View source for Spanglish

{{Short description|Hybrid language of Spanish and English}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Spanglish
| familycolor      = Mixed
| family           = [[Mixed language|Mixed]] [[Spanish language|Spanish]]–[[English language|English]] ([[Indo-European]])
| script           = Latin
| ietf             = {{ubl | en-spanglis | es-spanglis }}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Everson |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Everson |title=Registration form for 'spanglis' |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/spanglis.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618023158/https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/spanglis.txt |archive-date=June 18, 2023 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |publisher=IANA |language=en |format=text |quote=A judgement call by the tagger is expected to be made concerning the base prefix to be used.}}</ref>
| altname          = Espanglish, Ingléspañol, Inglañol, Espanglés
| map              = 
| mapcaption       = 
| image            = Spanglish sign for mecanic.jpg
| imagecaption     = A sign offering free consultation from a mechanic, taken in [[Miami]], Florida.
}}
{{Spanish language}}'''Spanglish''' (a [[Blend word|blend]] of the words "Spanish" and "English") is any language variety (such as a [[Language contact|contact dialect]], [[Mixed language|hybrid language]], [[pidgin]], or [[creole language]]) that results from conversationally combining [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[English language|English]]. The term is mostly used in the [[United States]] and in [[Puerto Rico]]. It refers to a blend of the [[lexical item|word]]s and [[grammar]] of Spanish and English. More narrowly, Spanglish can specifically mean a variety of Spanish with heavy use of English [[loanword]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Spanglish}}</ref> 

Since Spanglish may arise independently in different regions with varying degrees of bilingualism, it reflects the locally spoken varieties of English and Spanish. Different forms of Spanglish are not necessarily [[mutually intelligible]].

The term ''Spanglish'' was first recorded in 1933.{{sfn|Lambert|2017|p=13}} It corresponds to the Spanish terms '''Espanglish''' (from ''Español'' + ''English'', introduced by the Puerto Rican poet [[Salvador Tió]] in the late 1940s), ''Ingléspañol'' (from ''Inglés'' + ''Español''), and ''Inglañol'' (''Inglés'' + ''Español'').<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2011 |title=Salvador Tió's 100th Anniversary |url=https://repeatingislands.com/2011/11/15/salvador-tio%e2%80%99s-100th-anniversary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305110303/https://repeatingislands.com/2011/11/15/salvador-tio%E2%80%99s-100th-anniversary/ |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |access-date=October 22, 2019}}</ref>

==Definitions==
There is no single, universal definition of Spanglish. The term Spanglish has been used in reference to the following phenomena, all of which are distinct from each other:{{sfn|Lipski|2008|p=53}} 

* The use of integrated English loanwords in Spanish
* Nonassimilated [[Anglicism|Anglicisms]] (i.e., with English phonetics) in Spanish
* [[Calque|Calques]] and loan translations from English
* [[Code-switching]], particularly intra-sentential switches (i.e., within the same [[clause]]) 
* Grammar mistakes in Spanish found among [[Transitional bilingualism|transitional bilingual]] speakers 
* [[Spanish as a second or foreign language|Second-language Spanish]], including poor translations
* The appearance of English words in Spanish [[Monolingualism|monolingual]] speakers
* [[Mock Spanish]]

==History and distribution==
In the late 1940s, the Puerto Rican journalist, poet, and essayist [[Salvador Tió]] coined the terms ''Espanglish'' for Spanish spoken with some English terms, and the less commonly used ''Inglañol'' for English spoken with some Spanish terms.

After Puerto Rico became a United States territory in 1898, Spanglish became progressively more common there as the United States Army and the early colonial administration tried to impose the English language on island residents. As well as the adjustment of language upon the move of Newyorricans (New York Puerto Ricans) back to the island.<ref name=":2" /> Between 1902 and 1948, the main language of instruction in public schools (used for all subjects except for Spanish class) was English. Currently, Puerto Rico is nearly unique in having both English and Spanish as its official languages<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nash |first=Rose |year=1970 |title=Spanglish: Language Contact in Puerto Rico |journal=American Speech |volume=45 |issue=3/4 |pages=223–233 |doi=10.2307/454837 |jstor=454837}}</ref> (see also [[New Mexico#Official language|New Mexico]]). 

Consequently, many American English words are now found in the Puerto Rican Spanish vocabulary. ''Spanglish'' may also be known by different regional names. Spanglish does not have one unified dialect—specifically, the varieties of Spanglish spoken in New York, Florida, Texas, and California differ. Monolingual speakers of standard Spanish may have difficulty in understanding it.{{sfn|Ardila|2005|p=61}}
It is common in Panama, where the 96-year (1903–1999) U.S. control of the [[Panama Canal]] influenced much of local society, especially among the former residents of the [[Panama Canal Zone]], the [[Zonian]]s.

Many Puerto Ricans living on the island of [[St. Croix]] speak in informal situations a unique Spanglish-like combination of [[Puerto Rican Spanish]] and the local [[Virgin Islands Creole|Crucian dialect of Virgin Islands Creole English]], which is very different from the Spanglish spoken elsewhere. A similar situation exists in the large Puerto Rican-descended populations of New York City and Boston.

