View source for Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal

{{Short description|Canal in the West Midlands, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Canal
 |name        = Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal
 |image       = Kidderminster Lock.jpg
 |image_caption     = Kidderminster Lock on the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal
 |mapframe           = yes
 |mapframe-zoom      = 8
 |former_names      =
 |modern_name      =
 |original_owner     =
 |engineer    = [[James Brindley]]
 |other_engineer  =
 |date_act    = 14 May 1766
 |date_began  =
 |date_use    = 1772
 |date_completed   = 1771
 |date_extended    =
 |date_closed =
 |date_restored   =
 |len_ft         =70
 |len_in      =0
 |original_boat_length_ft       =
 |original_boat_length_in    =
 |len_note    =
 |beam_ft        =7
 |beam_in     =0
 |original_beam_ft      =
 |original_beam_in   =
 |beam_note   =
 |start_point       = [[River Severn]]
 |original_start     =
 |start_note  =
 |end_point         = [[Trent and Mersey Canal]]
 |original_end       =
 |end_note    =
 |branch      =
 |branch_of   =
 |connects_to        =
 |locks       = 43
 |original_num_locks     =
 |lock_note   =
 |length_mi      = 46
 |elev_ft        =
 |elev_note   =
 |status      =
 |navigation_authority = [[Canal and River Trust]]
 | module              = 
}}
{{Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal map}}

The '''Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal''' is a navigable narrow [[canal]] in [[Staffordshire]] and [[Worcestershire]] in the [[The Midlands, England|Midlands]] of England. It is {{convert|46|mi}} long, linking the [[River Severn]] at [[Stourport]] in Worcestershire with the [[Trent and Mersey Canal]] at [[Haywood Junction]] by [[Great Haywood]].

==History==
===Creation===
[[James Brindley]]<ref name=nic>{{cite book |title=[[Nicholson Guides|Nicholson Waterways Guide]] |volume=2 |year=2006 |location=London |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] Publishing |isbn=0-00-721110-4 |page=not cited}}</ref> was the chief engineer of the canal, which was part of his "Grand Cross" plan for waterways connecting the major ports at [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] (via the [[River Trent|Trent]]), [[Liverpool]] (via the [[River Mersey|Mersey]]), [[Bristol]] (via the [[River Severn|Severn]]) and [[London]] (via the [[River Thames|Thames]]).

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Severn and Trent Canal Act 1766
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An Act for making and maintaining a Navigable Cut, or Canal, from the River Severn, between Bewdley and Titton Brook in the County of Worcester, to cross the River Trent, at or near Heywood Mill in the County of Stafford, and to communicate with a Canal intended to be made between the said River Trent and the River Mersey.
| year                  = 1766
| citation              = [[6 Geo. 3]]. c. 97
| territorial_extent    = [[Great Britain]]
| royal_assent          = 14 May 1766
| commencement          = 17 December 1765{{efn|Start of session.}}
| repeal_date           = 
| amendments            = {{ubli|[[Severn and Trent Canal Act 1770]]|[[River Severn Navigation Act 1843]]|[[Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Act 1933]]}}
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Amended
| original_text         = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=21UDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA298
| collapsed             = yes
}}
The [[act of Parliament (UK)|act of Parliament]] authorising the canal, the '''{{visible anchor|Severn and Trent Canal Act 1766}}''' ([[6 Geo. 3]]. c. 97), was passed on 14 May 1766. This created "The Company of Proprietors of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Navigation", which was empowered to raise an initial £70,000 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|70000|1766|{{Inflation-year|UK}}|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}, with a further £30,000 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|30000|1766|{{Inflation-year|UK}}|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} if needed, to fund the canal's construction.<ref name=priestley>{{cite book |last=Priestley |first=Joseph |year=1831 |title=Priestley's Navigable Rivers and Canals |url= http://www.jim-shead.com/waterways/sdoc.php?wpage=PNRC0601#PNRC583 |page=not cited}}</ref>

The canal was completed in 1771 for a cost that exceeded the authorised capital, and opened to trade in 1772. It was a commercial success, with trade from the [[Staffordshire Potteries]] southwards to [[Gloucester]] and Bristol, and trade from the [[Black Country]] northwards to the Potteries via the junction with the [[Birmingham Canal]] at [[Aldersley]].<ref name=nic/>

