View source for Stand Watie

{{Short description|Native American general and 2nd principal chief of the Cherokee Nation}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Stand Watie
| native_name = ᏕᎦᏙᎦ
| native_name_lang = chr
| image = Stand Watie.jpg
| caption = Watie, {{circa|1865|lk=yes}}
| office = [[Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation]] (Confederate-aligned faction){{efn|Watie was elected chief by pro-Confederate Cherokees and recognized by the [[Confederate States of America]] during the [[American Civil War]], while John Ross remained the chief recognized by pro-Union Cherokees and the United States federal government.}}
| predecessor = [[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|John Ross]]
| successor = [[Lewis Downing]]
| term = 1862–1866
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1806|12|12}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1871|09|09|1806|12|12}}
| birth_place = Oothcaloga, [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]] (present-day [[Calhoun, Georgia]]), U.S.
| death_place = Delaware District, Cherokee Nation (present-day [[Delaware County, Oklahoma]]), U.S.
| resting_place = Polson Cemetery, Delaware County, Oklahoma, U.S.
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|36|31|32.2|N|94|38|09.5|W|region:US-OK_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| relatives = [[Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)|Elias Boudinot]] (brother)<br />[[Elias Cornelius Boudinot|E. C. Boudinot]] (nephew)
| allegiance = [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]]
| branch = [[Confederate States Army]]
| branch_label = [[Military branch|Branch]]
| serviceyears = 1861–1865
| rank = [[Brigadier general|Brigadier-General]]
| commands = {{unbulleted list|2d Cherokee Mounted Rifles (1861–62)|[[1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles]] (1862–64)|1st Indian Brigade (1864–65)}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[American Civil War]]
** [[Battle of Wilson's Creek]]
** [[Battle of Chustenahlah]]
** [[Battle of Pea Ridge]]
** [[First Battle of Cabin Creek]]
** [[Second Battle of Cabin Creek]]
** [[Ambush of the steamboat J. R. Williams|Ambush of the<br />''J. R. Williams'']]
** [[Battle of Fort Smith]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label = Battles
}}

[[Brigadier general|Brigadier-General]] '''Stand Watie''' ({{langx|chr|ᏕᎦᏙᎦ|translit=Degadaga, or Degadoga|lit=Stand firm}}{{cn|date=August 2025}}; December 12, 1806{{spaced ndash}}September 9, 1871), also known as '''Standhope Uwatie''' and '''Isaac S. Watie''', was a [[Cherokee]] politician who served as the second [[List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee|principal chief of the Cherokee Nation]] from 1862 to 1866. The Cherokee Nation allied with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]] during the [[American Civil War]], and he was subsequently the only [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[General officers in the Confederate States Army|Confederate general officer]]. Watie commanded [[Indian cavalry|Indian forces]] in the [[Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War|Trans-Mississippi Theater]], made up mostly of Cherokee, [[Creek (people)|Muskogee]], and [[Seminole]]. He was the last [[Confederate States Army]] general to surrender.<ref>Cunningham, Frank. ''General Stand Watie's Confederate Indians.'' (p. 198) Foreword by Brad Agnew. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman Oklahoma. 1998</ref>

Before removal of the Cherokee to [[Indian Territory]] in the late 1830s, Watie and his older brother [[Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)|Elias Boudinot]] were among Cherokee leaders who signed the [[Treaty of New Echota]] in 1835. The majority of the tribe opposed their action. In 1839, the brothers were attacked in an assassination attempt, as were other relatives active in the Treaty Party. All but Stand Watie were killed. Watie in 1842 killed one of his uncle's attackers, and in 1845 his brother Thomas was killed in retaliation, in a continuing cycle of violence that reached Indian Territory. Watie was acquitted by the Cherokee at trial in the 1850s on the grounds of self-defense.

Watie led the Southern Cherokee delegation to [[Washington, D.C.]], after the American Civil War to [[Federal Indian Policy|sue for peace]], hoping to have tribal divisions recognized. The [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] negotiated only with the leaders who had sided with the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]. Watie stayed out of politics for his last years, and tried to rebuild his plantation.

