View source for Stenosis

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Stenosis
| synonyms        = Stenoses
| pronounce       = {{IPAc-en|s|t|ə|ˈ|n|oʊ|s|ᵻ|s}}<ref>''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989, as {{IPA|/stɪˈnəʊsɪs/}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of STENOSIS|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stenosis|access-date=2023-02-16|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref>
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| image           = Bronchial stenosis CT.JPG
| caption         = [[CT scan]] of a [[bronchus|bronchial]] stenosis (arrow) that resulted from [[tracheobronchial injury]]
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'''Stenosis''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{Wikt-lang|grc|στενός}}'' ({{grc-transl|στενός}})|narrow}}) is the abnormal narrowing of a [[blood vessel]] or other tubular [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a '''stricture''' (as in [[urethral stricture]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/seven/000100588.htm#000100588 |title=Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis |publisher=www.mercksource.com |access-date=2010-05-05 }}</ref>

''Stricture'' as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of [[smooth muscle]] (e.g. [[achalasia]], [[prinzmetal angina]]); ''stenosis'' is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of [[lumen (anatomy)|lumen]] (e.g. [[atherosclerosis]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Atherosclerosis - What Is Atherosclerosis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis |work=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |date=24 March 2022 }}</ref> The term '''coarctation''' is another synonym,<ref>{{DorlandsDict|two/000022218|coarctation}}</ref> but is commonly used only in the context of [[aortic coarctation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA) |url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/coarctation-of-the-aorta-coa |work=American Heart Association }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Groenemeijer |first1=B. E. |last2=Bakker |first2=A. |last3=Slis |first3=H. W. |last4=Waalewijn |first4=R. A. |last5=Heijmen |first5=R. H. |title=An unexpected finding late after repair of coarctation of the aorta |journal=Netherlands Heart Journal |date=July 2008 |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=260–263 |doi=10.1007/bf03086158 |pmid=18711614 |pmc=2516290 }}</ref>

[[Restenosis]] is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.<ref>{{cite web |last=Forgos |first=Richard N. |date=August 2004 |title=Restenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting |url=http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/angioplastystents/a/restenosis.htm}}</ref>

==Examples==
{{Anchor|Vascular}} Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:
* [[Intermittent claudication]] (peripheral artery stenosis)
* [[Angina pectoris|Angina]] ([[Coronary artery disease|coronary artery stenosis]])
* [[Carotid artery stenosis]] which predispose to ([[stroke]]s and [[transient ischaemic episode|transient ischemic episode]]s)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/carotid-artery-stenosis/ | title=Carotid Artery Stenosis | website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library | date=15 March 2021 |access-date= 6 July 2021}}</ref>
* [[Renal artery stenosis]]

==Types==
===Vascular Stenosis===
<u>Arterial stenosis</u>

* [[Carotid artery stenosis]]
* [[Coronary artery disease|Coronary artery stenosis]] 
* [[Renal artery stenosis]] 
* Peripheral artery stenosis
* Vertebral artery stenosis
* Cerebral artery stenosis
* [[Pulmonary artery stenosis]]
** [[Birth defect|Congenital]] or acquired abnormal narrowing of [[Pulmonary artery|pulmonary arteries]] along any portion of the pulmonary artery tree

<u>Venous stenosis</u>

* Jugular venous stenosis
* Central venous stenosis

===Cardiac Valve Stenosis===
[[File:Blausen 0040 AorticStenosis.png|thumb|237x237px|Animated representation of [[aortic stenosis]]]]
''In order from most to least common:''
* [[Aortic valve stenosis]]
** Normal aortic [[Aortic valve|valves]] are estimated to be less than a millimeter thick.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Goody |first1=Philip Roger |last2=Hosen |first2=Mohammed Rabiul |last3=Christmann |first3=Dominik |last4=Niepmann |first4=Sven Thomas |last5=Zietzer |first5=Andreas |last6=Adam |first6=Matti |last7=Bönner |first7=Florian |last8=Zimmer |first8=Sebastian |last9=Nickenig |first9=Georg |last10=Jansen |first10=Felix |date=April 2020 |title=Aortic Valve Stenosis |url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313067 |journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=885–900 |doi=10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313067}}</ref> Subsequent [[fibrosis]] and [[calcification]] of the valve leads to narrowing of the valve and therefore decreased blood flow out of the heart.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Mitral valve stenosis]]
** thickening of the [[mitral valve]] (of the [[left heart]]), therefore causing narrowing
* [[Tricuspid valve stenosis]]
** thickening of the [[tricuspid valve]] (of the [[right heart]]), therefore causing narrowing
* [[Pulmonary valve stenosis]]
** thickening of the [[pulmonary valve]], therefore causing narrowing
[[File:Spinal stenosis.svg|thumb|210x210px|Animated representation of [[spinal stenosis]]]]

===Neurologic/Spine Stenosis ===

* [[Spinal stenosis|Spinal canal stenosis]]
** [[Cervical stenosis]]
** Thoracic stenosis
** [[Lumbar spinal stenosis|Lumbar stenosis]]
* [[Intervertebral foramen|Foraminal]] stenosis 
* [[Aqueductal stenosis]]

[[File:Pyloric stenosis.svg|thumb|213x213px|Animated representation of [[pyloric stenosis]]]]

