View source for Surakarta

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|City in Central Java, Indonesia}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Surakarta
| other_name         = Solo
| official_name      = City of Surakarta<br>{{nobold|{{lang|id|Kota Surakarta}}}}
| native_name        = 
| settlement_type    = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|City]]
| translit_lang1     = [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
  | total_width              = 300
  | border                   = infobox
  | perrow                   = 1/2/2/2
  | caption_align            = center
  | image1                   = Kraton_Solo.jpg
  | alt1                     = 
  | caption1                 = [[Kraton (Indonesia)|Kraton]] [[Surakarta Sunanate|Surakarta Hadiningrat]]
  | image2                   = Slamet Riyadi Statue in Surakarta.jpg
  | alt2                     = 
  | caption2                 = Statue of [[Slamet Riyadi]]
  | image3                   = Bank Indonesia Solo by Bennylin 03.jpg
  | alt3                     = 
  | caption3                 = Bank of Indonesia office
  | image4                   = Gate of Sriwedari Park.jpg
  | alt4                     = 
  | caption4                 = Sriwedari Park
  | image5                   = Monumen Pers Nasional, Surakarta (panorama) (crop).jpg
  | alt5                     = 
  | caption5                 = [[National Press Monument]]
  | image6                   = Great_Mosque_of_Solo.jpg
  | alt6                     = 
  | caption6                 = [[Great Mosque of Surakarta]]
  | image7                   = Pasar Gedhe 2009 Bennylin 05.jpg
  | alt7                     = 
  | caption7                 = Pasar Gede Hardjonagoro
}}
| image_flag         = 
| image_seal         = 
| image_shield       = Seal of the City of Surakarta.svg
| motto              = The Spirit of Java
| image_map          = Locator kota surakarta.png
| mapsize            = 
| map_caption        = Location within [[Central Java]]
| pushpin_map        = Indonesia_Java#Indonesia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Java]] and [[Indonesia]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|7|34|0|S|110|49|0|E|region:ID|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{INA}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Indonesia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Java]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]]
| subdivision_name2  = {{flag|Central Java}}
| established_title  = <!-- Settled -->
| established_date   = 
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_date2  = 
| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3  = 
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_km2     = 46.72
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_land_sq_mi    = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_sq_mi   = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_urban_km2     = 
| area_urban_sq_mi   = 
| area_metro_km2     = 5923.25
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jateng.bps.go.id/statictable/2017/10/26/1513/tinggi-wilayah-di-atas-permukaan-laut-dpl-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-jawa-tengah-2015---2016.html|title=BPS Provinsi Jawa Tengah|website=jateng.bps.go.id|language=en|access-date=2018-10-08}}</ref>
| elevation_m        = 92
| elevation_ft       = 
| population_total   = 526870
| population_as_of   = mid 2023 estimate
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_urban   = 
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| population_metro   = 6837753
| population_density_metro_km2 = 
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 
| population_note    = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Surakarta Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3372)</ref>
| population_demonym = Surakartan <br/> {{native name|jv|wong Solo, tiyang Solo}} <br/> {{native name|id|orang Solo}}
| postal_code_type   = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
| postal_code        = 
| area_code_type     = [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Area code]]
| area_code          = (+62) 271
| registration_plate = AD
| website            = {{URL|surakarta.go.id}}
| footnotes          = 
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Javanese script|Hanacaraka]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|jv-Java|ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = [[Pegon script|Pegon]]
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|jv-Arab|سوراكارتا}}
| government_type    = [[Mayor-council]]
| governing_body     = Surakarta City Government 
| leader_title2      = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = [[Respati Ardi]] ([[Gerindra Party|Gerindra]])
| leader_title3      = [[Vice Mayor]]
| leader_name3       = {{Ill|Astrid Widayani|lt=Astrid Widayani|id}}
| leader_title4 = [[Regional House of Representatives|Legislature]]
| leader_name4 = Surakarta City Regional House of Representatives (DPRD)
| population_density_urban_mi2 = 
| timezone           = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Western Time]]
| utc_offset         = +7
| timezone_DST       = 
| utc_offset_DST     = 
| blank_name         = Nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]<ref name="kabupatenkota">{{Cite book|title=Gross Regional Domestic Product of Regencies/Municipalities in Indonesia 2019-2023|author-link=Statistics Indonesia|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2024|location=Jakarta|url=https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2024/06/07/f90b4d2293193647cf2faee1/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-kabupaten-kota-di-indonesia-2019-2023.html}}</ref>
| blank_info         = 2023
| blank1_name        = &nbsp;- Total
| blank1_info        = {{increase}}[[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 60.486 trillion ([[List of Indonesian cities by GDP|2nd]])<br />{{increase}}US$ 3.968 billion <br />{{increase}}[[Int$]] 12.709 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank2_name        = &nbsp;- Per capita
| blank2_info        = {{increase}}[[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 114,802 thousand ([[List of Indonesian cities by GDP|5th]])<br />{{increase}}US$ 7,532<br />{{increase}}[[Int$]] 24,122 ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank3_name        = &nbsp;- Metro
| blank3_info        = {{Increase}}[[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 154.211 trillion<br>{{Increase}}US$ 10.117 billion<br>{{Increase}}[[Int$]] 32.402 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank4_name        = &nbsp;- Growth
| blank4_info        = {{increase}} 6.0%
| blank5_name        = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2024)
| blank5_info        = {{increase}} 0.844 ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index#List of large and medium-sized cities of Indonesia with very high HDI (2023)|9th]]) {{fontcolor|#007B00|very high}}
}}

'''Surakarta''' ([[Javanese script|Javanese]]: {{lang|jv-Java|ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ}}, [[Pegon script|Pegon]]: {{lang|jv-Arab|سوراكارتا}}), known colloquially as '''Solo''' ([[Javanese script|Javanese]]: {{lang|jv-Java|ꦱꦭ}}; {{Transliteration|jv|Sålå}}), is a major [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|city]] in [[Central Java]], Indonesia. The {{convert|46.72|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} city<ref>{{in lang|id}} [http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010101.pdf Badan Pusat Statistik: Luas Daerah menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818210127/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010101.pdf |date=August 18, 2011 }}</ref> adjoins [[Karanganyar Regency]] and [[Boyolali Regency]] to the north, [[Karanganyar Regency]] and [[Sukoharjo Regency]] to the east and west, and [[Sukoharjo Regency]] to the south.<ref>{{in lang|id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110114052332/http://www.surakarta.go.id/id/news/peta.surakarta.html Map of Surakarta]</ref> On the eastern side of Solo lies [[Solo River]] (Bengawan Solo). Its metropolitan area, consisting of Surakarta City and the surrounding six regencies ("Greater Solo Area", formerly [[Special Region of Surakarta]]), was home to 6,837,753 inhabitants according to the official estimates for mid 2023,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024" /> 526,870 of whom reside in the city proper.

Surakarta is the birthplace of the President of Indonesia from 2014 to 2024, [[Joko Widodo]], as well as his son and current Vice President of Indonesia, [[Gibran Rakabuming Raka]]. The former served as Mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012, as did the latter from 2021 to 2024.

==History==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
Hominid habitation in the region of Surakarta is evidenced from roughly one million years ago, the age of the "[[Java Man]]" skeleton found 80 kilometres upstream. Another famous early hominid from this area is called "[[Solo Man]]".

The Surakarta area was part of the [[Mataram kingdom]] and at this time a village called Wulayu seems to have already existed in or around the present-day city of Surakarta, as evidenced by a ferry charter issued by [[Balitung]] in A.D. [[904]]. The [[Majapahit]] Empire renewed this ferry charter in [[1358]].<ref name="solo">{{cite journal |last1=NOORDUYN |first1=J. |title=Further Topographical Notes on the Ferry Charter of 1358: With Appendices on Djipang and Bodjanegara |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |date=1968 |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=460–481 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90002863 |jstor=27860979 |s2cid=126779209 |issn=0006-2294|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Soekmono |first1=R. |title=The Javanese Candi : function and meaning |date=1995 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004102156 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cd2Ha7fT90C&dq=%22telang+i%22+wanagiri&pg=PA69}}</ref>

By the 18th century, the village had acquired the name of Sala. This name is said to be derived from the [[Shorea robusta|sala tree]]. As the [[Javanese language|Javanese]] pronunciation "Sala" ([sɔlɔ]) was considered difficult to pronounce by the Dutch, the name later morphed into "Solo" ([solo]).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siregar |first1=Vitrianda Hilba |title=Solo, Sala, atau Surakarta, Manakah yang Benar? |url=https://edukasi.okezone.com/read/2021/02/17/65/2363543/solo-sala-atau-surakarta-manakah-yang-benar?page=1 |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=Okezone Edukasi |date=17 February 2021 |language=id |page=1}}</ref>

In 1745, based on astrological calculations and Dutch commercial interest, Surakarta was chosen to be the new capital of the [[Mataram Sultanate]] which was on the verge of becoming a [[vassal state]] of the [[Dutch East India Company]]. The formal name is derived from the previous capital [[Kartasura]]. The official court history claims that Surakarta originally stood on a lake, which was drained by the favor of the mythical queen of the southern sea, [[Nyai Roro Kidul|Kanjeng Ratu Kidul]].

