View source for Tárogató

{{Short description|Woodwind instrument}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=Tárogató
|names=Taragot, Töröksíp
|image=File:Musikinstrumenten-Museum Berlin - Tárogató in B - 1108167.jpg
|classification=
*[[Wind instrument|Wind]]
*[[Woodwind instrument|Woodwind]]
*[[Aerophone]] 
|range=Written Range: B{{music|flat}}<sub>3</sub> to C<sub>6</sub> ([[scientific pitch notation]])
|related=
*[[Shawm]]
*[[Clarinet]]
*[[Saxophone]]
}}

The '''tárogató''' (''töröksíp'', ''Turkish pipe''; plural ''tárogatók'' or, anglicized, ''tárogatós'';  or ''torogoata'') is a [[woodwind instrument]] commonly used in [[Hungarian folk music|Hungarian]] folk music. The modern tárogató was intended to be a recreation of the original tárogató, but the two instruments are thought to have little in common.<ref name = "The Tárogató">{{cite web | last = Fox | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Fox (clarinet maker) | title = The Tárogató | url = http://www.sfoxclarinets.com/Tarogatoart.html|website=Sfoxclarinets.com | access-date = 2006-10-03}}</ref>

{{listen |filename=A Rákóczi nóta 1908-ból.ogg |title=Sound sample |right |description=[[Rákóczi March]] played on Tárogató, from 1908 }}

==History==
===Early use===
[[File:Tárogató és tokja.jpg|thumb|A historic depiction showcasing the tárogató in its original form]]
Mention of the tárogató in Hungarian writings dates back at least as long ago as the 15th century.  It is not clear whether it was first brought into Europe by the Hungarians when they first emigrated from the east in the 9th century. It is certain, however, that instruments of this type, descended from the Middle Eastern [[zurna]], were introduced into Eastern Europe by the Turks in the Middle Ages, as evidenced by the term töröksip—"Turkish pipe"—which was used as a synonym for tárogató.<ref name="The Tárogató"/>  It is possible that instruments from both traditions were combined into one entity. The tárogató has a Turkish origin, and it appeared in Hungary during the [[Turkish wars]].<ref name = Brief_history>{{cite web|title=A Brief history of the tarogato/taragot|url=http://www.11thmuse.com/history.html|website=11thmuse.com|access-date=2008-04-06|archive-date=2008-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524204445/http://www.11thmuse.com/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Up to about the 18th century, the tárogató was a type of [[shawm]], with a [[double reed]], [[conical bore]], and no keys.

Being a very loud and raucous instrument, the tárogató was used as a signaling instrument in battle (like the [[bugle (instrument)|bugle]] or the [[bagpipes|bagpipe]]). However, depending on the type of reed used, it can also give off a very subtle, and yet, deep, mellow sound when played at a relaxed, steady pace.<ref name="The Tárogató"/> Because the tárogató was representative of the [[Rákóczi's War for Independence]] (1703–1711), its use was suppressed in the 18th century by the [[Habsburg monarchy]].<ref name="The Tárogató" /><ref name="Brief_history" /> The instrument was eventually abandoned, being considered too overpowering for a concert hall.<ref name="Brief_history" />

===Modern usage===
[[File:7. MFF Pražský jarmark 072.jpg|thumb|Dumitru Dobrican, a tárogató folk musician from [[Dăntăuşii din Groşi|Dăntăușii din Groși]], Romania.]]
In the 1890s, a modern version was invented by [[József Schunda|Vencel József Schunda]], a [[Budapest]] instrument maker.<ref name="Brief_history"/> It uses a single [[Reed (music)|reed]], like a [[clarinet]] or [[saxophone]], and has a conical [[bore (wind instruments)|bore]], similar to the saxophone. The instrument is made of wood, usually black [[grenadilla]] wood like a clarinet or oboe. The most common size, the soprano tárogató in B♭, is about 29&nbsp;inches (74&nbsp;cm) in length and has a mournful sound similar to a cross between an [[English horn]] and a soprano saxophone. Other sizes exist: one maker, János Stowasser, advertised a family of seven sizes of which the largest was a contrabass tárogató in E♭.<ref name="The Tárogató"/> The new tárogató bears very little resemblance with the historical tárogató and the two instruments should not be confused.<ref name="The Tárogató"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Tárogató Page|url=http://hungaria.org/hal/folklor/tarogato/|website=Hungaria.org|access-date=2008-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129091751/http://hungaria.org/hal/folklor/tarogato/|archive-date=2008-01-29|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It has been suggested that the name ''schundaphone'' would have been more accurate, but tárogató was used because of the nationalistic image that the original instrument had.<ref name=CE_Europe>{{cite web|title=The Tárogató and Central Eastern Europe|url=http://www.hangoskola.hu/tarogato1999.htm|access-date=2008-04-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214165236/http://www.hangoskola.hu/tarogato1999.htm|archive-date=2008-02-14}}</ref>

