View source for Sumbawa

{{short description|Island in Indonesia}}
{{distinguish|Sumba}}
{{Infobox islands
|name = Sumbawa
|native_name = {{ubl|{{nobold|{{lang|smw|Samawa}} {{small|([[Sumbawa language|Sumbawa]])}}}}|{{nobold|{{lang|bhp|Sombawa}} {{small|([[Bima language|Bima]])}}}}}}
|nickname = {{nobold|{{lang|smw|Tana Intan Bulaeng}}<br /> {{small|"Land of the Shining Diamonds"}}}}
|image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Panorama Mount Tambora caldera.jpg
| photo2a = Pacoa Jara.jpg
| photo2b = Pantai HODO.jpg
| photo4a = Kemutar Telu Center Sumbawa Barat.png
| photo4b = SuBesarPalace.JPG
| size = 300
| spacing = 1
| color = transparent
| border = 0
}}
|image_caption = '''From top, left to right:''' The caldera of [[Mount Tambora]], traditional Pacoa Jara, Hodo beach, Kemutar Telu Center, and Dalam Loka Palace
|map_image = Sumbawa Topography.png
|map_caption = Topography of Sumbawa
|pushpin_map = Indonesia
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sumbawa in [[Indonesia]]
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- left, right, top or bottom -->
|location = [[Southeast Asia]]
|coordinates= {{coord|8|47|S|118|5|E|type:isle_scale:2500000|display=inline,title}}
|archipelago = [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]
|total_islands = 
|major_islands = 
|area_km2 = 15448
|area_footnotes = <ref name="EBO">{{cite EBO |short=yes |title=Sumbawa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumbawa |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>
|rank = 57th
|highest_mount = [[Mount Tambora|Tambora]]
|elevation_m = 2,850
|country = [[Indonesia]]
|country_admin_divisions_title = Province
|country_admin_divisions = [[West Nusa Tenggara]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Regencies
| country_admin_divisions_1 = {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[[Sumbawa Regency|Sumbawa]]
* [[Dompu Regency|Dompu]]
* [[Bima Regency|Bima]]
* [[West Sumbawa Regency|West Sumbawa]]
{{div col end}}
|country_largest_city = [[Bima|Bima (city)]]
|country_largest_city_population = 165,113
|population = 1,669,787
|population_as_of = mid 2024 estimate
|density_km2 = 108.97
|population_rank = 45th
|demonym = Sumbawa Islander
|ethnic_groups = [[Sumbawa people|Sumbawans]], [[Bimanese people|Bimanese]]
}}

'''Sumbawa''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|lang|s|u:|m|ˈ|b|a:|w|ə}} {{respell|soom|BAH|wə}}<br /> {{IPA|id|sʊmˈbawa}}<br /> In the native regional languages of Sumbawa: {{blist |{{langx|smw|Samawa}}, {{IPA|smw|saˈma.wa|pron}} |{{langx|bhp|Sombawa}}, {{IPA|bhp|somˈba.wa|pron}}}}}} is an Indonesian [[island]], located in the middle of the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] chain, with [[Lombok]] to the west, [[Flores]] to the east, and [[Sumba]] further to the southeast. Along with Lombok, it forms the [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] of [[West Nusa Tenggara]], but there have been plans (currently held in abeyance) by the Indonesian government to split the island off into a separate province.<ref>Jakarta Post, 14 November 2013</ref> Traditionally, the island is known as the source of [[sappanwood]], as well as [[honey]] and [[sandalwood]]. Its savanna-like climate and vast grasslands are used to breed [[horse]]s and cattle, as well as to hunt [[deer]].
 
