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{{about|the German city|the unit of measure|Stadion (unit)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox German location
|type              = Stadt
|name              = Stade
|German_name       = {{lang|de|Hansestadt Stade}}<br/>{{lang|nds|Hansestadt Stood}}
|image_photo       = Stade 2006, Hansehafen.jpg
|imagesize         = 250px
|image_caption     = View of the historic harbour in Stade
|image_coa         = DEU Stade COA.svg
|coordinates       = {{coord|53|36|3|N|9|28|35|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan        = Stade in STD.png
|state             = Niedersachsen
|district          = Stade
|elevation         = 9
|area              = 110.07
|postal_code       = 21680, 21682–21684
|area_code         = 04141, 04146
|licence           = STD
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 3 59 038
|website           = [http://www.stade.de www.stade.de]
|mayor             = Sönke Hartlef<ref name=mayor>{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/download/169156|title=Verzeichnis der direkt gewählten Bürgermeister/-innen und Landräte/Landrätinnen|date=April 2021|publisher=[[Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen]]}}</ref>
|leader_term       = 2019&ndash;24
|party             = CDU
}}
'''Stade''' ({{IPA|de|ˈʃtaːdə|-|De-Stade.ogg}}; {{langx|nds|Stood}}), officially the '''Hanseatic City of Stade''' ({{langx|de|Hansestadt Stade}}, {{langx|nds|Hansestadt Stood}}) is a city in [[Lower Saxony]] in northern [[Germany]]. First mentioned in records in 934, it is the seat of the [[Stade (district)|district]] ({{lang|de|Landkreis}}) which bears its name. It is located roughly {{convert|45|km|abbr=on}} to the west of [[Hamburg]] and belongs to that city's [[Hamburg Metropolitan Region|wider metropolitan region]]. Within the area of the city are the urban districts of Bützfleth, Hagen, Haddorf and Wiepenkathen, each of which have a council ({{lang|de|Ortsrat}}) of their own with some autonomous decision-making rights.

Stade is located in the [[Niederelbe|lower regions]] of the river [[Elbe]]. It is also on the [[German Timber-Frame Road]].

==History==

The first human settlers came to the Stade area in 30,000&nbsp;BC.

[[Sweden|Swedish]] and [[Danes|Danish]] [[Viking]]s under [[Eric the Victorious]] conquered Stade and looted the town during the 990s. Many prominent [[Saxons]] were taken back as slaves by Swedish troops. A majority of Vikings withdrew after taking plenty of plunder. A minor part of the Swedish and Danish forces stayed but were later defeated by reinforcements sent by the emperor. 
<ref> Adam av Bremen (1984) pp. 87–8 (Book II, Chapters 31-32). </ref>

Since 1180 Stade belonged to the [[Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen]]. In early 1208 King [[Valdemar II of Denmark]] and his troops conquered Stade. In August Valdemar II's cousin being in enmity with the king, the then Prince-Archbishop [[Valdemar of Denmark (bishop)|Valdemar]] reconquered the city only to lose it soon after again to Valdemar II.<ref>Adolf Hofmeister, "Der Kampf um das Erbe des Stader Grafen zwischen den Welfen und der Bremer Kirche (1144–1236)", In: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), vol. II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 105–157, here p. 123. {{ISBN|978-3-9801919-8-2}}</ref> In 1209 Emperor [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]] persuaded his ally Valdemar II to withdraw into the north of the Elbe, and the deposed Prince-Archbishop Valdemar took Stade.

On 2 May 1209 Otto IV granted important [[town privileges]] ({{lang|de|Stadtrecht}}) to Stade. Otto IV confirmed the [[bourgeoisie|burgher]]s to be personally free and recognised them constituting a political entity of their own law, the ''burgenses and optimi cives'' of Stade.<ref>Jürgen Bohmbach, "Der werdende Territorialstaat der Erzbischöfe von Bremen (1236–1511): III. Die Städte im Erzstift Bremen", In: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), vol. II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 241–262, here p. 249. {{ISBN|978-3-9801919-8-2}}</ref> Property within the municipal boundaries could not be subjected to feudal overlordship and was to be freely inherited without feudal claims to reversion. Fair juridical procedures were constituted and maximal fines fixed. Otto IV obliged himself to prevent burghers from being taken as hostages and to liberate captured burghers.

After Otto IV had changed his mind and reinvested Prince-Archbishop Valdemar with the [[Episcopal see|See]] in 1211, Valdemar II recaptured Stade. In 1213 Otto's elder brother Count Palatine [[Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine|Henry V]] of the [[County Palatine of the Rhine|Rhine]], reconquered Stade for the Prince-Archbishop. In 1215 Henry repelled another Danish attack on Stade. In the winter of 1216 Valdemar II and his Danish troops, unable to take the city of Stade, ravaged the [[County of Stade]]. From then on Stade remained a part of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen.