In the ensuing colonial era, the kingdom of Mataram was divided into the Surakarta Sunanate (northern court) and the Yogyakarta Sultanate (southern court). Surakarta was ruled by hereditary monarchs, who were given the unique Javanese cultural title [[Susuhunan]]. Since both Surakarta and Yogyakarta had become vassal states of the Dutch, traditional court arts, notably [[gamelan]], were developed to demonstrate cultural power instead of developing military power.

=== Pakubuwono X ===
Perhaps the most significant ruler of the 20th century was [[Pakubuwono X]]. His relationship with the Dutch, his large family, and his popularity contributed to perhaps the largest funeral procession that ever occurred in Surakarta. He had spent a large amount of money on the Royal Graveyard at [[Imogiri]], both the main sections of the graveyard and the new section where he was buried. In the era just before independence, Surakarta had European, Chinese, and Arab quarters.

===Struggle for independence===
{{See also|Special Region of Surakarta}}

After hearing the [[Indonesian Declaration of Independence|proclamation of Indonesian Independence]], [[Pakubuwono XII]] declared Surakarta a part of the Republic of Indonesia. Because of this support, President [[Sukarno]] declared Surakarta a [[Special Region of Surakarta|Special Region]] with the Susuhunan, Pakubuwono XII, continuing as governor. This terminology was also used for the [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]], which continues to be legally governed by its sultan to this day.
However, unlike Yogyakarta, Surakarta had intense, organized resistance to the continuation of the monarchy. In October 1945, a republican movement was established in Surakarta led by [[Tan Malaka]], a member of the [[Indonesian Communist Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Matanasi |first=Petrik |title=Penculikan Pakubuwono XII dan Dihapusnya Daerah Istimewa Surakarta |url=https://tirto.id/penculikan-pakubuwono-xii-dan-dihapusnya-daerah-istimewa-surakarta-f8aC |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=tirto.id |language=id}}</ref>
  
On 17 October, the [[vizier]] of Surakarta, KRMH [[Sosrodiningrat V]] (a member of the [[Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence|BPUPK]]), was kidnapped. The new vizier, KRMT Yudonagoro, and 9 other court officials were also kidnapped by the same movement in March 1946, including the heir to the viziership KRMTH Wuryaningrat.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mengenal Budaya Nasional "Trah Raja-raja Mataram di Tanah Jawa"|last=Joko Darmawan|publisher=Deepublish|year=2017|isbn= 9786024532413|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref>

In response, [[Prime Minister of Indonesia]] [[Sutan Syahrir]] met with Wuryaningrat and other Surakarta leaders in May and agreed to abolish the established government entirely.<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Monarch and Government |url=http://www.kerajaannusantara.com/en/surakarta-hadiningrat/current-monarch-and-administration/ |website=www.kerajaannusantara.com |publisher=Surakarta Hadiningrat Sunanate |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>

On 16 June 1946, the Surakarta "special region" was abolished and replaced with a regency (''kabupaten''), administered by a republican government outside the control of the Susuhunan and his court. This event is commemorated as the birthday of the city of Surakarta.<ref name=":0" />

On 26 June Sutan Syahrir was kidnapped in Surakarta by a rebel movement led by Major General Soedarsono, the commander of the 3rd division. President Sukarno was angry at this kidnapping and on 1 July 1946, 14 communist leaders including Tan Malaka were arrested by Indonesian police on Sukarno's instructions. However, Soedarsono freed the rebel leaders immediately. Sukarno asked the local military commander in Surakarta, Lieutenant Colonel [[Suharto]] to arrest Soedarsono and the rebel group.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Kisah Penculikan Sjahrir |url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/kisah-penculikan-sjahrir-vx2Qx |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}</ref>

Suharto refused to follow this command unless it was given directly by the Military Chief of Staff, General [[Soedirman]]. Sukarno was angry at this rejection of his commanding authority and called Suharto a stubborn (''koppig'') officer.<ref name=":1" />

Suharto pretended to support the rebellion and persuaded Soedarsono and his group to stay at his headquarters at Wiyoro, Surakarta for their safety. Later that night he persuaded Soedarsono to meet Sukarno at his palace the next morning. Suharto secretly informed the presidential guard troops about Soedarsono's plan on the next morning. On July 3, 1946, Soedarsono and his group were arrested by the presidential guard near the palace. Syahrir was released unharmed. Several months later, Soedarsono and his group were pardoned and released from prison.<ref>Suharto. ''Soeharto: my thoughts, words, and deeds an autobiography'' Jakarta: Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada, 1989.</ref>
 
However, this did not halt the ascendancy of the Communist Party in Surakarta. In November 1946, the communists kidnapped the regent and vice-regent and seized power for themselves, a coup quickly legitimated after the fact by Sukarno. In 1947, [[Amir Sjarifuddin]] appointed [[Wikana]], a communist, as Surakarta's military governor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roosa |first1=John |title=Buried histories : the anticommunist massacres of 1965-1966 in Indonesia |date=2020 |location=Madison, Wisconsin |isbn=978-0299327309 |page=124}}</ref>

In December 1948, the Dutch attacked and occupied the cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta as part of [[Operation Kraai]]. The Indonesian Army, led by General Soedirman, started a [[guerrilla war]] in surrounding areas. The Dutch declared that the Republic had been destroyed and no longer existed. To disprove this, the Indonesian army conducted large-scale raids into the cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, called ''[[Serangan Oemoem]]''. On 7 August 1949, Indonesian troops led by [[Slamet Riyadi]] managed to defeat the Dutch troops and occupied the city for several hours. To commemorate this event, the main street of the city of Surakarta was renamed '''Brigadier General Slamet Riyadi Street'''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Mengenal Sosok Slamet Riyadi, Tokoh Pahlawan Peristiwa Serangan Umum Surakarta |url=https://www.merdeka.com/jateng/mengenal-sosok-slamet-riyadi-tokoh-pahlawan-peristiwa-serangan-umum-surakarta.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=merdeka.com |language=en}}</ref>
 
Surakarta remained under communist control until October 1965. Local government was unclear about how to proceed after the [[30 September Movement]] and went about business as usual. As a result, Suharto's forces entered Surakarta without resistance, mobilized local youth paramilitaries, and indiscriminately slaughtered the entire local government.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roosa |first1=John |title=Buried histories : the anticommunist massacres of 1965-1966 in Indonesia |date=2020 |location=Madison, Wisconsin |isbn=978-0299327309 |page=135}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The water sources for Surakarta are in the valley of Merapi, a total of 19 locations, with a capacity of 3,404 L/second (899.2 U.S. gal/sec). The average source water height is {{convert|800|–|1,200|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. In 1890–1927 there were only 12 wells in Surakarta. Today, underground water wells in 23 locations produce about 45 L/second (11.9 U.S. gal/sec).<ref name="PDAM">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807203705/http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/download/greater_surakarta.ppt PDAM Surakarta: The Greater Surakarta]</ref>

In March 2006, Surakarta's state water company (PDAM) had a production capacity of 865.02 L/second (228.5 U.S. gal/sec): from Cokrotulung, [[Klaten]], {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Surakarta, 387 L/s (102.2 U.S. gal/sec); and from 26 deep wells, with a total capacity of 478.02 L/second (126.3 U.S. gal/sec). The total reservoir capacity is 9,140 m<sup>3</sup> (,414,533 U.S. gala) nd can serve 55,22% of the population.<ref>{{in lang|id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200807203126/http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/produksi_air.php Produksi air]</ref>

=== Climate ===
Surakarta features a [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Am''). with a lengthy [[wet season]] spanning from October through May, and a relatively short dry season covering the remaining four months (June through September). On average Surakarta receives just under {{convert|2200|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall annually, with its wettest months being December, January, and February. As is common in areas featuring a tropical monsoon climate, temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year. Surakarta's average temperature is roughly 30&nbsp;°C every month (86&nbsp;°F).