Sumbawa has an area of {{convert|15448|km2|abbr=off|disp=or}}<ref name="EBO"/> (three times the size of [[Lombok]]) with a population (at the 2020 Census) of 1,561,461;<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official estimate as at mid-2024 was 1,669,787.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.52)</ref> It marks the boundary between the islands to the west, which were influenced by religion and culture spreading from [[India]], and the region to the east which was less influenced. In particular, this applies to both Hinduism and Islam. While the name "Sumbawa" is used by outsiders for the whole island, locally the term is only applied to the western half (Sumbawa and West Sumbawa Regencies), while the eastern half is referred to by inhabitants as "Bima" (meaning the city as well as Bima and Dompu Regencies), as the two parts of the island are divided by geography, culture and language.<ref>Travel Atlas Indonesia, Periplus Editions, {{ISBN|978-0794-601058}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Sumbawa come from Portuguese Cumbava or Cimbava, assimilated from the locally used name ''Sambawa'' (still found as such in [[Makassarese language|Makassarese]], cf. also ''Semawa'' in the [[Sumbawa language]]). This name is probably derived from [[Sanskrit]] ''śāmbhawa'', meaning 'related to ''Śambhu'' ([[wikt:शम्भु|शम्भु]] 'the Benevolent', a name for [[Shiva]])'.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863842 |title=Makasar and the islamization of Bima |jstor=27863842 |quote="Sumbawa is a Portuguese corruption, Cumbava or Cimbava, of the original name Sambawa - possibly deriving from Sham- bhawa (Van Naerssen 1938:92) 'related to Shambhu', i.e. God Shiva"|last1=Noorduyn |first1=J. |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |year=1987 |volume=143 |issue=2/3 |pages=312–342 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003330 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==History==
The 14th-century [[Nagarakretagama]] mentioned several principalities identified to be on Sumbawa; [[Dompu]], [[Bima]], Sape, and one on the [[Sangeang Api|Sang Hyang Api]] island just off the coast of northeast Sumbawa. Four principalities in western Sumbawa were dependencies of the [[Majapahit Empire]] of eastern [[Java (island)|Java]]. Because of Sumbawa's natural resources, it was regularly invaded by outside forces – from the [[Java]]nese, [[Bali]]nese, [[Makassar|and Makassar]], to the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]]. The Dutch first arrived in 1605 but did not effectively rule Sumbawa until the early 20th century.

For a short period, the [[Bali]]nese kingdom of [[Gelgel, Indonesia|Gelgel]] ruled a part of western Sumbawa. The eastern and central parts of the island were traditionally divided into four sultanates: Sumbawa, Sanggau, Dompo, and [[Sultanate of Bima|Bima]], which had links to the [[Bugis]] and [[Makassar people|Makassar]] peoples of South Sulawesi.

Historical evidence indicates that people on Sumbawa island were known in the East Indies for their honey, [[Sumbawa Pony|horses]],<ref>Jong Boers, B.D. de (2007), 'The 'Arab' of the Indonesian Archipelago: The Famed Horse Breeds of Sumbawa' in: Greg Bankoff and Sandra Swart (eds), Breeds of Empire: The 'invention' of the horse in Southern Africa and Maritime Southeast Asia, 1500–1950. Copenhagen: NIAS Press, pp 51–64.</ref> [[Biancaea sappan|sappanwood]], which is used to make red dye,<ref>Jong Boers, B.D. de (1997), "Sustainability and time perspective in natural resource management: The exploitation of sappan trees in the forests of Sumbawa, Indonesia (1500–1875)" in: Peter Boomgaard, Freek Colombijn en David Henley (eds), ''Paper landscapes; Explorations in the environmental history of Indonesia''. Leiden: KITLV Press, pp. 260–281.</ref> and [[sandalwood]], which is used for incense and medications. The area was thought to be highly productive agriculturally. In the 18th century, the Dutch introduced [[coffee]] plantations on the western slopes of [[Mount Tambora]], a volcano on the north side of Sumbawa, thus creating the Tambora coffee variant.

Tambora's [[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora|colossal eruption in 1815]] was the most powerful in recorded history, ejecting {{convert|180|km3}} of ash and debris into the atmosphere. The eruption killed up to 71,000 people and triggered a period of [[global cooling]] known as the "[[Year Without a Summer]]" in 1816.  It also apparently destroyed a culture of [[Papuan languages|Papuan]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Donohue|first=Mark|date=2008-01-03|title=The Papuan Language of Tambora|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/228921|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=46|issue=2|pages=520–537|doi=10.1353/ol.2008.0014|s2cid=26310439|issn=1527-9421|url-access=subscription}}</ref> affinity, known to archaeologists as the "[[Tambora culture]]".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roach|first1=John|title="Lost Kingdom" Discovered on Volcanic Island in Indonesia|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0227_060227_lost_kingdom.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060311064255/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0227_060227_lost_kingdom.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 11, 2006|website=National Geographic News|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=13 April 2018|date=February 27, 2006}}</ref>