Spanglish is spoken commonly in the modern United States.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} According to the [[Pew Research Center]], the population of Hispanics grew from 35.3 million to 62.1 million between 2000 and 2020.{{sfn|Funk|Lopez|2022|loc="U.S. Hispanic population reached more than 62 million in 2020" graph}} Hispanics have become the largest minority ethnic group in the US. More than 60% are of Mexican descent. Mexican Americans form one of the fastest-growing groups,{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} increasing from 20.9&nbsp;million to 37.2&nbsp;million between 2000 and 2021.{{sfn|Moslimani|Noe-Bustamante|Shah|2023|loc="Mexican-origin population in the U.S., 2000–2021" graph}} Around 58% of this community chose California, especially Southern California, as their new home. Spanglish is widely used throughout the heavily Mexican-American and other Hispanic communities of Southern California.{{sfn|Rothman|Rell|2005|p=1}}
The use of Spanglish has become important to Hispanic communities throughout the United States in areas such as Miami, New York City, Texas, and California. In Miami, the [[Afro-Cuban]] community makes use of a Spanglish familiarly known as "[[Cubonics]]," a portmanteau of the words ''Cuban'' and ''Ebonics'', a slang term for [[African American Vernacular English]] that is itself a portmanteau of ''Ebony'' and ''phonics''."{{sfn|Rothman|Rell|2005|p=1}}

Many Mexican-Americans (''Chicanos''), immigrants and bilinguals express themselves in various forms of Spanglish. For many, Spanglish serves as a basis for self-identity, but others believe that it should not exist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards New Dialects: Spanglish in the United States |url=http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/6362Olague2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329123547/http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/6362Olague2.htm |archive-date=March 29, 2016 |access-date=March 6, 2016 |website=homes.chass.utoronto.ca}}</ref>
This often forms an important part of both what one considers one's personal identity and what others consider one's identity<ref>{{Cite book |last=Halwachs |first=Dieter |title="Poly-system repertoire and identity". |publisher=Grazer Linguistische |year=1993 |pages=39–43 71–90}}</ref> as speakers have to content with the unjust prejudice some people have against Spanglish and the idea of bilingualism in general despite research showing that bilingualism has no long-term negative impacts on language development<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garcia |first1=Eugene E. |last2=Trujillo |first2=Alex |date=April 1979 |title=A developmental study of Spanish-English production in bilingual children. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.71.2.161 |journal=Journal of Educational Psychology |language=en |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.1037/0022-0663.71.2.161 |issn=1939-2176|url-access=subscription }}</ref>. This prejudice is however widely prevalent and continues to color the lay discourse regarding this phenomena. 

Other places where similar mixed codes are spoken are Gibraltar (''[[Llanito]]''), [[Belize]] (''Kitchen Spanish''), [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], and [[Curaçao]] (along with [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamento]]). {{Citation needed |date=August 2018}}

In [[Australasia]], forms of Spanglish are used among Spanish-speaking migrants and [[diaspora|diasporic communities]]. In particular, [[Hispanic and Latin American Australians|Hispanophone Australians]] frequently use [[loanwords]]/phrases from [[Australian English]],{{Citation needed |date=August 2024}} in conversations that are otherwise in Spanish; examples include "''el'' [[rubbish&nbsp;bin]]", "''la'' vacuum&nbsp;cleaner", "''el'' [[cellular phone|mobile]]", "''el'' toilet", "''vivo en un'' [[apartment|flat]] ''pequeño''", "''voy a correr con mis'' [[running shoes|runners]]", and "''la librería de la'' city ''es grande''". Similar phenomena occur amongst native [[Spanish language in New Zealand|Spanish speakers in New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=Latin Americans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/latin-americans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410080853/https://teara.govt.nz/en/latin-americans |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=teara.govt.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=1. – Latin Americans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/latin-americans/page-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410080849/https://teara.govt.nz/en/latin-americans/page-1 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=teara.govt.nz}}</ref>

==Usage==

===Spanglish patterns===
Spanglish is informal, although speakers can consistently judge the grammaticality of a phrase or sentence. From a linguistic point of view, Spanglish often is mistakenly labeled many things. Spanglish is not a [[Creole language|creole]] or [[dialect]] of Spanish because, though people claim they are native Spanglish speakers, Spanglish itself is not a language on its own, but speakers speak English or Spanish with a heavy influence from the other language. The definition of Spanglish has been unclearly explained by scholars and linguists, contributing to misconceptions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Spanglish is the fluid exchange of language between English and Spanish, present in the heavy influence in the words and phrases used by the speaker.{{sfn|Montes-Alcalá|2000|p=98}} Spanglish is currently considered a hybrid language practice by linguists. Some linguists refer to Spanglish as "Spanish-English [[code-switching]]", though there is some influence of [[Lexicalization|borrowing, and lexical and grammatical shifts]] as well.<ref>Individuals "communicate their thoughts and ideas using a combination of Spanish and English, often referring to this hybrid language practice as Spanglish".  {{Cite journal |last=Martínez |first=Ramón Antonio |date=November 2010 |title='Spanglish' as Literacy Tool: Toward an Understanding of the Potential Role of Spanish-English Code-Switching in the Development of Academic Literacy |journal=Research in the Teaching of English |publisher=National Council of Teachers of English |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=124–149 |doi=10.58680/rte201012743 |jstor=40997087}}</ref>

In modern times, research has progressed from viewing Spanglish as a altogether different, less educated, form of code-switching<ref name=":2" /> to recognizing that it is indeed the same code-switching phenemona that occurs between bilinguals worldwide<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moro |first=Mónica |date=2015-07-03 |title=The universality of syntactic constraints on Spanish–English codeswitching in the USA |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2015.1015347 |journal=Language and Intercultural Communication |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=391–406 |doi=10.1080/14708477.2015.1015347 |hdl=10651/33433 |issn=1470-8477|hdl-access=free }}</ref>.  Though code-switching can be considered a controversial issue in the discussion of Spanglish phenomena, the daily use of code-switching is highly likely for bilingual speakers.