== Early life ==
Stand Watie was born on December 12, 1806, at Oothcaloga, [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]] (present-day [[Calhoun, Georgia]]), the son of Uwatie (Cherokee for "the ancient one", sometimes spelled Oowatie), a full-blood Cherokee, and Susanna Reese, daughter of a white father and Cherokee mother.<ref name="EOHC-StandWatie">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=WA040 |author=Kenny A. Franks |title=Stand Watie |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture}}</ref> He was named Degataga. According to one biography, this name means "standing firm" when translated to English.<ref name="Dalel">{{cite magazine |last=Dale |first=Edward E. |magazine=Chronicles of Oklahoma |title=Some Letters of General Stand Watie |volume=1 |number=1 |date=January 1921 |access-date=December 24, 2012 |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v001/v001p030.html}}</ref> Watie's brothers were Gallagina, nicknamed "Buck" (who later took the name [[Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)|Elias Boudinot]]), and Thomas Watie. They were close to their paternal uncle [[Major Ridge]], and his son [[John Ridge]], both later leaders in the tribe. By 1827, their father David Uwatie had become a wealthy [[Planter (American South)|planter]], who held African-American [[slaves]] as laborers.<ref name="EOHC-StandWatie"/>

After Uwatie converted to Christianity with the [[Moravian Church|Moravians]], he took the name of David Uwatie; he and Susanna renamed Degataga as Isaac. Degataga preferred to use "Stand", a loose translation of his Cherokee name.  Later, the family dropped the "U" from the spelling of their surname, using "Watie." Along with his two brothers and sisters, Watie learned to read and write English at the Moravian mission school in Spring Place, Cherokee Nation (now [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]).<ref name="EOHC-StandWatie"/>

Stand Watie occasionally helped write articles for the ''[[Cherokee Phoenix]]'' newspaper, for which his older brother Elias served as editor from 1828 to 1832. The first Native American newspaper, the ''Phoenix'' published articles in both Cherokee and English.{{sfn|Langguth|2010|p=76}}

Watie became involved in the dispute over Georgia's repressive anti-Indian laws. After gold was discovered on Cherokee lands in northern Georgia, thousands of white settlers encroached on Indian lands. There was continuing conflict, and Congress passed the 1830 [[Indian Removal Act]], to relocate all Indians from the Southeast to lands west of the [[Mississippi River]]. In 1832, Georgia confiscated most of the Cherokee land, despite federal laws to protect Native Americans from state actions. The state sent [[militia]] to destroy the offices and press of the ''Cherokee Phoenix'', which had published articles against Indian Removal.{{sfn|Langguth|2010|p=274}} 

Believing that removal was inevitable, the Watie brothers favored securing Cherokee rights by treaty before relocating to [[Indian Territory]]. They were among the Treaty Party leaders who signed the 1835 [[Treaty of New Echota]].

== Indian Territory ==
In 1835, Watie, his family, and many other Cherokee emigrated to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). They joined some Cherokee who had relocated as early as the 1820s and were known as the "Old Settlers".<ref>Lowery, Charles D. "The Great Migration to the Mississippi Territory, 1798–1819," ''Journal of Mississippi History''. 1968 30(3): 173–192</ref> Those Cherokee who remained on tribal lands in the [[Eastern United States|East]] were rounded up and forcibly removed by the U.S. government in 1838.<ref name="frank">Frank, Andrew K. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN015.html Indian Removal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930100544/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN015.html |date=September 30, 2009 }}, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture (accessed April 27, 2013)</ref> Their journey became known as the "[[Trail of Tears]]," as 4,000 people died.<ref name="EB">[http://www.britannica.com/event/Trail-of-Tears  Pauls, Elizabeth Prine. "Trail of Tears." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.] Accessed January 27, 2016.</ref>

