in%20south-east%20England. |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051607/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/early-cricket#:~:text=There%20is%20a%20consensus%20of,clearings%20in%20south-east%20England. |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[BDO World Darts Championship]] are held in early January at [[Lakeside Leisure Complex]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2010 |title=Darts fan found dead in icy lake |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/kent/8446647.stm |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122235540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/kent/8446647.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Edmondson |first=Nick |date=5 July 2013 |title=Company admits safety breaches over frozen lake death |url=http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/local-news/bob-potter-leisure-admits-safety-4875260 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=SurreyLive |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113161927/http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/local-news/bob-potter-leisure-admits-safety-4875260 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Wentworth Club|Wentworth Golf Club]] in Surrey is the home of the [[BMW PGA Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BMW PGA CHAMPIONSHIP 2021 - European Tour |url=https://www.europeantour.com/european-tour/bmw-pga-championship-2021/ |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=www.europeantour.com |language=en-us |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507194417/https://www.europeantour.com/european-tour/bmw-pga-championship-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Charles William Miller]], who went to school in Southampton, was responsible for taking football to Brazil. He had a Scottish father and a Brazilian mother; around the same time, [[Alexander Watson Hutton]], a Scottish teacher, had taken football to Argentina; [[Dresden English Football Club]], founded by British workers, would bring football to Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wittner |first=Andreas |date=2006-07-03 |title=Als die Engländer noch dauernd siegten |language=German |work=DIE WELT |url=https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article227103/Als-die-Englaender-noch-dauernd-siegten.html |access-date=2021-05-07 |archive-date=21 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221222248/http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article227103/Als_die_Englaender_noch_dauernd_siegten.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
*''[[Outline of England]]''
*[[List of schools in the South East of England]]

{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|South East England}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110920072357/http://www.gose.gov.uk/ Government Office for the South East]
*[http://www.secouncils.gov.uk South East England Councils]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070117170612/http://www.direct.gov.uk/Dl1/Directories/LocalCouncils/LocalGovernmentByRegion/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4003647&chk=FqR7XJ Government's list of councils in the South East]
*[http://www.visitsoutheastengland.com Tourism Information - Visit South East England]
*[http://www.infobritain.co.uk/South_Eastern_England.htm Information and History of Southern England ] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413175651/http://www.infobritain.co.uk/South_Eastern_England.htm |date=13 April 2012 }}
*[http://www.see-in.co.uk South East England Intelligence Network - facts, figures and research on the South East ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081019045032/http://www.businesscommunitydirectory.co.uk/business-sector/south_east_england South East England Business Community Directory]

{{United Kingdom topics}}
{{English regions}}
{{SE England}}
{{Portal bar|Geography|Europe|United Kingdom|England|South East England}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:South East England| ]]
[[Category:Regions of England]]
[[Category:Southern England|East]]
[[Category:NUTS 1 statistical regions of England]]
[[Category:NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union]]