View source for Sudharmono

{{Short description|Vice President of Indonesia from 1988 to 1993}}
{{Indonesian name}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Sudharmono Official Portrait.jpg
| caption             = Official portrait, 1988
| order               = 5th
| office              = Vice President of Indonesia
| term_start          = 11 March 1988
| term_end            = 11 March 1993
| president           = [[Suharto]]
| predecessor         = [[Umar Wirahadikusumah]]
| successor           = [[Try Sutrisno]]
| order1              = 4th
| office1             =  Golkar#Chairpersons{{!}}General Chairman of Golkar
| term_start1         = 25 October 1983
| term_end1           = 25 October 1988
| predecessor1        = [[Amir Murtono]]
| successor1          = [[Wahono]]
| office2             = Ministerial roles
| suboffice2          = [[Cabinet of Indonesia|Secretariat of the Cabinet]]
| subterm2            = 1966–1968
| suboffice3          = [[Ministry of State Secretariat (Indonesia)#List of ministers|State Minister/State Secretary]]
| subterm3            = 1972–1988
| suboffice4          = [[Cabinet of Indonesia|Secretariat of the Cabinet]]
| subterm4            = 1973–1980
| suboffice5          = [[Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesia)|Acting Minister of Information]]
| subterm5            = 1977–1978
| suboffice6          = [[List of Ministers of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| subterm6            = 1982–1983
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1927|03|12|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Gresik Regency|Grissee]], [[Dutch East Indies]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2006|01|25|1927|03|12|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| resting_place       = [[Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery]]
| party               = [[Golkar]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Ratu Emma Norma|1951}}
| occupation          = {{hlist|Politician|army officer}}
| signature           = Signature of Sudharmono.svg
| nickname            = Pak Dar
| allegiance          = [[Indonesia]]
| branch              = [[Indonesian Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1945–1968
| rank                = [[Lieutenant general]]
| commands            = {{ubl|Ronggolawe Division|Supreme Operations}}
| battles             = {{ubl|[[Indonesian National Revolution]]|[[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|Operation Dwikora]]}}
| military_blank1     = [[Central Registration Number|Service no.]]
| military_data1      = 16078
}}
'''Sudharmono''' ([[Van Ophuijsen Spelling System|EVO]]: '''Soedharmono'''; 12 March 1927 – 25 January 2006),{{sfn|Sira|2003}} also known by his nickname '''Pak Dar''',{{sfn|Harahap|2020}} was an [[Indonesian Army officer]] and politician who served as the fifth [[vice president of Indonesia]] from 1988 until 1993 under the [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] regime. Previously, he served in several positions in the [[Government of Indonesia|government]] and [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|military]], including as the [[Golkar#List of chairmen|Chairman]] of [[Golkar]],  [[Ministry of State Secretariat (Indonesia)|State Secretary]] of Indonesia, and a [[lieutenant general]] in the [[Indonesian Army|army]].{{sfn|Tokoh Indonesia|2005}}

Sudharmono was born on 12 March 1927, in [[Gresik Regency|Gresik]], [[East Java]].{{sfn|Glo|2006}} He completed his [[Middle School]] education in 1945. Following the [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence]], he dropped out from any further education to join the [[Indonesian Army|army]] in the [[Indonesian National Revolution]]. He became the Commander of the Ronggolawe Division in the army, a position which he held throughout the war. After the Dutch retreated from Indonesia in 1949, Sudharmono completed his [[Secondary education]] before going to [[Jakarta]] in 1952 to join the [[Indonesian Military Academy|Military Law Academy]], which he completed the course in 1956.{{sfn|Saptoyo|2021}} He then served in [[Medan]], [[North Sumatra]], as an Army Attorney from 1957 to 1961. He remained in the army until 1968 and served in the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] and the Supreme Operations Command (KOTI).{{sfn|Regina|Suwirta|2018| p = 136}}

Following the [[Transition to the New Order|Fall]] of [[Sukarno]], after the [[30 September Movement]], and after the rise of [[Suharto]], Sudharmono left the army after being named Cabinet Secretary as well as Chairman of the Economic Stability Council by Suharto. In 1970, Sudharmono was moved from the position of Cabinet Secretary to the State Secretary, a position which allowed him to assist Suharto in the day-to-day running of the Government.{{sfn|Maryadi|2006}} At the 1983 [[Golkar]] National Conference, with Suharto's support, Sudharmono was elected as the [[Golkar#List of chairmen|Chairman of Golkar]].{{sfn|Effendy|Thohari|Novianto|Nubowo|2012| pp = 109-111}} In 1988, during the election of vice president at the [[People's Consultative Assembly#1988 General Session|General Assembly]] of the [[People's Consultative Assembly]] (MPR), he was elected as vice president to accompany Suharto.{{sfn|Gautama|2021}}

As vice president, Sudharmono was extremely active in governing.{{sfn|Bach|2019}} Despite this, however, the military showed their displeasure at Sudharmono's election as vice president, as he represented the civil and bureaucratic wing of Golkar. This culminated in March 1993, during the [[People's Consultative Assembly#1993 General Session|General Assembly]] of the MPR, where the army nominated [[Try Sutrisno]] as vice president without the consent of Suharto. Although Suharto was likely displeased, Suharto did not want an open conflict with the military deputies and accepted Try as his vice president.{{sfn|Rahman|Budiyono|1999}} Following the end of his term, he published two books, both [[biography|autobiographies]]. In May 1998, on the eve of [[Fall of Suharto|Suharto's fall]], Sudharmono, together with former vice presidents [[Umar Wirahadikusumah]], and Try Sutrisno, visited Suharto at his residence to discuss possible options.{{sfn|Galih|2016}} Sudharmono died on 25 January 2006, after being treated at Metropolitan Medical Center hospital.{{sfn|Maryadi|2006}} His body was interred in the [[Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery]], [[Jakarta]].{{sfn|Glo|2006}}