This instrument was a symbol of Hungarian aristocracy, and the favorite woodwind instrument of Governor [[Miklós Horthy]].<ref name="CE_Europe"/> Manufacturing in Hungary ceased after [[World War II]], though tárogatós continued to be made in Romania and other countries. In the 1990s several Hungarian makers started producing the instrument again.

A modern tárogató may occasionally be heard in Act 3 of [[Tristan und Isolde]] by [[Richard Wagner]] where it has become traditional in some opera houses (e.g. the Royal Opera House, London) to use it instead of the off-stage [[cor anglais]] for the last passage (bars 999-1149) of the Shepherd's air, but Wagner did not specify this, merely suggesting in the score "a specially built simple natural instrument".
  
In the 1920s, Luță Ioviță, who played the instrument in the army during [[World War I]], brought it to [[Banat]] ([[Romania]]), where it became very popular under the name ''taragot''.<ref name = Taragot_Ro>{{cite web| title = The taragot in Romanian folk music| url = http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaMusic/taragot.htm| website = Eliznik.org| access-date = 2008-04-06| archive-date = 2008-04-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080402053230/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaMusic/taragot.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 1928, the British music journal [[Melody Maker]] reported that the Oxford-based clarinettist Frank Dyer was using "a taragossa, a novelty Hungarian instrument which is a cross between a saxophone and a Cor Anglais" with his Symphonic Dance Orchestra. No such instrument as a "taragossa" exists: the rest of the journal's description fits that of the tárogató.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dance Band Diaries Volume 3 1928 0004|url=https://nationaljazzarchive.org.uk/explore/journals/the-dance-band-diaries/volume-3-1928/1266584|website=Nationaljazzarchive.org.uk|access-date=2021-03-07}}</ref>

[[Dumitru Fărcaş|Dumitru Fărcaș]], who was born in [[Maramureş (historical region)|Maramureș]], made the instrument known all over the world and was considered to be the most famous tárogató player.<ref name="Brief_history" /><ref name="Taragot_Ro" /> German saxophonist [[Peter Brötzmann]] has used the tárogató in [[free jazz]] and [[free improvisation]]. American reed players [[Charles Lloyd (jazz musician)|Charles Lloyd]], [[Scott Robinson (jazz musician)|Scott Robinson]] & Michael Marcus have occasionally used the tárogató.  [[Joe Lovano]] has also displayed interest in the instrument featuring it extensively in his episode of ''[[SOLOS: The Jazz Sessions]]'', on [[Steve Kuhn]]'s ''[[Mostly Coltrane]]'', and on his own albums ''[[Trio Tapestry]]'' and ''Roma'' (with [[Enrico Rava]]) (both [[ECM Records]]). In 2015, Irina Ross, a Romanian singer, released her single "Taragot" which features the instrument in a dance-pop song.<ref name="Irina Ross - Taragot">{{cite web| title = Irina Ross - Taragot (Official Video) | date=27 August 2015 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vp5rj5e2vwU|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date = 2015-09-30}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Music of Romania]]
* [[Music of Hungary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tarogato.hu Tárogató Műhely]
*[http://www.tvr.ro/articol.php?id=17556 Video of Dumitru Fărcaș playing the Tárogató] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201181418/http://www.tvr.ro/articol.php?id=17556 |date=2008-12-01 }}
*[https://eliznik.org.uk/traditions-in-romania/traditional-music/reed-instruments/taragot/ Tárogató/Taragot regional map]
*[http://tarogato.lap.hu Tárogató.lap.hu ]
*[http://11thmuse.com/Taragot.pdf  Henk Jansen's comments about the spread of the taragot (tarogato) in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610200755/http://11thmuse.com/Taragot.pdf |date=2015-06-10 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vp5rj5e2vwU Irina Ross - Taragot (Official Video)]

{{Double reed}}
{{Single reeds}}
{{Hungarian Folk Music}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarogato}}
[[Category:Single-reed instruments]]
[[Category:Hungarian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Romanian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Romani musical instruments]]