View source for TKS

{{Short description|Polish tankette}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox weapon
 |name=TK-3 / TKS
 | image= TKS P1010141 2.jpg
 | image_size = 300
 |caption=TKS tankette
 |origin=[[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]
 |type=[[Tankette]]
 |is_vehicle=yes
 |service=
 |wars=
 |designer=
 |design_date=
 |manufacturer=[[Fabryka Samochodów PZInż.]]
 |unit_cost=
 |production_date=1931–1939
 |number= 575
 |variants=
 |weight={{convert|2.43|/|2.6|t|}}
 |length={{convert|2.58|m}}
 |width={{convert|1.78|m}}
 |height={{convert|1.32|m}}
 |crew=2 (commander, driver)
 |armour={{convert|4 – 10|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}
 |primary_armament=7.92 mm [[Ckm wz.25]] [[Hotchkiss machine gun]]<br> 2000 rounds
 |
 |engine=Ford A / Polski FIAT-122 petrol engine
 |engine_power={{convert|40|/|46|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
 |transmission=
 |fuel_capacity=70+8 l
 |pw_ratio={{convert|17|/|18|hp/tonne|abbr=on}}
 |suspension=[[Bogie#Tracked vehicles|Bogie suspension]]
 |clearance=
 |vehicle_range={{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} (roads),<br> {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} (cross-country)
 |speed={{convert|40 - 46|km/h|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''TK (TK-3)''' and '''TKS''' were [[Poland|Polish]] [[tankette]]s developed during the 1930s and used in the [[Second World War]].

==Design and development==
The TK (also known as the TK-3) tankette was a Polish design produced from 1931 based on the chassis of the British [[Carden Loyd tankette]], with an improved hull and more powerful engine, and [[vehicle armour|armour]] up to {{convert |8|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} thick ({{convert|10|mm|in|2|abbr=on|disp=or}} on the TKS). In 1939, up-arming of the tankettes with [[nkm wz. 38 FK]] {{convert |20|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} autocannons began, but only 24 of these were completed before the outbreak of World War II.

On 6 November 1934 Estonia purchased 6 vehicles from [[Poland]], with the contract deal worth over 180 000 [[Estonian kroon |krones]]. The deal also included one additional tracked-lorry, and a motorcycle was given free as a bonus.<ref>{{Citation | title = Eesti soomusmasinad : soomusautod ja tankid 1918–1940 | first = Tiit | last = Noormets | place = Mati Õun Tallinn | publisher = Tammiskilp | year = 1999 | page = 52 | ISBN = 9985-60-692-2 | language = et}}</ref> After the [[Soviet Union]] [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|occupied]] Estonia, these vehicles were put into service with the [[Red Army]].{{cn|date=February 2019}}

==Combat history==
[[File:Tankietka TK-3 z otwartymi włazami (1-W-1659-5).jpg|thumb|left|TK prototype nr. 6007 in its final form with roof hatches open. According to the TK-3 standard (it might be a rebuilt TK-2). Note a horizontal angle of [[MG 42|MG]] fire and two side observation hatches, present in early series TK-3 only.]]
575 TK/TKS tankettes formed the bulk of the Polish armoured forces before the outbreak of war. They suffered heavy losses during the [[invasion of Poland]], often being the only armoured fighting vehicles available. Their small size suited them for [[reconnaissance]] and infantry support, but with their light armament of a single [[machine gun]] they stood no chance in combat against German tanks, except against the [[Panzer I]]. 

The handful of tankettes armed with 20&nbsp;mm guns were more effective against enemy tanks; in one instance on 18 September 1939 a 20 mm gunned TKS commanded by ''[[Second standard-bearer|Podchorąży]]''<ref>Podchorąży can be also translated as Sub-Warrant Officer</ref> (officer cadet) [[Edmund Roman Orlik|Roman Orlik]] destroyed two German [[Panzer 35(t)]] tanks and a [[Panzer IV]] ''ausf B'' tank which was commanded by Victor IV Albrecht von Ratibor.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.zgzeirp.pl/kalendarium/357-orlik-edmund-roman.html |title=Edmund Roman.  Najlepszy Polski Pancerniak W II Wojnie Śviatowej |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=26 May 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180526152031/http://www.zgzeirp.pl/kalendarium/357-orlik-edmund-roman.html |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>Janusz Magnuski: Orlik hits the first in "Za Wolność i Lud" No. 20/1978, p. 15</ref>