{{Weather box
|location = Surakarta, [[Central Java]], Indonesia
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 30.1
|Feb high C = 30.2
|Mar high C = 30.5
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.1
|Jun high C = 31.1
|Jul high C = 30.9
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 32.4
|Oct high C = 32.9
|Nov high C = 31.7
|Dec high C = 30.9

|Jan mean C = 26.2
|Feb mean C = 26.3
|Mar mean C = 26.4
|Apr mean C = 26.9
|May mean C = 26.5
|Jun mean C = 25.9
|Jul mean C = 25.4
|Aug mean C = 25.7
|Sep mean C = 26.6
|Oct mean C = 27.4
|Nov mean C = 26.9
|Dec mean C = 26.6

|Jan low C = 22.3
|Feb low C = 22.4
|Mar low C = 22.3
|Apr low C = 22.4
|May low C = 21.9
|Jun low C = 20.8
|Jul low C = 20.0
|Aug low C = 19.9
|Sep low C = 20.9
|Oct low C = 21.9
|Nov low C = 22.2
|Dec low C = 22.3

|Jan precipitation mm = 324
|Feb precipitation mm = 318
|Mar precipitation mm = 306
|Apr precipitation mm = 214
|May precipitation mm = 145
|Jun precipitation mm = 86
|Jul precipitation mm = 52
|Aug precipitation mm = 42
|Sep precipitation mm = 51
|Oct precipitation mm = 120
|Nov precipitation mm = 212
|precipitation colour = green
|Dec precipitation mm = 260
|source = climate-data.org<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3210/|title=Climate Surakarta: Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table for Surakarta - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
}}

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Surakarta City Hall.jpg|thumb|left|Surakarta City Hall.]]
After Surakarta became a city, it was divided into five [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''kecamatan''), each led by a ''camat'', and subdivided into 51 ''kelurahan'' (now 54), each led by a ''lurah''. The districts of Surakarta City are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 2020 Census<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> together with the latest official estimates as at mid 2023.<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Sragen Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3314)</ref> The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of [[administrative village]]s in each district (all classed as urban ''kelurahan''), and the district postal codes:<ref>{{in lang|id}} [http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010104.pdf Kecamatan dan Desa/Kelurahan menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2005, 2008 dan 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818210145/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010104.pdf |date=August 18, 2011}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Kode <br>Wilayah|| Name of<br>district<br>(''kecamatan'') || Area <br> in<br>km<sup>2</sup> || Pop'n<br>Census<br>2010 || Pop'n<br>Census<br>2020 || Pop'n<br>Estimate<br>mid 2023 ||Admin<br>Centre|| No.<br>of<br>villages||Postal<br>codes 
|-
| 33.72.01 || Laweyan <sup>(a)</sup>||align="right"|9.13||align="right"|86,057||align="right"|88,524||align="right"|88,879||Penumping||align="center"|11||57141 - 57149
|-
| 33.72.02 || Serengan ||align="right"|3.08||align="right"|43,653||align="right"|47,778||align="right"|48,295||Serengan||align="center"|7||57151 - 57157
|-
| 33.72.03 || Pasar Kliwon ||align="right"|4.88||align="right"|74,269||align="right"|78,517||align="right"|79,461||Joyosuran||align="center"|10||57111 - 57119
|-
| 33.72.04 || Jebres ||align="right"|14.38||align="right"|138,049||align="right"|138,775||align="right"|139,232||Jebres||align="center"|11||57121 - 57129  <sup>(b)</sup>
|-
| 33.72.05 || Banjarsari ||align="right"|15.26||align="right"|157,309||align="right"|168,770||align="right"|171,003||Banyuanyar||align="center"|15||57131 - 57139
|-
| || '''''Totals''''' ||align="right"|''46.72''||align="right"|''499,337''||align="right"|''522,364''||align="right"|''526,870''|| ||align="center"|''54''|| 
|}

Notes: (a) also spelled "Lawiyan". (b) except the ''kelurahan'' of Jagalan, which has the postcode of 57162.

===Greater Surakarta===
{{Wide image|Surakarta Day View.jpg|770px|Panorama view of Surakarta at day.|dir=rtl}}

Surakarta as a densely populated core city in Central Java, and its second city, spills considerably into neighboring regencies. Surakarta City and its surrounding regencies, [[Karanganyar Regency|Karanganyar]], [[Sragen Regency|Sragen]], [[Wonogiri Regency|Wonogiri]], [[Sukoharjo Regency|Sukoharjo]], [[Klaten Regency|Klaten]], and [[Boyolali Regency|Boyolali]], are collectively called the ex-Surakarta Residency  (Dutch: ''Residentie Soerakarta'').{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Though a traffic study quotes the population as 1,158,000 as of 2008, this reflects only the continuously built-up area, as the city affects entire neighboring regencies by significantly driving up overall population densities in [[Sukoharjo Regency]] and [[Klaten Regency]] over the already dense countryside. Furthermore, the government of Indonesia officially defines a broader region as Surakarta's extended metropolitan zone, with the acronym "Subosukawonosraten" (for '''SU'''rakarta, '''BO'''yolaki, '''SU'''koharjo, '''KA'''ranganyar, '''WONO'''giri, '''SRA'''gen, Kla'''TEN''') as the city and the entire 6 surrounding regencies,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bappenas.go.id/get-file-server/node/7642/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521175920/http://bappenas.go.id/get-file-server/node/7642/ |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> which reflects a broader planning region, though not a core metropolitan area as some of its regencies are not particularly suburbanized. Both the metropolitan area and extended areas border Yogyakarta's metropolitan area, while only the extended metropolitan area borders ''Kedungsapur'' or Greater [[Semarang]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
! Administrative<Br>division
! Area <br>(in km<sup>2</sup>)
! Pop'n <br>2010<br>Census
! Pop'n <br>2020<br>Census
! Pop'n <br>mid 2023<br>estimate
|-
| align="left" | Surakarta Municipality
| 46.72
| 499,337
| 522,364
| 526,870
|-
| align="left" | [[Boyolali Regency]]
| 1,015.10
| 930,531
| 1,062,713
| 1,090,131
|-
| align="left" | [[Klaten Regency]]
| 701.52
| 1,130,047
| 1,260,506
| 1,284,386
|-
| align="left" | [[Sukoharjo Regency]]
| 493.23 
| 824,238
| 907,587
| 932,680
|-
| align="left" | [[Wonogiri Regency]]
| 1,904.32
| 928,904
| 1,043,177
| 1,051,085
|-
| align="left" | [[Karanganyar Regency]]
| 767.79
| 813,196
| 931,963
| 955,116
|-
| align="left" | [[Sragen Regency]]
| 994.57
| 858,266
| 976,951
| 997,485
|-
| align="left" | '''Greater Surakarta <br>(''Subosukawonosraten'')'''
| '''5,923.25'''
| '''5,984,499'''
| '''6,705,261'''
| '''6,837,753'''
|}

== Demography ==
[[File:ALKULTURASI BUDAYA.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Javanese [[Reog]] attraction during ''Grebeg Sudiro'' festival in celebrates [[Chinese New Year]]]]
One of the earliest censuses held in Surakarta Residency (''Residentie Soerakarta'') was in 1885. At that time, with an area of about {{convert|5,677|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, there were 1,053,985 people in Surakarta Residency, including 2,694 Europeans and 7,543 Indonesian-Chinese. The area, 130 times the current area of Surakarta, had a population density of {{convert|186|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|people|people|abbr=on}}. The capital of the residency itself (roughly the size of the City of Solo proper) in 1880 had 124,041 people living in it.<ref>{{in lang|de}} [http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=115452#Surakarta Seite aus Meyers Konversationslexikon: Suppeditieren – Surate: Surakarta]</ref>