After removal, members of the Cherokee government carried out sentences against Treaty Party men for execution; their giving up tribal lands was a "blood" or capital offense under Cherokee law. Stand Watie, his brother [[Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)|Elias Boudinot]], their uncle Major Ridge and cousin John Ridge, along with several other Treaty Party men, were all sentenced to death on June 22, 1839; only Stand Watie survived. He arranged for his brother Elias' children to be sent for their safety and education to their mother's family in Connecticut; their mother Harriet had died in 1836 before the migration.<ref name="Parins"/>

In 1842, Watie encountered James Foreman, whom he recognized as one of his uncle's executioners, and killed him. This was part of the post-Removal violence within the tribe, which was close to civil war for years. Ross supporters executed Stand's brother Thomas Watie in 1845.<ref>[http://www.southerncherokeeok.com/history.html Southern Cherokee Nation. "Early History of the Southern Cherokee." Retrieved July 14, 2013.]</ref>
In the 1850s, Stand Watie was tried in [[Arkansas]] for the murder of Foreman; he was acquitted on the grounds of self-defense. His nephew [[Elias Cornelius Boudinot|E. C. Boudinot]], who had returned to the West and become a lawyer, defended him.<ref name="Parins">{{cite book |author= James W. Parins |title= Elias Cornelius Boudinot: A Life on the Cherokee Border |series= American Indian Lives |publisher= University of Nebraska Press |year= 2005 |isbn= 978-0-8032-3752-0 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YuaSjyiVc1YC }}</ref>

== American Civil War ==
In 1861, Principal Chief [[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|John Ross]] signed an alliance with the Confederate States to avoid disunity in Indian Territory.{{sfn|Moulton|1978|pp=174–75}} Within less than a year, Ross and part of the National Council concluded that the agreement had proved disastrous. In the summer of 1862, Ross removed the tribal records to Union-held Kansas and then proceeded to Washington, D.C., to meet with President Lincoln.{{sfn|Moulton|1978|pp=174–75}} After Ross fled to Federal-controlled territory, Watie replaced him as principal chief.<ref name="EOHC-StandWatie"/> After Ross' departure, Tom Pegg took over as principal chief of the pro-Union Cherokee.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sturme |first=Circe |title=Blood Politics, Racial Classification, and Cherokee National Identity |journal=American Indian Quarterly |volume=22 |issue=1/2 |jstor=1185118 |url=http://www.ithaca.edu/hs/depts/anthro/facstaff/kbhansen/docs/namindians/cherokee.pdf |access-date=September 6, 2011 |date=Winter–Spring 1998}}</ref> Following Lincoln's [[Emancipation Proclamation]] in January 1863, Pegg called a special session of the Cherokee National Council. On February 18, 1863, it passed a resolution to emancipate all slaves within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation.

After many Cherokee fled north to Kansas or south to Texas for safety, pro-Confederates took advantage of the instability and elected Stand Watie principal chief. Ross' supporters refused to recognize the validity of the election. Open warfare broke out between Confederate and Union Cherokee within Indian Territory, the damage heightened by brigands with no allegiance at all.<ref>Warde, ''When the Wolf Came: The Civil War and Indian Territory'' (2013), chapters 3–6.</ref> After the Civil War ended, both factions sent delegations to Washington. Watie pushed for recognition of a separate "Southern Cherokee Nation", but never achieved that.<ref name="EOHC-StandWatie"/>

[[File:Flag of the Cherokee Braves.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|National Color of the [[1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles]]]]
Watie was the only Native American to rise to a  Confederate brigadier-general's rank during the war. Fearful of the Federal Government and the threat to create a State (Oklahoma) out of most of what was then the semi-sovereign "Indian Territory", a majority of the Cherokee Nation initially voted to support the Confederacy in the [[American Civil War]] for pragmatic reasons, though less than a tenth of the Cherokee owned slaves. Watie organized a [[regiment]] of [[mounted infantry]]. In October 1861, he was commissioned as [[colonel]] in what would become the [[1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles]].<ref name="EOHC-WatiesReg">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Franks|first=Kenny A|title=Watie's Regiment|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |url=http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entryname=WATIE%27S%20REGIMENT|access-date=December 22, 2012}}</ref>