==Administration==
Sumbawa is administratively divided into four regencies (''kabupaten'') and one kota (city).  The regencies and cities are listed below with their administrative capitals, their areas, and their populations at the 2010 census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and the 2020 census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> together with the official estimates as of mid-2024.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
! Kode<br>Wilayah !! Name of <br>City or<br>Regency!! Capital !! Area <br />in<br />km<sup>2</sup> !! Pop'n <br /> 2010 <br />census !! Pop'n <br /> 2020 <br />census !! Pop'n <br /> mid 2024 <br />estimate !! [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>[http://bappenas.go.id/download.php?id=8975 Indeks-Pembangunan-Manusia-2014]</ref><br />2014 estimates
|-
| 52.04 || [[Sumbawa Regency]] || [[Sumbawa Besar]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 6643.99}}||align="right"| {{formatnum: 415789}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 509753}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 527715}} || 0.628 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 52.05 || [[Dompu Regency]] || [[Dompu]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2324.55}}||align="right"| {{formatnum: 218973}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 236665}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 277837}} || 0.635 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 52.06 || [[Bima Regency]] || [[Woha, Indonesia|Woha]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 4389.40}}|| align="right"| {{formatnum: 439228}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 514105}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 543582}} || 0.626 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 52.07 || [[West Sumbawa Regency]] <br />(Sumbawa Barat) || [[Taliwang]] || align="right"| {{formatnum: 1743.58}}||align="right"| {{formatnum: 114951}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 145798}}||align="right"| {{formatnum: 155540}}  || 0.671 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 52.72 || [[Bima City]] || [[Bima]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 222.25}}||align="right"| {{formatnum: 142579}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 155140}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 165113}} || 0.722 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| || '''''Total Sumbawa''''' || ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: 15323.77}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: 1331520}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: 1561461}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: 1669787}}'' ||
|}

Proposals have been under consideration since 2013 by the People's Representative Council (''Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat'' or DPR) to create a separate '''Sumbawa Island''' province;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nugraha |first=Panca |date=March 1, 2011 |title=Officials support new province for Sumbawa |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/01/officials-support-new-province-sumbawa.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref> there is no information as to whether the remaining part of the present province (i.e. the districts comprising Lombok Island) would then be renamed. However, since 2013 the Indonesian Government have maintained a moratorium on the intended creation of new provinces, regencies and cities.

== Demographics ==
[[Islam]], the dominant faith of the island, was introduced by the [[Makassarese people|Makassarese]] of [[Sulawesi]].

Sumbawa had, historically speaking, three major linguistic groups who spoke languages that were unintelligible to each other. The [[Sumbawa people]] centered on the western side of the island speak [[Sumbawa language|Basa Semawa]] (Indonesian: ''Bahasa Sumbawa'') which is similar to the [[Sasak language]] from nearby Lombok; the [[Bima people]] in the east speak [[Bima language|Nggahi Mbojo]] (''Bahasa Bima''), which is closer to the languages spoken on [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]]. They were once separated by the [[Tambora culture]], which spoke [[Tambora language|a language]] related to neither. After the demise of Tambora due to the [[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora|1815 eruption]], local kingdoms based in [[Sumbawa Besar]] and [[Bima]] became the two focal points of Sumbawa. This division of the island into two parts remains today; [[Sumbawa Besar]] and [[Bima]] are the two largest towns on the island (although the town of [[Dompu]] to the west of Bima has a greater urban area population than Sumbawa Besar), and are the centers of distinct cultural groups that share the island. The Don Donggo or "Mountain People" are a small minority ethnic group who occupy the cloudy highlands west of Bima Bay.

The population of the island (including minor outlying islands) was 1.56 million at the latest [[decennial]] census in 2020, comprising 29.46%<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> of the population of the entire [[West Nusa Tenggara|Province of West Nusa Tenggara]]'s 5.32 million people;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Indonesia-MU.html|title=Indonesia (Urban City Population): Provinces & Cities - Statistics & Maps on City Population|publisher=Citypopulation.de|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref> the official estimate as at mid-2024 was 1,670,000 - of whom 683,000 inhabit the western half and 987,000 the eastern half of the island.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025"/>