[[File:Braun Stade UBHD.jpg|thumb|1572 drawing of Stade. "S. Cosmus" and "S. Wilhat" refer to [[Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian, Stade|St. Cosmae et Damiani Church]] and St. Wilhadi, respectively.]]
[[File:Stade-1640-Merian.jpg|thumb|Stade in 1640 (drawing by [[Matthäus Merian]])]]
[[File:Stade Neuer Hafen Sturmflut.jpg|thumb|New harbor during the 1894 flooding]]

In medieval times (from the 13th century to the late 17th century), Stade was a prominent member of the [[Hanseatic League]], but was later eclipsed by [[Hamburg]]. In 1611 the city signed a contract with [[Sephardim|Sephardic]] Jews, allowing the foundation of a community. In 1613, [[John Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp|Johann Friedrich]], Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric, followed by settling [[Ashkenazim|Ashkenazic]] Jews in the city, but during the turmoil of Catholic conquest and Lutheran reconquest the last archival traces of Jews date from 1630. In 1648, by the [[Treaty of Westphalia]], the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen underwent a constitutional transformation from a [[prince-bishopric]] into a monarchy, the ''[[Duchy of Bremen]]''. The duchy and the neighbouring ''[[Principality of Verden]]'', colloquially referred to as [[Bremen-Verden]], were granted by the ''Treaty of Westphalia'' as an appanage to the Swedish crown. Stade, already under Swedish occupation since 1645, was a part of the [[Sweden|Swedish]] province of Bremen-Verden-Wildeshausen from 1645 to 1712, and some of the buildings built by the Swedes are still in use today.

===Swedish fortress===
Stade's heyday lasted until the [[Thirty Years' War]]. In 1628 [[Johann t’Serclaes von Tilly|Tilly]] conquered the town; shortly thereafter, [[Sweden]] took possession of it until 1636. After a period of Danish occupation, Sweden finally recaptured it in 1643 and was also officially granted possession of it, together with the [[Archbishopric of Bremen]], in the [[Peace of Westphalia]]. Two-thirds of the town were razed in the great town fire on 26 May 1659. The town was rebuilt again to the same plan.

From 1675 to 1676, in the [[Swedish-Brandenburg War]], Swedish Stade was conquered during a [[Bremen-Verden Campaign|campaign]] by [[Denmark-Norway]] and several states of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and remained in allied hands until the end of that war in 1679. Stade, as the headquarters of the Swedish Stadhalter, was besieged from early April 1676 to 13 Aug 1676. In the wake of the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)|Treaty of Saint Germain]] in 1679, Stade was once again awarded to Sweden.

The Elbe customs station near Stade, in Brunshausen at the mouth of the Schwinge, played special role in trading on the River Elbe from the period of the archbishopric. In 1663, the Swedes stationed an Elbe customs frigate as a permanent patrol ship. This arrangement continued to exist under various rulers until 1850 and the customs station on the Schwinge fieldworks itself existed until 1865.<ref name="Graewe">Richard Graewe: ''Die zweihundertjährige Geschichte der Elb-Zoll-Fregatte zu Brunshausen und ihrer Kommandanten 1650–1850.'' Selbstverlag des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins, Stade 1963</ref>

<!-- [[File:Friedensvertrag 1719 Stockholm.png|thumb|Copy of the final page of the [[preliminary peace]] of Stockholm between Hanover-Great Britain and Sweden from 19 November 1719]] -->
Swedish sovereignty ended in 1712. Danish troops besieged the town in the [[Great Northern War]] and shelled it from 29 August to 7 September 1712 that destroyed 152 houses, a quarter of the built-up area.

During the Swedish times Stade was the capital of the province.

===Danish rule===
In 1712 Denmark-Norway conquered Stade and the whole of Bremen-Verden. Stade remained Bremen-Verden's capital also after the Danes ceded it to the [[Electorate of Hanover]] in 1715. When in 1823 Bremen-Verden was replaced by new administrative forms, Stade continued to be the capital of the [[Stade (region)|Stade region]].

In 1355 and in 1712, Stade suffered from the [[Black Death|plague]] epidemic, which killed at least 30–40% of the city's population.

===Early modern and modern period===
In 1757 following the [[Invasion of Hanover (1757)|French Invasion of Hanover]], the [[Hanoverian Army of Observation]] under [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]], and the [[Privy Council of Hanover]] (government) took shelter in Stade. Cumberland prepared to defend the town before agreeing the [[Convention of Klosterzeven]] which brought about a temporary [[armistice]].

