View source for Spartakiad

{{Short description|Recurring international sports event sponsored by the Soviet Union (1928–1937)}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name         = Spartakiad
| native_name  =
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| logo         =
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| image        = Spartakiade.JPG
| caption      = "The [[Red Sport International]] defends the [[Soviet Union]]": Poster of the 2nd International Spartakiad of the Red Sport International ([[Berlin]], 1931)
| status       = Defunct
| genre        = Multi-sport event
| date         =
| begins       = 1928
| ends         = 1937
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| years_active = {{Start date|1928|df=y}}–{{Start date|1937|df=y}}
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| organised    = [[Red Sport International]]
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{{other}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}

The '''Spartakiad''' (or '''Spartakiade''') was an international sports event that was sponsored by the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Riordan">{{cite book |last1=Riordan |first1=James |editor1-first=Pierre |editor1-last=Arnaud |editor2-first=Professor Jim |editor2-last=Riordan |chapter=The sports policy of the Soviet Union, 1917–1941 |title=Sport and International Politics |date=2013 |pages=79–90 |access-date=6 March 2019 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203476581 |isbn=978-0-203-47658-1 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781135816292/chapters/10.4324/9780203476581-11}}</ref> Five international Spartakiades were held from 1928 to 1937. Later Spartakiads were organized as national sport events of the [[Eastern Bloc]] countries.<ref name="Carr">{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=G.A. |title=The Spartakiad: Its Approach and Modification from the Mass Displays of the Sokol |journal=Canadian Journal of History of Sport |date=May 1987 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=86–96 |doi=10.1123/cjhs.18.1.86 |access-date=6 March 2019|url=https://journals.humankinetics.com/doi/abs/10.1123/cjhs.18.1.86|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The games were organised by [[Red Sport International]].

==Background==
{{More|Red Sport International}}
The [[Soviet Union]] attempted to use Spartakiads to both oppose and supplement the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]].<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Books/seriousfun.pdf Serious Fun: A History of Spectator Sports in the USSR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616041437/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Books/seriousfun.pdf|date=16 June 2012}}. Robert Edelman, pg 149</ref> In Russian, there is a certain parallelism in the names: "Spartakiada" and "Olimpiada". The name, derived from the name of the [[slavery|slave]] rebel leader, [[Spartacus]],<ref name=GSE>[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], 3rd edition, volume 24 (part 1), p. 286, Moscow, Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya publisher, 1976</ref> was intended to symbolize [[proletarian internationalism]]. As a [[classical antiquity|classical]] figure, Spartacus also stood directly in contrast to the [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] nature of the [[Ancient Olympic Games]] on which the modern "capitalist" Olympics were based. The first Winter Spartakiad was held in February 1928 in [[Oslo]], and the first Summer Spartakiad was held in August 1928 in [[Moscow]].

The first Spartakiads in the USSR took place in 1923 within formations of the [[Red Army]] and the Spartak Physical Culture organization in [[Petrograd]].<ref name="soviet_encyclopedia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140220215428/http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0/ Spartakiad] at [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref> The Moscow Spartakiad in 1928 was also known as the All-Union Spartakiad.<ref name="soviet_encyclopedia" /> From the start of the 1930s in the Soviet Union, spartakiads of trade unions and the [[Dynamo (sports society)|Dynamo]] physical culture sports society took place.<ref name="soviet_encyclopedia" /> In the 1950s, spartakiads of the Peoples of the USSR, [[DOSAAF]] of the USSR, all-Union Spartakiads of students, international Spartakiads of "friendly armies of socialist and developing countries", and others were introduced.<ref name="soviet_encyclopedia" />

==List of Spartakiads==
;Summer
* 1928 – [[Moscow]]
* 1931 – [[Berlin]]

;Winter
* 1928 – [[Oslo]]
* 1936 – Oslo

==After World War II==
===Soviet Union===
{{Main|Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR}}
In 1952, the Soviet Union decided to join the Olympic movement, and international Spartakiads ceased, but the term continued to exist for internal sports events in the Soviet Union of different levels, from local up to the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR ({{langx|ru|Спартакиада народов СССР|Spartakiada narodov SSSR}}<ref>{{langx|uk|Спартакіада народів СРСР|Spartakiada narodiv SRSR}}; {{langx|lt|TSRS tautų spartakiada}}; {{langx|lv|PSRS tautu spartakiāda}}</ref>). The latter event was held twice in four years: Winter Spartakiad and Summer Spartakiad.

