View source for Soyuz 35

{{short description|1980 Soviet crewed spaceflight to Salyut 6}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Soyuz 35
| image                 = Soyuz 7K-T 2-seats drawing.svg
| image_size            = 300px
| insignia              = 

| mission_type          = 
| operator              = Soviet space program
| COSPAR_ID             = 1980-027A
| SATCAT                = 11753
| mission_duration      = <small>Capsule:</small><br>{{time interval|9 Apr 1980 13:38:22|3 Jun 1980 15:06:33|show=dhm}}<br><small>Original crew:</small><br>{{time interval|9 Apr 1980 13:38:22|11 Oct 1980 09:49:57|show=dhm|sep=,}}

| spacecraft            = 
| spacecraft_type       = [[Soyuz 7K-T]]
| manufacturer          = [[NPO Energia]]
| launch_mass           = {{cvt|6800|kg|lb}}
| landing_mass          =

| launch_date           = {{start-date|April 9, 1980, 13:38:22|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| launch_rocket         = [[Soyuz-U]]
| launch_site           = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|31/6]]

| landing_date          = {{end-date|June 3, 1980, 15:06:23|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| landing_site          = {{cvt|180|km|mi}} SE of [[Dzhezkazgan]]

| crew_size             = 2
| crew_launching        = [[Leonid Popov]]<br/>[[Valery Ryumin]]
| crew_landing          = [[Valery Kubasov]]<br/>[[Bertalan Farkas]]
| crew_callsign         = {{lang|ru|Днепр}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|Dnepr}} – [[Dnieper]])
| crew_photo            = USSR Stamp 1981 Salyut6 Cosmonauts.jpg
| crew_photo_size       = 300px
| crew_photo_caption    = Soviet stamp featuring Popov and Ryumin (1981)

| orbit_epoch           = 
| orbit_reference       = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime          = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_periapsis       = {{cvt|198|km|mi}}
| orbit_apoapsis        = {{cvt|259.7|km|mi}}
| orbit_inclination     = 51.65&nbsp;degrees
| orbit_period          = 88.81&nbsp;minutes
| apsis                 = gee

| docking               = 
 {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
   | docking_target     = [[Salyut 6]]<ref name=spacefacts/>
   | docking_type       = dock
   | docking_port       = Front
   | docking_date       = April 10, 1980, 15:15:32 UTC
   | undocking_date     = June 3, 1980, 11:50 UTC
   | time_docked        = {{time interval|10 Apr 1980 15:15:32|3 Jun 1980 11:50|show=dhm}}
 }}

| previous_mission      = [[Soyuz 34]]
| next_mission          = [[Soyuz 36]]
| programme             = '''[[Soyuz programme]]'''
}}

'''Soyuz 35''' ({{langx|ru|Союз 35}}, ''Union 35'') was a 1980 [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] crewed space flight to the [[Salyut 6]] [[space station]]. It was the 10th mission to and eighth successful docking at the orbiting facility. The Soyuz 35 crew were the fourth long-duration crew to man the space station.<ref name=spacefacts/>

[[Cosmonauts]] [[Leonid Popov]] and [[Valery Ryumin]] spent 185 days in space, setting a new space endurance record. Ryumin had completed a previous mission only eight months before. They hosted four visiting crews, including the first [[Hungary|Hungarian]], [[Cubans|Cuban]] and [[Vietnam]]ese cosmonauts.

As long-duration crews now routinely swapped spacecraft with incoming crew, the Soyuz 35 craft was used to return the visiting [[Soyuz 36]] crew to Earth, while the resident crew returned in [[Soyuz 37]].

==Crew==
{{Spaceflight crew
|crew            = prime
|terminology     = cosmonaut
|position1       = Commander
|crew1_up        = [[Leonid Popov]]
|flights1_up     = First
|position2       = Flight engineer/research cosmonaut
|crew2_up        = [[Valery Ryumin]]
|flights2_up     = Third
|crew1_down      = [[Valery Kubasov]]
|flights1_down   = Third
|crew2_down      = [[Bertalan Farkas]] 
|flights2_down   = First
|details2_down   = Research cosmonaut
|agency2_down    = [[Interkosmos]]
}}{{Spaceflight crew
|crew            = backup
|terminology     = Cosmonaut
|position1       = Commander
|crew1_up        = [[Vyacheslav Zudov]]
|position2       = Flight engineer
|crew2_up        = [[Boris Andreyev (cosmonaut)|Boris Andreyev]]
}}

==Mission parameters==
*'''Mass:''' {{Convert|6800|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
*'''Perigee:''' {{Convert|198|km|mi|abbr=on}}
*'''Apogee:''' {{Convert|259.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}
*'''Inclination:''' 51.65°
*'''Period:''' 88.81 minutes