== Early life and education ==
Sudharmono was born on 12 March 1927, in Cerme village, [[Gresik Regency|Gresik]], [[East Java]], [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]).{{sfn|Kandhani|2020}}{{sfn|Sudharmono|1993| p = 59}} His father was Soepijo Wirodiredjo, the son of a carik (secretary) of the Village of Kabalan, in Kanor District, [[Bojonegoro Regency|Bojonegoro]], who began his career as an [[intern]] at the Balen District office. His mother was Raden Nganten Sukarsi, the daughter of a [[priyayi]] from Bojonegoro.{{sfn|Fahrudin|2017}} He was the third child of four children, having 2 older siblings. An older sister, Mbak Siti, and an older brother, Mas Sunar. When he was 2 years old, his father moved to [[Tuban Regency|Tuban]], [[Central Java]], to become a [[clerk]] at the local government. His mother would die while giving birth to Sudharmono's fourth and youngest sibling. 6 Months later, his father died due to illness, after a few months of being treated in [[Surabaya]]. Though before he died, his father had been moved back to Tambakrejo, Bojonegoro.{{sfn|Sudharmono|1993| p = 59}}

Following the death of both of his parents, he moved from Surabaya to [[Jombang Regency|Jombang]]. During his time in Jombang, Sudharmono went to live with an uncle, who was a clerk who worked for the local government. He would then move to Wringinanom (in [[Gresik Regency|Gresik]]) and then to [[Rembang Regency|Rembang]].{{sfn|Fahrudin|2017}}{{sfn|Sudharmono|1993| p = 52}} In Rembang, he lived with his grandmother, Mbah Putri, who was from his mother's side of the family.{{sfn|Sudharmono|1993| p = 59}} He began his [[elementary school]] education at the  [[Hollandsch-Inlandsche School]] (HIS). At HIS, he was [[Academic acceleration|accelerated]] by his teacher from the [[first grade]] straight to the [[third grade]]. He then continued his education in [[Semarang]], [[Central Java]], where he majored in exact sciences. His education was cut short however with the [[Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies|arrival]] of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] in 1942.{{sfn|Regina|Suwirta|2018| p = 136}}

== Military service ==
{{Further|Transition to the New Order}}
Following the [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence]], he dropped out of further education to join the [[Indonesian Army|army]] in the [[Indonesian National Revolution]]. There, he assisted in collecting weapons from the Japanese troops in preparation for the formation of an [[Indonesian Army]]. He would later become the Commander of the Ronggolawe Division, a position which he held throughout the war against the returning [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army|Dutch troops]].{{sfn|Saptoyo|2021}} During the war, he took part in the [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla war]] against the Dutch around [[Wonosobo]] and [[Magelang]].{{sfn|Yulianto|2003| p = 252}} After the Dutch retreated from Indonesia in 1949, Sudharmono completed his [[Secondary education|Secondary Education]] before going to [[Jakarta]] in 1952 to join the [[Indonesian Military Academy|Military Law Academy]], which he completed the course in 1956.{{sfn|Saptoyo|2021}} It was around this time that he befriended then-military officer [[Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani]].{{sfn|Rahman|Budiyono|1999}}

He then served in [[Medan]], [[North Sumatra]], as an Army Attorney from 1957 to 1961. In 1962, Sudharmono received his degree in law after completing a course at Military Law University. After this, Sudharmono was appointed chairman of the Central Government Personnel Orders Unit and provided administrative assistance to the government.{{sfn|Regina|Suwirta|2018| p = 136}} During the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]], President Sukarno formed the Supreme Operations Command (KOTI), which was a war command immediately under Sukarno's control. In 1963, Sudharmono joined KOTI and was given the role of Joint Centre Operations Member for the Supreme Operations.{{sfn|Regina|Suwirta|2018| p = 136}}

In October 1965, following the [[30 September Movement]], Major General [[Suharto]] was appointed [[Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army|Army Commander]] and joined KOTI as the organizations [[Chief of Staff]]. Suharto would go on to form a relationship with Sudharmono during these tense times in Indonesian history and it was evident that Sudharmono earned Suharto's trust. On 11 March 1966, when Suharto [[Supersemar|received the Emergency Powers]] from Sukarno, Sudharmono was the one who reproduced copies of the letter to be distributed to other military officers. The next day, on 12 March 1966, Sudharmono was also the one to write the decree banning the [[Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI).{{sfn|Elson|2001| p = 138}}

