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{{Short description|Artistic design made with string}}
[[File:String Figures and How to Make Them.djvu|thumb|right|page=5|Photograph of a boy having made "Lightning", from Jayne's ''String Figures and How to Make Them''.]]
[[File:Osage Two Diamonds Jayne Fig 56.jpg|thumb|right|"Osage Two Diamonds".]]
[[File:String Figures and How to Make Them.djvu|thumb|right|page=44|Illustrations from Jayne's ''String Figures and How to Make Them''.]]

A '''string figure'''  is a [[design]] formed by manipulating [[twine|string]] on, around, and using one's [[finger]]s or sometimes between the fingers of multiple people. String figures may also involve the use of the mouth, wrist, and feet. They may consist of singular images or be created and altered as a [[game]], known as a '''string game''', or as part of a [[narrative|story]] involving various figures made in sequence ('''string story'''). String figures have also been used for [[divination]], such as to predict the sex of an unborn child.<ref>{{cite journal  | last = Foster Jr.| first = George M.  | title = String-Figure Divination  | journal = American Anthropologist |series=New Series  | volume = 43  | issue = 1  | pages = 126–127  | year = 1941  | doi = 10.1525/aa.1941.43.1.02a00300| doi-access = free  }}</ref>

A popular string game is [[cat's cradle]], but many string figures are known in many places under different names,<ref>Jayne (1962), p.340. Also Elffers & Schuyt (1979), p.44-5.</ref> and string figures are well distributed throughout the world.<ref name="HawaiianStringFigures">{{cite web |url= http://www.stringfigure.com/ |title= The Ancient Art of Hawaiian String Figures |author= Lois & Earl W. Stokes |work= Web of Life International, a project of Aloha International |quote= }}</ref><ref name="E&M">Elffers, Joost and Schuyt, Michael (1978/1979). ''Cat's Cradles and Other String Figures'', p.197. {{ISBN|0-14-005201-1}}.</ref>

==History==
According to [[Camilla Gryski]], a Canadian librarian and author of numerous string figure books, "We don't know when people first started playing with string, or which primitive people invented this ancient art. We do know that all primitive societies had and used string—for hunting, fishing, and weaving—and that string figures have been collected from native peoples all over the world."<ref name="Gryski"/>

"Of the games people play, string figures enjoy the reputation of being the most widespread form of amusement in the world: more cultures are familiar with string figures than with any other game. Over 2,000 individual patterns have been recorded worldwide since the 19th century. It was long believed that anthropologist [[Franz Boas]] was the first to describe the construction of string figures (a pair of Inuit string figures) in 1888 (Boas 1888a, 1888b, Abraham 1988:12).",<ref>Averkieva, Julia P. and [[Mark Sherman (collector)|Sherman, Mark A.]] (1992) "Introduction by Mark A. Sherman", ''[http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=1622 Kwakiutl String Figures]'', p.xiii. University of British Columbia. {{ISBN|978-0-7748-0432-5}}.</ref> but actually string figure instructions already feature in several 19th century European books on children's games prior to that.<ref>Celnart, Mme (1827) Manuel Complet des Jeux de Société. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret. p. 339-340.</ref> 

String figures are probably one of humanity's oldest games,{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} and are spread among an astonishing variety of cultures, even ones as unrelated as [[European ethnic groups|European]]s and the [[Dayak people|Dayaks]] of Indonesia; [[Alfred Wallace]] who, while traveling in [[Borneo]] in the 1800s, thought of amusing the Dayak youths with a novel game with string, was in turn very surprised when they proved to be familiar with it, and showed him some figures and transitions that he hadn't previously seen.<ref name="B&P">Buchanan, Andrea J. and Peskowitz, Miriam (2007). ''The Daring Book for Girls'', p.277. {{ISBN|978-0-06-147257-2}}.</ref><ref>Wallace, Alfred (1872). ''The Malay Archipelago'', Volume 1, p.89. Macmillan.</ref> The [[anthropologist]] [[Louis Leakey]] has also attributed string figure knowledge with saving his life<ref name="Morell">Morell, Virginia (1996). ''Ancestral Passions'', p.33. {{ISBN|978-0-684-82470-3}}.</ref> and described his use of this game in the early 1900s to obtain the cooperation of [[Sub-Saharan]] [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]] [[tribe]]s otherwise unfamiliar with, and suspicious of, Europeans,<ref name="B&P"/> having been told by his teacher [[Alfred Cort Haddon|A.C. Haddon]], "You can travel anywhere with a smile and a piece of string."<ref name="Morell"/>