Although Watie fought Federal troops, he also led his men in fighting between factions of the Cherokee and in attacks on Cherokee civilians and farms, as well as against the [[Muscogee (Creek)|Creek]], Seminole and others in Indian Territory who chose to support the Union. Watie is noted for his role in the [[Battle of Pea Ridge]], [[Arkansas]], on March 6–8, 1862. Under the overall command of General [[Benjamin McCulloch]], Watie's troops captured Union [[artillery]] positions and covered the retreat of Confederate forces from the battlefield after the Union took control.{{sfn|Langguth|2010|p=392}} However, most of the Cherokees who had joined Colonel John Drew's regiment defected to the Union side. Drew, a nephew of Chief Ross, remained loyal to the Confederacy.{{sfn|Langguth|2010|p=392}}

In August 1862, after John Ross and his followers announced their support for the Union and went to [[Fort Leavenworth]], the remaining Southern Confederate minority faction elected Stand Watie as principal chief.{{sfn|Langguth|2010|p=394}} After Cherokee support for the Confederacy sharply declined, Watie continued to lead the remnant of his cavalry. He was appointed to the grade of Brigadier-General on May 10, 1864, with a date of rank of May 6,<ref name="EOHC-WatiesReg"/> though he did not receive word of his promotion until after he led the [[Ambush of the steamboat J. R. Williams|ambush of the steamboat ''J. R. Williams'']] on July 16, 1864.<ref name="Cottrell">[https://books.google.com/books?id=HWu87MW9eowC&q=steamer+%22J.+R.+Williams%22.&pg=PA94 ''Civil War in the Indian Territory''. Cottrell, Steve. Pelican Books, pp. 94–95. Retrieved September 7, 2014.]</ref> Watie commanded the First Indian Brigade of the [[Army of the Trans-Mississippi]], composed of two regiments of Mounted Rifles and three battalions of Cherokee, Seminole and [[Osage Battalion|Osage infantry]]. 

They fought in a number of battles and skirmishes in the western Confederate states, including the Indian Territory, Arkansas, [[Missouri]], [[Kansas]], and Texas. Watie's force reportedly fought in more battles west of the [[Mississippi River]] than any other unit. Watie took part in what is considered to be the greatest (and most famous) Confederate victory in Indian Territory, the [[Second Battle of Cabin Creek]], which took place in what is now [[Mayes County, Oklahoma]] on September 19, 1864. He and General [[Richard Montgomery Gano]] led a raid that captured a Federal wagon train and netted approximately $1 million worth of wagons, mules, commissary supplies, and other needed items.{{sfn|Knight|1988|pp=245–253}} Stand Watie's forces massacred black haycutters at [[Wagoner, Oklahoma]] during this raid. Union reports said that Watie's Indian cavalry "killed all the Negroes they could find", including wounded men.<ref>Allardice, Bruce S. (2008) ''Kentuckians in Gray,'' p. 101, University Press of Kentucky. {{ISBN|978-0-8131-2475-9}}.</ref>

Since most Cherokee were now Union supporters, during the war, General Watie's family and other Confederate Cherokee took refuge in [[Rusk County, Texas|Rusk]] and [[Smith County, Texas|Smith]] counties of east Texas.<ref>{{cite magazine |publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society |title=John Bartlett Meserve |magazine=Chronicles of Oklahoma |volume=15 |number=1 |date=March 1937 |pages=57–59 |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p056.html |access-date=December 21, 2012 |archive-date=February 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222044917/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p056.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 

The Confederate Army put Watie in command of the  Indian Division of Indian Territory in February 1865. By then, however, the Confederates were no longer able to fight in the territory effectively.<ref name="EOHC-StandWatie"/> On June 23, 1865, at [[Doaksville]] in the [[Choctaw]] Nation (now Oklahoma), Watie signed a cease-fire agreement with Union representatives for his command, the First Indian Brigade of the [[Army of the Trans-Mississippi]]. He was the last Confederate general in the field to surrender.<ref name="EOHC-WatiesReg"/><ref>[http://www.civilwarhome.com/watiebio.htm Stand Watie bio], Civil War Home</ref><ref>[http://www.wbtsinindianterritory.com.istemp.com/custom2_1.html Brigadier General Stand Watie], WBTS in Indian Territory</ref>

