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{{Short description|Symphony composed by Havergal Brian}}{{Infobox musical composition
| name                = Symphony No. 1
| subtitle            = The Gothic
| composer            = [[Havergal Brian]]
| image               = Havergal Brian (c. 1900).jpg
| caption            = Havergal Brian c. 1900
| key                 = [[D minor]] (nominally)
| text                = [[Te Deum]]
| composed            = 1919–1927
| dedication          = [[Richard Strauss]]
| published           = 1932
| publisher           = Cranz & Co.
| duration            = 105 minutes
| movements           = 6
| premiere_date       = 24 June 1961
| premiere_performers = Multiple Ensembles (see [[Symphony_No._1_(Brian)#Performances|performances]])
| premiere_conductor  = [[Bryan Fairfax]]
| premiere_location   = [[Central Hall Westminster]], [[London]] 
}}

The '''Symphony No. 1 in D minor''' ('''''The Gothic''''') is a [[symphony]] composed by [[Havergal Brian]] between 1919 and 1927. At around 110 minutes it is one of the longest symphonies ever composed.   Others include [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]]'s [[Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 3]] at 90 to 105 minutes (the only symphony of this length to be regularly performed and recorded), [[Derek Bourgeois]]'s ''Symphony No 42: Life, the Universe, and Everything'' at 155 minutes,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orchestral Music |url=https://www.derekbourgeois.com/orchestr.htm |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.derekbourgeois.com}}</ref> [[Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji|Sorabji]]'s Organ Symphony No. 2 at nine hours,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Organ|author=Hinton, A.|number=353|pages=41–47|url=http://www.theorganmag.com/issues/353.html|title=Sorabji's Second Organ Symphony played at last: Kevin Bowyer's nine-hour marathon|publisher=Musical Opinion|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> and [[Dimitrie Cuclin]]'s unperformed Symphony No. 12 at about six hours. Along with [[choral symphony|choral symphonies]] such as [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Ninth Symphony]] or Mahler's [[Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)|Eighth Symphony]], it is one of a few works attempting to use the musically gigantic to address the spiritual concerns of humanity. Beginning in [[D minor]] and closing in [[E major]], the work is an example of [[progressive tonality]].

==History==
===Composition===
The genesis of the work stems from many sources, including a conversation Brian had with [[Henry Wood]] about writing a suite that would revive the older instruments that had fallen out of use in the modern symphony orchestra, such as the [[oboe d'amore]] or [[basset horn]]. This idea was repudiated by Brian's close friend [[Granville Bantock]], but returned when Brian turned to writing symphonies after the end of the [[World War I|First World War]]. The ''Gothic'' element refers to the vision of the Gothic age (from about 1150 to 1500) as representing a huge (almost unlimited) expansion in humanity's artistic and intellectual development, but particularly manifest in the architecture of the great European cathedrals. The scale of the choral finale, which took several years to write, appears to be an attempt to evoke the scale and detail of this architecture in sound; Brian had to paste blank pages of score together to be able to write the work on gigantic sheets with 54 staves to the page.<ref>Havergal Brian, 'How the "Gothic" Symphony came to be written', ''Modern Mystic'', December 1938.</ref> Brian also seems to have identified with the character of [[Faust]], particularly in attempting to write such affirmative music in the post-war atmosphere when many composers had turned from pre-war giganticism, and the finale bears an apposite quote from [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe's]] Faust Part Two Act V, which translates as, "The man who ever strives may earn redemption." Brian dedicated the work to [[Richard Strauss]], who in a letter of acknowledgement described it as "''grossartig''" (magnificent).<ref>Letter reproduced in programme booklet for the Royal Albert Hall performance on 30 November 1966.</ref>

The work (more specifically the first three orchestral movements) was submitted in 1928 as an entry for the [[1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition]] in memory of Schubert and won second prize in the 'English Zone' of that contest; in the final international judging in Vienna it was one of a number of works – others were by [[Czesław Marek]], [[Franz Schmidt (composer)|Franz Schmidt]] and [[Charles Haubiel]] – that lost out to the Sixth Symphony of [[Kurt Atterberg]]. It was however published in 1932 by the Leipzig-based Cranz & Co. (in an edition beset with printing errors) as "Symphony No. 2" — the number it bore until Brian renumbered his early symphonies in 1967, eliminating the long-defunct ''A Fantastic Symphony'' of 1907 and inserting the previously-unnumbered ''Sinfonia Tragica'' of 1948 as the new No. 6. A photographically reduced study score of the Cranz edition was published by United Music Publishers in 1976, though with little effort to correct the copious errors, and still bearing the incorrect No. 2.