==Crew launch, station activation==

Soyuz 35 was launched 9 April 1980 with Leonid Popov and Valery Ryumin aboard for a planned rendezvous with the orbiting Salyut 6 space station.<ref name=clark/> The launch followed increased recent activity with the uncrewed space station. An uncrewed test craft, [[Soyuz T-1]], spent several months docked to the station until it was undocked 23 March and deorbited 25 March.<ref name=clark/> [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] 8, an uncrewed supply tanker, was launched almost immediately afterwards, on 27 March, and it docked with the rear dock port of the two-dock facility. Several manoeuvres were carried out by 2 April using the Progress to adjust the station's orbit.<ref name=clark/>

[[Valentin Lebedev]] had been scheduled to be Popov's flight engineer, but he was disqualified from launch after suffering a knee injury in a [[trampoline]] accident.<ref name=newkirk/> As none of the back-up crew had previous flight experience (required since the failure of the [[Soyuz 25]] mission), Ryumin had been given the choice of replacing Lebedev or delaying the mission.<ref name=newkirk/> This despite having completed a six-month mission only the previous August.<ref name=clark/> Ryumin's family was upset by this turn of events.<ref name=newkirk/>

The Soyuz 35 crew docked with and entered the space station on 10 April, using the vacant front port. Ryumin read the traditional note left by the previous crew, a note he had written with no expectation he would be the one receiving it.<ref name=clark/> With Salyut 6 now entering its fourth year in orbit, some signs of wear and tear were becoming evident. Ryumin noted that the two viewports in the transfer compartment had lost their transparency. The windows also had many chips in them caused by micrometeoroids and orbital debris. The cosmonauts replaced components of the [[attitude control system]] and [[life support system]], installed a new caution and warning system, synchronized the station's clocks with those in the TsUP [[Mission Control Center]], added an {{Convert|80|kg|lb}} storage battery, and used Progress 8 to refill the life support system's oxygen and nitrogen tanks.<ref name=newkirk/>

On 15 April, Progress 8's mission was completed. The crew loaded it with garbage, after which it was undocked and deorbited three days later. Then Progress 9 was launched, docking with the facility on 29 April. The next day, the first-ever transfer of water between a tanker and a [[Salyut]] station was completed.<ref name=clark/> Cargo transfers and refuelling operations were completed by 12 May.<ref name=clark/> With this flight, the resupply of the Salyut was complete for the long-duration crew.<ref name=newkirk/>

Minor repair work was carried out by the crew and "Lotos" was carried out, an experiment involving using special moulds to make plastic items with a quick-setting material. Additional experiments involved production of [[polyurethane foam]], exploring its utility in assembling structures in orbit.<ref name=clark/>

==Soyuz 36 and Soyuz T-2 crews visit==

Progress 9 was undocked 20 May, leaving the rear port vacant for the arrival of the next crew. [[Soyuz 36]] was launched 26 May with [[Valery Kubasov]] and [[Hungary|Hungarian]] cosmonaut [[Bertalan Farkas]].<ref name=clark/> The flight was originally scheduled for 5 June 1979, but was cancelled due to the [[Soyuz 33]] failure.<ref name=newkirk/> The launch was a part of the Soviet [[Intercosmos]] program whereby guest cosmonauts from allied nations would visit the space station, typically for about a week. Upon boarding, the visiting crew carried out some Hungarian experiments, including one measuring radiation doses received by the crew and another studying the formation of [[interferon]] in human cells under weightless conditions.<ref name=clark/>

Kubasov and Farkas returned to Earth in Soyuz 35, leaving the resident crew with the fresh Soyuz 36, which they then flew around to the front port of Salyut 6, a maneuver taking about 90 minutes.<ref name=clark/> The rapid switch of ferry vehicles, along with the launch of Soyuz 36 at almost the earliest possible date to allow a crew recovery in the nominal window, caused observers to speculate the secretive Soviets were possibly planning a second Intercosmos mission to recoup the time lost after the Soyuz 33 failure.<ref name=clark/> A launch indeed was soon in the offing, but not the predicted mission.

[[Soyuz T-2]] was launched 5 June with [[Yury Malyshev (cosmonaut)|Yury Malyshev]] and [[Vladimir Aksyonov]] on what turned out to be the first crewed mission of the new [[Soyuz T]] variant. The craft docked at Salyut 6's rear port the next day. As they were merely testing the Soyuz, the mission lasted just two days after which they departed and returned to Earth.{{r|clark|newkirk}}

The resident crew carried out repairs of the station's Kaskad attitude control system and performed materials processing experiments.<ref name=newkirk/> On 1 July, Popov and Ryumin received Progress 10 at the station. Replacement equipment was unloaded from the supply tanker, as were regular crew supplies. Supplies included a [[Instant camera|Polaroid]] camera, a color [[television]] monitor, and tapes of Soviet [[pop music]].<ref name=newkirk/> The tanker was undocked from the complex on 17 July after refuelling the station and deorbited 19 July.<ref name=clark/> Also on July 19, Popov and Ryumin sent their greetings from the station to the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], wishing the athletes happy starts in a [[Live television|live communication]] between the station and the [[Luzhniki Stadium|Central Lenin Stadium]] where the opening ceremony was held. They appeared on the stadium's [[scoreboard]] and their voices were translated via [[loud speaker]]s.