The [[Ancient Greek medicine|Greek physician]] [[Heraklas]] produced the earliest known written description of a string figure in his first century [[monograph]] on surgical knots and slings.<ref name="miller1945">{{cite journal  | last = Miller | first = Lawrence G.   | title = The Earliest (?) Description of a String Figure  | journal = American Anthropologist |series=New Series  | volume = 47  | issue = 3  | pages = 461–462  | year = 1945  | doi = 10.1525/aa.1945.47.3.02a00190}}</ref><ref name="BISFA4">{{Citation|title=Bulletin of the International String Figure Association |volume=4 |year=1997 |issn=1076-7886 |first=Joseph |last=D'Antoni |pages=90–94}}</ref><ref name="ISFA-mag">{{cite journal  | url=http://www.isfa.org/sfmv6n2.htm | last = ISFA  | title = Plinthios Brokhos  | journal = String Figure Magazine  | volume = 6  | issue = 2  | pages = 3–4  | publisher = International String Figure Association  | date = June 2001 | accessdate = 2008-08-13}}</ref>  This work was preserved by republication in [[Oribasius]]' fourth century ''Medical Collections''.   The figure is described as a sling to set and bind a [[broken jaw]], with the [[chin]] being placed in the center of the figure and the four loops tied near the top of the head.  Called the "''Plinthios Brokhos''", the resulting figure has been identified by multiple sources as the figure known to [[Aboriginal Australians]] as "The Sun Clouded Over".<ref name="cldquipu">{{cite book  | last = Day  | first = Cyrus L.  | title = Quipus and Witches' Knots  | url = https://archive.org/details/quipuswitcheskno0000dayc  | url-access = registration  | publisher = University of Kansas Press  | year = 1967  | location = Lawrence, Kansas  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/quipuswitcheskno0000dayc/page/86 86]–89, 124–126 }}</ref> The [[Inuit]] are purported to possess a string figure representing the extinct [[woolly mammoth]].<ref>T. T. Paterson (1949), "Eskimo String Figures and Their Origin," Acta Arctica 3:1-98.</ref>

[[File:String figure.tiff|thumb|Women's string-figure depicting "menstrual blood of three women", illustrating the [[Yolngu people]]'s tribal [[Culture and menstruation#Menstrual synchrony|mythology of menstrual synchrony]].<ref>{{cite book |first=C. |last=Knight |year=1995 |title=Blood Relations: Menstruation and the Origins of Culture |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press |page=445}} Figure re-drawn after {{cite book |first=F. D. |last=McCarthy |year=1960 |chapter=The string figures of Yirrkalla |editor1-first=C. P. |editor1-last=Mountford |title=Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition in Arnhem Land |volume=2 |pages=415–513 [466] |series=Anthropology and Nutrition |publisher=Melbourne University Press}}</ref>]]

[[File:Eishosai Choki - Cat's Cradle.jpg|thumb|upright|''The lovers Okiku and Yosuke play cat's cradle'', by [[Eishōsai Chōki]].]]
String figures were widely studied by [[anthropologist]]s like [[James Hornell]]<ref name="BotISFA-2000.7">{{Cite news|title=Abstract A Tribute to James Hornell (1865-1949)|periodical=Bulletin of the International String Figure Association|number=7|year=2000|last1=Heppell|first1=David|last2=Sherman|first2=Mark|pages = 1–56|url=http://www.isfa.org/bisfa.htm#Volume7}}</ref> from the 1880s through around 1900, as they were used in attempts to trace the origin and developments of cultures. String figures, once thought to have proven [[monogenism|monogenesis]], appear to have arisen independently as an [[entertainment]] pastime in many societies. Many figures were collected and described from south-east Asia, Japan, South America, West Indies, [[Pacific Islander]]s, [[Inuit]] and other [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].<ref name="Gryski">Gryski, Camilla (1983). ''Cat's Cradle, Owl's Eyes: A Book of String Games'', p.4. {{ISBN|0-688-03941-3}}.</ref> Figures have also been collected in Europe and Africa. One of the major works on the subject is ''[[:Image:String Figures and How to Make Them.djvu|String Figures and How to Make Them]]'' ({{DjVulink}}), by [[Caroline Furness Jayne]].