According to the 2009 estimate, there were 245,043 males and 283,159 females (a sex ratio of 86.54) in Surakarta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103010101.htm|title=Population of Jawa Tengah by Regency/City and Sex 2009|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204102157/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103010101.htm|archive-date=December 4, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> 119,951 of the population were 14 years or younger, 376,180 were between 15 and 64, and 32,071 were above 65.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103010102.htm|title=Population of Jawa Tengah by Regency/City and Age Group 2009|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218151005/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103010102.htm|archive-date=December 18, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The number of households was 142,627 and the average number of household members was 3.7.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030102.htm|title=Number of Households and Average of Household Member by Regency/City in Jawa Tengah 2009|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220070031/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030102.htm|archive-date=December 20, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The population growth in the last 10 years was about 0.565% per year.<ref>{{in lang|id}} [http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/profil.php PDAM Solo: Profil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208131902/http://pdamsolo.or.id/profil.php |date=February 8, 2009 }}</ref>

The labor force of Solo in 2009 was 275,546, of whom 246,768 were working, while 28,778 were seeking work. Another 148,254 people aged 15 and above were not in the labor force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030102.htm|title=Population Aged 15 Years and Over by Regency/City and Type of Activity during The Previous Week and Sex in Jawa Tengah 2009|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226012054/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030102.htm|archive-date=December 26, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Based on employment numbers, the most common work in Solo was worker/paid employee (112,336), followed by self-employee (56,112), self-employee assisted by temporary employee (32,769), unpaid employee (20,193), self-employee assisted by permanent employee (14,880), freelance employee in non-agricultural work (10,241), and freelance employee in agricultural work (237).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030105.htm|title=Population Aged 15 Years and Over who Worked during for The Previous Week by Regency/City and Employment Status in Jawa Tengah 2009|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226012100/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030105.htm|archive-date=December 26, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Based on the industry, most people in Solo worked in trade (106,426), services (59,780), manufacturing (42,065), communication (16,815), construction (9,217), financing (9,157), or agriculture (2,608), and the rest in mining, electricity, gas, and water companies (700).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030106.htm|title=Population Aged 15 Years and Over who Worked by Regency/City and Main Industry in Jawa Tengah 2009|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228171047/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030106.htm|archive-date=December 28, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The mean working week in Solo was 47.04 hours (47.74 for men and 46.13 for women),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030302.htm|title=Working Hours Rate during the Previous Week by Regency/City and by Sex in Jawa Tengah 2009|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220070124/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030302.htm|archive-date=December 20, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and 212,262 people worked more than 35 hours per week compared to 34,506 who worked less than that.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030104.htm|title=Population Aged 15 Years and Over who Worked during a Week by Regency/City and Time of Work in Jawa Tengah 2009|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220070119/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030104.htm|archive-date=December 20, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Education ===
[[File:Sebelas_Maret_University_entrance_gate.JPG|thumb|[[Sebelas Maret University]] campus gate]]
According to 2009 statistics, 242,070 people above 15 in the city had finished high school, while 86,890 had only finished junior high school, and 94,840 were still in school or had only finished elementary school. The percentage of high-school graduates was the highest of the cities and regencies in Central Java.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030103.htm|title=Population Aged 15 Years and Over by Regency/City by Education Attainment in Jawa Tengah 2009|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226010435/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030103.htm|archive-date=December 26, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

According to the statistics of ''Data Pokok Pendidikan'' (Dapodik), in the 2010/2011 school year, there were 68,153 students and 853 schools in Surakarta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://surakarta.dapodik.org/ |title=DAPODIK - Kota Surakarta |access-date=March 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621072431/http://surakarta.dapodik.org/ |archive-date=June 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> There are two big universities possessing more than 20.000 students: [[Sebelas Maret University]] (UNS) and [[Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta]] (UMS), both are recognised as among Indonesia's 50 best universities according to the Directorate of Higher Education, Ministry of Education RI. There is also arts concentrated university Art Institute of Surakarta (ISI), religious studies State Islamic Institute (IAIN Surakarta). There are around 52 private universities and colleges such as STIKES Muhammadiyah, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan, Universitas Slamet Riyadi, Universitas Surakarta, Universitas Setia Budi, etc.<ref>{{in lang|id}} [http://surakarta.dapodik.org/rekap.php?data=&ref=sekolah&tipe=5&status=3&limit=100&hal=1 Daftar universitas swasta di Surakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830072710/http://surakarta.dapodik.org/rekap.php?data=&ref=sekolah&tipe=5&status=3&limit=100&hal=1 |date=August 30, 2011 }}</ref>

=== Economy ===
The per capita GDP of Surakarta in 2009 was 16,813,058.62 IDR, the fourth highest in Central Java after Kudus, Cilacap, and Semarang.<ref>{{in lang|id}} [http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114011201.pdf PDRB PERKAPITA ATAS DASAR HARGA BERLAKU MENURUT KABUPATEN/KOTA JAWA TENGAH TAHUN 2005–2009 (RUPIAH)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818210309/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114011201.pdf |date=August 18, 2011 }}</ref> The living standard in 2009 was 723,000 IDR.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030307.htm|title=Value of Worker Proper Life Requirement and Regency/City Minimum Wage by Regency/City in Jawa Tengah 2007 – 209 (Rupiahs)|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220070134/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030307.htm|archive-date=December 20, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Consumer price index]] in January 2011 was 119.44.<ref>{{in lang|id}} [http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=03&notab=4 Indeks Harga Konsumen dan Inflasi Di 66 Kota ( 2007=100 ) 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222163450/http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=03&notab=4 |date=December 22, 2010 }}</ref>

===Religion===
Data from the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] at the end of 2023 recorded that the population of Surakarta adheres to various religions, with the majority being Muslim. Of the 586,166 residents, 81.43% are Muslims, followed by Christians at 18.28%, consisting of 11.49% Protestants and 6.79% Catholics. A small portion adheres to Buddhism at 0.20%, Hinduism at 0.06%, and the remaining 0.03% follow Confucianism and indigenous beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan |url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id}}</ref><ref name="SURAKARTA">{{cite web |title=Kota Surakarta Dalam Angka 2025 |url=https://surakartakota.bps.go.id/id/publication/2025/02/28/8974f0197a8b96272625a385/kota-surakarta-dalam-angka-2025.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=www.surakartakota.bps.go.id}}</ref><ref name="Jateng 04-2023">{{cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Kabupaten/Kota dan Agama yang Dianut di Provinsi Jawa Tengah (Jiwa), 2022-2024 |url=https://jateng.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MjE5NSMy/jumlah-penduduk--menurut-kabupaten-kota-dan-agama-yang-dianut-di-provinsi-jawa-tengah--jiwa-.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Tengah}}</ref>

The historic places of worship in Surakarta are diverse, reflecting the variety of faiths practiced by its residents, including the largest and most sacred mosque located to the west of the Northern Square of the Kasunanan Palace, the [[Great Mosque of Surakarta]], built around 1763 under the initiative of Sunan [[Pakubuwono III|Pakubuwana III]], [[Al-Wustho Mangkunegaran Mosque|Al Wustho Mangkunegaran Mosque]], [[Laweyan Mosque]], which is the oldest mosque in Surakarta, St. Peter's Church on Jalan Slamet Riyadi, St. Anthony (Purbayan) Church, and the Tri Dharma Tien Kok Sie Temple, Am Po Kian Monastery, and Sahasra Adhi Pura  Hindu Temple.