===Development===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Severn Navigation Act 1790
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An Act to enable the Company of Proprietors of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Navigation to improve the Navigation of the River Severn from Stourport, in the County of Worcester, to a Place called Diglis, near the City of Worcester.
| year                  = 1790
| citation              = [[30 Geo. 3]]. c. 75
| territorial_extent    = [[Great Britain]]
| royal_assent          = 9 June 1790
| commencement          = 21 January 1790{{efn|Start of session.}}
| repeal_date           = 
| amendments            = [[Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Act 1933]]
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Amended
| original_text         = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1ITe3ogChoIC&pg=PA136
| collapsed             = yes
}}
The company obtained a second act of Parliament, the '''{{visible anchor|Severn Navigation Act 1790}}''' ([[30 Geo. 3]]. c. 75), on 9 June 1790, authorising it to raise another £12,000 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|12000|1790|{{Inflation-year|UK}}|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} to improve the [[River Severn]] immediately below Stourport as far as [[Diglis]], to improve navigation to and from the canal.<ref name=priestley/> At Stourport there were four basins, linked by broad locks, that allowed broad-beamed Severn [[trow]]s to enter them from the river. Goods could then be trans-shipped from the canal narrow boats to the trows for onward shipment to Bristol.<ref name=nic/>

===Competition===
Trade declined when the newer [[Worcester and Birmingham Canal]] was opened in 1815, providing a more direct route between Birmingham and Bristol. To remain competitive, the company increased the hours when locks could be used, and by 1830 they were available 24 hours a day. Another setback occurred when the [[Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal]] opened its new route to Chester and Merseyside, meeting the canal at Autherley Junction. This took much of the traffic from the section to Great Haywood. Faced with a high volume of trade using the {{convert|1/2|mi|m|adj=on}} stretch between Aldersley and Autherley Junctions, the company levied very high tolls.<ref name=nic/>

In order to resolve the situation the Birmingham Canal Company and the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Company jointly promoted an [[act of Parliament]]{{which|date=August 2024}} to authorise a short canal that would have left the Birmingham Canal at a higher level than the junction, crossed the Staffordshire and Worcestershire by an aqueduct, and then dropped down by a series of locks to join the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal north of Autherley junction. The canal company decided to reduce its tolls rather than lose the trade altogether. Further concessions were obtained by the other two canal companies by threats to resurrect the plans on two subsequent occasions.<ref name=nic/>

===Decline===
Despite the competition, and later competition from the railways, the canal company paid dividends to its shareholders until nationalisation,<ref>C. Hadfield, ''Canals of the West Midlands'' 1969 edn), 277 281.</ref> although profits fell steadily from the 1860s. It remained independent until the [[Transport Act 1947]] nationalised Britain's canals on 1 January 1948.<ref name=nic/> In its latter years the major trade was in coal from [[Cannock]] to a power station at Stourport. The power station closed in 1949, and after that, the only commercial traffic was on the stretch between Autherley and Aldersley Junctions.<ref name=swcs>{{cite web |url=http://www.swcs.org.uk/page4.html |title=History of the Canal |publisher=Staffordshire & Worcestershire Canal Society |access-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814094523/http://www.swcs.org.uk/page4.html |archive-date=14 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Restoration===
In 1959 the [[British Transport Commission]] planned to close the canal but it was saved by a volunteer group, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Society. In 1968 the canal was reclassified as a cruiseway, and the following year all of it was declared a Conservation Area. This has resulted in historical buildings and structures being retained and improved sympathetically.<ref name=swcs/>

==Course==
===A strategic link===
The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal links two of southern Britain's largest river catchments:
* The [[River Trent|Trent]] catchment, which drains most of the north and east of the [[English Midlands]], as well as parts of the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]], and flows ultimately into the [[North Sea]] via the [[Humber Estuary]],
* The [[River Severn|Severn]] catchment, which drains a large area of north and central [[Wales]], as well as much of the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]], and drains ultimately into the [[Celtic Sea]] via the [[Bristol Channel]].

