View source for Strowger switch

{{short description|Electromechanical telephone switch}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2008}}

[[File:Uniselector Stepper detail.jpg|thumb|Western Electric 7A Rotary, friction drive (Bird-cage), No. 7001 Line Finder. Note the driven bevel gear on the right-hand side; this type has a steady rotary motion and does not employ an electromagnet for stepping.]]
[[File:Drehwaehlerbatterie 4893.jpg|thumb|Bank of two-motion switches]]

The '''Strowger switch''' is the first commercially successful [[electromechanical]] [[stepping switch]] [[telephone exchange]] system. It was developed by the [[Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company]] founded in 1891 by [[Almon Brown Strowger]]. Based on its mechanical characteristics, it is also known as a '''step-by-step''' ('''SXS''') [[switch]].

== History ==
Strowger, an [[Funeral director|undertaker]], was motivated to invent an automatic telephone exchange after becoming convinced that the [[Telephone exchange#Manual service exchanges|manual telephone exchange]] operators were deliberately interfering with his calls, leading to loss of business. According to the local [[Bell Telephone Company]] manager Herman Ritterhoff, Strowger swore to "get even" with the telephone operators and "put every last one of them out of a job." Ritterhoff claimed in 1913 that the real cause of Strowger's difficulties was a metal sign hung on his wall over his telephone, causing an intermittent short circuit when blown by the wind.<ref name="SiouxCityJournal-Ritterhoff">{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111684147/originator-sought-revenge/ | title=Originator Sought Revenge | work=Sioux City Journal | date=19 March 1913 | accessdate=20 October 2022 | pages=11}}</ref>   

Strowger conceived his invention in 1888, and was awarded a patent for an [[Telephone exchange#Early automatic exchanges|automatic telephone exchange]] in 1891. The initial model was made from a round collar box and some straight pins.<ref name="KansasCityStart-Ritterhoff">{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111684614/the-automatic-phone-sprang-from-a-collar/ | title=The Automatic Phone Sprang From a Collar Box | work=The Kansas City Star | date=27 May 1928 | accessdate=20 October 2022 | pages=71}}</ref>

While Almon Strowger devised the initial concept, he was not alone in his endeavors and sought the assistance of his brother Arnold, nephew William, and others with a knowledge of electricity and financing to realize the concept. The [[Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company]] was founded in 1891.<ref name="MemphisAppealAvalanche">{{cite web | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111681710/the-telephone-girl-must-go/ | title=The Telephone Girl Must Go | work=The Memphis Appeal-Avalanche | date=31 October 1891 | accessdate=20 October 2022 | pages=8}}</ref> In the original design patent, four keys were added near the telephone, one each for thousands, hundreds, tens and units, with each key having an additional wire connection to the central exchange. Each key had to be tapped the correct number of times to step the switch and make the desired connection. To connect to number 1256, the user would press the first key once, the second key twice, the third key five times and the final key six times.<ref name="AkronDD-Dialling">{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111694973/how-it-connects-telephones/ | title=How It Connects Telephones | work=Akron Daily Democrat | date=5 November 1892 | accessdate=20 October 2022 | pages=3}}</ref>

The company installed and opened the first commercial exchange in his then-home town of [[La Porte, Indiana]] on November 3, 1892.<ref name="EconomicHistory-GoodbyeOperator">{{cite journal | url=https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/econ_focus/2019/q4/economic_history | title=Goodbye, Operator | author=Price, David A. | journal=Econ Focus | date=Fourth Quarter 2019 | pages=18–20}}</ref><ref name="TelEngMgr-TTY">{{cite journal | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A3293717/ITOF?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=69f0c3af | title=Telecommunications through the years | journal=Telephone Engineer & Management | date=June 1984 | volume=88 | pages=244}}</ref> The exchange had around 75 subscribers. The installation followed the original patented design, with four keys and four additional line wires connected to the exchange, but not all of the keys were used.

