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{{Short description|Transatlantic communications cable}}
'''TAT-8''' was the 8th [[transatlantic communications cable]] and first transatlantic [[fiber-optic cable]], carrying 280&nbsp;Mbit/s (40,000 telephone circuits) between the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]].<ref>Bray, John. Innovation and the communications revolution: from the Victorian pioneers to broadband Internet. Vol. 2. Iet, 2002.</ref><ref name=HAC>{{Cite web|url=https://atlantic-cable.com//Cables/1982-SL-SeaTrials/index.htm|title=History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - 1982 SL Lightguide Cable Sea Trials|website=atlantic-cable.com |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> It was constructed in 1988 by a consortium of companies led by [[AT&T Corporation]], [[Orange S.A.|France Télécom]], and [[BT Group|British Telecom]]. [[AT&T Bell Laboratories]] developed the technologies used in the cable.<ref name=HAC/> The system was made possible by opto-electric-opto regenerators acting as repeaters with advantages over the electrical repeaters of former cables. They were less costly and could be at greater spacing with less need for associated hardware and software.<ref name=ST>{{cite journal |last=Juggerst |first=Patrick |date=July 1995 |title=AT&T's Undersea Fiber-Optic Cable Systems|journal=Sea Technology |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=29–30, 32–34 |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=Compass Publications, Inc. }}</ref> It was able to serve the three countries with a single transatlantic crossing with the use of an innovative branching unit located underwater on the [[continental shelf]] off the coast of Great Britain. The cable lands in [[Tuckerton, New Jersey]], USA, [[Widemouth Bay]], England, UK, and [[Penmarch]], France.

The system was built at an initial cost of US$335 million<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=b6iq3eIXCGgC&dq=TAT-8+cost+million&pg=PA55 Fiber Optics Weekly Update, IGI Consalting Inc, 1986]</ref> in 1988 and was retired from service in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallery: An illustrated history of the transoceanic cable - Boing Boing Gadgets |url=https://gadgets.boingboing.net/2009/04/17/gallery-an-illustrat.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423145747/https://gadgets.boingboing.net/2009/04/17/gallery-an-illustrat.html |archive-date=2009-04-23 }}</ref> Capacity was reached in eighteen months despite optimistic predictions that the capacity would not be filled for a decade and some that it would never be filled and no other cables would be needed.<ref name=ST/>

==History==

This was the first transatlantic cable to use [[optical fiber]]s, a revolution in telecommunications. The system contained two working pairs of optical fibers; a third fiber pair (in the AT&T segment only) was reserved as a span-wise spare. The signal on each optical fiber was modulated at 295.6&nbsp;Mbit/s (carrying 280&nbsp;Mbit/s of traffic) and fully regenerated in equipment placed in pressure housings separated by about 40&nbsp;km of cable.

There were several problems with the early reliability of this cable during its first two years of operation.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}<ref>R.K. Stix, et al, Private Communication, 1989</ref> The cable was buried on the continental shelf on the European and the American side of the ocean. The burial was largely effective, and the cable issues were primarily related to manufacturing defects. AT&T laid a trial optical cable in the [[Canary Islands]] in 1985. This cable did not have an electrical screen and was attacked by sharks. It was never proved whether these attacks were due to the sharks sensing the electrical radiation from the cable or the vibration of the cable moving on the sea floor where it might have been suspended, or a combination of both. TAT-8 did not have the screen conductor over the vast majority of its length, as the threat of shark attack was deemed to be small over the majority of the route. Because the Canary Island cable was the first fiber-optic cable and not a [[coaxial cable]], the electrical interference shielding for the high voltage supply lines was removed. This removal did not affect the fiber, but it did cause [[feeding frenzy|feeding frenzies]] in sharks that swam nearby. The sharks would then attack the cable until the voltage lines killed them. This caused numerous, prolonged outages. Eventually, a shark shielding was developed for the cable and was available for TAT-8. [[PTAT-1]], the next cable to go in the Atlantic was put in with the shark shielding across its entire length; the added reliability provided by this shield has not been fully evaluated.

The system was manufactured by a consortium of three established submarine system suppliers: AT&T, [[Standard Telephones and Cables]] and Alcatel. The idea was that each manufacturer would manufacture part of the system, so French technology procured by France Télécom would land in France, US technology in America procured by AT&T and British technology procured by BT in the UK. The systems were designed to interoperate although the regenerator supervisory systems were all proprietary. The transition between one supplier to another supplier's regenerators was achieved using a "mid-span meet". AT&T was appointed the integration coordinator and integration trials were held in [[Freehold Borough, New Jersey|Freehold, New Jersey]].

==Impact==

In 1989, with the new available capacity due to the TAT-8 cable, [[IBM]] agreed to fund a dedicated [[T-carrier|T1]] link between [[Cornell University]] and [[CERN]], which was completed in February 1990.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZdGAAAAQBAJ&q=1989+cornell+ibm+transatlantic&pg=PA90 |title=Network Geeks: How They Built the Internet| author= Carpenter, Brian |date=10 April 2013|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781447150251|access-date=2017-05-10}}</ref> It greatly increased the connectivity between the American and European portions of the early [[Internet]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fluckiger |first=Francois |date=February 2000 |title=The European Researchers' Network |journal=La Recherche |url=https://fluckiger.web.cern.ch/Fluckiger/Articles/F.Fluckiger-The_European_Researchers_Network.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://fluckiger.web.cern.ch/Fluckiger/Articles/F.Fluckiger-The_European_Researchers_Network.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref> This allowed [[Tim Berners-Lee]] a high-speed, direct and open connection to the [[NSFNET]], which greatly aided the first demonstrations of the [[World Wide Web]] ten months later. It was also crucial, along with the collapse of the [[Warsaw Pact]] at the same time, to the acceptance of [[TCP/IP]] protocols in Europe.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Transatlantic telecommunications cables}}

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[[Category:AT&T buildings]]
[[Category:BT Group buildings and structures]]
[[Category:France–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:France–United States relations]]
[[Category:History of the Internet]]
[[Category:History of telecommunications in France]]
[[Category:History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:History of telecommunications in the United States]]
[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 1988]]
[[Category:Orange S.A.]]
[[Category:Transatlantic communications cables]]
[[Category:United Kingdom–United States relations]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in France]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in New Jersey]]
[[Category:2002 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:2002 disestablishments in France]]
[[Category:2002 disestablishments in New Jersey]]