View source for Tadeusz Mazowiecki

{{Short description|40th Prime Minister of Poland (1989–91)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} 
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Tadeusz Mazowiecki
| image               = Tadeusz Mazowiecki 1990 (cropped4).jpg
| honorific_suffix    = [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|OOB]] [[Order of Polonia Restituta|OPR]]
| imagesize           = 
| caption             = Mazowiecki in 1990
| office              = [[Prime Minister of Poland]]
| term_start          = 24 August 1989
| term_end            = 12 January 1991
| vicepresident       = 
| viceprimeminister   = 
| deputy              = [[Leszek Balcerowicz]]<br />[[Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland|Czesław Janicki]]<br />[[Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland|Jan Janowski]]<br />[[Czesław Kiszczak]]
| president           = [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]]<br/>[[Lech Wałęsa]]
| primeminister       = 
| predecessor         = [[Edward Szczepanik]] ([[Polish government-in-exile|Exile]])<br>[[Czesław Kiszczak]]
| successor           = [[Jan Krzysztof Bielecki]]
| office3             = [[Freedom Union (Poland)|Chairman of the Freedom Union]]
| term_start3         = 23 April 1994
| term_end3           = 1 April 1995
| predecessor3        = Himself <small>(As [[Democratic Union (Poland)|Chairman of the Democratic Union]])</small>
| successor3          = [[Leszek Balcerowicz]]
| office4             = [[Democratic Union (Poland)|Chairman of the Democratic Union]]
| term_start4         = 20 May 1991
| term_end4           = 24 April 1994
| predecessor4        = ''Position established''
| successor4          = Himself <small>(As [[Freedom Union (Poland)|Chairman of the Freedom Union]])</small>
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1927|04|18}}
| birth_place         = [[Płock]], [[Second Republic of Poland|Poland]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2013|10|28|1927|04|18|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Warsaw]], Poland
| party               = [[Labour Faction (1937)|Labour Party]] (1946–1947)<br />[[PAX Association]] (1949–1955)<br />[[Znak (association)|Znak]] (1961–1972)<br />[[Solidarity Citizens' Committee|Solidarity]] (1980–1991)<br />[[Democratic Union (Poland)|Democratic Union]] (1991–1994)<br />[[Freedom Union (Poland)|Freedom Union]] (1994–2005)<br />[[Democratic Party – demokraci.pl|Democratic Party]] (2005–2006)
| spouse              = Krystyna (d.1948) <br />Ewa (d.1970)
| children            = 3
| profession          = Author, journalist, [[social worker]]
| signature           = Tadeusz Mazowiecki signature.svg
| footnotes           = 
| awards              = [[Image:POL Order Orła Białego BAR.svg|40px|Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]] [[Image:POL Złoty Medal Zasłużony Kulturze Gloria Artis BAR.png|40px|Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]] [[Image:POL Order Ecce Homo BAR.png|40px|Order Ecce Homo (Poland)]] [[Image:LTU Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas - Commander's Grand Cross BAR.png|40px|Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas]] [[Image:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|40px|Legion of Honour]] [[Image:GC.OrdineS.GregorioMagno.png|40px|Order of St. Gregory the Great]] [[Image:HUN Order of Merit of the Hungarian Rep (civil) 2class BAR.svg|40px|Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary]] [[Image:Cordone di gran Croce OMRI BAR.svg|40px|Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
}}
{{Liberalism in Poland |Politicians}}
[[File:Tadeusz Mazowiecki bust in Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|Tadeusz Mazowiecki bust, [[Sarajevo]]]]
'''Tadeusz Mazowiecki''' ({{IPA|pl|taˈdɛ.uʂ mazɔˈvjɛt͡skʲi|IPA|Pl-Tadeusz Mazowiecki.ogg}}; 18 April 1927 – 28 October 2013) was a Polish [[author]], [[journalist]], [[philanthropist]] and politician, formerly one of the leaders of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement, and the first [[List of Polish Prime Ministers|non-communist Polish prime minister]] since 1946, having held the post from 1989 to 1991.<ref name="BBC">BBC (corporate author), p. 1</ref>

He was the founder and leader of [[Democratic Union (Poland)|Democratic Union]] and [[Freedom Union (Poland)|Freedom Union]]. Between 1991–2001, he was a member of the [[Polish Parliament]]. In the years 2010–2013, he served as advisor to President [[Bronisław Komorowski]]. He is the recipient of Poland's highest order of merit, the [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]].