The [[International String Figure Association]] (ISFA) was formed in 1978 with the primary goal of gathering, preserving, and distributing string figure knowledge so that future generations will continue to enjoy this ancient pastime.<ref name="isfa-about">{{cite web | url=http://www.isfa.org/isfa2.htm|date=1999-06-26|accessdate=2008-12-09|title=About ISFA}}</ref>

==Terminology==
<!--[[Katilluik]] redirects directly here.-->
[[File:Tasse3.jpg|thumb|The "cup and saucer" begins with ''opening A'', and step 3 (illustrated) is a ''Navajo''.<ref>Gryski (1983), p.18-9. {{ISBN|0590254863}}.<!--ibid--></ref>]]
[[File:Anatomical string figure locations, both hands.png|thumb|Anatomical string figure locations, both hand. Labels indicate string/loop location (near/far, below/above, between hands, back of hand/(palm side)) unambiguously.]]
[[File:Heraklas Plinthios Brokhos Jaw Sling.jpg|thumb|right|[[Heraklas]]' "''Plinthios Brokhos''" made in a doubled cord. Resembles "A Hole in the Tree" with different crossings.]]

While in string figure literature there are many phrases often used, there may be some variation with the fingers, loops, and strings indicated in different ways. A "loop" consists of the strings that go around the back of a finger, multiple fingers, or another body part such as the wrist. Some authors name the strings, fingers and their loops (near middle finger string, right index finger, pinky loop, for example), while others number them (3n, R1, 5 loop).{{Citation needed|date = January 2016}} One of the first methods of recording figures and sets of terminology was an anatomical system proposed in "A Method of Recording String Figures and Tricks" by [[W. H. R. Rivers]] and [[Alfred Cort Haddon|A. C. Haddon]].<ref>"A Method of Recording String Figures and Tricks". W. H. R. Rivers; A. C. Haddon. ''Man'', Vol. 2. (1902), pp. 146-153. ''Man'' is currently published by Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.</ref> Though location or locations of a string are most often indicated by casual systems of terms such as "near" or "far", the Rivers and Haddon system is far less ambiguous, though this may be unnecessary for the most common, illustrated, figures.<ref>Averkieva and Sherman (1992), p.xxviii. {{ISBN|978-0-7748-0432-5}}.<!--ibid--></ref>

Below are some common{{Citation needed|date = January 2016}} moves, openings, and extensions.
*Openings
** '''Murray Opening'''/'''Index Opening''': The loop is grasped with the middle, ring, and little fingers so that there is a couple inches of string between them. These fingers are put together so there is a circle made by the overlapping strings. The index finger is inserted from the far side into the circle, and the index finger rotated upwards, circling towards the body.
** '''Position 1''': The ''untwisted'' loop is put on the thumb and little fingers.
** '''Opening A''': Following from Position 1, the right index finger picks up the string on the left hand going between the thumb and the little finger. The left index finger then goes between both strings of right index finger, and picks up the string going from the right thumb to little finger.
** '''Opening B''': Place the loop around one's thumbs, then insert the left index proximally into the thumb loop, taking up the left ulnar thumb string. Insert one's right finger proximally into the left index loop, taking up the radial string and forming an x.
** '''Japanese Opening''': The Japanese Opening is similar to Opening A, however the strings are picked up with the middle fingers instead of the index fingers.
*Extensions
** '''Caroline Extension''': Starting with a loop on the thumb, the string is lifted in the nook of the index finger, then pinched between the index finger and thumb.
*Moves
**Pick up
** '''Navajo leap''', "navajoing", or "Navajo": Given two loops on one finger, the lower loop is moved over the upper loop and released from the finger.
**Release
**Transfer
**Rotate
**Share
**{{lang|esx|'''Katilluik'''}} ([[Eskimo–Aleut language|Eskimo–Aleut]] for:put two things together): the thumbs loops are combined before strings are drawn through them