The first Soviet Spartakiad was held in 1956. According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the number of participants in the 6th Summer Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR was 90 million people (twice the number of athletes in the USSR in that time), including 8,300 [[Unified Sports Classification System of the USSR|Masters of Sports of the USSR]], and 20 million in the 3rd Winter Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR, including some 1,000 Masters of Sports of the USSR.<ref name=GSE /> These numbers however have been frequently called into question due to the low reliability and ideological bias of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol4no3/html/v04i3a01p_0001.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109184922/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol4no3/html/v04i3a01p_0001.htm |archive-date=9 January 2008 |title=The Validity of Soviet Economic Statistics — Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> The Winter and Summer Spartakiads of the Peoples of the USSR were each commemorated on a series of [[postage stamp]]s, released in millions of copies.<ref>Catalogue of Postage Stamps of the USSR 1918–1974, "Soyuzpechat" ''Central Philatelic Agency'' (CPA) of the [[Ministry of Communications of the USSR]] publisher, Moscow, 1976.</ref> Until 1975, all summer finals were held in Moscow, later in other cities throughout the Soviet Union (though most events were still held in Moscow). The winter editions' finals were often held in [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]].

===Czechoslovakia===
{{See also|Spartakiad (Czechoslovakia)}}
The name '''Spartakiáda''' was also used for a [[mass gymnastics]] display,<ref>{{Citation|title=Spartakiada (Praha-1985-Strahov) Sila, muznost, pripravenost|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUtrL3NoGLc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/JUtrL3NoGLc |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2020-05-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref> which was held every five years at the [[Strahov Stadium]] in [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]]. The first event of this name was held, however, already in 1921, and its initiator Jiří František Chaloupecký is credited as the inventor of the name.<ref>[http://www.rozhlas.cz/leonardo/historie/_zprava/209629 Rozhlas.cz – Jak vzniklo slovo "spartakiáda"]</ref>

===Albania===
{{See also|Spartakiad (Albania)}}
Six similar events were held in [[Albania]] during [[Communist Albania|communist rule]] as well (in 1959, 1969, 1974, 1979, 1984, and 1989).<ref>http://www.iliriadaportal.com/opinion-f34/lindja-zhdukja-dhe-rilindja-e-olimpizmit-shqiptar-t1669.htm{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.giovanniarmillotta.it/albania/calcio/cup.html|title = Unofficial Site of Albanian Football since 1913: Republic Cup, Supercup, National Spartakiada and Under 18/19 Championships}}</ref>

===Other===
In 1984, the Soviet Union organised the [[Friendship Games]], aimed at countries which boycotted the [[1984 Summer Olympics]].

==See also==
* [[Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR]]
* [[Spartakiad (Czechoslovakia)]]
* [[Red Sport International]]
* [[International Workers' Olympiads]]
* [[People's Olympiad]] (1936), a planned sport event in [[Barcelona]] organized by [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican Spain]] for their boycott of the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] being held in [[Nazi Germany]]
* [[Daciad]] – national sporting event in [[communist Romania]]
* [[National Games of China]]
* [[Vietnam National Games]]
* [[Olympic Games]]
* [[GANEFO]]
* [[International Army Games]]
* [[2024 World Friendship Games]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.machfeld.net/portfolio/kupele-central-2005/ KÙPELE CENTRAL], avant-garde film by Sabine Maier (MACHFELD) dealing on the Spartakiad.

{{Multi-sport events}}

[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1928]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1937]]
[[Category:Politics and sports]]
[[Category:Workers' sport]]
[[Category:Multi-sport events in the Soviet Union]]