The inception of Spanglish is due to the influx of native Spanish speaking [[Latin American]] people into North America, specifically the United States of America.{{sfn|Morales|2002|p=9}} As well as the interaction between Spanish and English in US colonies, like Puerto Rico.<ref name=":2" /> As mentioned previously, the phenomenon of Spanglish can be separated into two different categories: [[code-switching]], and [[Lexicalization|borrowing, lexical and grammatical shifts]].{{sfn|Ardila|2005}} Code-switching has sparked controversy because it is seen "as a corruption of Spanish and English, a 'linguistic pollution' or 'the language of a "raced", underclass people'".<ref>Bonnie Urciuoli, [https://books.google.com/books?id=faAfAAAAQBAJ&q=raced ''Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007005957/https://books.google.com/books?id=faAfAAAAQBAJ&q=raced |date=October 7, 2023 }} (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996), p. 38, cited by Arlene Dávila, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2E0rPRGz_bgC&q=raced ''Latinos Inc.: The Marketing and Making of a People''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007005959/https://books.google.com/books?id=2E0rPRGz_bgC&q=raced |date=October 7, 2023 }} (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), p. 168, and quoted in turn by Viviana Rojas and Juan Piñón, [http://www.internationalhispanicmedia.org/spanish-english-spanglish-media-strategies-corporate-struggles-reach-second-later-generations-of-latinos/ "Spanish, English or Spanglish? Media Strategies and Corporate Struggles to Reach the Second and Later Generations of Latinos."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126055755/http://www.internationalhispanicmedia.org/spanish-english-spanglish-media-strategies-corporate-struggles-reach-second-later-generations-of-latinos/ |date=November 26, 2015 }} International Journal of Hispanic Media. N.p., Aug. 2014. Web. October 4, 2015.</ref> For example, a fluent bilingual speaker addressing another bilingual speaker might engage in code-switching with the sentence, "I'm sorry I cannot attend next week's meeting ''porque tengo una obligación de negocios en Boston, pero espero que'' I'll be back for the meeting the week after"—which means, "I'm sorry I cannot attend next week's meeting because I have a business obligation in Boston, but I hope to be back for the meeting the week after". However, many studies have shown that it actually takes a high level of proficiency in both languages to code-switch<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beatty-Martínez |first1=Anne L. |last2=Navarro-Torres |first2=Christian A. |last3=Dussias |first3=Paola E. |date=2020-07-17 |title=Codeswitching: A Bilingual Toolkit for Opportunistic Speech Planning |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=11 |article-number=1699 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01699 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=7380110 |pmid=32765377}}</ref>, so these utterances are not a corruption, but a strategic use of the high proficiency a speaker has to communicate fluidly in conversation.

===Calques===
[[Calques]] are translations of entire words or phrases from one language into another. Seen as the literal translation of English words to Spanish with the addition of a local Spanish accent. They represent the simplest forms of Spanglish, as they undergo no lexical or grammatical structural change.{{sfn|Stavans|2000b}}{{Page needed|date=December 2023}} The use of calques is common throughout most languages, evident in the calques of Arabic exclamations used in Spanish.{{sfn|Montes-Alcalá|2000|p=107}}

Examples:
* "to call back"  → {{lang|es-spanglis|llamar pa'trás}} (llamar pa' atrás, llamar para atrás) ({{lang|es|volver a llamar}}, {{lang|es|llamar de vuelta}})
* "It's up to you." → {{lang|es-spanglis|Está pa'rriba de ti.}} (Está pa' arriba de ti, Está para arriba de ti) ({{lang|es|Depende de ti. decide}} (You decide))
* "to be up to ..." → {{lang|es-spanglis|estar pa'rriba de ...}} (estar pa' arriba de ..., estar para arriba de ...) (depender de ... or X decida (X decides))
* "to run for governor" → {{lang|es-spanglis|correr para gobernador}} ({{lang|es|presentarse para gobernador}}){{sfn|Montes-Alcalá|2000|p=107}}

==== {{lang|es-spanglis|pa'trás}} ====
A well-known calque is {{lang|es-spanglis|pa'trás}} or {{lang|es-spanglis|para atrás}} in expressions such as {{lang|es-spanglis|llamar pa'trás}} 'to call back'. Here, {{lang|es-spanglis|pa'trás}} reflects the particle ''back'' in various [[English phrasal verbs]].{{sfn|Lipski|1986}}
Expressions with {{lang|es-spanglis|pa'trás}} are found in every stable English-Spanish contact situation:{{sfn|Lipski|2008|p=229}} the United States,{{sfn|Lipski|1986|p=88}} including among the isolated [[Isleños (Louisiana)|Isleño]]{{sfn|Lipski|1986|pp=88–91}} and [[Sabine River Spanish|Sabine River]] communities,{{sfn|Lipski|1987|p=124}} [[Llanito|Gibraltar]],{{sfn|Lipski|1986|pp=92–93}} and sporadically in [[Trinidad]] and along the Caribbean coast of Central America where the local English varieties are heavily creolized.{{sfn|Lipski|1986|pp=91–92}} Meanwhile, they're unattested in
non-contact varieties of Spanish.{{sfn|Lipski|1986|p=93}}
{{lang|es-spanglis|Pa'trás}} expressions are unique as a calque of an English verbal particle, since other phrasal verbs and particles are almost never calqued into Spanish.{{sfn|Lipski|2008|p=229}}
Because of this, and because they're consistent with existing Spanish grammar, {{Harvp|Otheguy|1993}} argues they are likely a result of a conceptual, not linguistic loan.
That is, the notion of "backness" has been expanded in these contact varieties.{{sfn|Otheguy|1993}}