===Gastrointestinal Stenosis ===

* Esophageal stenosis
** A [[Birth defect|congenital]] or acquired fixed '''narrowing''' of the [[esophagus]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brzački |first1=Vesna |last2=Mladenović |first2=Bojan |last3=Jeremić |first3=Ljiljana |last4=Živanović |first4=Dragoljub |last5=Govedarović |first5=Nenad |last6=Dimić |first6=Dragan |last7=Golubović |first7=Mladjan |last8=Stoičkov |first8=Viktor |date=November 2019 |title=Congenital esophageal stenosis: a rare malformation of the foregut |journal=Nagoya Journal of Medical Science |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=535–547 |doi=10.18999/nagjms.81.4.535 |issn=2186-3326 |pmc=6892676 |pmid=31849372 }}</ref> 
*** Congenital subtypes
**** Tracheobronchial remnants
**** Fibromuscular thickening / fibromuscular stenosis
**** Membranous webbing or esophageal membrane
*** Acquired <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Margaret H. |last2=Alexander |first2=Eileen S. |last3=Martin |first3=Lisa J. |last4=Grotjan |first4=Tommie M. |last5=Mukkada |first5=Vincent A. |last6=Sheil |first6=Amy |last7=Abonia |first7=Juan P. |last8=Putnam |first8=Philip E. |last9=Rothenberg |first9=Marc E. |date=2022 |title=Acquired Esophageal Strictures in Children: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Analyses |journal=Pediatric and Developmental Pathology: The Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=124–133 |doi=10.1177/10935266211041086 |issn=1615-5742 |pmc=10102868 |pmid=34515576}}</ref>
**** Injury (example: swallowing button battery <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leinwand |first1=Kristina |last2=Brumbaugh |first2=David E. |last3=Kramer |first3=Robert E. |date=January 2016 |title=Button Battery Ingestion in Children: A Paradigm for Management of Severe Pediatric Foreign Body Ingestions |journal=Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=99–118 |doi=10.1016/j.giec.2015.08.003 |issn=1558-1950 |pmc=5425245 |pmid=26616899}}</ref>)
**** Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
**** Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) 
**** [[Esophageal achalasia|Achalasia]] 
* [[Pyloric stenosis]] (infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)
** Relatively uncommon disorder of infants, usually between the ages of 2-12 weeks, caused by abnormal thickening of the [[pylorus]] muscle in the stomach at the junction between the end of the stomach and the beginning of the [[duodenum]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Annie |last2=Bhurawala |first2=Habib |date=October 2021 |title=Pyloric stenosis in an infant |journal=Australian Journal of General Practice |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=744–746 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-10-20-5667 |issn=2208-7958 |pmid=34590095}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Garfield |first1=Karen |title=Pyloric Stenosis |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555931/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32310391 |last2=Sergent |first2=Shane R.}}</ref>
* Small-bowel stenosis
* Colonic stenosis (bowel obstruction)
* [[Anal stricture]]
* [[Rectal stricture]]

===Respiratory Stenosis ===

* [[Subglottic stenosis]]
** [[Birth defect|Congenital]] or acquired narrowing of airway diameter in anatomic area below the [[vocal cords]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hanlon |first1=Katherine |last2=Boesch |first2=R. Paul |last3=Jacobs |first3=Ian |date=April 2018 |title=Subglottic Stenosis |journal=Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2018.03.007 |issn=1538-3199 |pmid=29801771}}</ref>
* [[Laryngotracheal stenosis]]
* Bronchial stenosis

===Genitourinary Stenosis ===

* Ureteral stenosis
* Urethral stenosis
* Cervical canal stenosis
* [[Meatal stenosis]]
* [[Vaginal stenosis]]
** Abnormal shortening or tightening of the [[vaginal canal]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Lucinda |last2=Do |first2=Viet |last3=Chard |first3=Jennifer |last4=Brand |first4=Alison H. |date=2017 |title=Radiation-induced vaginal stenosis: current perspectives |journal=International Journal of Women's Health |volume=9 |pages=273–279 |doi=10.2147/IJWH.S106796 |doi-access=free |issn=1179-1411 |pmc=5422455 |pmid=28496367}}</ref>

===Others===

* Biliary duct stenosis

==Causes==
{{expand section|user-friendly content beyond a simple list|date=October 2023}}{{More citations needed section|date=September 2022}}
* [[Alcohol (drug)|Alcohol]]
* [[Atherosclerosis]]
* [[Birth defect]]s
* [[Calcification]]
* [[Diabetes]]
* [[Headbanging]]
* [[Iatrogenic]]
* [[Infection]]
* [[Inflammation]]
* [[Ischemia]]
* [[Neoplasm]]
* [[Smoking]]
* [[Ureter]]al
* [[Urethra]]l

==Diagnosis==
Stenoses of the [[Blood vessel|vascular]] type are often associated with [[bruit|unusual blood sounds]] resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a [[stethoscope]], but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of [[medical imaging]] (such as [[ultrasound]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Takekawa |first1=Hidehiro |last2=Tsukui |first2=Daisuke |last3=Kobayasi |first3=Saro |last4=Suzuki |first4=Keisuke |last5=Hamaguchi |first5=Hirotoshi |title=Ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis and occlusion |journal=Journal of Medical Ultrasonics |date=October 2022 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=675–687 |doi=10.1007/s10396-022-01259-7 |pmid=36175716 |s2cid=252622616 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Atresia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url = http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/voicebreathing.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070112051244/http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/voicebreathing.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-01-12 | title = Tracheal Stenosis Audio and Video}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.uretra.it/sintomi-generici-pazienti/?lang=en | title = Symptoms of Urethral Stricture | date = 20 May 2011 | language = en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160717174226/http://www.uretra.it/sintomi-generici-pazienti/?lang=en | archive-date = July 17, 2016 | url-status = live}}

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{{Vascular diseases}}
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[[Category:Gross pathology]]
[[Category:Medical terminology]]