By the end of the 17th century Ashkenazi Jews reappeared in Stade. In 1842 the [[Kingdom of Hanover]] granted equal rights to Jews and promoted building up Jewish congregations and a regional superstructure ([[rabbi]]nate) within a nationwide scope. The Jews in Stade regarded this as progress and a burden alike, because prior they had not employed any rabbi and religion teacher due to the implied financial burden. In 1845 – according to the new law – a land-rabbinate, under [[rabbi#The role of the rabbi in the last 200 years|Land-Rabbi]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-03-24|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|reason= The anchor (The role of the rabbi in the last 200 years) [[Special:Diff/278594689|has been deleted]].}} [[Joseph Heilbut]], was established in the city, serving 16 Jewish congregations, which were founded over the years in the whole Stade Region, with altogether 1,250 Jews in 1864 (highest number ever reached). The local authorities now requested, that the Jewish congregations establish synagogues and Jewish education for the pupils.

[[File:Stade Synagogue 1.jpg|thumb|Former synagogue of Stade, 2016]]
In 1849 Stade's synagogue opened, but had to close due to financial restrictions in 1908. And a teacher for [[Judaism|Jewish religion]] and Hebrew was employed (after 1890 Stade's community couldn't afford a teacher any more). From 1903 on the Jewish community of Stade was granted public subsidies to continue functioning. The Stade Region stayed a Jewish diaspora, and from 1860 on Stade's land-rabbinate was never staffed again, but served alternately by one of the other three Hanoverian land-rabbinates. Labour migration and emigration<ref>About a third of the Jews emigrated in the 19th century to the USA. Cf. Jürgen Bohmbach, ''Sie lebten mit uns: Juden im Landkreis Stade vom 18. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert'', Stade: city of Stade, 2001, (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Stadtarchiv Stade; vol. 21), p. 4.</ref> to urban centres outside the Stade Region and Jewish demography rather lead to a reduction of the number of Jews in the ''Stade Region'' (786 in 1913, 716 in 1928).<ref>Albert Marx, ''Geschichte der Juden in Niedersachsen'', Hanover: Fackelträger-Verlag, 1995, p. 144 and Jürgen Bohmbach, ''Sie lebten mit uns: Juden im Landkreis Stade vom 18. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert'', Stade: city of Stade, 2001, (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Stadtarchiv Stade; vol. 21), p. 4.</ref> However, most of the remaining Jews were deported during the Nazi reign. During World War II, Stade remained completely untouched by Allied bombings.

[[File:Südostansicht AKW Stade 1.jpg|thumb|Stade nuclear power plant (offline) in 2006]]

In past decades, Stade has economically benefited significantly from the presence of chemical and aerospace industry at the [[Elbe]] river, most notably [[Dow Chemical]] and [[Airbus]]. Also by the Elbe at Stade is the decommissioned [[Stade Nuclear Power Plant]], which was connected to the power grid from 1972 to 2003. By the time the plant was brought offline, it was Germany's second oldest reactor. Following Germany's 2002 decision to phase out nuclear power generation, Stade was the first German plant to be affected; it was closed down permanently on 14 November 2003. Close to the former nuclear plant there is an inactive oil-fired power station, the [[Schilling Power Station]].

==Sights==
The Old Town of Stade is home to a variety of notable historic buildings; among the most notable are the [[St. Cosmae et Damiani (Stade)|St. Cosmae et Damiani Lutheran Church]], the Wilhadi Lutheran Church, the city hall, the {{lang|de|Schwedenspeicher}} and the {{lang|de|Zeughaus}}.

Located near to Stade are the gigantic pylons of [[Elbe Crossing 1]] and [[Elbe Crossing 2]]; the Elbe Crossing 2 pylons are the tallest in Europe and the sixth-tallest in the world.

==Transport==
In late 2007, line S3 of the [[S-Bahn Hamburg]] was extended to Stade. Trains depart [[Stade station]] every 20 minutes (at peak times), arriving at [[Hamburg Hauptbahnhof|Hamburg central station]] in roughly one hour.

==Local industry==
Firms with notable locations in the area include:{{cn|date=September 2022}}
* [[Dow Chemical]], chemicals
* [[Airbus|Airbus Deutschland GmbH]], [[aerospace]]
* [[E.ON]], power plant
* [[Air Liquide]], industrial gases
* [[Air Products & Chemicals]], industrial gases
* Aluminium Oxid Stade GmbH, [[aluminium oxide]] [[Refining (metallurgy)|refinery]]
* Stähler Agrochemie, [[fertilizer]] and [[biocides]]
* PROKON Nord Energiesysteme GmbH, [[wind turbine]]s and [[biofuel]]
* Lindemann (Bauunternehmen), construction