===Semantic extensions===
Semantic extension or reassignment refers to a phenomenon where speakers use a word of language A (typically Spanish in this case) with the meaning of its cognate in language B (typically English), rather than its standard meaning in language A. In Spanglish this usually occurs in the case of "[[false friends]]" (similar to, but technically not the same as [[false cognates]]), where words of similar form in Spanish and English are thought to have similar meanings based on their cognate relationship.{{sfn|Montes-Alcalá|2000|p=105}}

Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Spanglish
! English basis and meaning
! Standard Spanish
! Meaning of Spanglish word in standard Spanish
|-
| ''actualmente''
| actually
| ''en realidad, realmente, de verdad, verdaderamente, de hecho''
| currently
|-
| ''aplicación''
| application (written request)
| ''solicitud, postulación''
| application (of paint, etc.)
|-
| ''bizarro''
| bizarre
| ''estrambótico''
| valiant, dashing
|-
| ''carpeta''
| carpet
| ''alfombra'', ''moqueta''
| folder
|-
| ''chequear/checar''
| to check (verify)
| ''comprobar'', ''verificar''
| —
|-
|''eventualmente''
|eventually
|''finalmente, al final, por fin''
|possibly
|-
| ''librería''
| library
| ''biblioteca''
| bookstore
|-
| ''parquear''
| to park
| ''estacionar'', ''aparcar''
| —
|-
| ''realizar''
| to realize
| ''darse cuenta''
| to carry out, to perform, to fulfill
|-
| ''recordar''
| to record
| ''grabar''
| to remember
|-
| ''rentar''
| to rent
| ''alquilar, arrendar''
| to yield, to produce a profit
|-
| ''renta''
| rent
| ''alquiler, arriendo''
| yield, profit
|-
| ''sanitizador''
| sanitizer
| ''desinfectante''
| —
|- 
|''sentencia''
|sentence (linguistics)
|''frase, oración''
|sentence (court decision)
|-
| ''wacha''
| to watch out
| ''cuidado''
| —
|}

An example of this lexical phenomenon in Spanglish is the emergence of new verbs when the [[Productivity (linguistics)|productive]] Spanish verb-making suffix ''-ear'' is attached to an English verb. For example, the Spanish verb for "to eat lunch" (''almorzar'' in standard Spanish) becomes ''lonchear'' (occasionally ''lunchear''). The same process produces ''watchear'', <!--- Include ''puchar'' here IF its meaning and English basis can be given. --> ''parquear'', ''emailear'', ''twittear'', etc.{{sfn|Rothman|Rell|2005}}{{Page needed|date=December 2023}}

===Loanwords===
[[Loanword|Loanwords]] occur in any language due to the presence of items or ideas not present in the culture before, such as modern technology. The increasing rate of technological growth requires the use of loan words from the donor language due to the lack of its definition in the lexicon of the main language. This partially deals with the "prestige" of the donor language, which either forms a dissimilar or more similar word from the loan word. The growth of modern technology can be seen in the expressions: "hacer click" (to click), "mandar un email" (to send an email), "faxear" (to fax), "textear" (to text-message), or "hackear" (to hack). Some words borrowed from the donor languages are adapted to the language, while others remain unassimilated (e. g. "sandwich", "jeans" or "laptop"). The items most associated with Spanglish refer to words assimilated into the main morphology.{{sfn|Montes-Alcalá|2000|p=106}} Immigrants are usually responsible for "Spanishizing" English words.{{sfn|Alvarez|1997|loc=paragraph 25}} According to ''The New York Times'', "Spanishizing" is accomplished "by pronouncing an English word 'Spanish style' (dropping final consonants, softening others, replacing M's with N's and V's with B's), and spelled by transliterating the result using Spanish spelling conventions."{{sfn|Alvarez|1997|loc=paragraph 25}}

====Examples====
*"Aseguranza" (insurance; "seguros" is insurance in standard Spanish, aseguranza is literally "assurance" which is similar to the [[Prudential Insurance]]{{dn|date=November 2025}} company's slogan, "peace of mind")
*"Biles" (bills)
*"Chorcha" (church)
*"Ganga" (gang)
*"Líder" (leader) – considered an established Anglicism 
*"Lonchear/Lonchar" (to have lunch)
*"Marqueta" (market)
*"Taipear/Tipear" (to type)
*"Troca" (truck) – Widely used in most of northern Mexico as well
*”Mitin” (meeting) – An outdoors gathering of people mostly for political purposes.
*”Checar” (to check)
*”Escanear” (to scan) – To digitalize (e.g. a document).
*”Chatear” (to chat) 
*“Desorden” (disorder) – incorrectly used as “disease”.
*”Condición” (condition) – incorrectly used as “sickness”.
*"Viaje de las Estrellas" - "Star Trek"; the television shows such as "King of the Hill" and "MadTV" sometimes used standard Spanish but in an elementary manner.