Due to the lack of work opportunities on the island and its frequent droughts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaungntb.com/2010/03/pemda-minta-masyarakat-waspadai-ancaman-bencana-kekeringan/|title=Local Government Asks People to Be Careful of Drought Hazard Threats|publisher=Gaung NTB|date=March 30, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316071549/http://gaungntb.com/2010/03/pemda-minta-masyarakat-waspadai-ancaman-bencana-kekeringan/|archive-date=March 16, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> many people on the island seek work in the [[Middle East]] as laborers or domestic servants; some 500,000 workers, or over 10% of the population of West Nusa Tenggara, have left the country to work overseas such as China and Singapore.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frode F. Jacobsen|title=Hadrami Arabs in Present-day Indonesia: An Indonesia-oriented Group with an Arab Signature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzh6AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-01852-9|page=30}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Moyo Island, North Sumbawa.JPG|thumb|Beach on [[Moyo Island]], North Sumbawa in March 2012]]
The island is bounded by bodies of water; to the west is [[Alas Strait]], south is the [[Indian Ocean]], [[Saleh Bay]] creates a major north-central indentation in the island, and the [[Flores Sea]] runs the length of the northern coastline.  The [[Sape Strait]] lies to the east of the island and separates Sumbawa from [[Flores]] and the Komodo Islands, there are several bays and gulfs, most notably [[Bima Bay]], [[Cempi Bay]], and [[Waworada Bay]].

Sumbawa's most distinguishing features are Saleh Bay and the Sanggar Peninsula.  On the latter stands Mount Tambora (8°14’41” S, 117°59’35” E), a large [[stratovolcano]] famous for its [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]] 7 eruption in 1815, one of only a few eruptions of such magnitude in the last 2,000 years.  The eruption obliterated most of Tambora's summit, reducing its height by about a third and leaving a six-kilometer-wide [[caldera]].  Regardless, Tambora remains the highest point on the island.  Highlands rise in four spots on the island, as well as on Sangeang Island.  The large western lobe of Sumbawa is dominated by a large central highland, and Tambora, Dompu, and Bima each have more minor highlands.

There are several large surrounding islands, most notably  [[Moyo Island]], volcanically active Sangeang Island,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informationsphere.com/pgs/body.php3?id=1044&action=img&pid=131|title=Warum wird diese Seite angezeigt?|publisher=Informationsphere.com|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024958/http://www.informationsphere.com/pgs/body.php3?id=1044&action=img&pid=131|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the tourist [[Komodo Island]]s (administered under Flores) to the east.

Sumbawa is part of the [[Lesser Sundas deciduous forests|Lesser Sunda deciduous forests]] ecoregion.

===List of offshore islands===
<ref name="ntbmap">''West Nusa Tenggara Map, Provincial Tourism and Cultural Office, West Nusa Tenggara, 2008''</ref>
There are several smaller offshore islands which fall within the regencies based on Sumbawa Island:
{{col-start}}
{{col-4}}
* West Sumbawa Regency
** Susait
** Dua
** Belang
** Songi
** Ular
** Kenawa
** Natano
{{col-4}}
* Sumbawa Besar Regency
** Panjang Island
** Saringi
** Kemudang
** Ayer Tawat
** Romo
** [[Medang Island]]
{{col-4}}
* [[Saleh Bay]], Sumbawa Besar Regency
** [[Moyo Island]]
** Dangar Besar
** Liang
** Ngali
** Tengar
** Kelapang
** Dompo
** Takebo
** Paming
** Lipa
** Rakit
{{col-4}}
* Dompu Regency
** P. Besar
** P. Nisa Pudu
** P. Nisa Rate
* Bima Regency, Tambora Peninsula exclave
** [[Satonda Island]]
* Bima Regency
** [[Sangeang Api|Sangeang Island]]
** Sanai Island
** [[Matagate Island]]
** [[Banta Island]]
{{col-end}}

==Economy==
{{quote box
| width = 25em
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
| align = left
| qalign = left
| quote = <div style="text-align:left;"> ''We want to say that there has been a decline, but a slow decline. There is no seriousness from the government.''  (About around 20 children died from malnutrition in Sumbawa in October 2012) '''&mdash;Ida, Alliance of Prosperous Villages (ADS)'''<ref name="jglobe">{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/malnourishment-not-taken-seriously-as-20-kids-die-in-indonesias-ntb/550609 |title=Malnourishment 'Not Taken Seriously' as 20 Kids Die in Indonesia's NTB |newspaper=Jakarta Globe |date=2012-10-17 |access-date=2012-10-21 |location=Jakarta }}</ref></div>|
}}
[[File:Batu hijau mine.jpg|thumb|Batu Hijau mine, 2006]]

Many of the island residents are at risk of starvation when crops fail due to lack of rainfall.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}  The majority of the population works in agriculture. Tourism is just beginning, with a few surf spots renowned for being world-class, Jelenga and Supersuck Beaches <ref name="ntbmap"/> near the mine, as well as Hu'u and Lakey Beach <ref name="ntbmap"/> in the [[Cempi Bay|Gulf of Cempi]].