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Stade is twinned with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.stadt-stade.info/portal/seiten/partnerstaedte-900000046-20390.html|website=stadt-stade.info|publisher=Stade|language=de|access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Giv'at Shmuel]], Israel
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Gmina Gołdap|Gołdap]], Poland
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Karlshamn Municipality|Karlshamn]], Sweden

==Notable people==
[[File:Birlikte - Podiumsdiskussion-0508.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Stefan Aust]], 2014]]
[[File:Aurora von Königsmarck.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Maria Aurora von Königsmarck]], pre-1728]]

*[[Peter von Sivers]] (1674–1740), Russian naval officer
*[[August Karl von Goeben]] (1816–1880), Prussian general.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Goeben, August Karl von |volume= 12 |page= 180 |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Max von Bahrfeldt]] (1856–1936), Prussian general of the infantry, stationed at Stade.
*[[Ernst Hans Ludwig Krause]] (1859–1942), physician, [[botanist]] and [[mycologist]]
*[[Jost Fitschen]] (1869–1947), botanist known for his work in the field of [[dendrology]]
*[[Ernst-Eberhard Hell]] (1887–1973), general in [[Wehrmacht]] during World War II
*[[Eberhard von Koerber]] (1938–2017), manager and on the Board of [[BMW]]
*[[Stefan Aust]] (born 1946), journalist, chief editor of [[Der Spiegel]] in 1994–2008
*[[Carsten Eggers]] (born 1957), sculptor and painter
*[[Angela Denoke]] (born 1961), opera singer
*[[Juliette Schoppmann]] (born 1980), singer
=== Aristocracy ===
*[[Henrik Horn]] (1618–1693), a Swedish nobleman ([[freiherr]]), admiral and member of the [[Privy Council of Sweden]]
*[[Maria Aurora von Königsmarck]] (1662–1728), countess, mistress of [[Augustus the Strong]].<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Königsmark, Maria Aurora, Countess of | volume= 15 | page = 895 |short= x}}</ref>
*[[Amalia von Königsmarck]] (1663–1740), Swedish noble, [[Amateur|dilettante]] painter, actor and poet
*[[Philip Christoph von Königsmarck]] (1665–1694), a Swedish count and soldier. 
*[[Ulrich de Maizière]] (1912–2006), general, created the ''"[[Center of Leadership Culture|Innere Führung]]"'' in the Bundeswehr
=== Sport ===
*[[Dirk Dammann]] (born 1967), footballer, played 260 games
*[[Andrasch Starke]] (born 1974), jockey, 9 x [[German flat racing Champion Jockey]] champion
*[[Tabea Kemme]] (born 1991), footballer who has played 154 and 47 games for [[Germany women's national football team|Germany women]]
*[[Marnon Busch]] (born 1994), footballer, played over 260 games

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
Stade Cosmae Orgel.JPG|[[Arp Schnitger|Schnitger]] organ at St. Cosmae
St. Wilhadi, facade.jpg|[[:Commons:Category:St. Wilhadi (Stade)|St. Wilhadi]]
Stade-AltesRathaus 1.jpg|[[:Commons:Category:Altes Rathaus Stade|Old town hall]]
StadeSchwedenspeichermuseum.JPG|{{lang|de|Schwedenspeicher}} (Swedish warehouse)
StadeZeughaus.JPG|{{lang|de|Zeughaus}} (Swedish armoury)
Stade 2006, Hansehafen 2.jpg|Old Hanse harbor
Flugplatz Stade EDHS Osten.jpg|Stade airfield (EDHS)
Grauerort facade.jpg|19th-century [[Grauerort fortress]]
ItDozent Altländerhaus 1.jpg|House at {{lang|de|Insel}} museum
Exterior of the Athenaeum Stade.jpg|[[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] [[Athenaeum Stade]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Horstsee]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.stade.de/ Official website] {{in lang|de}}
*[http://www.stade-tourismus.de/en/ Official tourism organisation] Ge/En/Swe
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Stade |volume= 25 |page= 750 |short=1}}
*[http://www.stadeum.de Culture and convention center in Stade] {{in lang|de}}
*[http://www.stade.city-map.de/city/db/010102013200.html Virtual visit at the Fischmarkt (Fish Market)] {{in lang|de}}

{{Geographic Location (8-way)
|Northwest = [[Cuxhaven]]
|North     = [[Glückstadt]]
|Northeast = ''[[Elbe]] river''
|West      = [[Bremerhaven]]
|Center    = Stade
|South     = [[Harsefeld]]
|Southwest = [[Bremervörde]]
|Southeast = [[Horneburg]], [[Buxtehude]]
|East      = [[Hamburg]]
|}}

{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Cities and towns in Stade (district)}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Stade| ]]
[[Category:994 establishments]]
[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Germany]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Germany]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Populated riverside places in Germany]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Elbe]]