== State secretary ==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 390
| image1            = Sudharmono, Departemen Dalam Negeri dari Masa ke Masa, p133.jpg
| alt1              = As Minister of Home Affairs
| image2            = Sudharmono - Fourth Development Cabinet.jpg
| alt2              = As State Secretary
| image3            = Sekretaris Kabinet Sudharmono.jpg
| alt3              = As State Secretary
| footer            = Portraits of Sudharmono while a minister in the New Order government; the first portrait was him as [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|minister of home affairs]], while the last two were portraits of him as [[Ministry of State Secretariat (Indonesia)|state secretary]].
}}

a KOTI was disbanded by Suharto in 1968, but Sudharmono, likely due to his administrative skills and the trust that he had earned from Suharto, would become the Cabinet Secretary as well as Chairman of the Economic Stability Council. In 1970, Sudharmono was moved from the position of Cabinet Secretary to the position of [[Ministry of State Secretariat (Indonesia)|State Secretary]], a position which allowed him to assist Suharto in the day-to-day running of the Government. Whilst State Secretary, Sudharmono also covered for other ministers when they were unable to perform their duties; with short stints as Interim [[Ministry of Information (Indonesia)|Information Minister]] and Interim [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|Home Affairs Minister]] as well as helping to produce Suharto's accountability speech before the [[People Consultative Assembly]] (MPR).{{sfn|Regina|Suwirta|2018| p = 136}} In 1980, Sudharmono's position as State Secretary received a significant boost through a presidential decision that gave the State Secretary the power to supervise government purchases exceeding 500 Million [[Indonesian Rupiah|Rupiahs]].{{sfn|Elson|2001| p = 234}}

== Chairman of Golkar ==
{{Further|1987 Indonesian legislative election}}
During the 1983 [[Golkar]] National Conference, which took place from 20 October until 25 October 1983, Sudharmono was elected as the [[Golkar#List of chairmen|Chairman]] of Golkar.{{sfn|Effendy|Thohari|Novianto|Nubowo|2012| pp = 109-111}} His election was unexpected. He was accompanied by Sarwono Kusumaatmadja as secretary general.{{sfn|Effendy|Thohari|Novianto|Nubowo|2012| pp = 111-112}} As Chairman of Golkar, Sudharmono reformed some of the inner workings of the party. He did this by pushing for further transparency within the party organization, creating job descriptions for party officials, dividing the tasks of party officials, and creating the post of field coordinator. Sudharmono also conducted many inspection tours of Golkar branches at the local level to see the implementation and consolidation of Golkar policies.{{sfn|Effendy|Thohari|Novianto|Nubowo|2012| p = 112}}

Sudharmono consolidated Golkar's position ahead of the [[1987 Indonesian legislative election]], focusing its efforts on securing a majority of the popular vote in the devoutly [[Islam in Indonesia|Islamic]] province of [[Aceh]], which was the only province apart from [[Jakarta]] where Golkar had failed to do so in 1982.{{sfn|Liddle|1994| p = 96}} Golkar made use of two civil servants to run its financial campaign in Aceh, while also using Aceh governor Ibrahim Hasan, an [[economist]] who managed to unite the traditional and modern aspirations of the [[Acehnese people]], to their advantage, by making him travel all around the province telling people that a Golkar victory would bring about material development without sacrificing traditional values.{{sfn|Liddle|1994| p = 97}}

Sudharmono's leadership, as well as the weakness of the Islamic opposition, the [[United Development Party]], following the withdrawal of the [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] (NU) from the party, led to Golkar increasing its majority from 242 seats to 299 seats and from 64.34% to 73.11% of the vote. Golkar also achieved its aim in Aceh, and for the first time won an absolute majority of the vote in [[Jakarta]] and every other province of Indonesia.{{sfn|Liddle|1994| p = 98}}

== Vice presidency (1988–1993) ==
=== Nomination ===
[[File:Sudharmono2.jpg|thumb|A different version of his official portrait as vice president]]
As the [[People's Consultative Assembly]] (MPR) convened for its 1988 [[People's Consultative Assembly#1988 General Session|General Session]], it was widely believed by many that the aging Suharto would be elected to his fifth and last term as president. As such, the office of vice president became a crucial position.{{sfn|Vatikiotis|1993| p = 83}} Suharto then created a nine-person commission to select a name for the vice presidency. Figures in the commission included [[Akbar Tandjung]] and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.{{sfn|Wahyono|2018}} As 1988 began, Suharto began to show signs that he wanted Sudharmono to become his vice president, although Suharto never mentioned Sudharmono by name.{{sfn|Vatikiotis|1993| p = 83}} However, the possibility of Sudharmono becoming vice president displeased many in the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] (ABRI). Although Sudharmono himself was a soldier and had ended his career with the rank of [[Lieutenant General]], he was disliked by many in the military because he had spent much of his career behind the desk instead of leading troops on the ground.{{sfn|Harahap|2020}}

Suharto was aware of this and, before the ABRI could do anything, placed ABRI commander [[Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani|Benny Moerdani]] as Minister of Defense and Security, a position which had no direct line of command to the troops. Replacing him with [[Try Sutrisno]], who had been Suharto's adjutant.{{sfn|Elson|2001| p = 258}} When the nomination was finally taken up through the official channels within [[Golkar]], the [[Bureaucrats]] and Functional factions unanimously agreed to nominate Sudharmono as vice president. While the ABRI faction's nomination was delayed, Benny Moerdani continued to procrastinate by claiming that he had not discussed the vice-presidential nomination yet.{{sfn|MIS|1997}} Rumors that Sudharmono was a communist were spread by ABRI, accusing him of being a member of Pesindo (Pemuda Sosialis Indonesia), a youth socialist organization.{{sfn|Matanasi|2018}}{{sfn|Matanasi|2019}}{{sfn|Elson|2001| pp = 259-260}}