===''So''-insertion===
Within the US, the English word ''so'' is often inserted into Spanish discourse. This use of ''so'' is found in conversations that otherwise take place entirely in Spanish. Its users run the gamut from Spanish-dominant immigrants to native, balanced bilinguals to English-dominant [[semi-speaker]]s and second-language speakers of Spanish, and even people who reject the use of Anglicisms have been found using ''so'' in Spanish.{{sfn|Lipski|2008|pp=235–236}}
Whether ''so'' is a simple loanword, or part of some deeper form of language mixing, is disputed. Many consider ''so'' to simply be a loanword, although borrowing short function words is quite abnormal.{{sfn|Lipski|2008|p=237}}
In stressed positions, ''so'' is usually pronounced with English phonetics, and speakers typically identify it as an English word and not an established English loan such as {{lang|es|troca}}. This is unusual, since code-switched or lexically inserted words typically aren't as common and recurring as ''so'' is.{{sfn|Lipski|2008|p=238}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005}}{{Page needed|date=December 2023}}

''So'' is always used as a [[coordinating conjunction]] in Spanish. It can be used phrase-internally, or at the beginning or end of a sentence. In Spanish discourse, ''so'' is never used to mean "in order that" as it often is in English. As a sociolinguistic phenomenon, speakers who subconsciously insert ''so'' into their Spanish usually spend most of their time speaking English. This and other facts suggest that the insertion of ''so'' and similar items such as ''you know'' and ''I mean'' are the result of a kind of "metalinguistic bracketing". That is, discourse in Spanish is circumscribed by English and by a small group of English functional words. These terms can act as punctuation for Spanish dialogue within an English-dominant environment.{{sfn|Lipski|2005}}{{Page needed|date=December 2023}}

=== Fromlostiano ===
[[Image:Spanglish Madrid Baidefeis.png|thumb|Spanish street ad in [[Madrid]] humorously showing ''baidefeis'' instead of the Spanish ''gratis'' (free).<br>''Baidefeis'' derives from the English "by the face"; Spanish: ''por la cara'', "free". The adoption of English words is very common in Spain.]]
Fromlostiano is a type of artificial and humorous [[wordplay]] that translates Spanish [[idiom]]s word-for-word into English. The name ''fromlostiano'' comes from the expression ''From Lost to the River'', which is a word-for-word translation of ''de perdidos al río''; an idiom that means that one is prone to choose a particularly risky action in a desperate situation (this is somewhat comparable to the English idiom ''in for a penny, in for a pound''). 
The humor comes from the fact that while the expression is completely grammatical in English, it makes no sense to a native English speaker. Hence it is necessary to understand both languages to appreciate the humor.

This phenomenon was first noted in the book ''From Lost to the River'' in 1995.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ochoa |first1=Ignacio |title=From Lost to the River |last2=Frederico López Socasau |date=1995 |publisher=Publicaciones Formativas, S.A. |isbn=978-84-920231-1-0 |location=Madrid |language=es}}</ref> The book describes six types of ''fromlostiano'':
# Translations of Spanish idioms into English: ''With you bread and onion'' (''Contigo pan y cebolla''), ''Nobody gave you a candle in this burial'' (''Nadie te ha dado vela en este entierro''), ''To good hours, green sleeves'' (''A buenas horas mangas verdes'').
# Translations of American and British celebrities' names into Spanish: ''Vanesa Tumbarroja'' (''[[Vanessa Redgrave]]'').
# Translations of American and British street names into Spanish: ''Calle del Panadero'' (''Baker Street'').
# Translations of Spanish street names into English: ''Shell Thorn Street'' (''Calle de Concha Espina'').
# Translations of multinational corporations' names into Spanish: ''Ordenadores Manzana'' (''Apple Computers'').
# Translations of Spanish [[minced oath]]s into English: ''Tu-tut that I saw you'' (''Tararí que te vi'').
The use of Spanglish has evolved over time. It has emerged as a way of conceptualizing one's thoughts whether it be in speech or on paper.