==Instrumentation==
The orchestral forces for this symphony are commonly thought to be the largest employed in the symphonic repertoire. In practice, some small reductions can be made without discernible loss (e.g. cutting two of the orchestral trumpets and the doubling to 2nd contrabass trombone).

{{columns-start|num=2}}
===Part One===
'''[[Woodwind instrument|Woodwinds]]'''
:2 [[piccolo]]s (1 doubling 4th flute)
:3 [[flute]]s (1 doubling [[alto flute]])
:2 [[oboe]]s
:[[oboe d'amore]]
:[[cor anglais]]
:[[bass oboe]]
:[[E-flat clarinet|E♭ clarinet]]
:2 [[Soprano clarinet|B♭ clarinets]]
:[[basset horn]]
:[[bass clarinet]]
:3 [[bassoon]]s
:[[contrabassoon]]

'''[[Brass instrument|Brass]]''' 
:6 [[French horn|horns]]
:[[Soprano cornet|E♭ cornet]]
:4 [[trumpets]]
:[[bass trumpet]]
:3 [[tenor trombone]]s
:2 [[tuba]]s

'''[[Percussion instrument|Percussion]]'''
:2 sets of [[timpani]]
:[[glockenspiel]]
:[[xylophone]]
:[[bass drums]]
:[[snare drum]]
:[[tambourine]]
:[[cymbals]]
:[[tam-tam]]
:[[Triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]]

'''[[Keyboard instrument|Keyboards]]'''
:[[organ (music)|organ]]
:[[celesta]]

'''[[String instrument|Strings]]'''
:2 [[Pedal harp|harps]],
:16 1st [[violin]]s
:16 2nd [[violin]]s
:12 [[viola]]s
:10 [[cello]]s
:8 [[double bass]]es<ref name=Instrumentation>{{cite web|title=Symphony 1 'The Gothic'|url=http://www.havergalbrian.org/sym1.htm|publisher=Havergal Brian Society|access-date=3 January 2013|author=Havergal Brian Society}}</ref>
{{column}}

===Part Two===
'''[[Woodwind instrument|Woodwinds]]'''
:2 [[piccolo]]s (1 doubling 7th flute)
:6 [[flute]]s (1 doubling [[alto flute]])
:6 [[oboe]]s (1 doubling [[oboe d'amore]], 1 doubling [[bass oboe]])
:2 [[cor anglais|cors anglais]]
:2 [[E-flat clarinet|E♭ clarinets]] (1 doubling 5th B♭ clarinet)
:4 [[B-flat clarinet|B♭ clarinets]]
:2 [[basset horn]]s
:2 [[bass clarinet]]s
:[[contrabass clarinet]]
:3 [[bassoon]]s
:2 [[contrabassoon]]s

'''[[Brass instrument|Brass]]'''
:8 [[French horn|horns]]
:2 [[Soprano cornet|E♭ cornets]]
:4 [[trumpet]]s
:[[bass trumpet]]
:3 [[tenor trombone]]s 
:[[bass trombone]]
:[[contrabass trombone]]
:2 [[euphonium]]s
:2 [[tuba]]s

'''[[Percussion instrument|Percussion]]'''
:2 sets of [[timpani]]
:[[glockenspiel]]
:[[xylophone]]
:2 [[bass drum]]s
:2 (preferably 3) [[snare drum]]s
:[[long drum]]
:2 [[tambourine]]s
:6 sets of [[cymbals]]
:[[tam-tam]]
:[[Thunder machine (instrument)|thunder machine]]
:[[tubular bells]]
:[[Wind Chimes|chimes]]
:[[chains]]
:2 [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangles]]
: [[Ratchet (instrument)|bird scarer]]