After the conquest of Poland, captured tankettes were used by the German army in various support roles, mostly for training, security duties or as artillery tractors. Many captured tankettes were also used by the Luftwaffe for airfield security and snowplowing.<ref>Panzers in Finland, Kari Kuusala</ref> Some were later sold to the [[puppet state]] of [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]]. In spring 1941, the National Police received 18 TK-3 tankettes, some with the 20mm gun, while in summer 1941 the [[Croatian Home Guard (World War II)|Army]] received 18 TKS, 4 of them being sent to the [[Ustaše Militia|Ustashe Militia]].<ref name="B&B42">{{cite magazine|language=fr|title= Le Blindorama : La Croatie, 1941 – 1945|magazine=Batailles & Blindés|issue=42|date=April 2011|publisher=Caraktère|issn=1765-0828|first=Yann |last= Mahé |pages=4–7}}</ref>

A smaller Polish force retreated to (then neutral) [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] from the German and Soviet troops occupying Poland. This mixed formation had 30 tracked vehicles, of which 15–20 were TKS (contemporary sources did not officially distinguish between TK-3 and TKS). These vehicles were used for training in tank driving and machine gun handling drills. By the end of the war, they were worn out due to the lack of spare parts, so there is no trace of them after early 1944. The crew was able to travel to England with the help of the Hungarian government during 1940.<ref>Bonhard, Attila; Sárhidai, Gyula; Winkler, László (1992). A Magyar Királyi Honvédség Fegyverzete [Weapons of the Royal Hungarian Defense Forces] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó. pp. 104–7. {{ISBN|963-327-182-7}}.</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:Manewry jesienne na Wołyniu.jpg|right|thumb|TK-3 tankettes during field exercises, 1938.]]
*TK (TK-3) – from 1931, about 280 built (Ford A engine)
*TKF – TK tankette with 46&nbsp;hp (34&nbsp;kW) Polski Fiat engine and new (TKS-type) suspension, about 18 built
*TKS – improved model of 1933, about 260 built (new hull, suspension, Polski Fiat engine)
*TKS with [[nkm wz. 38 FK]] – about 24 TKS fitted with 20&nbsp;mm autocannon in 1939.
*[[C2P]] – unarmoured light [[artillery tractor]], about 200 built.

Experimental models:
*TK-1, TK-2 – first prototypes
*TKD – light [[self propelled gun]] with 47&nbsp;mm gun, four made.
*TKW – light reconnaissance tank with turret, one prototype made.
*TK-3 with 20 mm gun – only one prototype with a modified hull was completed.
*TKS-D – light [[tank destroyer]] with [[Bofors 37 mm|37 mm Bofors]] [[anti-tank gun]], two made
[[File:TKS-prototyp.jpg|thumb|The TKS prototype nr. 1160 – note the TK-3 suspension, [[Ckm wz.30]] (Browning) machine gun, a high muffler and lack of a periscope<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polish tankettes TK (TK-3) and TKS |url= http://derela.pl/tk.htm#src |access-date=2023-11-11 |website= Derela | place = [[Poland | PL]]}}</ref>.]]

==List of registration numbers==
A list of registration numbers{{Refn | {{Citation | url = http://derela.pl/tk.htm#src | title = Src | work = TK | publisher = Derela | place = PL}}.}} (might be incomplete):
*1143–52 – Carden-Loyd Mk.VI (10 tanks)
*1154–68 – "iron" TK-3 (15 tanks)
**1156–59 – rebuilt to TKD SP-guns
**1160 – rebuilt to TKS prototype
**1164 – rebuilt to TKW prototype
*1169–1353 – TK-3 (185 tanks)
**1221 – rebuilt to TKF prototype
*1362–1461 – TK-3 (200 tanks), possibly including TKF
*1492–1511 – "iron" TKS of pre-production series (20 tanks)
**1510 – rebuilt to TKS-B prototype, than to TKS-D tank destroyer
*[[File:Prototyp TK-1.jpg|thumb|Tk1]]1512–94 – TKS (83 tanks, of these 6 sold to Estonia)
*1597–1682 – TKS (85 tanks)
*1702–64 – TKS (63 tanks)
*1799–1814 – TKS (16 tanks)
*6006 – TK-1 prototype
*6007 – TK-3 prototype
*6008 – TK-2 prototype
*Some from among 8890–8910 range – TKS (14 tanks?)
**8897 – rebuilt to TKS-D tank destroyer
**8898 – C2P tractor prototype

==Users==
*{{flag|Poland}}
*{{flag|Estonia}}
*{{flag|Independent State of Croatia}} 
*{{flag|Nazi Germany|}}
*{{flag|Soviet Union}}{{cn|date=February 2019}}
*{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} (possibly)<ref>Axworthy, p. 33</ref>