==Identity==

The use of Spanglish can be associated with the speaker's expression of identity <ref>{{Citation |last=Diao |first=Wenhao |title=Language Socialization and L2 Pragmatics |date=2019-01-30 |work=The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Pragmatics |pages=128–144 |editor-last=Taguchi |editor-first=Naoko |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351164078/chapters/10.4324/9781351164085-9 |access-date=2025-11-20 |edition=1 |place=London: New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. {{!}} |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781351164085-9 |isbn=978-1-351-16408-5 |last2=Maa |first2=Joy}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=García |first=Ofelia |title=Theorizing and Enacting Translanguaging for Social Justice |date=2014 |work=Heteroglossia as Practice and Pedagogy |volume=20 |pages=199–216 |editor-last=Blackledge |editor-first=Adrian |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-7856-6_11 |access-date=2025-11-20 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7856-6_11 |isbn=978-94-007-7855-9 |last2=Leiva |first2=Camila |editor2-last=Creese |editor2-first=Angela}}</ref>. As it is a form of code-switching, it can be used by individuals who have Hispanic heritage or those who do not. Like other forms of code-switching, Spanglish can facilitate communication with others who share the same linguistic background(s)  and may therefore share similar cultural backgrounds as well <ref>{{Citation |last1=Diao |first1=Wenhao |title=Language Socialization and L2 Pragmatics |date=2019-01-30 |work=The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Pragmatics |pages=128–144 |editor-last=Taguchi |editor-first=Naoko |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351164078/chapters/10.4324/9781351164085-9 |access-date=2025-10-18 |edition=1 |place=London: New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. {{!}} |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781351164085-9 |isbn=978-1-351-16408-5 |last2=Maa |first2=Joy|url-access=subscription }}</ref>. The practice of code-switching  with Spanish and English continues, with new generations bringing new perspectives and practices that influence culture, which can be seen in media attempts to stay relevant through their language choices.<ref>Rojas, Viviana, and Juan Piñón. "Spanish, English or Spanglish? Media Strategies and Corporate Struggles to Reach the Second and Later Generations of Latinos." ''International Journal of Hispanic Media''. N.p., Aug. 2014. Web. October 4, 2015.</ref> Living within the United States there is a power difference between Spanish and English <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quan |first=Tracy |date=2020 |title=Critical language awareness and L2 learners of Spanish: An action-research study |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/flan.12497 |journal=Foreign Language Annals |language=en |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=897–919 |doi=10.1111/flan.12497 |issn=1944-9720|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which can create many struggles for those who speak Spanish as their first language<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quan |first=Tracy |date=2020 |title=Critical language awareness and L2 learners of Spanish: An action-research study |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/flan.12497 |journal=Foreign Language Annals |language=en |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=897–919 |doi=10.1111/flan.12497 |issn=1944-9720|url-access=subscription }}</ref>. However, Spanglish creates an environement where the native language one speaks no longer matters. As it requires a proficiency of both Spanish and English to use Spanglish <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beatty-Martínez |first1=Anne L. |last2=Navarro-Torres |first2=Christian A. |last3=Dussias |first3=Paola E. |date=2020-07-17 |title=Codeswitching: A Bilingual Toolkit for Opportunistic Speech Planning |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=11 |article-number=1699 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01699 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=7380110 |pmid=32765377}}</ref> it marks a space where identity can be expressed in unique ways <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rodríguez-González |first1=Eva |last2=Parafita-Couto |first2=M. Carmen |date=September 2012 |title=Calling for Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Spanglish and Its Linguistic Manifestations |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/486147 |journal=Hispania |language=en |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=461–480 |doi=10.1353/hpn.2012.a486147 |issn=2153-6414|url-access=subscription }}</ref> .

== Intergenerational Spanglish ==

Immigrant youth in the United States have become prevalent social actors to sociologists because of their role as moderators and translators in their homes and the community. Orellana centers the ethnographic study around youth who have worked as translators in different spheres of societal issues for their communities.<ref name=":3" /> It showcases the division of labor passed onto members of the immigrant population and the navigational skills obtained by those obligated to utilize their bilingualism to code-switch as a means of survival.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Orellana |first1=Marjorie Faulstich |last2=Dorner |first2=Lisa |last3=Pulido |first3=Lucila |date=November 2003 |title=Accessing Assets: Immigrant Youth's Work as Family Translators or "Para-Phrasers" |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.2003.50.4.505 |journal=Social Problems |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=505–524 |doi=10.1525/sp.2003.50.4.505 |issn=0037-7791|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Intergenerational skills like bilingualism can then be used as a ‘Fund of Knowledge’ to promote literacy in the classroom. ‘Funds of Knowledge’ encourages the use of translanguaging (using all of one's full linguistic reportoire to communicate) in the classroom to bridge the skills used at home and welcome them to a classroom. This allows the use of code-switching, or Spanglish, skills passed between generations to be viewed as equally valuable at home and in academia. It dismantles the elevation of monlingualism above bilingualims and gives validity to practices of translanguaging.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moll |first1=Luis C. |last2=Amanti |first2=Cathy |last3=Neff |first3=Deborah |last4=Gonzalez |first4=Norma |date=March 1992 |title=Funds of knowledge for teaching: Using a qualitative approach to connect homes and classrooms |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405849209543534 |journal=Theory into Practice |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=132–141 |doi=10.1080/00405849209543534 |issn=0040-5841|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Arts and culture==