==Biography==

Tadeusz Mazowiecki was born in [[Płock]], Poland on 18 April 1927 to a [[szlachta|Polish noble family]], which uses the [[Dołęga coat of arms]].<ref name="Kopka-135">Kopka & Żelichowski, p. 135</ref><ref name="Pszczolkowski-1">Pszczółkowski, pp. 1–2</ref> Both his parents worked at the local Holy Trinity Hospital: his father was a doctor there while his mother ran a charity for the poor.<ref name="Pac">Pac, p. 1</ref> His education was interrupted by the outbreak of [[World War II]]. During the war he worked as a runner in the hospital his parents worked for.<ref name="Pac"/> After the German forces had been expelled from Płock, Tadeusz Mazowiecki resumed his education and in 1946, he graduated from [[Marshal Stanisław Małachowski High School, Płock|"Marshal Stanisław Małachowski" Lyceum]], the oldest [[high school]] in Poland and one of the oldest continuously operating schools in Europe.<ref name="Pac"/> He then moved to [[Łódź]] and then to [[Warsaw]], where he joined the Law Faculty of the [[Warsaw University]]. However, he never graduated and instead devoted himself to activity in various Catholic associations, journals and publishing houses.<ref name="Friszke-606">Friszke, "Koło posłów Znak...", p. 606</ref>

=== Catholic activist ===

==== PAX and WTK ====

Already during his brief stay at the Warsaw University Mazowiecki joined the [[Caritas (charity)|Caritas Academica]] charity organisation, he also briefly headed the University Printing Cooperative between 1947 and 1948.<ref name="Friszke-606"/> In 1946 he also joined [[Karol Popiel]]'s [[Labour Faction (1937)|Labour Party]]. However, later that year the party was outlawed by the new [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] authorities of Soviet-controlled Poland. Almost all other non-communist organisations soon also became a target of state-sponsored repressions.

One of the exceptions was the [[PAX Association]], the only large Catholic organisation supported by the Communist authorities – and supporting the authorities in their conflict with the Catholic clergy.<ref name="Dudek-181">Dudek, p. 181</ref> Mazowiecki joined PAX in 1948, initially as one of the leaders of the youth circles. He openly criticised [[Bolesław Piasecki]]'s vision of the association and his allegiance to the [[Communism|Communists]].<ref name="Dudek-181"/> He nevertheless rose through the ranks of various journals published by the association. Initially, a journalist in the ''[[Dziś i Jutro]]'' weekly, in 1950 he became the deputy editor-in-chief of ''[[Słowo Powszechne]]'' daily newspaper. In 1952 the conflict between Piasecki and the opposition within the PAX (the so-called Fronda, composed mostly of young intellectuals) led to Mazowiecki being expelled from the daily and relegated to a less prominent role of an editor of newly created ''{{lang|pl|Wrocławski Tygodnik Katolików}}'' (''Wrocław Catholic Weekly'', WTK).<ref name="Dudek-218">Dudek, p. 218</ref> Until 1955 he served as the editor-in-chief of that journal, he also remained one of the leaders of the opposition within the association, criticising Piasecki and his associates for their conflicts with the Catholic hierarchy, loyalty to the communist authorities, and lack of democratic procedures within PAX.<ref name="Dudek-219">Dudek, p. 219</ref> For that he was eventually dismissed from the WTK and eventually in 1955 expelled from the association altogether.<ref name="Dudek-222">Dudek, pp. 219 & 222</ref>