At the General Session itself, which lasted from 1–11 March 1988, controversy continued to dog Sudharmono's nomination as vice president. First, [[Brigadier General]] Ibrahim Saleh interrupted the session and launched a scathing attack against Sudharmono before he was taken down from the podium by other MPR members.{{sfn|Yulianto|2003| p = 261}} Then, [[Sarwo Edhie Wibowo]], a general who had helped Suharto get to power in the mid-1960s resigned from both his MPR and [[People's Representative Council]] (DPR) seat in protest. Finally, [[United Development Party]] Chairman, [[Jailani Naro]] nominated himself as vice president, presumably with the private backing of ABRI, who in public supported Sudharmono's nomination; ABRI's support was likely only in opposition to Sudharmono.{{sfn|Yulianto|2003| pp = 261-262}} The chaos of the session resulted in the intervention by Suharto. He cited a decision that the MPR made in 1973 that one of the criteria for a vice president was that he should be able to work with the President. Suharto also conducted discussions with Naro and convinced him to withdraw the nomination. With Naro out of the way, Sudharmono was elected vice president.{{sfn|Wahyono|2018}}{{sfn|Gautama|2021}}

=== Tenure ===
As vice president, Sudharmono was reported to be extremely active in governing.{{sfn|Bach|2019}} He issued a policy to form Tromol Pos 5000 as a means of monitoring the community and he began to consolidate politics by visiting the provinces, departments (ministries), State Offices, and other institutions. He also held a Supervision Coordination Meeting annually.{{sfn|Harahap|2020}} Meanwhile, ABRI continued to show their displeasure at Sudharmono's election as vice president. At the Golkar National Conference in 1988, which occurred from 20–25 October 1988, to elect a new chairman, ABRI got their revenge against Sudharmono when they secured the election of [[Wahono]] as chairman.{{sfn|Effendy|Thohari|Novianto|Nubowo|2012| p = 265}} The election of Wahono as chairman was the first time in which ABRI demonstrated their political power against Suharto, and resulted in the comeback of ABRI into the Golkar political machine, as the civil and bureaucratic wing of the party (the main supporters of Sudharmono) floundered.{{sfn|Effendy|Thohari|Novianto|Nubowo|2012| p = 266}}

Ahead of the MPR's 1993 [[People's Consultative Assembly#1988 General Session|General Session]], before any other maneuver by any other faction within the MPR, ABRI had already made its move. Two weeks before the session, the chairman of the ABRI faction of Golkar, Harsudiono Hartas, announced that ABRI had nominated [[Try Sutrisno]] as vice president. This nomination blindsided [[Suharto]], Sudharmono, and even [[Try Sutrisno]] himself, who was not notified of his nomination.{{sfn|Wahyono|2018}} In theory, MPR faction members were allowed to nominate their candidates for vice president. But in practice, there was an unwritten rule, where factions had to wait for the president to nominate his chosen candidate.{{sfn|Lane|1993}}

Members from the [[United Development Party]] (PPP) and the [[Indonesian Democratic Party]] (PDI) quickly approved of Try's nomination, while [[Golkar]] struggled to tell its members that Golkar had not nominated Try as vice president. Suharto was furious that ABRI had pre-empted him, but did not want an open dispute with its delegation in the assembly. This led to an uneasy truce, where Suharto accepted Try as vice president. It has been speculated that, if Try Sutrisno hadn't been nominated, then Suharto would've chosen either Sudharmono or [[B. J. Habibie]] as vice president.{{sfn|Lane|1993}}

== Post-vice presidency and death (1993–2006) ==
Following the end of his term as vice president, Sudharmono returned to private life. In 1997, Sudharmono released his [[Biography|autobiography]], ''Pengalaman Dalam Masa Pengabdian'' ("Experiences During Time of Service"). Concurrently, a book was also released called ''Kesan dan Kenangan dari Teman: 70 Tahun H. Sudharmono SH'' ("Impressions and Memories from Colleagues: 70 Years of Sudharmono"), which talked about Sudharmono from the point of view of those who he had worked with. Due to the close release of his books and the [[People's Consultative Assembly#1998 General Session|1998 MPR General session]], there were rumors of him planning a political comeback.{{sfn|MIS|1997}} In May 1998, on the eve of [[Fall of Suharto|Suharto's fall]], Sudharmono, together with former vice presidents [[Umar Wirahadikusumah]], and [[Try Sutrisno]], visited Suharto at his residence to discuss possible options.{{sfn|Galih|2016}} During the years after the fall of Suharto, he was trusted to coordinate the seven foundations established by the Cendana family, namely Dharmais, Supersemar, Dakap, Damandiri, Amal Bhakti Muslim Pancasila, Gotong Royong, and Trikora.{{sfn|Harahap|2020}}

Sudharmono died on 25 January 2006,{{sfn|Maryadi|2006}} at around 19.40 [[Time in Indonesia|Western Indonesia Time]], after undergoing treatment for two weeks at the [[Intensive Care Unit]] of the Metropolitan Medical Center (MMC) Hospital, in [[Jakarta]], since 10 January 2006.{{sfn|Glo|2006}} He died due to a lung infection and complications from [[respiratory failure]]. He was buried before the [[Zuhur]] prayer at around 10:00, the next day, at the [[Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery]], Jakarta. Then-president [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] acted as inspector of funeral ceremonies.{{sfn|Harahap|2020}}

==Honours==
[[File:Sudharmono in military uniform.jpg|thumb|160px|Sudharmono in military uniform]]