In September 1865, after his demobilization, Watie went to Texas to see his wife Sallie and to mourn the death of their son, Comisky, who had died at age 15.<ref name="GLBJ">{{cite web |title=Stand Watie's Last Battle |work=Grand Lake Business Journal |date=November 13, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2012 |url=http://www.grandlakebusinessjournal.com/stand-waties-last-battle/ |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155114/http://www.grandlakebusinessjournal.com/stand-waties-last-battle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the war, Watie was a member of the Cherokee Delegation to the [[Reconstruction Treaties#Southern Treaty Commission Delegations|Southern Treaty Commission]], which renegotiated treaties with the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE001.html | title=Reconstruction Treaties, Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History | access-date=February 14, 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220113803/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE001.html | archive-date=February 20, 2014 }}</ref>

== Later life ==
[[File:Polson Cemetery, Historical Marker for Stand Watie (Degataga Oo-Watee).JPG|upright=0.8|thumb|Historical marker]]
The U.S. government, recognizing that the two factions would never agree on common terms, decided to negotiate with them separately and play them against each other. By doing so, it was able to extract a number of concessions from both sides. The resulting treaty required the Cherokee to free their slaves. The Southern Cherokee wanted the government to pay to relocate the [[Cherokee Freedmen]] from their lands. The Northern Cherokee suggested adopting them into the tribe, but wanted the federal government to give the Freedman an exclusive piece of associated territory. The federal government required that the Cherokee Freedmen would receive full rights for citizenship, land, and annuities as the Cherokee. It assigned them land in the Canadian addition. This treaty was signed by Ross on July 19, 1866, and ratified by the U.S. Senate on July 27, four days before Ross' death.<ref name="McLoughlin2014">{{cite book|last=McLoughlin|first=William G.|title=After the Trail of Tears: The Cherokees' Struggle for Sovereignty, 1839–1880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTxeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223|access-date=June 21, 2018|date=July 1, 2014 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9781469617343|pages=223–227}}</ref>

The tribe was strongly divided over the treaty issues and a new chief was elected, [[Lewis Downing]], a [[Blood quantum laws|full-blood]] and compromise candidate. He was a shrewd and politically savvy Principal Chief, bringing about reconciliation and reunification among the Cherokee.

After the treaty signing, Watie had gone into exile in the Choctaw Nation. Shortly after Downing's election, he returned to the Cherokee. Watie tried to stay out of politics and rebuild his fortunes. He returned to Honey Creek, where he died on September 9, 1871. Watie was buried in the old Ridge Cemetery, later called Polson's Cemetery, in what is now [[Delaware County, Oklahoma]],<ref name="EOHC-StandWatie"/> as a citizen of the Cherokee Nation.<ref name="DaleGaston">Dale, Edward Everet, and Gaston Litton. ''Cherokee Cavaliers'', pp. 229–234 & 263–266. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939) {{ISBN|0-8061-2721-X}}.</ref>

==Personal life==
After moving to Indian Territory, Stand Watie married Sarah Bell on September 18, 1842. Their families had been long-time friends. They had three sons: Saladin, Solon and Cumiska, and two daughters, Minnee and Jacqueline. Saladin died while the family was living at Mount Tabor / Bellview, Texas (the home of his in-laws the Bells) in 1868, while Solon died during the following year. Both daughters died not long after their father. Sarah died in 1884.<ref name="Anderson-COO">{{cite magazine |last=Anderson |first=Mabel Washbourne |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v010/v010p540.html |title=General Stand Watie |magazine=Chronicles of Oklahoma |volume=10 |number=4 |date=December 1932 |access-date=January 27, 2016}}</ref> One source states that Stand Watie married four women: Eleanor Looney, Elizabeth Fields, Isabella Hicks, and Sarah Caroline Bell. His child with Elizabeth Fields was stillborn in 1836.