==== Involvement in Communist propaganda ====

Despite criticizing Piasecki, Mazowiecki offered his own support to the Communist authorities, expressed in press articles and other publications. In 1952, he published a [[pamphlet]] titled ''The enemy remains the same'' (''{{lang|pl|Wróg pozostał ten sam}}'', co-authored with [[Zygmunt Przetakiewicz]], then editor-in-chief of ''WTK'') imputing an alliance between [[Cursed soldiers|Polish anti-communist resistance movement]] and Nazi war criminals.<ref>[http://dorzeczy.pl/jak-tadeusz-mazowiecki-zwalczal-podziemie/ ''Jak Mazowiecki zwalczał podziemie'', "Historia Do Rzeczy", issue No. 1/2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301001245/http://dorzeczy.pl/jak-tadeusz-mazowiecki-zwalczal-podziemie/ |date=1 March 2013 }}</ref> In a press article published in ''WTK''  in 1953, Mazowiecki fiercely condemned [[Czesław Kaczmarek]], then Bishop of [[Kielce]]. Kaczmarek, groundlessly accused by the Communists of being an [[United States|American]] and [[Holy See|Vatican]] spy, was later sentenced to 12 years in prison.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==== Club of Catholic Intelligence and 'Więź' ====

Having left PAX, together with a group of his former colleagues Tadeusz Mazowiecki started cooperation with the ''[[Tygodnik Powszechny]]'' weekly, ''[[:pl:Po prostu (czasopismo)|Po prostu]]'' journal and the [[Crooked Circle Club]].<ref name="Friszke-1994-186">Friszke, "Opozycja polityczna...", p. 186</ref> While these journals were formally dependent on PAX, they were increasingly liberal and independent. Eventually, during the [[Polish October]] of 1956 Tadeusz Mazowiecki became one of the founders of the All-Polish Club of Progressive Catholic Intelligentsia, the predecessor of [[Klub Inteligencji Katolickiej|Club of Catholic Intelligentsia]] (KIK), the first all-national Catholic organisation independent of the Communist authorities in post-war Poland.<ref name="Friszke-1997-39">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 39</ref> Until 1963 he served as a board member of KIK.<ref name="Friszke-1997-297">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", pp. 297–298</ref> He was also a founding member of the ''[[Więź]]'' Catholic monthly in 1958 and served as its first editor-in-chief.<ref name="Friszke-1997-51">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 51</ref><ref name="Szporer-259">Szporer, p. 259</ref> While relatively independent from the Communist authorities, the monthly was also independent from the Catholic hierarchy, which often led to conflicts with both.<ref name="Friszke-1997-89">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 89</ref><ref name="Friszke-2002-100">Friszke, "Koło posłów Znak...", p. 100</ref> In his texts published in ''Więź'' Mazowiecki, inspired by [[Emmanuel Mounier]]'s [[personalism|personalist]] ideas, sought intellectual dialogue with members of left-leaning lay intelligentsia.<ref name="Friszke-1997-70">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 70</ref><ref name="Friszke-1997-86">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 86</ref>

Mazowiecki was a friend and confidant of [[Pope John Paul II]].

=== Politician and dissident ===

One of the lasting effects of [[Władysław Gomułka]]'s rise to power during the [[Polish October]] 1956 was the dissolution of PAX. A group of former PAX dissenters, the "Fronda", along with some of the professors of the [[John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin|Catholic University of Lublin]] approached Gomułka in 1956. In exchange for their support, Gomułka accepted the creation of [[Znak (association)|Znak Association]] along with its publishing house, the only such venture independent from the communist government in contemporary Poland. Moreover, a small group of 12 Catholics associated with the Znak were allowed to run in the [[1957 Polish legislative election|Polish legislative election of 1957]], among them Tadeusz Mazowiecki. While the 12 members of parliament elected that year were formally independent, they formed the first form of opposition to the rule of the [[Polish United Workers' Party]] within the Polish [[Sejm]], dubbed the "MP circle of Znak" ({{langx|pl|koło poselskie Znak}}). Mazowiecki remained a member of the Sejm until 1971, serving his [[1965 Polish legislative election|second]], [[1969 Polish legislative election|third]] and [[1972 Polish legislative election|fourth terms]] as a member of the Catholic "party".<ref name="Ost-219">Ost, p. 219</ref>