'''[[Keyboard instrument|Keyboards]]'''
:[[organ (music)|organ]]
:[[celesta]]

'''[[Offstage brass and percussion|Offstage]]'''
:8 horns
:8 trumpets
:8 tenor trombones
:8 tubas
:4 sets of timpani

'''[[Vocal music|Voices]]'''
:[[soprano]] soloist
:[[alto]] soloist
:[[tenor]] soloist
:[[baritone]] soloist
:4 [[SATB]] [[choirs]]
:1 children's choir

'''[[String instrument|Strings]]'''
:2 [[Pedal harp|harp]]s
:20 1st [[violin]]s
:20 2nd [[violin]]s
:16 [[viola]]s
:14 [[cello]]s
:12 [[double bass]]es<ref name=Instrumentation /> 
{{columns-end}}
The off-stage brass and timpani are organised into four "Brass Orchestras", each consisting of 2 trumpets, 2 horns, 2 tenor trombones, 2 tubas and 3 timpani (one player)

==Form==
The symphony consists of six [[Movement (music)|movements]], organised into two parts with each part containing three movements, marked as follows:
:Part One
::I. ''[[Allegro (music)|Allegro]] assai'' – attacca:
::II. ''Lento espressivo e solenne'' – attacca:
::III. ''Vivace'' – attacca:
:Part Two
::IV. [[Te Deum]] laudamus. ''[[Allegro (music)|Allegro]] [[Tempo|moderato]]''
::V. Judex crederis esse venturus. ''[[Adagio (music)|Adagio]] solenne e religioso''
::VI. Te ergo quaesumus. ''Moderato e molto sostenuto''

Part one is exclusively orchestral; part two requires the full ensemble, with choral parts set to the words of the [[Latin]] religious [[hymn]], the [[Te Deum]]. The three movements in Part One play for about forty minutes uninterrupted, and set the stage for the [[choir]]-dominated Part Two, which is over an hour in duration and contains a huge range of styles of music, daringly welded together in an attempt to solve the "finale problem" which Brian had set himself. It is written for an extremely large symphony [[orchestra]], four additional brass orchestras, four vocal soloists, four adult choirs, and children's choir.

The work begins with a brilliant flourish given by the full orchestra (which in Part One number approximately one hundred players). The first movement appears to feature two extremely contrasted ideas in the style of [[sonata form]], one a vigorous leaping figure in [[D minor]], the other a suave melody first stated on solo violin in the remote key of [[D-flat major]], though the working out of the music involves a process of ongoing development within the exposition, and avoids the expected re-capitulation by reversing the order of musical events, with the return of the first idea effectively starting the [[coda (music)|coda]]. The second movement begins with a stately and solemn march, almost as for a funeral cortege, which builds to a grim and powerful conclusion. The third movement starts with an [[ostinato]] in the style of [[Anton Bruckner|Bruckner]]<ref>p. 309, MacDonald (1983) Malcolm. London ''The symphonies of Havergal Brian'' Volume 3 Kahn & Averill. "Brian's interest in Bruckner started comparatively early, when his curiosity was aroused by a performance of the [[Te Deum (Bruckner)|Te Deum]]."</ref> that gives way to a recurring idea based on the opening leaping figure of the first movement, initially stated on horns. After various developments culminating in a bizarre polytonal passage with a [[virtuoso]] xylophone [[cadenza]], the theme is transformed into a climactic march which eventually throws the movement into the home key of D minor, and subsides quietly with the original statement of the music for horns followed by a harp arpeggio and a final chord of [[D major]].