===National===
*{{flag|Indonesia}} : {{sfn|Ministry of State Secretariat|2019}}{{sfn|Yonas|2019}}
** [[File:Bintang Republik_Indonesia Adipradana Ribbon1.gif|70px]] Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class ({{langx|id|[[:id:Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana|Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana]]}}) (29 March 1988)
** [[File:Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna rib.svg|70px]] Star of Mahaputera, 1st Class ({{langx|id|[[:id:Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna|Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna]]}}) (29 March 1988)
** [[File:Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana rib.svg|70px]] Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Class ({{langx|id|[[:id:Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana|Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana]]}}) (10 March 1973)
** [[File:Bintang Dharma rib.svg|70px]] Military Distinguished Service Star ({{langx|id|[[:id:Bintang Dharma|Bintang Dharma]]}})
** [[File:Bintang Gerilya rib.svg|70px]] Guerrilla Star ({{langx|id|[[:id:Bintang Gerilya|Bintang Gerilya]]}})
** [[File:Star of the Navy - 2nd Class (Indonesia) - ribbon bar.png|70px]] Star of Jalasena, 2nd Class ({{langx|id|[[:id:Bintang Jalasena|Bintang Jalasena Pratama]]}})
** [[File:Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Pratama rib.svg|70px]] Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 2nd Class ({{langx|id|[[:id:Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa|Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Pratama]]}})
** [[File:Kartika Eka Paksi Nararya.gif|70px]] Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 3rd Class ({{langx|id|[[:id:Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi|Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Nararya]]}})
** [[File:Indonesian Armed Forces "8 Years" Service Star (1945-1953).gif|70px]] Indonesian Armed Forces "8 Years" Service Star ({{langx|id|[[:id:Bintang Sewindu Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia|Bintang Sewindu Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia]]}})
** [[File:Satyalencana Kesetiaan XXIV.gif|70px]] Military Long Service Medal, 24 Years Service ({{langx|id|[[:id:Satyalancana Kesetiaan|Satyalancana Kesetiaan XXIV Tahun]]}})
** [[File:Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan I.gif|70px]] 1st Independence War Medal ({{langx|id|[[:id:Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan I|Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan I]]}})
** [[File:Satya Lencana Perang Kemerderkaan II.gif|70px]] 2nd Independence War Medal ({{langx|id|[[:id:Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan II|Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan II]]}})
** [[File:Satya Lencana GOM I.gif|70px]] Military Operational Service Medal for Madiun 1947 ({{langx|id|[[:id:Satyalancana G.O.M I|Satyalancana G.O.M I]]}})
** [[File:Satyalencana G.O.M. II.gif|70px]] Military Operational Service Medal for Angkatan Ratu Adil 1947 ({{langx|id|[[:id:Satyalancana G.O.M II|Satyalancana G.O.M II]]}})
** [[File:Satya Lencana Sapta Marga.gif|70px]] "Sapta Marga" Medal ({{langx|id|[[:id:Daftar tanda kehormatan di Indonesia|Satyalancana Sapta Marga]]}})
** [[File:Satyalencana Satya Dharma.png|70px]] Military Service Medal for Irian Jaya 1962 ({{langx|id|[[:id:Satyalancana Satya Dharma|Satyalancana Satya Dharma]]}})
** [[File:Satyalencana Wira Dharma (1963).gif|70px]] Northern Borneo Military Campaign Medal ({{langx|id|[[:id:Satyalancana Wira Dharma|Satyalancana Wira Dharma]]}})
** [[File:Satya Lencana Penegak.gif|70px]] Medal for Combat Against Communists ({{langx|id|[[:id:Satyalancana Penegak|Satyalancana Penegak]]}})
** [[File:Satyalancana Wira Karya.gif|70px]] Role Model Medal ({{langx|id|[[:id:Satyalancana Wira Karya|Satyalancana Wira Karya]]}})

=== Foreign honours ===
* {{Flag|Austria}}
** [[File:AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 3rd Class BAR.svg|70px]] Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash of the [[:en:Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria#Classes|Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
* {{Flag|Belgium}}
** [[File:BEL Order of Leopold II - Grand Cross BAR.png|70px]] Grand Cross of the [[:en:Order of Leopold II|Order of Leopold II]]
* {{Flag|Cambodia}}
** [[File:KHM Royal Order of Sahametrei - Grand Officer.png|70px]] Grand Officer of the [[:en:Royal Order of Sahametrei|Royal Order of Sahametrei]] 
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
** [[File:EGY Order of the Republic - Grand Cordon BAR.svg|70px]] First Class of the [[Order of the Republic (Egypt)|Order of the Republic]]
* {{flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]]:
** [[File:ETH Order of Menelik II - Commander BAR.png|70px]] Commander of the [[Order of Menelik II]]
* {{Flag|France}}
** [[File:Ordre national du Merite GC ribbon.svg|70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Ordre national du Mérite|National Order of Merit]]
* {{Flag|Germany}}
** [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 6 GrVK Stern Band.svg|70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
** [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 5 GrVK Stern.svg|70px]] Knight Commander of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
* {{Flag|Italy}}
** [[File:Cordone di gran Croce OMRI BAR.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
* {{Flag|Japan}}
** [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|70px]] [[:en:Order of the Rising Sun|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun]] (1997)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-03|title=Wakil Presiden ke-5 Republik Indonesia Letjen TNI (Purn) Sudharmono, S.H.|url=https://kompaspedia.kompas.id/baca/profil/tokoh/wakil-presiden-ri-ke-5-letjen-tni-purn-sudharmono-sh|website=Kompaspedia|language=id|access-date=2024-02-10}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Jordan}}
** [[File:JOR Order of the Star of Jordan Grand Cordon Ribbon bar.png|70px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Star of Jordan]]
* {{Flag|Kuwait}}
** [[File:Order of Kuwait (First Class).gif|70px]] [[:en:Order of Kuwait|Order of Kuwait]] (1st Class)
* {{Flag|Malaysia}}
** [[File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg|70px]] [[Order of the Defender of the Realm|Honorary Companions of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (J.M.N.)
* {{Flag|Netherlands}}
** [[File:Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]]
* {{Flag|Philippines}}
** [[File:PHL Order of Sikatuna - Officer Ribbon bar (before 2003).png|70px]] Officer of the [[:en:Order of Sikatuna|Order of Sikatuna]], Rank of Maginoo (OS)
* {{Flag|Qatar}}
** [[File:QAT Order of Merit of the State of Qatar ribbon.svg|70px]] First Class of the Order of Merit
* {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
** [[File:Order of King Abdulaziz, 3rd Class (Saudi Arabia).png|70px]] Third Class of the [[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud]] 
* {{Flag|South Korea}}
** [[File:Order of Diplomatic Service Merit (Class 2) Gwanghwa Medal ribbon.gif|70px]] Gwanghwa Medal of the [[:en:Order of Diplomatic Service Merit|Order of Diplomatic Service Merit]] 
* {{Flag|Syria}}
** [[File:CivilMerit.Syria.png|70px]] First Class of the [[Order of Civil Merit of the Syrian Arab Republic]]
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
**  [[File:Order of the White Elephant - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Cross (''First Class'') of the [[:en:Order of the White Elephant|Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant]] (K.C.E.)
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}
** [[File:Orden jugoslovenske zastave1(traka).png|70x70px]] [[Order of the Yugoslav Flag]] with Sash (1975)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=14 November 1975 |title=Одликувања |url=http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/C44106937EFD4FF0BC0C1938AEDB7C45.pdf |journal=Službeni list SFRJ |language=mk |volume=XXXI |issue=54 |pages=1480}}</ref>