==Notable collectors and enthusiasts==
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
{{no col break|
;Anthropologists & ethnologists:
*[[Julia Averkieva]]
*[[Franz Boas]]
*[[Caroline Furness Jayne|C. F. Jayne]]
*[[Diamond Jenness|D. Jenness]]
*[[Guy Mary-Rousselière]]
*[[T. T. Paterson]]
*[[W. H. R. Rivers|Rivers]] and [[Alfred Cort Haddon|Haddon]]
}}
{{no col break|
;Other:
*[[Camilla Gryski]] (librarian)
*[[Kathleen Haddon]] (zoologist)
*[[Honor Maude]] (enthusiast)
*[[W. W. Rouse Ball]] (mathematician)
*[[Mark Sherman (collector)|Mark Sherman]] (biochemist)
*[[Harry Everett Smith]] (artist)
*Hiroshi Noguchi (Ayatori player)
}}
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Cat's cradle]]
*[[List of string figures]]
*[[Spider Grandmother]]
*[[Diné Bahaneʼ#Spider Man, Spider Woman and Weaving]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*''Bulletin of the International String Figure Association'', [http://www.isfa.org/bisfa.htm isfa.org]<!--All articles appearing in BISFA are critically reviewed by members of our editorial staff. This ensures that all string figure instructions are accurate and that all discussions are academically sound-->
* Caroline Furness Jayne (1906), ''[[:Image:String Figures and How to Make Them.djvu|String Figures and How to Make Them]]'', {{ISBN|0-486-20152-X}}
*: An exhaustive study of this material culture
* Anne Akers Johnson, ''String Games from Around the World'', Klutz 1996
*: A book for beginners
* Kathleen Haddon, ''String Games for Beginners'', Cambridge, UK: Heffer 1934 (many later editions)
*: 28 figures, 40 pages
* Camilla Gryski, ''Cat's Cradle, Owl's Eyes'', 1987, New York: William Morrow & Co Library
*: A book for beginners
** ''Many stars and more string games'', New York: William Morrow & Co Library 1985, {{ISBN|0-688-05792-6}}
*: A book for beginners
**''Super string games'', New York: William Morrow & Co Library 1996, {{ISBN|0-688-15040-3}}
*: A book for advanced
** ''Fascinating String Figures'', International String Figure Association 1999, Dover, {{ISBN|0-486-40400-5}}
* Julia P. Averkieva with Mark A. Sherman (contributor), "Kwakiutl String Figures", in: ''Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of History, Vol. 71 (1992), Seattle: University of Washington Press, {{ISBN|0-7748-0432-7}}
*: 199 pages
* Joost Elffers and Michael Schuyt, ''Cat's Cradles and Other String Figures'', Harmondsworth: Penguin Books 1979. {{ISBN|0-14-005201-1}} (Viking Press, 1980, paperback).
*: 207 pages, a book for beginners and advanced, English translation of German, features photographs
* [[Anne Pellowski]], ''Story Vine'', New York: Macmillan Publishing Company 1984, {{ISBN|0-02-044690-X}}
*: 116 pages - String stories
* Noble, Phillip. ''String figures of Papua New Guinea.'' Boroko, Papua New Guinea: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies, 1979.

==External links==
{{Commons category|String figures}}
* [http://www.isfa.org Official website of the International String Figure Association], based in Pasadena, CA.
* ''[http://www.alysion.org/string.htm Collection of Favorite String Figures]'' - Many examples with video clips showing how to make them.
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130613134554/http://membres.multimania.fr/stringgames/magazinedsjeuxdeficelle3.html Magazines Ficelles]'', "String Magazines" with many figures in English.
*[http://mp.guineaflower.org "The Survival, Origin and Mathematics of String Figures"] by Martin Probert.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130613134615/http://membres.multimania.fr/stringgames/magazineenglish.html Magazine Mai 2003], "[String Figures from the] Island of Moa", collected by Kathleen Haddon.
*[http://www.metacafe.com/watch/439431/how_to_make_a_cats_cradle_from_a_piece_of_string/ How to Make a Cat's Cradle from a Piece of String: a video tutorial], MetaCafe.com.
*[http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/stringgames.pdf String Games.pdf] by Arvind Gupta [http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~arvind/ cs.sfu.ca], [http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/ arvindguptatoys.com] with illustrations by Avinash Deshpande (52-page PDF book).
*Jayne, C. F. (1962/2009). ''[http://www.stringfigures.info/cfj/ String Figures and How to Make Them]'' - complete text and illustrations from the book, in HTML format. Jamis Buck, compiler.
*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0EB31AAE8A434634 LOop Paper Toys] A series of DEMO videos about String Figures made by Ludwig Caballero.
*Murphy, James R. (11/06/2012). "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-r-murphy/education-string-figure-students-_b_2081836.html The Hands of Children Playing With String Will Lead Us Into the Future]", ''HuffingtonPost.com''.

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