On November 14, 2022, President Widodo and his [[President of the United Arab Emirates|Emirati counterpart]], [[Sheikh]] [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], inaugurated the [[Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Solo|Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque]]. Built at a cost of $20 million, it is a smaller replica of the [[Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque|grand mosque]] in [[Abu Dhabi]],<ref name="Wiryomartono 07-2023">{{cite book |last=Wiryomartono |first=Bagoes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ejMEAAAQBAJ |title=Historical Mosques in Indonesia and the Malay World: Roots, Transformations, and Developments |date=2023-07-23 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] Singapore |isbn=978-9-8199-3806-3 |location=[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] |pages=91–116 |chapter=5: Contemporary Mosques in Indonesia: Cultural Intervention, Contestation, and Syncretism |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-3806-3 |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> and is named in honour of the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]'s founder, Sheikh [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]].<ref name="TheNational 11-2022">{{cite news |date=2022-11-14 |title=President Sheikh Mohamed attends inauguration of Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Indonesia: Mosque is almost identical to the original in Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/2022/11/14/president-sheikh-mohamed-attends-inauguration-of-sheikh-zayed-grand-mosque-in-indonesia/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref><ref name="Tribun 03-2021">{{cite news |author=Muslimah |date=2021-03-25 |title=Bisa Tampung 12.000 Jemaah, Begini Kemegahan Masjid Pangeran Arab Hadiah untuk Jokowi di Solo |url=https://jateng.tribunnews.com/2021/03/25/bisa-tampung-12000-jemaah-begini-kemegahan-masjid-pangeran-arab-hadiah-untuk-jokowi-di-solo |access-date=2021-04-30 |newspaper=[[Tribun Network|Tribun News]] |language=id}}</ref> Construction for the mosque began on 8 March 2021. Sheikh Mohamed had offered it to President Widodo when the former visited Indonesia in July 2019.<ref name="TheNational 03-2021">{{cite news |date=2021-03-11 |title=Indonesia breaks ground on $20m replica of Abu Dhabi's Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque: Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed offered the building as a gift in July 2019 during his visit to the country |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/indonesia-breaks-ground-on-20m-replica-of-abu-dhabi-s-sheikh-zayed-grand-mosque-1.1180251 |access-date=2024-02-21 |newspaper=The National}}</ref><gallery>
File:Entrance hall to Great Mosque of Solo.jpg|[[Great Mosque of Surakarta]]
File:Masjid Wustho MN sisi tenggara dengan minaret (DSC 0822).JPG|[[Al-Wustho Mangkunegaran Mosque]]
File:Halaman luar dari Masjid Sheikh Zayed Surakarta.jpg|[[Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Solo|Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque]]
File:Gereja Santo Antonius dari Padua, Purbayan.jpg|St. Anthony Church
File:Gereja Santo Petrus Solo 2011 Bennylin 03.jpg|St. Peter's Church
File:Kelenteng Solo 2009 Bennylin 02.jpg|Tien Kok Sie Temple
</gallery>

== Culture ==
[[File:Wayang Orang Sriwedari Solo.jpg|thumb|A ''[[wayang wong]]'' performance played in Sriwedari, Surakarta]]
Surakarta is known as one of the cultural centers of [[Javanese culture]], as it is traditionally one of the political and cultural hubs for Javanese traditions. The region's prosperity since the 19th century has driven the development of various [[Javanese literature]], [[Javanese dances|dance]], culinary arts, fashion, architecture, and various other cultural expressions. People are aware of the cultural 'competition' between Surakarta and Yogyakarta, leading to what is known as the 'Surakarta-style' and the 'Yogyakarta-style' in clothing, dance movements, ''[[wayang]]'' (shadow puppet) craftsmanship, batik processing, [[gamelan]] music, and so forth.

=== Language ===
[[File:Ranggawarsita, Serat Condrorini, p14, tanpa teks (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|192x192px|R. Ng. [[Ranggawarsita]] was a prominent poet of Javanese literature and culture who was born and lived in Surakarta. He is regarded as the last great poet of Java.]]
The language spoken in Surakarta is the Mataraman Javanese dialect with the Surakarta variant. The Mataraman dialect is also spoken in areas such as Yogyakarta, Semarang, Ngawi, Madiun, Magetan, Ponorogo, Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Nganjuk, Blitar, and Kediri. Nevertheless, the local Surakarta variant is known as the 'refined variant' due to its extensive use of krama (formal language) in daily conversations, more so than in other areas. The Surakarta Javanese variant is also used as the standard Javanese language nationally and internationally, such as in Suriname. Some words also undergo specification, such as the pronunciation of ''inggih'' ('yes' in krama form), which is pronounced fully as /iŋgɪh/, unlike in other variants where it is pronounced 'injih' (/iŋdʒɪh/), as in Yogyakarta and Magelang. In many respects, the Surakarta variant is closer to the Ngawi and Madiun-Kediri variants than to other Central Javanese dialects.

Despite the daily use of the national language, [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], under the leadership of Mayor [[Joko Widodo]], the use of Javanese was revived in public places, including on street signs, government offices, and private businesses.

Surakarta also played a role in the formation of the Indonesian language as the national language. In 1938, in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of the [[Youth Pledge]], the First Indonesian Language Congress was held in Surakarta. The congress was attended by prominent linguists and cultural figures of the time, such as [[Hoesein Djajadiningrat]], [[Poerbatjaraka]], and [[Ki Hajar Dewantara]]. The congress produced several important decisions for the growth and development of the Indonesian language, including:

* Replacing the [[Van Ophuijsen Spelling System]]
* Establishing the Indonesian Language Institute
* Adopting Indonesian as the official language in representative bodies

=== Dance ===
[[File:Female dancers at Pendhapa Ageng, Mangkunegaran Palace.jpg|thumb|Female dancers at Pendhapa Ageng, Mangkunegaran Palace]]
Surakarta has several traditional dances, such as ''[[Bedhaya]]'' (Ketawang, Dorodasih, Sukoharjo, etc.) and ''[[Srimpi]]'' (Gandakusuma and Sangupati). These dances are still preserved in the Keraton Surakarta and Pura Mangkunegaran as centers for the development and preservation of Javanese culture. The ''Bedhaya Ketawang'' dance, for example, is officially performed only once a year to honor Sri Susuhunan Surakarta as the leader of Surakarta.

=== Batik ===
[[File:Batik clothes hung to dry, Kauman, Surakarta.jpg|left|thumb|Batik clothes hung to dry, Kauman, Surakarta. Surakartan batik clothes are identified mostly by its brown yellowish color, due to special pretreatment with ''soga'', a natural dye.]]
Although many batik fabrics are now made using printing processes, Surakarta has many distinctive batik patterns, such as ''Sidomukti'' and ''Sidoluruh''. Some well-known batik enterprises include Batik Keris, Batik Danarhadi, and Batik Semar. For the middle-class market, batik can be found in traditional markets like Pasar Klewer, Pusat Grosir Solo (PGS), Beteng Trade Center (BTC), and Ria Batik.

Additionally, in the Laweyan district, there is Kampung Batik Laweyan, a batik production center that has existed since the Pajang Kingdom era in 1546. Another popular destination for tourists is Kampung Batik Kauman. Batik products from Kauman are made using natural silk, woven silk, premium and prima cotton, and rayon. Visitors can also witness the batik production process and even try their hand at making batik.

Surakarta batik is characterized by its distinctive processing method: brownish hues (''sogan'') fill empty spaces, unlike the Yogyakarta style, where empty spaces are usually brighter. The choice of colors tends to be dark, in line with the preferences of inland batik styles. Batik materials vary from silk to cotton, and the production methods also vary, from [[Batik tulis|hand-drawn batik]] to stamped batik. Every year, Surakarta holds the [[Solo Batik Carnival]], and since 2010, the local government has operated batik-themed buses known as [[Batik Solo Trans]].

=== Cuisines ===
{{Multiple image
| total_width       = 200
| image1            = Nasi Liwet.jpg
| caption1          = [[nasi liwet]]
| align             = left
| perrow            = 3
| caption_align     = center
| image2            = 43. Timlo 1.jpg
| caption2          = timlo
| image3            = 40. Selat 1.jpg
| caption3          = selat solo
| image4            = Srabi Solo.jpg
| caption4          = srabi
| image5            = Sosis Solo.jpg
| caption5          = sosis solo
| image6            = Masakan Tengkleng Lezat Untuk Shohibul Aqiqah (207391183).jpeg
| caption6          = tengkleng
| image7            = Sate Buntel Solo Serving.JPG
| caption7          = sate buntel
| image8            = Sup matahari.jpg
| caption8          = sup matahari
| header            = Some of the Surakartan cuisines
| header_align      = cenetr
}}

Surakarta is famous for its traditional culinary delights. Some notable dishes include ''[[nasi liwet]]'', ''timlo'', ''bistik solo'', ''[[selat solo]]'', ''[[Serabi|srabi]]'', ''intip'', ''tengkleng'', ''sosis solo,'' ''sate buntel'', ''sate kere'', ''sup matahari'', and many others. Famous beverages include: ''wedang asle'' is a warm drink with sticky rice, ''wedang dawet gempol pleret'' (''gempol'' is made from a type of rice flour, while ''pleret'' is made from sticky rice and palm sugar), and ''[[jamu]] beras kencur'', a health drink that differs from other jamu because of its sweet taste, etc.