During his parliamentary career, he was an active member of the Commission on Education and the Commission on Work and Social Matters.<ref name="Friszke-2002-44">Friszke, "Koło posłów...", p. 44</ref> As Poland was effectively a [[one-party state]], the role of the token opposition was mostly symbolic. However, some of Mazowiecki's speeches and [[Interpellation (politics)|interpellations]] made a large impact on Polish society. Such was the case of his critique of the official curriculum of Polish schools underlining the crucial role of [[Karl Marx]]'s [[historical materialism]],<ref name="Friszke-2002-46">Friszke, "Koło posłów...", pp. 46–47</ref> or his isolated protest against the new Assemblies Act, effectively putting an end even to a theoretical [[freedom of assembly]] in Poland.<ref name="Friszke-2002-50">Friszke, "Koło posłów...", p. 50</ref> In 1968 he was the only member of parliament to raise the issue of the brutal suppression of the students' demonstrations during the [[1968 Polish political crisis]].<ref name="Friszke-2002-83">Friszke, "Koło posłów...", p. 83</ref> In the aftermath of the bloody [[Polish 1970 protests|quelling of the 1970 protests]], in which 42 people were killed by the army and the [[Milicja Obywatelska|Citizens' Militia]], Tadeusz Mazowiecki unsuccessfully demanded that the matter be investigated in order to find those responsible for the bloodshed.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="Friszke-1997-116">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 116</ref> This and similar acts of questioning the actions of the Communist authorities made Mazowiecki one of the unwanted members of parliament and consequently in 1972 the party did not allow him to run for his fifth term.<ref name="Friszke-1997-128">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", pp. 128–129</ref>

Having left the Sejm, Mazowiecki became the head of Warsaw chapter of the Club of Catholic Intelligentsia and one of the best-known Polish dissidents. In early 1976, soon after the publication of the [[Letter of 59]], Mazowiecki initiated a similar letter to the PUWP signed by most members of the former Znak circle.<ref name="Friszke-1997-157">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", pp. 157–159</ref> Although not a member of the [[Workers' Defence Committee]], he supported it on numerous occasions, notably in the aftermath of the [[June 1976 protests]] in [[Radom]] and [[Ursus Factory|Ursus]].<ref name="Friszke-1997-179">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 179</ref><ref name="Friszke-1994-398">Friszke, "Opozycja polityczna...", p. 398</ref> An heir to a long tradition of [[organic work]], on 22 January 1978 Tadeusz Mazowiecki, together with other Polish dissidents, including [[Stefan Amsterdamski]], [[Andrzej Celiński]] and [[Andrzej Kijowski]], became one of the founding members of the Society of Scientific Courses, the predecessor of the [[Flying University#People's Republic|Flying University]].<ref name="Friszke-1994-501">Friszke, "Opozycja polityczna...", pp. 501–502</ref>

=== Solidarity and the fall of Communism ===

In August 1980, he headed the Board of Experts, which supported the workers from Gdańsk who were negotiating with the authorities.<ref name="BBC"/> From 1981, he was the editor-in-chief of the ''[[Tygodnik Solidarność]]'' weekly magazine.<ref name="Tagliabue-2">Tagliabue, "Solidarity seems on verge...", p. 1</ref> After martial law was declared in December 1981 he was arrested and imprisoned in Strzebielnik, then in Jaworz and finally in [[Darłówko|Darłówek]].{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

He was one of the last prisoners to be released on 23 December 1982.<ref name="BBC"/> In 1987, he spent a year abroad, during which he talked to politicians and trade union representatives. Starting in 1988, he held talks in Magdalenka. He firmly believed in the process of taking power from the ruling Polish United Workers' Party through negotiation and thus he played an active role in the [[Polish Round Table Agreement|Polish Round Table Talks]], becoming one of the most important architects of the agreement by which partially free elections were held on 4 June 1989.  While the Communists and their satellites were guaranteed a majority in the legislature, Solidarity won all of the contested seats in a historic landslide.<ref name="BBC"/>