Early advertising called the new invention the "girl-less, cuss-less, out-of-order-less, wait-less telephone".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=P7frHugG1SQC&dq=girl-less+cuss-less+telephone&pg=PT76 Rochester's Remarkable Past] By Donovan A. Shilling, Pancoast Publishing, 2011</ref>

In 1896 the company patented a finger-wheel dial as an improvement to the existing four-key design.<ref name="BellLabRecord-Hill">{{cite journal | title=The Early Years of the Strowger System | author=Hill, R. B. | journal=Bell Laboratories Record | date=March 1953 | pages=95–103}}</ref> 

The Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company became the [[Automatic Electric Company]], which Strowger was involved in founding, although Strowger himself seems not to have been involved in further developments. The Strowger patents were exclusively licensed to the Automatic Electric Company. Strowger sold his patents in 1896 for US{{Inflation|US-GDP|1,800|1896|fmt=eq|orig=yes|r=-3}}{{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} and sold his share in Automatic Electric in 1898 for {{Inflation|US-GDP|10,000|1898|fmt=eq|orig=yes|r=-4}}.{{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} His patents subsequently sold for {{Inflation|US-GDP|2,500,000|1916|fmt=eq|orig=yes|r=-6}}{{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} in 1916. Company engineers continued development of the Strowger designs and submitted several patents in the names of its employees.

Stowger systems were widespread through most of the 20th century, being gradually relegated to small community service, and replaced by new technology more cost-effective for large-city installations, such as the [[Panel switch]] in the United States, and the [[Rotary system]] outside the US, and by the late 1930s by the [[crossbar switch]], and the [[electronic switching system]]s starting in the 1960s.

===British deployment===
[[File:Strowger switch Milton Keynes Museum.jpg|thumb|British SXS two-motion contact bank]]
From 1912, the British [[General Post Office]], which also operated the British telephone system, installed several automatic telephone exchanges from several vendors in trials at Darlington on 10 October 1914 and Dudley on 9 September 1916 ([[rotary system]]), Fleetwood (relay exchange from Sweden), Grimsby (Siemens), Hereford (Lorimer) and Leeds (Strowger).<ref>[http://www.btplc.com/Thegroup/BTsHistory/1912to1968/1927.htm Events in Telecommunications History – 1927] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622215413/http://btplc.com/Thegroup/BTsHistory/1912to1968/1927.htm |date=2016-06-22 }} BT Archives</ref> The GPO selected the Strowger switches for small and medium-sized cities and towns. The selection of switching systems for [[London]] and other large cities was not decided until the 1920s, when the [[Director telephone system]] was adopted. The Director systems used SXS switches for destination routing and number translation facilities similar to the register used in common-control exchanges. Using similar equipment as in the rest of the network was deemed beneficial and the equipment could be manufactured in Britain.

== Patent details ==
[[File:Catford Strowger Switch.gif|thumb|British Strowger exchange, BPO 2000-type equipment]]
Strowger's patent<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=447918|inventor1-last=Strowger|inventor1-first=Almon B.|title=Automatic telephone exchange|pubdate=1891-03-10}}</ref> specifies dialing equipment at the customer location and the switching equipment at the central office.

The telegraph keys or telephone dial creates trains of on-off current [[pulse (signal processing)|pulses]] corresponding to the digits 1–9, and 0 (which sends 10 pulses). This equipment originally consisted of two telegraph keys engaged by [[knife switch]]es, and evolved into the [[rotary dial]] telephone.

The central office switching equipment has a two-motion stepping switch. A contact arm is moved up to select one of ten rows of contacts, and then rotated clockwise to select one of ten contacts in that row, a total of 100 choices. The stepping motion is controlled by the current pulses coming from the originating customer's telegraph keys, and later from the rotary dial.