The rich culinary traditions of Surakarta can be traced back to the ''keplek ilat'' tradition (pampering the tongue), a concept originating from the reign of Susuhunan [[Pakubuwono II|Pakubuwana II]]. The close relationship between Pakubuwana II and the VOC led to the rapid development of Surakarta's cuisine, making it highly adaptive to culinary styles from abroad, such as European, Chinese, and Arab cuisines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Fillah |first=Salim |date=16 August 2018 |title=Keplek Ilat dan Pawon Anget |url=https://salimafillah.com/keplek-ilat-dan-pawon-anget/ |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=salimafillah.com}}</ref>

=== Popular culture ===
The [[Solo River|Bengawan Solo]] River inspired a [[Bengawan Solo (song)|song]] composed by [[Gesang Martohartono|Gesang]] in the 1940s. The song gained popularity in Asian countries. The river has also been the title of three films: two films titled "Bengawan Solo" ([[Bengawan Solo (1949 film)|1949]] and 1971) and a film titled "Di Tepi Bengawan Solo" (1951). Other films centered around Surakarta include "Putri Solo" (1953) and "Bermalam di Solo' (1962).

== Sports ==
[[File:Manahan 2022.jpg|thumb|Manahan Stadium in 2022]]
Surakarta has a long sport history and tradition. In 1923 Solo already had a [[football club]], one of the earliest clubs in Indonesia (at that time still the Dutch Indies), called [[Persis Solo]]. Persis Solo was a giant club in the Dutch Indies and still exists, but is past its heyday. During the [[Perserikatan]] tournament, Persis became seven-time champion. Currently it plays in the [[Liga 1 (Indonesia)|Liga 1 Indonesia]]. Other than Persis, several clubs have existed in Solo: [[Arseto Solo|Arseto]], [[Pelita Jaya|Pelita Solo]], [[Sriwijaya FC|Persijatim Solo FC]], and lastly Solo FC played in the [[Indonesian Premier League]] in 2011. Persis s made [[Manahan Stadium]] their home ground. Manahan Stadium is one of the best sports stadiums in Central Java, with 20,000 seats, and has several times hosted national and international matches. It was recently the venue for the [[AFC Champions Cup]] [[2007 AFC Champions League|2007]], the final venue of the [[Indonesian Cup]] 2010, and the opening venue for the Indonesian Premiere League on January 15, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/08/editorial-welcome-lpi.html|title=Editorial: Welcome LPI|first=The Jakarta|last=Post}}</ref>

Surakarta is also home to the [[West Bandits Solo]] of the [[Indonesian Basketball League]].<ref name="Antara">[https://www.antaranews.com/berita/2072574/hasil-ibl-2021-west-bandits-jaga-peluang-ke-playoff Hasil IBL 2021: West Bandits jaga peluang ke playoff] [[Antara (news agency)|Antara]], 30 March 2021. Accessed 20 April 2021.{{in lang|in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Senja Hanan |title= Habib: Pemain West Bandits Dituntut Tetap Latihan Fisik Selama Ramadan |url=https://www.ligaolahraga.com/basket/habib-pemain-west-bandits-dituntut-tetap-latihan-fisik-selama-ramadan |access-date=15 April 2021 |work=ligaolahraga.com |date=14 April 2021|language=Indonesian}}</ref> They play their home games in the [[Sritex Arena]].

===Disabled sports===

Surakarta is the first to host [[National Sports Week (Indonesia)#Pekan Paralimpik Nasional (National Paralympic Week)|National Paralympic Week]] in 1957 and hosted several of the subsequent games. As a result, Surakarta has sport facilities sufficient for holding international disabled sports games.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pramudiano |first1=Yuli Leni |title=Wisma Atlet Penyandang Cacat di Surakarta |date=1 November 2016 |pages=1 |url=http://eprints.ums.ac.id/47764/19/NASKAH%20PUBIKASI.pdf |access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref>

In 1986, Surakarta hosted the [[:id:FESPIC Games 1986|4th FESPIC Games]], making the games the first in Indonesian para-sport history in which international disabled sports games were held.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saat Penutupan Cikal Bakal Asian Para Games pada 1986 Diguyur Hujan.. |url=https://www.msn.com/id-id/olahraga/pesta-olahraga-asia-2018/saat-penutupan-cikal-bakal-asian-para-games-pada-1986-diguyur-hujan/ar-BBOoMQ9 |access-date=13 December 2018 |work=MSN |language=id-ID}}</ref> The city is also the host city of the [[2011 ASEAN Para Games]], instead of [[Jakarta]] and [[Palembang]], where the main games were held, as well as the [[2022 ASEAN Para Games]] where the original host, [[Vietnam]], only held the [[2021 Southeast Asian Games]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Solo Siap Jadi Tuan Rumah ASEAN Para Games |url=http://kemenpora.go.id/index/preview/berita/3332 |publisher=Kementrian Pemuda dan Olahraga Republik Indonesia |access-date=5 November 2018 |date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160425/http://kemenpora.go.id/index/preview/berita/3332 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rahman|first=Ichsan Kholif|date=2021-11-21|title=Vietnam Mundur Jadi Tuan Rumah ASEAN Para Games, Indonesia Minat?|url=https://www.solopos.com/vietnam-mundur-jadi-tuan-rumah-asean-para-games-indonesia-minat-1200026|access-date=2022-02-24|website=Solopos.com|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Novianto|first=Dwi|title=Vietnam Mundur, Solo Jadi Tuan Rumah ASEAN Para Games 2022 - Seputar Tangsel|url=https://seputartangsel.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-143570195/vietnam-mundur-solo-jadi-tuan-rumah-asean-para-games-2022|access-date=2022-02-24|website=seputartangsel.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Surakarta is strategically located at the intersection of the southern Java route and the Semarang-Surakarta route, making it a vital transit city. The city is also a railway hub where the northern and southern Java railway lines converge. The city is traversed by [[Indonesian National Route 15|National Route 15]], which connects Surabaya and Yogyakarta, as well as the [[Trans-Java Toll Road]] network, linking Surakarta with Jakarta, Semarang, and Surabaya. Additionally, there are provincial roads connecting Surakarta with other cities in Central and East Java. Since Surakarta is a landlocked city, it does not have water transportation.

===Air===
[[File:AdiSumarmoExterior.jpg|thumb|Adi Sumarmo International Airport.]]
[[Adisumarmo International Airport]] ([[IATA]] code: '''SOC''') has direct flights to [[Kuala Lumpur]] by [[Malaysia Airlines]] and during the hajj season, [[Saudi Arabia]], as well as regular flights to [[Jakarta]] by [[Garuda Indonesia]], [[Sriwijaya Air]], [[Lion Air]] and [[Citilink]]. The airport is located {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the city.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100710150459/http://www.asiarooms.com/en/travel-guide/indonesia/solo/how-to-get-in/adi-sumarmo-international-airport-solo.html Adi sumarmo International Airport Solo], Asiarooms.com, Retrieved July 25, 2010</ref> In 2009 Adisumarmo had 2,060 outbound domestic flights and 616 outbound international flights.<ref>{{in lang|id}} [https://archive.today/20110818210550/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021109.htm Arus Lalu Lintas Pesawat Udara Komersial Menurut Bandar Udara di Jawa Tengah Tahun 2009 (Trip)]</ref>

===Rail===
Surakarta has four train stations: {{stnlnk|Solo Balapan}}, {{stnlnk|Purwosari}}, {{stnlnk|Solo Jebres}}, and {{stnlnk|Solo Kota}} (Sangkrah). Solo Balapan is the largest station in Surakarta, and is the junction between Yogyakarta (westward), Semarang (northward), and Surabaya (eastward), while Purwosari is the junction located west of Solo Balapan, and has a connection to Wonogiri (southward). There are several direct lines to other cities, such as Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Semarang, Ngawi and Malang. For regional traffic, a commuter train [[KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta–Solo]] connects Surakarta and Yogyakarta.