The Communists had originally planned for Solidarity to be a junior partner in the ensuing government.  However, Solidarity turned the tables on the Communists by persuading the Communists' two satellite parties to switch their support to Solidarity.  This would all but force Communist President [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister, heading the first government in 45 years that was not dominated by Communists.  At a meeting on 17 August 1989, Jaruzelski finally agreed to [[Lech Wałęsa]]'s demand to pick a Solidarity member as the next prime minister. Walesa chose Mazowiecki as a Solidarity candidate to lead the coming administration. On 21 August 1989 General Jaruzelski formally appointed Mazowiecki as Prime Minister-designate. On 24 August 1989, he won a vote of confidence in the Sejm.  He thus became the first Polish prime minister in 43 years who was not either a Communist or a [[fellow traveler]], as well as the first non-communist Prime Minister of an Eastern European country in over 40 years.<ref name="Baczynska">Baczyńska & Słowikowska, p. 1</ref>

===Prime minister===
{{see also|Cabinet of Tadeusz Mazowiecki}}
[[File:President George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush escort Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki of Poland at a State Dinner at the White House.jpg|thumb|right|Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki with US President [[George H. W. Bush]] in White House, 1990]]
On 13 September 1989 during his long [[investiture]] speech outlining the extensive [[political agenda]] of his nominated cabinet prior to the mandatory [[confidence vote]], Mazowiecki grew weak necessitating a one-hour break in proceedings. However, the government was approved by a vote 402–0, with 13 abstentions. Mazowiecki's government managed to carry out many fundamental reforms in a short period. The political system was thoroughly changed; a full range of civil freedoms as well as a multi-party system were introduced and the country's emblem and name were changed (from the [[People's Republic of Poland]] to [[Rzeczpospolita|the Republic of Poland)]]. On 29 December 1989, the fundamental changes in the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland|Polish Constitution]] were made. By virtue of these changes, the preamble was deleted, the chapters concerning political and economic forms of government were changed, the chapters concerning trade unions were rewritten and a uniform notion of possession was introduced.<ref name="Tagliabue">Tagliabue, "Poles Approve Solidarity-Led Cabinet", p. 1</ref>

Mazowiecki used enormous popularity and credibility of the Solidarity movement to transform the Polish economy by a set of deep political and economic reforms.<ref name="Sachs-44">Sachs, pp. 44–46</ref> Better known under the name of [[Balcerowicz Plan]] after Mazowiecki's minister of finance, [[Leszek Balcerowicz]], the reforms enabled the transformation of the Polish economy from a [[central planning|centrally-planned economy]] to a [[market economy]].<ref name="Sachs-44"/> The reforms have prepared the ground for measures stopping the [[hyperinflation]], introducing free-market mechanisms and privatisation of state-owned companies, houses and land.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} The plan resulted in reduced inflation and budget deficit, while simultaneously increasing [[Unemployment]] and worsening the financial situation of the poorest members of society. In 1989, in his first parliamentary speech in [[Sejm]], Mazowiecki talked about a "[[thick line]]" (''{{lang|pl|gruba linia}}''): "We draw a thick line on what has happened in the past. We will answer for only what we have done to help Poland to rescue her from this crisis from now on". Originally, as Mazowiecki explains, it meant non-liability of his government for damages done to the national economy by previous governments.<ref name="Leszkowicz">Leszkowicz, p. 1</ref>

===Later years===
In 1991 Mazowiecki was appointed the United Nations Commission of Human Rights Special Rapporteur on the ''Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia''. In 1993 he issued a report on human rights violations in the Former Yugoslavia and he recommended criminal accountability for the atrocities being perpetrated there. However, two years later Mazowiecki stepped down in protest at what he regarded as the international community's insufficient response to atrocities committed during the Bosnian war, particularly the [[Srebrenica genocide|Srebrenica massacre]] committed by the Serb army that year.<ref name="WZ">WŻ, p. 22</ref>

[[Image:Wreczenie Orderu Orla Białego 2010-11-10 im2.jpg|thumb|right|T. Mazowiecki with President [[Bronisław Komorowski]], former president [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]] and Minister of Education [[Katarzyna Hall]]]]
A conflict with [[Lech Wałęsa]] resulted in the disintegration of Citizens' Parliamentary Club that represented Solidarity camp. The Citizens' Parliamentary Club was divided into [[Centre Agreement]], which supported Wałęsa, and ROAD, which took sides with Mazowiecki. That conflict lead both politicians to compete in [[1990 Polish presidential election|presidential election at the end of 1990]]. Mazowiecki, who during Solidarity times was an advisor to Lech Wałęsa and strike committee in Gdańsk's shipyard, stood against Wałęsa in the election and lost to him. He did not even join the second round (he gained the support of 18.08% of people – 2,973,364 votes) and was defeated by [[Stanisław Tymiński]], a maverick candidate from Canada.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