The canal was a major north–south route for the west of England, linking other canals to create a network running:
* via the [[Trent and Mersey Canal]], to [[Stoke-on-Trent]], to the northwest of England ([[Lancashire]] and [[Cheshire]]) and to the [[East Midlands]],
* via the [[BCN Main Line]] and the [[Stourbridge Canal]] to the [[Black Country]] and [[Birmingham]],
* via the [[Shropshire Union Canal]] to [[Chester]] and north Wales.

The canal essentially follows river valleys, shadowing the course of tributaries, to break through the watershed between the Trent and Severn north-west of [[Wolverhampton]], at the Aldersley Gap, a minor glacial feature turned to advantage by Brindley.

===Within the Trent catchment===
The northern starting point of the canal at Great Haywood, its junction with the Trent and Mersey Canal, is only about {{convert|300|m|yd|order=flip}} from the confluence of the [[River Sow]] with the Trent. The canal runs west through [[Tixall Wide]] and along the Sow valley, closely following the river, to Weeping Cross, on the south east edge of [[Stafford]], the confluence of the [[River Penk]] with the Sow. The canal then swings at right angles to the south, taking up the course of the Penk.

It then runs via [[Acton Trussell]] and [[Penkridge]] to Calf Heath, where it is joined by the now-derelict [[Hatherton Canal]]. Continuing south via [[Coven, Staffordshire|Coven]], it begins to bear away from the Penk, which has its source at Perton, well to the west of the canal. The canal enters north-west Wolverhampton. Here it is joined, in rapid succession, by the [[Shropshire Union Canal]] at Autherley Junction and the [[BCN Main Line]] at Aldersley Junction.

===Within the Severn catchment===
South of Aldersley, the canal begins to shadow the [[River Smestow]], part of the Severn catchment. The Smestow actually crosses the canal via the Dunstall Water Bridge, a small aqueduct planned by Brindley to preserve the flow of the river, before dropping into the valley and running alongside it. Skirting Wolverhampton between the steep hillsides of [[Compton, Wolverhampton|Compton]] and [[Tettenhall]], through the Smestow Valley Local Nature Reserve, the canal reaches [[Wightwick]]. Here it bears south, cutting across a wide bend in the course of the Smestow. Descending sharply through the impressive [[Bratch]] locks, the canal rejoins the River Smestow just south of [[Wombourne]]. From here it follows the river very closely to its confluence with the [[River Stour, Worcestershire|Stour]] near [[Prestwood, Kinver|Prestwood]].

The confluence of Smestow and Stour is paralleled closely by the junction of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire with the [[Stourbridge Canal]], which descends through the Stour valley to [[Stourton, Staffordshire|Stourton]]. Southward from this point, the canal is cut through very steep sandstone banks and passes through a tunnel at [[Dunsley, Staffordshire|Dunsley]] all the way closely following the river while slicing across its many meanders. Running through [[Kinver]], [[Caunsall]], [[Cookley]] and [[Wolverley]], it serves a series of wharves in the old industrial town of [[Kidderminster]]. Finally it reaches its end in a complex of wharves and basins in the canal town of [[Stourport-on-Severn]], where it descends steeply to the river through two sets of locks.