On July 26, 2011, the [[Bathara Kresna Rail Bus]] has been launched to serve {{stnlnk|Purwosari}}– [[Wonogiri]] route, but for the moment only Purwosari-Sukoharjo trackage was ready due to there are 99 bridges should be strengthen between Sukoharjo-Wonogiri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edisicetak.solopos.com/berita.asp?kodehalaman=h01&id=120361|title=Solo-Wonogiri Railbus}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Until April 2012, Surakarta-Wonogiri railbus is still in a big question mark due to the 12 tons railbuses are considered too heavy for existing railroad track that only has the capacity of accommodating 10-ton vehicles, furthermore [[Kereta Api Indonesia|PT KAI]] have proposed a fare between Rp30,000 ($3.27) and Rp40,000 ($4.36) per passenger, while Surakarta administration wants tickets to be priced much lower between Rp5,000 ($0.54) and Rp7,000 ($0,76).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/13/surakarta-s-railbuses-are-too-heavy-tracks-kai.html |title=Surakarta's 'railbuses' are too heavy for tracks: KAI |date=April 13, 2012}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Adisumarmo Airport Rail Link]] began operation, linking Solo Balapan Station to a station inside Adisumarmo International Airport complex.

===Road===
[[File:BatikSoloTrans.jpg|thumb|Batik Solo Trans.]]
Tirtonadi Terminal is the largest bus terminal in Surakarta. Surakarta is situated on Indonesian National Route 15, which connects it to Yogyakarta and [[Waru, Sidoarjo|Waru]] ([[Sidoarjo]]). [[Semarang–Solo Toll Road]] connects the city with provincial capital [[Semarang]]. In 2009 the total extent of roadways in the city was 705.34&nbsp;km: 13.15&nbsp;km state road, 16.33&nbsp;km province road, and 675.86&nbsp;km local road.<ref>{{in lang|id}} [http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021101.htm Panjang Jalan Negara, Jalan Propinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Tengah Tahun 2009 (Km)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818210340/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021101.htm |date=August 18, 2011 }}</ref> The number of bus companies was 23, and the total number of buses operating was 1,115 intra-provincial buses and 1,107 inter-provincial.<ref>{{in lang|id}} [http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021103.htm Banyaknya Perusahaan Bus Umum AKDP/AKAP menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Tengah Tahun 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818210431/http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021103.htm |date=August 18, 2011 }}</ref>

In 2010, the government of Surakarta launched a new bus service named [[Batik Solo Trans]] (BST), which resembles [[TransJakarta]] [[bus rapid transit]] service. As of 2017, it has only three routes. A single trip costs Rp.3000, Rp.1500 for students. A special ticket for the trip from or to the airport costs Rp.7000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.surakarta.go.id/news/bst.batik.solo.trans.html |title=Batik Solo Trans. Portal Informasi Kota Surakarta |access-date=May 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110204135107/http://www.surakarta.go.id/news/bst.batik.solo.trans.html |archive-date=February 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Tourism==
{{See also|Tourism in Indonesia}}
[[File:Keraton Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat.jpg|thumb|The Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat Palace, which still stands firmly in the city of Surakarta, Central Java, not only serves as the residence of the King but is also used as a museum. This museum is open and accessible to the general public.]]
Surakarta is known as a popular tourist destination, frequently visited by tourists from major cities. Tourists who vacation in [[Yogyakarta]] often make a stop in Surakarta, or vice versa. The main tourist attractions in the city include the Surakarta Palace (Kraton Surakarta), [[Pura Mangkunegaran]], and the batik villages and traditional markets. There is also a historical site called [[De Tjolomadoe]], a former sugar factory located in Colomadu, Karanganyar.

Surakarta has several designated citywalk areas for pedestrians and cyclists, including the Ngarsopuro Corridor, along Slamet Riyadi Street (stretching 6–7&nbsp;km with a width of 3 meters), and along Perintis Kemerdekaan Street. Motor vehicles are prohibited from passing through these citywalks.

=== ''Sepur Kluthuk Jaladara'' ===
[[File:D1410 Jaladara 2021.jpg|left|thumb|''Sepur kluthuk Jaladara'']]
The Jaladara Steam Train, known as ''Sepur Kluthuk Jaladara'' in Javanese, is operated in collaboration between [[Kereta Api Indonesia]] (Persero) and the Surakarta City Government. This train is a popular tourist attraction in Surakarta, particularly due to the route it follows.

The train operates on the Purwosari–Wonogiri–Baturetno line, specifically the [[Purwosari railway station|Purwosari]]-[[Solo Kota railway station|Solo Kota]] section, where the tracks run alongside Slamet Riyadi Street. With a set of two or three passenger cars pulled by a C12 or D14 and D52 steam locomotive, tourists can view significant sites along Slamet Riyadi Street, such as the Surakarta Palace, Loji Gandrung (the official residence of the Mayor of Surakarta), Ngarsopuro area, and Gladak.

=== Nature tourism ===
Natural attractions near Surakarta include the Tawangmangu Tourism Area (located in [[Karanganyar Regency]]), Selo Tourism Area (in [[Boyolali Regency]]), Umbul Ponggok and Umbul Manten in [[Klaten Regency]], Kemuning Tea Plantation, Jumog Waterfall, Parang Ijo Waterfall, Segoro Gunung Waterfall, and Grojogan Sewu Waterfall. Additionally, in the slopes of Mount Lawu in Karanganyar, there are several ancient Hindu-Buddhist temples, such as [[Sukuh|Sukuh Temple]], [[Ceto Temple|Cetho Temple]], and Monkey Temple. Other significant temples in the region include [[Plaosan]] and [[Sewu|Sewu Temple]] in Klaten Regency.

=== Festivals and Celebrations ===
Every year, on specific dates, the Surakarta Palace and Pura Mangkunegaran hold various celebrations based on the [[Javanese calendar]].

==== Kirab Pusaka Malam 1 Sura ====
[[File:Kirab Kerbau Bule Pusaka Keraton Surakarta.jpg|thumb|''Kebo bule'' always attract attention during the 1 Suro night parade at the Keraton Surakarta. The beloved animals of Susuhunan Pakubuwana are paraded around the palace every year during the 1 Sura or 1 Muharram procession.]]
This event is held by the Surakarta Palace and Pura Mangkunegaran on the night before 1 Sura, the Javanese New Year. The procession route is approximately 3&nbsp;km long, passing through Surakarta Palace–Northern Square–Gladak–Mayor Kusmanto Street–Kapten Mulyadi Street–Veteran Street–Yos Sudarso Street–Slamet Riyadi Street–Gladak, and then returning to the Palace.

In the procession, sacred heirlooms with mystical power are carried by ''abdi dalem'' (royal servants) dressed in ''Jawi Jangkep'' (traditional Javanese attire). At the front of the procession is a group of albino buffalos (''Kebo Bule''), descendants of the sacred buffalo Kyai Slamet, followed by the heirloom carriers.

==== Sekaten ====
Sekaten is held annually in the month of ''Mulud'' ([[Rabi' al-Awwal]]) to commemorate the birth of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). On the 12th of Mulud, a procession called ''Grebeg Mulud'' is held, followed by a two-week festival in the Northern Square. During this period, a night market, children's playground, and art performances are held. On the final day, another procession called Grebeg is conducted in the Northern Square. The Sekaten ceremony was first held during the reign of the [[Demak Sultanate]].

==== Grebeg Sudira ====
[[File:Grebeg Sudiro.jpg|left|thumb|Grebeg Sudiro, 2020]]
Grebeg Sudira is held to celebrate the Chinese New Year (Imlek) with a blend of Chinese-Javanese culture. This festival, initiated in 2007, is centered around Pasar Gedhe and Balong (in Sudiroprajan) and the Surakarta City Hall.

==== Grebeg Mulud ====
[[File:Grebeg Maulud of Keraton Surakarta.jpg|thumb|The ''gunungan'' procession during Grebeg Mulud at the Keraton Surakarta]]
Grebeg Mulud is held on the 12th of ''Mulud'' to commemorate the [[Mawlid]] of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). It is part of the Sekaten celebration. In this ceremony, abdi dalem in Jawi Jangkep attire carry a ''gunungan'' (mountain-shaped offering) from the Keraton Surakarta to the Great Mosque of Surakarta.