In 1991, Mazowiecki became a chairman of the Democratic Union (later Freedom Union), and from 1995 he was its honorary president. Together with [[Jan Maria Rokita]], [[Aleksander Hall]] and [[Hanna Suchocka]] he represented the Christian Democratic wing of the party. Between 1989 and 2001 Mazowiecki was a representative to the Polish Parliament (first from Poznań, later from Kraków).{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

Mazowiecki was a member of parliament in the first, second, and third term (a member of the Democratic Union), later the Freedom Union.
During the National Assembly (1997) he introduced compromise preamble of Polish constitution (previously written by founders of ''[[Tygodnik Powszechny]]'' weekly), which was accepted by the National Assembly. In November 2002, he left the Freedom Union, {{Citation needed span|in the protest against abandoning [[Christian Democrat International]], as well as his party's electoral and local coalition with the [[Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)|Democratic Left Alliance]] and [[Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland|Self-Defence Party]] in [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]]|date=October 2013}}.

[[Image:Tadeusz Mazowiecki Parada Schumana Dziewczynki.jpg|thumb|right|Mazowiecki in 2007]]
In 2005, he became one of the founders of the [[Democratic Party – demokraci.pl]] – created through expanding the former Freedom Union by new members, especially young people, and few left-wing politicians. He was a leader on the parliamentary list in parliamentary elections in Warsaw constituency in 2005 with 30143 votes. The highest number of votes he gained in [[Żoliborz]] district, and the lowest in [[Rembertów]]. Until 2006 he was the leader of its Political Council.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

Mazowiecki received numerous awards including an honorary degree from the universities in: Leuven, Genoa, Giessen, Poitiers, Exeter, Warsaw and the [[Katowice]] University of Economics. He also received the Order of White Eagle (1995), Golden Order of Bosnia (1996), Légion d'honneur (1997), Srebrnica Award (2005), the Giant award (1995) awarded by ''{{lang|pl|Gazeta Wyborcza}}'' (''Election Gazette'') in Poznań and Jan Nowak-Jezioranski Award (2004). In 2003, he was elected to the board of directors of the [[International Criminal Court]]'s Trust Fund for Victims.<ref name="Amnesty">Amnesty International (corporate author), p. 1</ref> Mazowiecki was a member of the [[Club of Madrid]].<ref name="Club">Club de Madrid (corporate author), p. 1</ref> He was a supporter of a more [[Federal Europe|united Europe]].<ref name="Dzieduszycka-1">Dzieduszycka, p. 1</ref>

Mazowiecki died in Warsaw on 28 October 2013,<ref name="Gazeta">Kospa et al., p. 1</ref> having been taken to hospital the previous week with a fever.<ref name="Scislowska">Ścisłowska, p. 1</ref> Foreign Minister [[Radosław Sikorski]] stated that he was "one of the fathers of Polish liberty and independence".<ref name="BBC"/> He was survived by three sons from his second marriage.<ref name="Scislowska"/>

==See also==
*[[History of Poland (1945–1989)]]
*[[History of Poland (1989–present)]]