At this point the choirs and soloists strike in unaccompanied with the opening stanza of the ''[[Te Deum]]'', followed immediately by a fanfare for the enlarged orchestra for Part Two (which is supposed to be about 150-strong, besides the extra 40 or so players comprising the four extra brass orchestras). The eclecticism of Brian's music here borrows references as diverse as [[mediaeval]] [[fauxbourdon]], [[Renaissance]] multiple [[polyphony]] on the scale of [[Thomas Tallis|Tallis]]'s ''[[Spem in alium]]'' all the way through to twentieth century tone clusters, [[polytonality]] and the use of percussion and brass in a [[Edgard Varèse|Varèse]]-like outburst of extreme [[consonance and dissonance|dissonance]]. The text is treated episodically with sections for full orchestra and choir frequently alternating with unaccompanied passages for the choir alone. The fourth movement moves away from tonalities centered around D and establishes E as a new tonal centre, which is strenuously challenged in the following movements. The start of the fifth movement involves only the choirs in a fearsomely chromatic un-accompanied polyphonic passage, after which the soprano soloist gently sings a wordless vocalise "like an indefinite intonation". A fanfare for eight trumpets and a lengthy orchestral passage then introduces each of the four separate brass orchestras paired with one of the four corresponding choirs. A second orchestral development then culminates in a huge climax for the full forces. Thereafter the sixth and final movement continues with even more contrasted and episodic treatment of the text as the music seems to struggle to reach a conclusion. At the final words "non confundar in aeternum" the music violently flares up with two dissonant outbursts answered by the choirs, followed by a despairing orchestral coda, but the work is finally clinched with a murmuring from the choir, which finally confirms the tonality of [[E major]] where the words "non confundar in aeternum" are repeated.

==Performances==
Attempts to perform the symphony have frequently met with failure, beginning with the efforts of [[Hamilton Harty]] and [[Eugene Aynsley Goossens|Eugene Goossens]] in the [[Great Depression|depression]]-affected 1930s and enduring to the current day, usually owing to the extreme logistics of the work. The work was eventually premiered in 1961, and has been followed by a mere handful of performances, often by partly or wholly amateur forces; the 1978 performance for example was an ad hoc amateur orchestra specially assembled for the occasion, in Brian's home county of [[Staffordshire]]. The first professional performance in 1966 was enthusiastically received by the audience in the Royal Albert Hall when the composer himself, aged 90, was in attendance to take a bow at the work's conclusion; this performance was also broadcast live by the BBC.