=== Possibility as president ===
According to historian, author, and academic, [[Robert Elson]], in his book ''Suharto: A Political Biography'', Suharto groomed Sudharmono to be his ideal successor.{{sfn|Elson|2001| pp = 258-260}} However, the selection of Sudharmono as vice president caused a rift in Golkar, between the civil and military factions. Though Sudharmono himself was a soldier and had ended his career with the rank of [[Lieutenant General]], he was disliked by the military because he had spent much of his career behind the desk instead of leading troops on the ground.{{sfn|Harahap|2020}} This, along with the military's backlash against Sudharmono during the [[People's Consultative Assembly#1988 General Session|1988 MPR general session]], resulted in Suharto raising [[B. J. Habibie]] as his protege, instead of Sudharmono.{{sfn|Elson|2001| pp = 258-260}}

== Personal life ==
[[File:Sudharmono and his wife.jpeg|thumb|180px|Sudharmono (left), with his wife, Emma Norma (right)]]
Sudharmono married Emma Norma in 1951, and together, they have three children. Sri Adyanti Sudharmono, Sri Aryani Sudharmono, and Tantyo A.P Sudharmono.{{sfn|Yonas|2019}} As of 2021, Tantyo Sudharmono serves as the Chairman of the Indonesian National Council for Social Welfare.{{sfn|Niadesiw|2020}} Emma Norma outlived Sudharmono by 6 years, dying in 2012, at [[Pertamina Central Hospital]], Jakarta. Her body is also interred at the [[Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery]], Jakarta.{{sfn|Purnomo|2012}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
* [[List of vice presidents of Indonesia]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|32em}}