=== Literature ===
Books that feature Spanglish in a significant way include the following:{{sfn|Stavans|2000a|pp=555–558}}
* [[Giannina Braschi]]'s ''[[Yo-Yo Boing!]]'' (1998) is the first Spanglish novel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poets |first=Academy of American |title=About Giannina Braschi {{!}} Academy of American Poets |url=https://poets.org/poet/giannina-braschi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928221323/https://poets.org/poet/giannina-braschi |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |access-date=November 4, 2020 |website=poets.org}}</ref>{{sfn|Aldama|O'Dwyer|Stavans|2020}}{{Page needed|date=December 2023}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steinberg |first=Sybil |date=December 27, 1997 |title=Review of Yo-Yo Boing! |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-935480-97-9 |url-status=live |journal=Publishers Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812055332/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-935480-97-9 |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |access-date=April 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Castillo |first=Debra A. |url=https://www.sunypress.edu/p-4042-redreaming-america.aspx |title=Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture |publisher=www.sunypress.edu |access-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225205059/http://www.sunypress.edu/p-4042-redreaming-america.aspx |archive-date=February 25, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Guillermo Gómez-Peña]] uses Spanglish in his performances.
*[[Matt de la Peña]]'s novel ''[[Mexican WhiteBoy]]'' (2008) features flourishes of Spanglish.
*[[Junot Díaz]]'s ''[[The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao]]'' also uses Spanglish words and phrases.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schaefer |first=Richard T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&q=junot+diaz+spanglish+giannina+braschi&pg=PT1399 |title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society |date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2 |language=en |access-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229061735/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&q=junot+diaz+spanglish+giannina+braschi&pg=PT1399#v=snippet&q=junot%20diaz%20spanglish%20giannina%20braschi&f=false |archive-date=December 29, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pedro Pietri]] wrote the poem ''El Spanglish National Anthem.'' (1993)
*[[Ilan Stavans]] ''Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language.'' (2004)
*[[Piri Thomas]] wrote the autobiography ''[[Down These Mean Streets]]'' (1967) using Spanglish phrases.{{sfn|González|2017}}
*Yoss' science fiction novel ''Super Extra Grande'' (2009) is set in a future where Latin Americans have colonized the galaxy and Spanglish is the [[lingua franca]] among the galaxy's sentient species.
*[[H. G. Wells]]'s [[future history]] ''[[The Shape of Things to Come]]'' (1933) predicted that in the 21st century English and Spanish would "become interchangeable languages".<ref>[http://www.brownbagebook.com/eBooks/HG-Wells/Shape-Things/chapter25.html H.G.Wells, ''The Shape of Things to Come'', Ch. 12] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075432/http://www.brownbagebook.com/eBooks/HG-Wells/Shape-Things/chapter25.html|date=May 10, 2011}}</ref>
*[[Germán Valdés]], a Mexican comedian, (known as Tin Tan) made heavy use of Spanglish. He dressed as a [[pachuco]].
*[[Julián Delgado Lopera]], [[Fiebre Tropical]], a queer [[Colombians|Colombian]] wrote a book about evangelical Columbian community in Miami that relies heavily on Spanglish. The audiobook is recorded by the author and voices both their accent and the use of Spanglish.<ref>Delgado Lopera, Juliana. 2020. ''Fiebre Tropical''. Amethyst Editions.</ref> They also recorded a [[TED talk]] on the use of Spanglish. <ref>Lopera, Julián Delgado, dir. 1685631616. ''Julián Delgado Lopera: The Poetry of Everyday Language''. 888. <nowiki>https://www.ted.com/talks/julian_delgado_lopera_the_poetry_of_everyday_language</nowiki>.</ref>

=== Music ===

==== Overview ====
The use of Spanglish by incorporating English and Spanish lyrics into music has risen in the United States over time. In the 1980s 1.2% of songs in the [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard Top 100]] contained Spanglish lyrics, eventually growing to 6.2% in the 2000s. The lyrical emergence of Spanglish by way of Latin American musicians has grown tremendously, reflective of the growing Hispanic population within the United States.{{sfn|Pisarek|Valenzuela|2012}}
* [[Mexican rock]] band [[Molotov (band)|Molotov]], whose members use Spanglish in their lyrics.
* American [[progressive rock]] band [[The Mars Volta]], whose song lyrics frequently switch back and forth between English and Spanish.
* [[Ska punk]] pioneers [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]], whose singer [[Bradley Nowell]] grew up in a Spanish-speaking community, released several songs in Spanglish.
* American [[nu metal]] band [[Ill Niño]] frequently mix Spanish and English lyrics in their songs.
* [[Shakira]] (born Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll), a Colombian singer-songwriter, musician and model.
* American singer, actress, producer, director, dancer, model, and businesswoman [[Jennifer Lopez]].
* [[Sean Paul]] (born Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques), a Jamaican singer and songwriter.
* [[Ricky Martin]] (born Enrique Martín Morales), a [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] pop musician, actor and author.
* [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] (born Armando Christian Pérez), a successful [[Cuban Americans|Cuban-American]] rapper, producer and [[Latin Grammy Award]]-winning artist from Miami, Florida that has brought Spanglish into mainstream music through his multiple hit songs.
* [[Enrique Iglesias]], a Spanish singer-songwriter with songs in English, Spanish and Spanglish; Spanglish songs include [[Bailamos]] and [[Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)|Bailando]].
* Rapper [[Silentó]], famous for his song "[[Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)]]", recorded a version in Spanglish.
* Likewise, Mexican pop rock band [[Reik]] released a song called "Spanglish" in their album [[Secuencia]].