The alto Shirley Minty sang in the 1966 and 1980 performances, and appears to be the only person who has played a prominent role in more than one performance of the work.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date!!Venue!!Ensembles!!Soloists!!Conductor!!Notes
|-
|24 June 1961||[[Central Hall Westminster]], [[London]]||Polyphonia Symphony Orchestra,<br />[[Royal Military School of Music]],<br />[[London Philharmonic Choir]],<br />Kingsway Choral Society,<br />London Orpheus Choir,<br />[[Hendon School|Hendon Grammar School Choir]]||[[Noelle Barker]] (soprano),<br />Jean Evans (alto),<br />Kenneth Bowen (tenor),<br />[[John Shirley-Quirk]] (baritone)||[[Bryan Fairfax]]||First performance of the symphony.
|-
|30 October 1966||[[Royal Albert Hall]], [[London]]||[[BBC Symphony Orchestra]],<br />[[BBC Choral Society]],<br />[[City of London Choir]],<br />Hampstead Choral Society,<br />[[Emanuel School|Emanuel School Choir]],<br />Orpington Junior Singers||[[Honor Sheppard]] (soprano),<br />Shirley Minty (alto),<br />Ronald Dowd (tenor),<br />Roger Stalman (bass)||[[Adrian Boult]]||First professional performance of the symphony.
|-
|10 October 1976||Royal Albert Hall, London||[[Philharmonia Orchestra|New Philharmonia Orchestra]]||None (only orchestral movements were performed)||[[Charles Groves]]||Only Part One (movements I, II, and III) of the symphony was performed.
|-
|21 May 1978||[[Victoria Hall (Hanley)|Victoria Hall]], Hanley||The Stoke Gothic Symphony Orchestra,<br />Leicester Philharmonic Society,<br />Keele Chamber Choir,<br />Margaret Wharam Choir,<br />Nantwich and District Choral Society,<br />Oriana Choir,<br />Potteries Choral Society,<br />Stone Choral Society,<br />Ashborne Parish Church Boys' Choir,<br />Goudhurst Girls School Choir,<br />Nantwich Parish Church Boys' Choir,<br />Parish Church of St. Peter Choir||Margaret Tapley (soprano),<br />Jean Reavley (alto),<br />Eric Baskeyfield (tenor),<br />Phillip Ravenscroft (bass)||Trevor Stokes||The orchestra was assembled ad hoc and the performance took place in Brian's home country.
|-
|25 May 1980||Royal Albert Hall, London||[[London Symphony Orchestra]],<br />[[London Symphony Chorus]],<br />London Philharmonic Choir,<br />[[BBC Singers]],<br />BBC Club Choir,<br />Hampstead Choral Society,<br />[[Bach Choir]],<br />[[English Chamber Choir]]||Jane Manning (soprano),<br />Shirley Minty (alto),<br />[[John Mitchinson (tenor)|John Mitchinson]] (tenor),<br />David Thomas (bass)||[[Ole Schmidt]]||First performance of corrected edition.
|-
|22 December 2010||[[QPAC|QPAC Concert Hall]]||The Gothic Symphony Orchestra,<br />The Gothic Symphony Chorus,<br />The Gothic Symphony Children's Chorus<br />[[Queensland Festival Chorus]]||Melissa Gill (soprano),<br />Kathleen Lamont (alto),<br />Luke Venables (tenor),<br />Dimitri Kopanakis (bass)||[[John Curro]]||First performance of the symphony in [[Australia]], and first performance outside England.
|-
|17 July 2011||Royal Albert Hall, London||[[BBC Concert Orchestra]],<br />[[BBC National Orchestra of Wales]],<br />[[CBSO Youth Chorus|City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra Youth Chorus]],<br />[[Eltham College]] Boys' Choir,<br />Southend Boys' and Girls' Choirs, <br />[[The Bach Choir]],<br />[[BBC National Chorus of Wales]],<br />[[Brighton Festival Chorus]],<br />Côr Caerdydd,<br />[[Huddersfield Choral Society]],<br />[[London Symphony Chorus]]||[[Susan Gritton]] (soprano),<br />Christine Rice (mezzo-soprano),<br />[[Peter Auty]] (tenor),<br /> [[Alastair Miles]] (bass)||[[Martyn Brabbins]]||The symphony was performed as part of the programme for the 2011 season of [[the Proms]].
|}

==Recordings==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Conductor!! Main Orchestra!! Recording Date!! Formats !! Labels
|-
| [[Sir Adrian Boult]] || [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]] || 1966, released 2009 in Testament || LP / CD / Digital || Aries Records ([[bootleg recording]]) / [[Testament Records (UK)|Testament Records]]
|-
| [[Sir Charles Groves]] || [[Philharmonia Orchestra|New Philharmonia Orchestra]] || 1976, released 2020 || CD / Digital || [[Heritage Records (England)|Heritage Records]]
|-
| [[Ondrej Lenárd]] || [[Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra|CSR Symphony Orchestra Bratislava]] and [[Slovak Philharmonic|Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra]] || 1989, released 1991, rereleased 2004 || CD / Digital || Marco Polo (1991) / [[Naxos (company)|Naxos Records]] (2004)
|-
| [[Martyn Brabbins]] ||  [[BBC Concert Orchestra]] and [[BBC National Orchestra of Wales]] || Recorded and released in 2011 || CD / Digital || [[Hyperion Records]]

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
The [http://www.havergalbrian.org/ Havergal Brian Society] has a number of essays and further detail on the symphony.

Trailer for [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UtPTwHggO0 The Curse of the Gothic Symphony], a documentary film about the 2010 Brisbane performance
{{Faust}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Symphonies by Havergal Brian]]
[[Category:Choral symphonies|Brian 1]]
[[Category:Music for orchestra and organ]]
[[Category:Te Deums|Brian]]
[[Category:Compositions in D minor]]
[[Category:1927 compositions]]