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{cite web|author=[[Amnesty International]] (corporate author) |title=Amnesty International welcomes the election of a Board of Directors |publisher=Amnesty International |date=12 September 2003 |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGIOR300072003?open&of=ENG-391 |access-date=1 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119165617/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGIOR300072003?open&of=ENG-391 |archive-date=19 November 2006 }} 
*{{cite news | last1 =Baczyńska | first1 =Gabriela | last2 =Słowikowska | first2 =Karolina | editor=Alistair Lyon | date =28 October 2013 | title =Poland's Tadeusz Mazowiecki, first PM after communism, dies | url =http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-poland-mazowiecki-idUKBRE99R07T20131028 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160108163050/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-poland-mazowiecki-idUKBRE99R07T20131028 | url-status =dead | archive-date =8 January 2016 | work =[[Reuters]] | access-date =28 October 2013 }}
*{{cite news | author =BBC (corporate author) <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | title = Poland's former PM Tadeusz Mazowiecki dies aged 86 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24700801 | newspaper = BBC News Europe | location = London | publisher = BBC | date  = 28 October 2013 | access-date = 30 October 2013 }}
*{{cite web | author=Club de Madrid (corporate author) | title=Mazowiecki, Tadeusz; Prime Minister of Poland (1989–1990) | publisher=Club de Madrid | year=2010 | work=clubmadrid.org | url=http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/tadeusz_mazowiecki | access-date=30 October 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102014435/http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/tadeusz_mazowiecki | archive-date=2 November 2013}}
*{{Cite book  | last1 = Dudek | first1 = Antoni | title = Bolesław Piasecki: próba biografii politycznej |trans-title=Bolesław Piasecki: sketch of a political biography | year = 1990 | work = Aneks | location = London | isbn = 0-906601-74-6 |language=pl}}
*{{cite interview |last=Mazowiecki |first=Tadeusz |interviewer=Małgorzata Dzieduszycka |title=Interview with Tadeusz Mazowiecki |url=http://www.instesw.ebox.lublin.pl/ed/0/mazowiecki.html.en |year=1997 |access-date=9 January 2012 |work=EuroDialog|issue=0/97}} 
*{{cite book |author1=[[Andrzej Friszke|Friszke, Andrzej]] |title=Opozycja polityczna w PRL 1945–1980 |trans-title=Political opposition in the PRP, 1945–1980 |year=1994 |publisher=Aneks |location=London |isbn=1897962037 |language=pl}}
*{{Cite book  | last1 = Friszke | first1 = Andrzej | title = Oaza na Kopernika: Klub Inteligencji Katolickiej, 1956-1989 |trans-title=Oasis at Kopernika Str.: Club of Catholic Intelligentsia, 1956–1989 | year = 1997 | publisher = Biblioteka 'Więzi' | volume=100| location = Warszawa | isbn = 83-85124-90-X | issn =0519-9336 |language=pl}}
*{{Cite book  | last1 = Friszke | first1 = Andrzej | title = Koło posłów 'Znak' w Sejmie PRL 1957–1976 |trans-title='Znak' parliamentary club in the Sejm of the PRP; 1957–1976 | year = 2002 | publisher = Wydawnictwo Sejmowe | location = Warsaw | isbn = 83-7059-527-8 |language=pl}}
*{{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Bogusław |author2=Żelichowski, Ryszard |title=Rodem z Solidarnośći: sylwetki twórców NSZZ "Solidarność" |trans-title=Roots in Solidarity: silhouettes of the creators of "Solidarity"|publisher=Stowarzyszenie Archiwum Solidarności|year=1997|page=135|isbn=9788370540999|language=pl}}
*{{cite journal | author1 =kospa | author2=dan | author3=gaw |date=October 2013 | title =Tadeusz Mazowiecki nie żyje. Miał 86 lat. "Uczył nas pokory w polityce" |trans-title=Tadeusz Mazowiecki dead. He was 86. "He taught us humility in politics" | journal =[[Gazeta Wyborcza]] | issue =28 October 2013 | issn =0860-908X | url =http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,14854219,Tadeusz_Mazowiecki_nie_zyje__Mial_86_lat.html | access-date =28 October 2013 |language=pl}}
* {{Cite web | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-mazowiecki-idUSBRE99R07M20131028 | work = Reuters| access-date = 29 October 2013 | date = 28 October 2013 | title = Poland's first post-communist PM Mazowiecki dead at 86 | first = Dagmara | last = Leszkowicz}}
*{{cite journal | author =Musiał, Filip | date =3 December 2007 | title =Katolicy przeciwko kościołowi | trans-title =Catholics against the Church | journal =[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]] | url =http://www.rp.pl/artykul/73916.html | access-date =30 October 2013 | language =pl | archive-date =8 September 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120908002050/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/73916.html | url-status =dead }}
*{{cite book|last=Ost|first=David|title=Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics: Opposition and Reform in Poland Since 1968|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1990|page=[https://archive.org/details/solidaritypoliti00ostd/page/219 219]|isbn=9780877226550|url=https://archive.org/details/solidaritypoliti00ostd/page/219}}