The ''gunungan'', made from various vegetables and traditional snacks, is blessed by the palace clergy (ngulamadalem). After the prayer, one ''gunungan'' is distributed to the visitors, while another is taken back to the keraton to be shared among the ''abdi dalem.''

==== ''Tingalan Jumenengan Dalem'' ====
[[File:Tingalan Jumenengan Dalem ke-13 Susuhunan Pakubuwono XIII.jpg|thumb|Commemoration of the 13th ascension to the throne of Susuhunan Pakubuwono XIII at Sasana Sewaka Karaton Surakarta]]
Held annually on the 2nd of ''Ruwah'' (Javanese month) to commemorate the anniversary of the coronation of the King of Surakarta (Sri Susuhunan Surakarta). During this event, the king sits on the ''dampar'' (throne) in the Pendapa Agung Sasana Sewaka, attended by the royal servants and nobility, while witnessing the sacred dance ''Bedhaya Ketawang'', performed by nine unmarried young women. The dancers are chosen from the royal grandchildren, royal relatives, or general dancers who meet the specific requirements.

==== Grebeg Pasa ====
This ceremony is held to welcome the [[Eid al-Fitr]] on the 1st of Shawwal. The event takes place after the Eid prayer, with a procession similar to the ''Grebeg Mulud'', where royal servants carry a ''gunungan'' from the Keraton Surakarta to the Great Mosque of Surakarta, where it is blessed by the palace clergy and then distributed to the visiting public.

==== Syawalan ====
Syawalan is held one day after Eid al-Fitr at Taman Satwataru Jurug, located along the Bengawan Solo River. The highlight of the event is the ''Larung Gethek Jaka Tingkir'', where [[ketupat]] (rice cakes wrapped in coconut leaves) are distributed to visitors. Various traditional art performances are also showcased during the event.

==== Solo Batik Carnival ====
{{Main|Solo Batik Carnival}}
Solo Batik Carnival is an annual festival organized by the Surakarta government, using batik as the main material for the costumes. Participants design costumes based on specific themes, wear them, and walk down a catwalk along Slamet Riyadi Street. This carnival has been held every June since 2008.

== Notable people ==
{{main category|People from Surakarta}}

==Sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia}}
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} '''[[Montana, Bulgaria|Montana]]''', Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite web
 |title      = Surakarta dan Montana, Bulgaria Menjadi Kota Kembar
 |publisher  = Portal Nasional Republik Indonesia
 |date       = October 21, 2007
 |url        = http://www.indonesia.go.id/id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3384&Itemid=683
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180508025814/http://www.indonesia.go.id/id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3384&Itemid=683
 |url-status = dead
 |archive-date = May 8, 2018
 |access-date = 2010-01-25
}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Bilbao]]''', Spain{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
*{{flagicon|Algeria}} '''[[Algiers]]''', [[Algeria]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
* [[List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia]]
* [[Surakarta metropolitan area]]
* [[Transition to the New Order]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite report |last=Fleming |first=Tom |date=10 June 2021 |title=Indonesia: Surakarta |url=https://www.britishcouncil.id/sites/default/files/d3_cultural_cities_indonesia_surakarta_.pdf |series=Cultural Cities Profile East Asia |location=Jakarta |publisher=[[British Council|British Council Indonesia]] |docket= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715042502/https://www.britishcouncil.id/sites/default/files/d3_cultural_cities_indonesia_surakarta_.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=7 April 2025}}
* Majeed, Rushda. "The City With a Short Fuse." Foreign Policy. September 2012.
* Majeed, Rushda. "Defusing a Volatile City, Igniting Reforms: Joko Widodo and Surakarta, Indonesia, 2005-2011." Innovations for Successful Societies. Princeton University. Published July 2012.
* [[Miksic, John N.]] (general ed.), et al. (2006)  ''Karaton Surakarta. A look into the court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, central Java'' (First published: 'By the will of His Serene Highness Paku Buwono XII'. Surakarta: Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004)  Marshall Cavendish Editions Singapore  {{ISBN|981-261-226-2}}
* Soeharto, G. Dwipayana dan Ramadhan K.H. "Ucapan, Pikiran dan Tindakan Saya". 1988. PT Citra Lamtoro Gung.
* Miksic, John N. (general ed.), et al. (2006)  ''Karaton Surakarta. A look into the court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, central Java'' (First published: 'By the will of His Serene Highness Paku Buwono XII'. Surakarta: Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004)  Marshall Cavendish Editions Singapore  {{ISBN|981-261-226-2}}
* Soeharto, G. Dwipayana dan Ramadhan K.H. "Ucapan, Pikiran dan Tindakan Saya". 1988. PT Citra Lamtoro Gung.
* Paku Buwono XII (Sunan of Surakarta), A. Mutholi'in, "Karaton Surakarta", Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004
* Nancy K. Florida, Javanese literature in Surakarta manuscripts / Vol. 1 Introduction and manuscripts of the Karaton Surakarta, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Southeast Asia Program (SEAP), 1993.
* Nancy K. Florida, Javanese literature in Surakarta manuscripts / Vol. 2 Manuscripts of the Mangkunagaran Palace, Cornell University Ithaca, NY : Southeast Asia Program (SEAP), 2000.
* Nancy K. Florida, "Writing the past, inscribing the future: history as prophesy in colonial Java", Duke University Press, 1995
* Richard Anderson Sutton, "Traditions of gamelan music in Java: musical pluralism and regional identity", CUP Archive, 1991
* Clara Brakel-Papenhuijzen, "Classical Javanese dance: the Surakarta tradition and its terminology", KITLV Press, 1995
* The domestication of desire: Women, wealth, and modernity in Java (1998) Brenner, Suzanne April. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
* Keraton and Kumpeni: Surakarta and Yogyakarta, 1830–1870 (1994) Houben, V. J. H.. Leiden: KITLV Press.
* Prelude to revolution: Palaces and politics in Surakarta, 1912–1942 (1987) Larson, George D.. Dordrecht, Holland and Providence, R.I., U.S.A.: Foris Publications.
* Solo in the new order: Language and hierarchy in an Indonesian city (1986) Siegel, James T.. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
* Pakubuwono's keraton of Surakarta: Short guide to Surakarta's grandeur : the palace of the Susuhunans Pakubuwono (1980) No contributors listed. Jakarta: Proyek Pengembangan Sarana Wisata Budaya Jakarta.
* Miftah Sanaji, "Wisata Kuliner Makanan Daerah Khas Solo", Gramedia 2009, {{ISBN|978-979-22-5209-5}}
* "Ekspedisi Bengawan Solo", Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas, Kompas 2009, {{ISBN|978-979-709-390-7}}
* Linda Carolina Brotodjojo, "Jajanan Kaki Lima Khas Solo", Gramedia 2008, {{ISBN|978-979-22-4143-3}}
* Izharry Agusjaya Moenzir, "Gesang", Gramedia 2010, {{ISBN|978-979-22-5911-7}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Surakarta}}
{{Externalimage
|image1=[https://www.flickr.com/places//Indonesia/Central+Java/Surakarta Pictures of Surakarta on Flickr]
|video1=[https://archive.org/details/upenn-f16-0085_1955_5_Java Video about Solo and surrounding from archive.org]}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Solo}}
* [http://www.surakarta.go.id/ Official website of the government of Surakarta]
* [http://www.jalansolo.com Solo City General Forum] – Visitors' Guide and many pictures.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070216175657/http://www.sejarahtni.mil.id/index.php?cid=1948 Military History Centre] – "Serangan Oemoem" (August 7, 1949).
* [http://www.jalansolo.com JalanSolo.com] – Jalan Solo – the Spirit of JAVA
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000645/https://www.soloaja.com/peta-wisata-kota-solo/ Interactive map, information on places of interest and accommodations]}}
* [http://advancesflooring.com Solo Flooring Craft Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914152250/http://advancesflooring.com/ |date=September 14, 2014 }} - Solo Handcraft Flooring Industry
* [http://lokanesia.com/?s=&geo-radius=100&geo-lat=0&geo-lng=0&categories=814&locations=879&dir-search=yes Solo Business Directory]
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Surakarta|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Surakarta (city)|display=Surakarta, or Soerakarta. The capital of the Residency of Surakarta, Java|short=x}}

{{Surakarta}}
{{Central Java}}
{{Most populous cities in Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Surakarta| ]]
[[Category:Bengawan Solo basin]]