=== Two-motion mechanism ===
The Strowger switch has three banks of contacts. Toward the upper end of each shaft are two [[Ratchet (device)|ratchet]]s. The upper one has ten grooves, and raises the shaft. The lower one has long vertical teeth (on the other side, hidden).

The original Strowger switch used two telegraph-type keys on a telephone set for dialing. The keys are tapped to step the switch in two stages, a vertical (V) and a rotating (R) stage, each requiring a separate electrical circuit between exchange and telephone set. The first set of incoming pulses (V) raises the armature of an electromagnet to move a shaft which selects the desired level of contacts, by engaging a pawl with the upper ratchet. Another pawl, pivoting on the frame, holds the shaft at that height as it rotates (R). The second set of pulses, from the second key, operates another electromagnet. Its pawl engages the (hidden) vertical teeth in the lower ratchet to rotate the shaft to the required position. It is kept there against spring tension by a pawl pivoted on the frame. When the switch returns to its home position, typically when a call is complete, a release magnet disengages the pawls that hold the shaft in position. An interlock ensures that the spring on the shaft rotates it to angular home position before it drops to its home position by gravity.

== Development ==
[[File:Télégraphie, Systeme Strowger.jpg|thumb|right|Télégraphie, Systeme Strowger]]

The commercial version of the Strowger switch, as developed by the Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company, used a [[rotary dial]] for signalling to the exchange. The original final selector (connector) switch which connected to 100 customers was supplemented by preceding group selector stages, as the "cascading" enabled connection to many more customers, and to customers at other exchanges. Another requirement for commercial systems was a circuit to detect a busy connection (line) and return a [[busy signal]] to the calling subscriber.

Instead of dedicating an expensive first-stage selector switch to each customer as in the first exchange, the customer was given access to the first-stage switch of a telephone network, often by a [[line-finder]] which searches "backward" for the calling line; so requiring only a few relays (in most cases two, a Line, and a Cut-off relay), for the equipment required for each customer line.

Later Strowger (SXS) exchanges often use a subscriber [[uniselector]] as part of the line equipment individual to each line, which searches "forward" for a first selector. This is more economical for higher calling-rate domestic or business customers, and has the advantage that access to additional switches can readily be added if the traffic increases (the number of linefinders serving a group is limited by the wiring multiple installed). Hence exchanges with subscriber uniselectors were usually used at British exchanges with a high proportion of business customers, e.g. [[director telephone system|director]] exchanges, or in New Zealand where the provision of local free calling meant that residential customers had a relatively high calling rate.

The fundamental modularity of the system combined with its step-by-step (hence the alternative name) selection process and an almost unlimited potential for expansion gives the Strowger system its technical advantage. Previous systems had all been designed for a fixed number of subscribers to be switched directly to each other in a mesh arrangement. This became quadratically more complex as each new customer was added, as each new customer needed a switch to connect to every other customer. In modern terminology, the previous systems were not [[scalability|scalable]].
{{Listen
|filename=Sxs intra to busy.ogg
|title=Strowger switch in use
|description=The sound of a step-by-step call reaching a busy circuit.
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{commons category}}
{{cite book
|first=Kempster Blanchard
|last=Miller
|title=American Telephone Practice
|publisher=McGraw
|year=1905
|page=692ff
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6mEAAAAIAAJ
}}

== External links ==
* [http://techchannel.att.com/play-video.cfm/2011/7/22/AT&T-Archives-The-Step-by-Step-Switch AT&T Archives: 1951 Training Video Regarding the Step-by-Step Switch]
* [http://www.technology.niagarac.on.ca/staff/mcsele/TelephoneSwitch.html Telephone Switches] Prof Mark Csele, Niagara College, Ontario
* [http://wedophones.com/TheBellSystem/pdf/sxs_course_1954_imageontext.pdf Telephone Systems Training Course: Central Office Equipment] 1954, Western Electric Hawthorne Works

{{Telephone Switches}}
{{Telecommunications}}

[[Category:Telephone exchange equipment]]