==== History ====
The rise of Spanglish in music within the United States also creates new classifications of Latin(o) music, as well as the wider Latin(o) music genre. In some growing music scenes, it is noted that for artists go beyond music and bring in political inclinations as a way to make wider commentary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Byrd |first=Samuel K. |date=2018 |title=Beyond Latin Night: Latinx Musicians and the Politics of Music in Charlotte |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26510212 |url-status=live |journal=Southern Cultures |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=125–143 |issn=1068-8218 |jstor=26510212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215031058/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26510212 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |access-date=March 18, 2021}}</ref> Although Los Angeles Chicano bands from the 1960s and 1970s are often remembered as part of the Chicano-movement as agents for social chance,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koegel |first1=John |last2=San Miguel |first2=Guadalupe |date=2005 |editor-last=Burr |editor-first=Ramiro |editor2-last=Guerrero |editor2-first=Lalo |editor3-last=Mentes |editor3-first=Sherilyn Meece |editor4-last=Reyes |editor4-first=David |editor5-last=Waldman |editor5-first=Tom |editor6-last=Broyles-González |editor7-last=Peña |editor7-first=Manuel |editor8-last=Valdez |editor8-first=Avelardo |editor9-last=Tejeda |editor9-first=Juan |title=Mexican American Music |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4153034 |url-status=live |journal=American Music |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=257–274 |doi=10.2307/4153034 |issn=0734-4392 |jstor=4153034 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209231116/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4153034 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |access-date=March 18, 2021}}</ref> Latin(o) music has long been a way for artists to exercise political agency, including the post-World War II jazz scene, the New York City salsa of the 1970s, and the hip-hop movement of the 80s. Some of the topics addressed in these movements include: redlining and housing policies; immigration; discrimination; and transnationalism.{{sfn|Cepeda|2017}}

==== Commercialization ====
Over time, however, this more explicit show of political nature might have been lessened due to the desire to compete in the music business of the English speaking world. This however, did not stop the change in U.S. music, where English-speaking musicians have moved towards collaborative music, and bilingual duets are growing in popularity,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lessner |first=Justin |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Bilingual Collaborations Are Taking The Music World By Storm, These Are The Dream Collabs For 2021 |url=https://wearemitu.com/entertainment/bilingual-music-collaborations-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410222622/https://wearemitu.com/entertainment/bilingual-music-collaborations-2021/ |archive-date=April 10, 2021 |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=mitú}}</ref> indicating an audience demand for multi-language entertainment, as well as a space for traditional Latino artists to enter the mainstream and find chart success beyond the Spanish-speaking world. This is despite the slower-growing opportunities for Latino musicians to occupy higher-up positions such as promoters, business owners, and producers.{{sfn|Cepeda|2017}}

==== Present-day ====
With this growing demand for Spanglish duets, there has also been a rise in indie Latino artists who incorporate Spanglish lyrics in their music. One such artist is [[Omar Apollo]], who combines Spanglish lyrics with music influenced by traditional corridos.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 16, 2020 |title=Meet Omar Apollo, the blue-haired, gender-rebellious, Mexican American Prince |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-10-16/omar-apollo-mexican-american-prince |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210103723/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-10-16/omar-apollo-mexican-american-prince |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Other up and coming Latino artists, such as [[Kali Uchis]], [[Empress Of]], and [[Ambar Lucid]], have also led to a greater prominence of Hispanic performers and lyricism in the contemporary top charts. These types of artists, also being second-generation Spanish speakers, suggest that there is less fear or feelings of intimidation of using Spanish in public spaces. Moreover, this lack of negative connotation with public use of Spanglish and heritage-language language tools point to a subconscious desire to challenge negative rhetoric, as well as the racism that may go along with it.{{sfn|Sánchez-Muñoz|Amezcua|2019}}{{Page needed|date=December 2023}} Given the fact that Spanglish has been the language of communication for a growing Hispanic-American population in the United States, its growing presence in Latino music is considered, by some scholars, a persistent and easily identifiable marker of an increasingly intersectional Latino identity.{{sfn|Cepeda|2017}}

== See also ==
* [[American literature in Spanish]]
*[[Nuyorican]]
* [[Caló (Chicano)]] a [[Mexican Americans|Mexican-American]] [[argot]], similar to Spanglish
* [[Chicano English]]
* [[Code-switching]]
* [[Dog Latin]]
* [[Dunglish]]
* [[Franglais]]
* [[Hispanicisms in English]]
* [[Languages in the United States]]
* [[List of English words of Spanish origin]]
* ''[[Llanito]]'' (an [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]] vernacular unique to [[Gibraltar]])
* [[Portuñol]], the unsystematic mixture of Portuguese with Spanish
* [[Siyokoy (linguistics)|Siyokoy]], [[Hybrid word|hybrid words]] in [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and other [[Languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages]] derived from English and Spanish words
* [[Spanglish (film)]] 
* [[Spanish language in the United States]]
* [[Spanish dialects and varieties]]
* [[:Category:Forms of English]]
* [[:Category:Spanglish songs]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
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{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* Current TV video [http://current.com/groups/on-current-tv/88836867_nuyorican-power.htm "Nuyorican Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120232324/http://current.com/groups/on-current-tv/88836867_nuyorican-power.htm |date=November 20, 2010 }}" on Spanglish as the Nuyorican language; featuring Daddy Yankee, Giannina Braschi, Rita Moreno, and other Nuyorican icons.
* [http://prizedwriting.ucdavis.edu/past/1995-1996/201cspanglish201d-the-language-of-chicanos Spanglish&nbsp;– the Language of Chicanos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502083024/http://prizedwriting.ucdavis.edu/past/1995-1996/201cspanglish201d-the-language-of-chicanos |date=May 2, 2017 }}, University of California
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120709082917/http://www.writingcenter.txstate.edu/englishes/Spanglish.html What is Spanglish?] Texas State University

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[[Category:Macaronic forms of English]]
[[Category:Spanish language in the United States]]
[[Category:1940s neologisms]]
[[Category:Code-switching]]