== In popular culture ==
* Stand Watie is featured occasionally in ''[[Rifles for Watie]]'', a 1957 novel by [[Harold Keith]]. It portrays the experiences of a young Union soldier from Kansas, who meets Watie and his people in [[Tahlequah, Oklahoma|Tahlequah]].<ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-rifles-for-watie/ "BookRags Study Guide on Rifles for Watie"], BookRags Study Guides (accessed April 27, 2013)</ref>
* He was featured as a character in the film ''[[The Great Sioux Uprising]]'' (1953), played by [[Glenn Strange]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045841/ ''The Great Sioux Uprising''] IMDB.com (accessed April 27, 2013)</ref>
* The song "[[Coyotes (song)|Coyotes]]," recorded by [[Don Edwards (cowboy singer)|Don Edwards]], is a longtime cowboy's lament about losses from the [[American Old West|Old West]]: [[Comanche]]s, [[outlaw]]s, [[Texas Longhorn (cattle)|longhorns]], [[Geronimo]], the [[red wolf]], and Stand Watie.<ref>{{cite web|title=Don Edwards – Coyotes Song Lyrics|url=http://www.1songlyrics.com/d/don-edwards/coyotes.html|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111158/http://www.1songlyrics.com/d/don-edwards/coyotes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In ''[[The Outlaw Josey Wales]]'', chiefly set after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and based on the books ''[[The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales]]'' and its sequel ''[[The Vengeance Trail of Josey Wales]]'', the character of Lone Watie (played by [[Chief Dan George]]) is described as a cousin of Stand Watie.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in American Indian Literatures: Newsletter of the Association for Study of American Indian Literatures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj8rAQAAIAAJ&q=outlaw+josey+wales+lone+watie+%22stand+watie%22|access-date=June 21, 2018|year=2000|publisher=Association for Study of American Indian Literatures|page=35}}</ref>
* On June 13, 2020, following the [[George Floyd protests]], a 1921 monument to Stand Watie and a 1913 monument to Confederate soldiers were removed from the [[Cherokee National Capitol|Cherokee Capitol grounds]] in [[Tahlequah, Oklahoma|Tahlequah]]. Chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. insisted the reason was because it was the Daughters of the Confederacy, and not the Cherokee Nation, who had commissioned and erected the monuments. The monuments were placed in storage by the Cherokee Nation.<ref name=stand>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/time-for-a-change-cherokee-nation-removes-monuments-dedicated-to-confederate-soldiers/article_901f5b5f-7bc8-5a51-9220-279a7046a5e2.html|title='Time for a change:' Cherokee Nation removes monuments dedicated to Confederate soldiers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613222846/https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/time-for-a-change-cherokee-nation-removes-monuments-dedicated-to-confederate-soldiers/article_901f5b5f-7bc8-5a51-9220-279a7046a5e2.html |archive-date=June 13, 2020 |date=June 13, 2020}}</ref>
* A 2007 [[The Carolina Times|Carolina Times]] article commenting on [[Keith Ellison|Keith Ellison's]] decision to swear the oath of office on a copy of the [[Quran]] has been erroneously cited in online Arab and Islamic news sources as confirming the existence of a "Ramadan Ibn Wati", a Muslim Cherokee chief who appears contemporary with Stand Watie, and father to a "Saladin Watie". The Carolina Times article directly correlates Stand Watie to this mythical "Ramadan Ibn Wati" figure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn83045120/2007-01-20/ed-1/seq-16.pdf|title='BlackNews: Dimensions, ''The Carolina Times'', January 12 2007}}</ref>