==First Asian and Cuban cosmonauts, end of mission==

Observers anticipated a [[Cuba]]n Intercosmos mission for the approaching launch window, but were proven wrong when the first [[Asia]]n cosmonaut, [[Pham Tuan]] of [[Vietnam]], was launched aboard [[Soyuz 37]] with [[Viktor Gorbatko]] on 23 July.<ref name=clark/> The launch was timed to take advantage of the world's focus on the Soviet Union during the Olympic games.<ref name=clark/> The visiting crew swapped craft and left on the docked Soyuz 36 craft, returning to Earth on 31 July.

Pham Tuan's flight also had political implications as he was a decorated flying ace from the [[Second Indochina War|Vietnam War]] and had shot down several American aircraft, a fact that the Soviet media readily pointed out. The mission was interpreted as a subtle means of retaliation against the United States for boycotting the Olympics.

The following day, Popov and Ryumin boarded Soyuz 37 and redocked it to the front port, suggesting to observers that another crew's launch was coming shortly.<ref name=clark/> That was not to occur, nor was another Progress supply tanker soon launched. The crew performed a joint experiment with scientists on the ground, using their Yelena-F [[gamma ray]] [[telescope]]. The experiment was designed to compare measurements with another telescope on the ground, but the [[weather balloon]] the experiment was using malfunctioned and thieves stole much of the equipment before ground crews could locate it.<ref name=newkirk/>

The next landing window was now 2–15 October, suggesting the anticipated Cuban launch would be 24 September, but observers were caught off guard once again when [[Soyuz 38]] was launched 18 September, almost a week earlier than anticipated.<ref name=clark/>

Cuban [[Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez]], the first space-farer of [[Africa]]n descent, was accompanied by [[Yuri Romanenko]] into space, the fourth crew to visit the resident crew. The early launch date was intended to allow Cubans to be able to see their countryman overhead.<ref name=clark/> Twenty-seven material processing and medical experiments were carried out by the visiting crew.<ref name=newkirk/> As the Soyuz 35 crew were returning to [[Earth]] soon, the Soyuz 38 crew didn't swap their craft when they returned on 26 September.<ref name=clark/>

The launch, therefore, of Progress 11 on 28 September came as surprise to observers, as it was assumed cosmonauts due to return to Earth would not need fresh supplies.<ref name=clark/> Indeed, by the time the Soyuz 35 crew returned on 11 October, the Progress was only partially unloaded. In fact the real purpose of Progress 11 was to boost Salyut 6 into a higher orbit during the six months between crew residencies, since its defective propulsion system could no longer be used.<ref name=clark/> The crew set a new space endurance mark of 185 days, but the record was not recognized by the [[International Astronautical Federation|IAF]] as it had not exceeded the previous 175-day record by the required minimum of 10 per cent.<ref name=clark/> Ryumin had become by far the most experienced space-farer to that date, with a total of 352 days spent in space over three missions.<ref name=clark/> Unusually, the crew had gained an average of 2&nbsp;kg during the flight. This was explained by the crew's strict adherence to exercises and diet. By the day after landing, they were able to walk for half an hour. By 15 October, they were playing [[tennis]]. Thousands of Earth resources photographs were taken, as were more than 40,000 [[spectrograms]]. The fourth Salyut 6 residency was at last a complete success after the numerous technical malfunctions that dogged the first three crews.<ref name=newkirk/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="clark">{{cite book
| author1= Phillip Clark
| title= The Soviet Manned Space Program
| url= https://archive.org/details/sovietmannedspac0000clar
| url-access= registration
| year= 1988
| isbn= 0-517-56954-X
| publisher= Orion Books
| location= New York, USA
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/sovietmannedspac0000clar/page/117 117–123] }}
</ref>

<ref name=newkirk>{{cite book
| author1= Dennis Newkirk
| title= Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight
| year= 1990
| pages= 209–219
| isbn= 0-87201-848-2
| publisher= Gulf Publishing Company
| location= Houston, Texas }}
</ref>

<ref name="spacefacts">{{cite web
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz 35
| url= http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-35.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 10 September 2024 }}
</ref>

}}

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