*{{cite journal | author =J. Pac | date =October 2013 | title =Rodzinne miasto Mazowieckiego w żałobie | trans-title =Mazowiecki's native town in mourning | journal =Rzeczpospolita | issue =28 October 2013 | url =http://www.rp.pl/artykul/10,1060490-Rodzinne-miasto-zegna-Tadeusza-Mazowieckiego.html | access-date =2013-10-31 | language =pl | archive-date =2 November 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131102044813/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/10,1060490-Rodzinne-miasto-zegna-Tadeusza-Mazowieckiego.html | url-status =dead }}
*{{cite news |last=Pszczółkowski |first=Adam A. |date=2013-11-02 |title=Informacja prasowa na temat rodziny Tadeusza Mazowieckiego |trans-title=Press release: on the family of Tadeusz Mazowiecki |url=http://szlachta.org.pl/pub/Historia_rodziny_Tadeusza%20Mazowieckiego_informacja%20prasowa.pdf |newspaper=szlachta.org.pl |publisher=Związek Szlachty Polskiej |access-date=2013-11-07 |language=pl}}
*{{Cite book| last1 = Sachs| first1 = Jeffrey| author1-link = Jeffrey Sachs| title = Poland's jump to the market economy| year = 1993| publisher = MIT Press| location = Cambridge, Mass.| isbn = 0-262-69174-4| url = https://archive.org/details/polandsjumptomar0000sach}}
*{{cite book|last=Szporer|first=Michael |title=Solidarity: The Great Workers Strike of 1980|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|year=2012|page=259|isbn=9780739174876}}
*{{cite news | first=Monika | last = Ścisłowska |date=October 2013 | title =Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Polish prime minister, dies at 86 | newspaper =[[The Washington Post]] | issn =0190-8286 | url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/tadeusz-mazowiecki-polish-prime-minister-dies-at-86/2013/10/28/c2078c6e-3fe9-11e3-a624-41d661b0bb78_story.html }}
*{{cite news|last=Tagliabue|first=John|title=Solidarity seems on verge of forming Polish cabinet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/18/world/solidarity-seems-on-verge-of-forming-polish-cabinet-jaruzelski-considers-move.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|access-date=14 July 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 August 1989}}
*{{Cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/13/opinion/poles-approve-solidarity-led-cabinet.html | title = Poles Approve Solidarity-Led Cabinet | first = John | last = Tagliabue | access-date = 29 October 2013 | date = 13 September 1989 | work = [[The New York Times]]}}
*{{cite journal | author =W.Ż. | date =5 March 2008 | title =Poland Recognizes Kosovo | journal =[[The Warsaw Voice]] | issue =5 March 2008 | pages =22 | issn =0860-7591 | url =http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/17345 | access-date =30 October 2013 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100412031114/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/17345 | archive-date =12 April 2010}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040824235321/http://www.haverford.edu/relg/sells/reports/mazowiecki.html Periodic Reports on the situation in Bosnia]

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of Poland]]|before=[[Czesław Kiszczak]]|after=[[Jan Krzysztof Bielecki]]|years=1989–1991}}
{{S-end}}

{{Prime Ministers of Poland}}
{{Tadeusz Mazowiecki Cabinet}}
{{UWHeads}}
{{Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 1990}}
{{Person of the year by Gazeta Wyborcza}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazowiecki, Tadeusz}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Płock]]
[[Category:People from Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)]]
[[Category:Polish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:PAX Association members]]
[[Category:Znak (association) members]]
[[Category:Democratic Union (Poland) politicians]]
[[Category:Freedom Union (Poland) politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Party – demokraci.pl politicians]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of the Polish People's Republic]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Poland]]
[[Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 1961–1965]]
[[Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 1965–1969]]
[[Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 1969–1972]]
[[Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 1991–1993]]
[[Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 1993–1997]]
[[Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 1997–2001]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1990 Polish presidential election]]
[[Category:Polish Round Table Talks participants]]
[[Category:University of Warsaw alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas]]
[[Category:Knights of St. Gregory the Great]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]]
[[Category:Polish recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Polish nobility]]