=== Bibliography ===
''' Books and journals '''
{{refbegin|32em}}
* {{cite book
 | last                 = Sudharmono
 | date                 = 1993
 | access-date          = 31 October 2021 
 | title                = Masa kecilku
 | url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=fNJwAAAAMAAJ
 | publisher            = Yayasan Karsa Luhur Sejati
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last                 = Sudharmono
 | date                 = 1995
 | access-date          = 31 October 2021 
 | title                = Pancasila sebagai Ideologi Terbuka
 | url                  = https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/wisdom/article/view/31576/19118
 | journal              = Jurnal Filsafat ("Philosophical Journal")
 | volume = 1
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 1–10
 | publisher            = [[Philosophy]] faculty of the [[University of Gadjah Mada]]
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite book
 | last                 = Sudharmono
 | date                 = 1997
 | access-date          = 31 October 2021 
 | title                = Sudharmono, S.H., pengalaman dalam masa pengabdian: sebuah otobiografi
 | url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=FlFwAAAAMAAJ
 | publisher            = PT. Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia
 | language             = id
 | isbn                 = 9789796690442
}}
* {{cite book
 | last                 = Elson
 | first                = Robert Edward
 | author-link          = Robert Elson
 | date                 = 2001
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | title                = Suharto: A Political Biography
 | url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=ElTYvtijU6AC
 | publisher            = Cambridge University Press
 | language             = en
 | isbn                 = 9780521773263
}}
* {{cite book
 | last                 = Vatikiotis
 | first                = Michael R.J.
 | title                = Indonesian Politics Under Suharto
 | year                 = 1993
 | publisher            = Routledge
 | location             = New York
 | isbn                 = 0-415-08280-3
}}
* {{cite book
 | last                 = Liddle
 | first                = William
 | date                 = 1994
 | access-date          = 1 November 2021 
 | title                = Pemilu-pemilu Orde Baru: pasang surut kekuasaan politik
 | url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=oz2OAAAAMAAJ
 | publisher            = LP3ES
 | language             = id
 | isbn                 = 979-8015-88-6
}}
* {{cite book
 | last1                = Effendy
 | first1               = Bahtiar
 | last2                = Thohari
 | first2               = Hajriyanto
 | last3                = Novianto
 | first3               = Kholid
 | last4                = Nubowo
 | first4               = Danial
 | last5                = Akhmal
 | first5               = Andar
 | date                 = 2012
 | access-date          = 31 October 2021 
 | title                = Beringin membangun: sejarah politik Partai Golkar
 | url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=2zeDkgEACAAJ
 | publisher            = Grafindo Khazanah Ilmu
 | language             = id
 | isbn                 = 978-9793858999
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last1                = Regina
 | first1               = Adisthy 
 | last2                = Suwirta
 | date                 = 2018
 | journal              = Factum: Jurnal Sejarah Dan Pendidikan Sejarah
 | title                = Kiprah Sudharmono dalam Sejarah Golongan Karya (1983-1988)
 | url                  = https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/factum/article/view/15600/8736
 | volume               = 7
 | issue                = 2
 | pages                = 133–144
 | doi = 10.17509/factum.v7i2.15600 
 | s2cid = 198691775 
 | language             = id
 | access-date          = 31 October 2021 
| url-access= subscription
 | doi-access= free
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last                 = Yulianto
 | first                = Dwi Pratomo
 | date                 = 2003
 | title                = Oposisi Berseragam: Catatan Tentang Hubungan Politik Suharto dan Militer di Akhir 1980-an
 | url                  = https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jsp/article/view/11081
 | journal              = Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik
 | volume               = 6
 | issue                = 3
 | pages                = 245–284
 | issn                 = 1410-4946
 | language             = id
 | access-date          = 31 October 2021 
}}
* {{cite book
 | last                 = Ministry of State Secretariat
 | author-link          = Ministry of State Secretariat (Indonesia)
 | title                = Daftar WNI yang Menerima Tanda Kehormatan Bintang Republik Indonesia 1959 - sekarang 
 | url                  = https://cdn.setneg.go.id/_multimedia/document/20200107/3822wni_penerima_tanda_kehormatan_bintang_republik_indonesia_1959_sekarang.pdf
 | date                 = 2019
 | access-date          = 19 February 2021
}}
{{refend}}