==Surviving TK-series tankettes==
[[File:Polisharmymuseum6 DSC1353.JPG|250px|thumb|TKS tankette in the [[Polish Army Museum]]]]
[[File:TK-S Tankette (37784463982).jpg|250px|thumb|TKS tankette in [[Kubinka Tank Museum]]]]
There are only two fully operational TKS tankettes and one TK-3 surviving. All of them were reconstructed from wrecks in the first decade of 21st century, using non-original parts.
* 1 TKS – One of the TKS tankettes was donated to Poland by the Swedish [[Axvall]] Tank Museum and since 2008 it is on exhibition in the [[Museum of the Polish Army]]. The Swedish TKS survived the post-war period in Norway, where it was operated by a local farmer as a tractor.
* 1 TKS – Private collection.
* 1 TK-3 – Private collection.
The other survivors are not in working order.
* 1 TKS – On exhibition in the [[Kubinka Tank Museum]] in Russia.
* 1 TKF – On exhibition in the [[Military Museum (Belgrade)|Military Museum]] in [[Belgrade]].
* 1 TKS – Returned from the Norwegian Armed Forces museum to the [[Armored Weaponry Museum, Poznań|Armoured Weapon Museum]] in [[Poznan, Poland]].
* 1 C2P artillery tractor – Was found in Belgium and bought by the [[National Military History Center]] of [[Auburn, Indiana]], where it was on exhibition until the center closed in 2019. Its whereabouts are currently unknown.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
Image:Opublikowane w Czołg rozpoznawczyTK (TKS) z 1975 (seria Typy Broni i Uzbrojenia).jpg|TKS
Image:EST-Tanks-TSK.jpg|Estonian TKS tankettes on the republic's anniversary parade on 24 February 1937.
Image:EST-TKS-2.jpg|Estonian TKS tankettes

<!-- Deleted image removed: Image:EST-TKS-4.jpg|{{deletable image-caption||F4}} -->
</gallery>

==Comparable vehicles==
* Czechoslovakia [[Tančík vz. 33]] and [[AH-IV]]
* France [[Renault UE Chenillette#Development of the Renault UE2|Renault UE2]]
* Italy: [[L3/33]] • [[L3/35]]
* Japan: [[Type 94 tankette|Type 94]]
* Romania: [[R-1 tank|R-1]]
* Soviet Union: [[T-27]] • [[T-37A tank|T-37A]] • [[T-38 tank|T-38]]
* Sweden: [[Strv m/37]] 
* United Kingdom: [[Carden Loyd tankette]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*"Czołg rozpoznawczy TK-S", Militaria i Fakty nr. 31 (6/2005)
*Adam Jońca, Rajmund Szubański, Jan Tarczyński, "Wrzesień 1939 - Pojazdy Wojska Polskiego - Barwa i broń"; WKiŁ; Warsaw 1990. {{ISBN|83-206-0847-3}}
*Leszek Komuda, "Przeciwpancerne tankietki" in: "Militaria" Year 1 Nr. 3 and Nr. 4.
*Janusz Magnuski, "Czołg rozpoznawczy TKS (TK)"; TBiU-Typy broni i uzbrojenia series nr. 36; Wydawnictwo MON; Warsaw 1975
*[[Janusz Magnuski]], "Karaluchy przeciw panzerom"; Pelta; Warsaw 1995
*Eesti soomusmasinad : soomusautod ja tankid 1918-1940 / Tiit Noormets, Mati Õun Tallinn : Tammiskilp, 1999 Page 52 {{ISBN |9985-60-692-2}}
*Jan Tarczyński, K. Barbarski, A. Jońca, "Pojazdy w Wojsku Polskim - Polish Army Vehicles - 1918-1939"; Ajaks; Pruszków 1995.
*Zbigniew Lalak, "Czołg rozpoznawczy TK3 / Reconnaissance tank TK3" in Z. Lalak, T. Basarabowicz, R. Sawicki, M. Skotnicki, P. Żurkowski "Pojazdy II wojny swiatowej (tom 2) / Military Vehicles of WW2, part 2", Warsaw 2004, {{ISBN|83-920361-0-7}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|TKS}}
* [http://derela.republika.pl/tk.htm Articles on TK/TKS development, variants and construction in English] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512115648/http://derela.republika.pl/tk.htm |date=12 May 2018}} in [http://derela.republika.pl Polish Armour 1918-1939] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525201803/http://derela.republika.pl/ |date=25 May 2018 }} website
* [http://www.wwiivehicles.com/poland/tankettes/tk-tks.asp TK & TKS tankettes] wwiivehicles.com
* [http://www.achtungpanzer.com/pol/poltk.htm TK Tankette Series Small / Light Reconnaissance Tank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004708/http://www.achtungpanzer.com/pol/poltk.htm |date=27 September 2007 }} achtungpanzer.com
* [http://www.sphf.se/Axvall/historia.htm#TKS TKS before and after restoration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814141409/http://www.sphf.se/Axvall/historia.htm#TKS |date=14 August 2010 }}

{{Interwar tanks|style=wide}}
{{WWIIPolishAFVs}}
{{Tanks of Estonia}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tks}}
[[Category:World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Poland]]
[[Category:World War II tankettes]]
[[Category:Tankettes of the interwar period]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Tankettes]]