===Newmont Mine===
A large [[gold]] and [[copper]] mine,  [[Newmont Mining Corporation]]'s [[Batu Hijau mine]] began commercial operations in 2000, a decade after the copper and gold were discovered.<ref>[http://www.jatam.org/english/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=359&Itemid=69]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001035906/http://www.jatam.org/english/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=359&Itemid=69|date=October 1, 2011}}</ref>   Newmont holds a 45% stake in the operation through its shareholding in PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara.  A local unit of Japan's [[Sumitomo Corporation]] has a 35% share. The mine is located in southwest Sumbawa.

Due to the mine, Sumbawa Barat Regency along with other remote mining towns, and Jakarta, has the highest [[GDP per capita]] rates in Indonesia, Sumbawa Barat's is 156.25 million rupiah (US$17,170) {{As of|2010|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/booklet/Booklet_Feb_2012.pdf|title=Perkembangan Beberapa Indikator, Utama Sosial-Ekonomi, Indonesia|publisher=Bps.go.id|access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref>  Newmont and its partners have invested about $1.9 billion in the mine.  The reserves are expected to last until 2034, making Batu Hijau one of the largest copper mines in the world.<br>
It is also one of the worst water-polluting mines,<ref>{{cite web |title= Cuivre, or et autres merveilles de Batu Hijau |website= oui.surf |url= https://oui.surf/tresor-de-batu-hijau-a-sumbawa/ |access-date= 2024-06-21 }}</ref> notably with at least three pipe breaks since its opening in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title= Golden rules: Making the case for responsible mining |type= report by Earthworks and Oxfam America |website= oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com |date= 2007 |url= https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620767/bn-golden-rules-mining-310308-en.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date= 2024-06-21 }}</ref>

Another important deposit of gold and copper has been discovered in 2020 near Onto.<ref>{{cite web |title= Onto, Sumbawa, Indonesia. Main commodities: Cu, Au |website= portergeo.com.au |url= https://portergeo.com.au/database/mineinfo.asp?mineid=mn1682 |access-date= 2024-06-21 }}</ref> PT Sumbawa Timur Mining (STM) hopes to start exploitation in 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title= Sumbawa Timur Mining to Exploit Mineral Reserve in 2030 |website= dinsights.katadata.co.id |url= https://dinsights.katadata.co.id/read/2023/03/17/sumbawa-timur-mining-to-exploit-mineral-reserve-in-2030 |access-date= 2024-06-21 }}</ref>

[[File:PotoTanoHarbour.JPG|thumb|Harbour of Poto Tano]]

==Transport==
There is a road network in Sumbawa, but it is poorly maintained and has long portions of rough gravel.  Frequent ferry service to Sumbawa ([[Poto Tano]]) from Lombok ([[Labuhan Lombok]]) exists; however, the ferry service to [[Flores]] from [[Sape, Bima|Sape]] is infrequent.  [[Bima]] is the largest city on Sumbawa and has ferry and bus services directly to [[Java]] and [[Bali]], though service breakdowns are common.

The most convenient way to reach Sumbawa is via air. Commercial flights connect the island's main airport, the [[Sultan Muhammad Salahudin Airport|Bima Airport]], to [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]] and [[Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport|Makassar]].

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sumbawa}}
*[http://worldin1001view.com/sumbawa-islandthe-paradise-for-surfers/ Sumbawa Tourist Attraction]
*[http://www.indonesia.travel/en/discover-indonesia/region-detail/36/west-nusa-tenggara West Nusa Tenggara]
*Hägerdal, Hans (2017), ''Held's History of Sumbawa''. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.[https://aup.figshare.com/articles/Held_s_History_of_Sumbawa_An_Annotated_Translation/7992917] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222195049/https://aup.figshare.com/articles/Held_s_History_of_Sumbawa_An_Annotated_Translation/7992917 |date=2019-12-22 }}

{{Ethnic groups in Indonesia}}{{Portal bar|Indonesia|Islands}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sumbawa| ]]
[[Category:Lesser Sunda Islands]]
[[Category:Landforms of West Nusa Tenggara]]
[[Category:Islands of Indonesia]]
[[Category:West Nusa Tenggara| ]]
[[Category:Islands of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Populated places in Indonesia]]