''' Websites '''
{{refbegin|32em}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Matanasi
 | first                = Petrik
 | url                  = https://tirto.id/sudharmono-wapres-yang-pernah-dituduh-pki-dhMV
 | title                = Sudharmono: Wapres yang Pernah Dituduh PKI 
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2019
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = tirto.id
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Matanasi
 | first                = Petrik
 | url                  = https://tirto.id/jenderal-jenderal-orde-baru-yang-pernah-dicap-pki-cWBy
 | title                = Jenderal-Jenderal Orde Baru yang Pernah Dicap PKI
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2018
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = tirto.id
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Harahap
 | first                = Syaiful
 | url                  = https://www.tagar.id/profil-wakil-presiden-kelima-sudharmono
 | title                = Profil Wakil Presiden Kelima Sudharmono
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2020
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = www.tagar.id
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Sira
 | url                  = https://tokoh.id/tokoh/ensiklopedi/sudharmono/
 | title                = Sudharmono : Bangkit Bersama Pak Harto
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2003
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = tokoh.id
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Wahyono
 | first                = Edi
 | url                  = https://news.detik.com/x/detail/intermeso/20180811/Berebut-Kursi-Nomor-Dua-Soeharto/
 | title                = Berebut Kursi Nomor Dua Soeharto
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2018
 | access-date          = 2 November 2021 
 | website              = news.detik.com
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Tokoh Indonesia
 | url                  = http://www.tokoh-indonesia.com/ensiklopedi/s/sudharmono/index.shtml
 | title                = Sudharmono : Bangkit Bersama Pak Harto
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2005
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = tokoh-indonesia.com
 | language             = id
 | url-status           = usurped
 | archive-url          = https://web.archive.org/web/20050926205056/http://www.tokoh-indonesia.com/ensiklopedi/s/sudharmono/index.shtml
 | archive-date         = 26 September 2005
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Zahroh
 | first                = Fathimatuz
 | url                  = https://www.merdeka.com/sudharmono/profil/
 | title                = Profil Sudharmono
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2012
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = www.merdeka.com
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Gautama
 | first                = Wakos Reza
 | url                  = https://lampung.suara.com/read/2021/06/03/072000/ketika-wapres-sudharmono-dicap-merah?page=all
 | title                = Ketika Wapres Sudharmono Dicap 'Merah'
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2021
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = lampung.suara.com
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Bach
 | url                  = https://www.minews.id/kisah/cerita-sudharmono-jenderal-yang-pernah-dicap-pki
 | title                = Cerita Sudharmono, Jenderal yang Pernah Dicap PKI
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2019
 | access-date          = 31 October 2021 
 | website              = www.minews.id
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last1                = Rahman
 | first1               = Dudi
 | last2                = Budiyono
 | url                  = http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1999/08/15/0040.html
 | title                = Perseteruan Orang Dekat Soeharto 
 | date                 = 1999
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = library.ohiou.edu
 | language             = id
 | url-status           = dead
 | archive-url          = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717205436/http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1999/08/15/0040.html
 | archive-date         = 17 July 2011
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Saptoyo
 | first                = Rosy Dewi Arianti
 | url                  = https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/03/20/163100165/profil-wakil-presiden-ri--sudharmono-1988-1993-?page=all
 | title                = Profil Wakil Presiden RI: Sudharmono (1988-1993) 
 | publisher            = Kompas
 | date                 = 2021
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = www.kompas.com
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Galih
 | first                = Bayu
 | url                  = https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/05/21/10100021/Cerita.di.Balik.Mundurnya.Soeharto?page=all
 | title                = Cerita di Balik Mundurnya Soeharto 
 | publisher            = Kompas
 | date                 = 2016
 | access-date          = 31 October 2021 
 | website              = nasional.kompas.com
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Kandhani
 | first                = Edi
 | url                  = https://bosscha.id/2020/03/12/sejarah-12-maret-hari-lahirnya-sudharmono-wakil-presiden-kepercayaan-pak-harto/
 | title                = Profil Wakil Presiden RI: Sudharmono (1988-1993) 
 | date                 = 2020
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = bosscha.id
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Fahrudin
 | first                = Nanang 
 | url                  = https://bloktuban.com/2017/10/01/wapres-ke-5-ri-cucu-dari-carik-kabalan-dan-camat-balen/
 | title                = Wapres ke-5 RI, Cucu dari Carik Kabalan dan Camat Balen
 | date                 = 2017
 | access-date          = 30 October 2021 
 | website              = bloktuban.com
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Yonas
 | first                = Adya Rosyada 
 | url                  = https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2019/05/16/tribunnewswiki-letnan-jenderal-purn-sudharmono-sh
 | title                = Letnan Jenderal (Purn.) Sudharmono SH
 | date                 = 2019
 | access-date          = 1 November 2021 
 | website              = www.tribunnewswiki.com
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Purnomo
 | first                = Nurmulia Rekso
 | url                  = https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2012/07/19/mendiang-emma-soedharmono-sosok-yang-cinta-keluarga
 | title                = Mendiang Emma Soedharmono, Sosok yang Cinta Keluarga
 | date                 = 2012
 | access-date          = 1 November 2021 
 | website              = www.tribunnewswiki.com
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Glo
 | url                  = http://www.kompas.com/utama/news/0601/25/205058.htm
 | title                = Sudharmono tutup usia
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2006
 | access-date          = 31 October 2021 
 | publisher            = Kompas
 | website              = www.kompas.com
 | language             = id
 | url-status           = dead
 | archive-url          = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141457/http://www.kompas.com/utama/news/0601/25/205058.htm
 | archive-date         = 29 September 2007
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Maryadi
 | url                  = http://www.detiknews.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2006/bulan/01/tgl/25/time/210950/idnews/526330/idkanal/10
 | title                = Mantan Wapres Sudharmono Wafat
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2006
 | access-date          = 31 October 2021 
 | publisher            = Detik News
 | website              = www.detiknews.com
 | language             = id
 | url-status           = dead
 | archive-url          = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182939/http://www.detiknews.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2006/bulan/01/tgl/25/time/210950/idnews/526330/idkanal/10
 | archive-date         = 30 September 2007
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Niadesiw 
 | url                  = https://konsesi.com/tantyo-adji-sudharmono-dari-normal-menjadi-tidak-normal-dan-menuju-normal-baru/
 | title                = Tantyo Adji Sudharmono : Dari Normal Menjadi Tidak Normal, dan Menuju Normal Baru
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 2020
 | access-date          = 1 November 2021 
 | website              = konsesi.com
 | language             = id
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = MIS
 | url                  = http://www.tempointeraktif.com/ang/min/02/03/utama4.htm
 | title                = Sudharmono "Mengudara" Kembali
 | type                 = Website
 | date                 = 1997
 | access-date          = 2 November 2021 
 | publisher            = Tempo
 | website              = www.tempointeraktif.com
 | language             = id
 | url-status           = dead
 | archive-url          = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200748/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/ang/min/02/03/utama4.htm
 | archive-date         = 27 September 2007
}}
* {{cite web
 | last                 = Lane
 | first                = Max
 | title                = Suharto vs. ABRI at MPR – 1
 | publisher            = Green Left
 | date                 = 1993
 | url                  = http://www.hamline.edu/apakabar/basisdata/1993/03/10/0000.html
 | accessdate           = 2 November 2021
 | url-status           = dead
 | archiveurl           = https://web.archive.org/web/20060915165314/http://www.hamline.edu/apakabar/basisdata/1993/03/10/0000.html
 | archivedate          = 15 September 2006
 | df                   = dmy-all
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sudharmono}}
* [https://tokoh.id/tokoh/ensiklopedi/sudharmono/ Biodata at tokoh.id] {{in lang|id}} 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717205436/http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1999/08/15/0040.html Article on ABRI's reluctance to nominate Sudharmono] {{in lang|id}} 
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050926205056/http://www.tokoh-indonesia.com/ensiklopedi/s/sudharmono/index.shtml profile on tokoh-indonesia.com]}} {{in lang|id}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Umar Wirahadikusumah]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice President of Indonesia]]|years=11 March 1988 – 11 March 1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Try Sutrisno]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alamsyah Ratu Perwiranegara]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of the State Secretariat|State Minister/State Secretary]]|years=1972–1988}}
{{s-aft|after=Moerdiono}}
{{s-end}}

{{Indonesia Vice Presidents}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudharmono}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Indonesia]]
[[Category:People from Gresik Regency]]
[[Category:People from Jombang Regency]]
[[Category:Deaths from respiratory failure]]
[[Category:Indonesian generals]]
[[Category:Javanese people]]
[[Category:Golkar politicians]]