== See also == <!-- EDITORS NOTE: This section should primarily contain lists linked to the main article which are directly related to the person. Thank you. -->
* [[List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)|List of Confederate States Army generals]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works cited==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Cunningham, Frank. ''General Stand Watie's Confederate Indians.'' Foreword by Brad Agnew. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman, Oklahoma. 1998.
* Franks, Kenny A. ''Stand Watie and the Agony of the Cherokee Nation''. [[Memphis, Tennessee]]: [[Memphis State University]] Press, 1979
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Wilfred|title=Red Fox: Stand Watie's Civil War Years|date=1988|publisher=[[Arthur H. Clark Company|Arthur H. Clark Co.]]|location=[[Glendale, California]]|isbn=978-0-87062-179-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Langguth|first1=A. J.|title=Driven West: Andrew Jackson and the Trail of Tears to the Civil War|location=New York|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2010|type=Print|isbn=978-1-4165-4859-1 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/drivenwestandrew0000lang}}
* {{cite book|last=Moulton|first=Gary E|title=John Ross: Cherokee Chief|date=1978|publisher= [[University of Georgia Press]]|location=[[Athens, Georgia]]|isbn=978-0820323671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rXWgUGRvbQC}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Mark M. Boatner III|Boatner, Mark Mayo, III]]. ''The Civil War Dictionary.'' New York: McKay, 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-8129-1726-0}}. First published 1959 by McKay.
* Connole, Joseph. ''The Civil War and the Subversion of American Indian Sovereignty'' (McFarland &Company, Inc. Press, 2017)
* {{cite book|last=Cottrell|first=Steve|title=Civil War in Indian Territory|location=[[Gretna, Louisiana|Gretna]], [[Louisiana|LA]]|publisher=[[Pelican Publishing]]|date=1998}}
* {{cite book|last=Cunningham|first=Frank|title=General Stand Watie's Confederate Indians |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Stand_Watie/CUNGSW/home.html |date=1959 |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press|Press]]|location=[[Norman, Oklahoma]]|via=[[LacusCurtius]]|oclc=1084726151}} Reprinted: {{ISBN|978-0-8061-3035-4}}
* Eicher, John H. and [[David J. Eicher]], ''Civil War High Commands.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-3641-1}}.
* [[Ezra J. Warner (historian)|Warner, Ezra J.]] ''Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.'' Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. {{ISBN|978-0-8071-0823-9}}.
* Silkenat, David. ''Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-4696-4972-6}}.
* Sifakis, Stewart. ''Who Was Who in the Civil War.'' New York: Facts On File, 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-8160-1055-4}}.
* Wilkins, Thurman. ''Cherokee Tragedy: The Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0-8061-2188-2}}
* [[William G. McLoughlin|McLoughlin, William G.]] ''Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
{{Div col end}}

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* {{Find a Grave}}
* [http://www.paulridenour.com/swatie.htm Stand Watie and Elias Boudinot Family]
* [https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=25557 Stand Watie] at [[Historical Marker Database]]
<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please follow the [[WP:EL]] guideline where possible and consider discussing on the talk page. Thank you. -->

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=Colonel [[John Drew (Cherokee)|John Drew]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commanding Officer]] of the [[1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles]]| years=1862–1864}}
{{s-aft|after=Colonel Robert C. Parks}}
{{succession box|before=[[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|John Ross]]|title=[[Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation]]|after=John Ross|years=1862–1866}}
{{s-end}}
{{Cherokee}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=American Civil War|portal2=Biography|portal3=Indigenous peoples of the Americas|commons=y|commons-search=Category:Stand Watie|s=y|s-search=Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Waite, Stand}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watie, Stand}}
[[Category:1806 births]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles]]
[[Category:19th-century American journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:Cherokee Nation Confederate States military personnel]]
[[Category:Cherokee slave owners]]
[[Category:Cherokee Nation male writers]]
[[Category:Cherokee Nation writers]]
[[Category:Confederate States Army generals]]
[[Category:Converts to Protestantism from paganism]]
[[Category:Journalists from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Native American Christians]]
[[Category:Native American journalists]]
[[Category:People acquitted of murder]]
[[Category:People of Indian Territory in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)]]
[[Category:People from Calhoun, Georgia]]
[[Category:People from Delaware County, Oklahoma]]