==Map==
[[File:Staffs & Worcs Canal Map.png|thumb|center|Map of the canal and connecting waterways (zoom in for detail)]]
==Gallery==
{{Commons category}}
<gallery>
Image:StaffsWorcester105.jpg|Bridge 105: a [[Roving bridge|changeline]] bridge near [[Milford, Staffordshire|Milford]].
Image:Hatherton Junction.jpg|Hatherton Junction, the meeting of the [[Hatherton Canal]] (behind camera) and the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal (left and right) at Calf Heath, Staffordshire.
Image:Pendeford Rockin'.jpg|Pendeford Rockin' or 'The Narrows', here the canal is a narrow cutting through an outcrop of [[Keuper Sandstone]] either side of the Forster Bridge at [[Pendeford]].
Image:Autherley Junction toll houses.jpg|Toll houses at [[Autherley Junction]], where the [[Shropshire Union Canal]] terminates and meets the canal.
Image:Aldersley Junction and Wolverhampton bottom lock.jpg|[[Aldersley Junction]]: the bottom lock of the Wolverhampton flight of the [[BCN Main Line]] is visible through the roving bridge
Image:Smestow Brook 06 Dunstall Water Bridge.JPG|The Dunstall Water Bridge carries the [[Smestow Brook]] over the canal.
Image:Smestow Brook 07 Dunstall Water Bridge.JPG|The Dunstall water Bridge viewed from the canal side.
Image:StaffsWorcs Meccano Bridge.jpg|The "Meccano Bridge", a steel truss structure carrying the Wolverhampton Railway Walk (the former [[Wombourne Branch Line]]) over the canal in Smestow Valley Local Nature Reserve, Wolverhampton.
Image:StaffsWorcs Bratch Locks.jpg|Part of the [[Bratch]] Locks at [[Wombourne]].
Image:StaffsWorcs Bratch Toll.jpg|[[Toll House]] and upper bridge at the Bratch Locks.
Image:StaffsWorcs Hinksford Wharf.JPG|Hinksford Wharf, one of several important mooring places on this section of the canal.
Image:StaffsWorcs Hinksford bridge pumping station.JPG|Bridge and pumping station at [[Hinksford]].
Image:StaffsWorcs Ashwood Marina.jpg|Marina in the [[canal basin]] at [[Ashwood, Staffordshire]].
Image:StaffsWorcs Stour Aqueduct.jpg|[[Sandstone]] [[Navigable aqueduct|aqueduct]], carrying the canal over the [[River Stour, Worcestershire|River Stour]], near Prestwood.
Image:StaffsWorcs Lake at Prestwood.jpg|Lake off the canal, near Prestwood, north of [[Stourton, Staffordshire|Stourton]].
Image:StaffsWorcs Sandstone banks.jpg|Steep cutting and workings in sandstone, north of Stourton.
Image:StaffsWorcs Stourton Junction.jpg|Stourton Junction: the [[Stourbridge Canal]] descends through locks to meet the Staffordshire and Worcestershire.
Image:StaffsWorcs Stewpony Toll House.jpg|The old toll house at Stewponey Lock.
Image:StaffsWorcs Dunsley Tunnel.jpg|West portal of the {{convert|21|m|yd|adj=on|order=flip}} Dunsley Tunnel, between Stourton and [[Kinver]].
Image:StaffsWorcs Stourport Basin.JPG|Upper basin at [[Stourport-on-Severn]]. The area around the basin underwent major restoration 2007-2009.
Image:StaffsWorcs Severn Junction 01.JPG|Broad lock connecting the canal with the River Severn at Stourport.
Image:StaffsWorcs Severn Junction 02.JPG|Narrow staircase locks connecting the canal with the River Severn at Stourport.
</gallery>

==Linked canals==
The canal is linked (in order, from the Severn) to:
*[[Stourbridge Canal]] at Stourton Junction
*[[BCN Main Line]] at [[Aldersley Junction]]
*[[Shropshire Union Canal]] at [[Autherley Junction]]
*[[Hatherton Canal]], (currently derelict but with proposals for restoration) at [[Hatherton Junction]]

The canal today forms part of the [[Stourport Ring]], which is one of the popular cruising rings for leisure boating. It is also part of the [[Four Counties Ring]].

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Transport}}
*[[Thomas Dadford]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Langford |first=J Ian |year=1974 |title=Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal |series=Towpath Guide |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Goose & Son |isbn=0-900404-22-1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal}}
{{Attached KML|display=title,inline}}
*[http://www.swcanalsociety.co.uk/ The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Society]
*[https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/368208 Photograph of the River Trent aqueduct] near to Great Haywood

{{River Severn}}
{{Canals of Britain}}
{{Transport in Worcestershire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Staffordshire And Worcestershire Canal}}
[[Category:Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal| ]]
[[Category:Canals in England]]
[[Category:Canals in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Canals in Worcestershire]]
[[Category:Canals linked to the River Severn]]
[[Category:Transport in Wolverhampton]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Worcestershire]]
[[Category:Canals opened in 1772]]
[[Category:Conservation areas in England]]
[[Category:1772 establishments in England]]