View source for Tamarin

{{Short description|Genus of New World monkeys}}
{{About|the New World monkey|the tropical plant|Tamarind|other uses|Tamarin (disambiguation)}}
{{Inline|date=November 2023}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Tamarins<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=133–136}}</ref><ref name=SAP>{{cite book |last1=Rylands |first1=Anthony B. |last2=Mittermeier |first2=Russell A. |editor1-last=Garber |editor1-first=PA |editor2-last=Estrada |editor2-first=A |editor3-last=Bicca-Marques |editor3-first=JC |editor4-last=Heymann |editor4-first=EW |editor5-last=Strier |editor5-first=KB |editor5-link=Karen B. Strier |year=2009 |title=South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation |chapter=The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini): An Annotated Taxonomy |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-78704-6 |pages=21–54}}</ref>
| image = Tamarin portrait 2 edit3.jpg|
| image_caption = [[Emperor tamarin]] (''Saguinus imperator'')
| taxon = Saguinus
| authority = [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Hoffmannsegg]], 1807
| type_species = ''[[Saguinus ursulus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Hoffmannsegg]], 1807
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 22 species, see [[#Classification|text]]
| synonyms = *''Hapanella'' <small>Gray, 1870</small>
*''Marikina'' <small>Lesson, 1840</small>
*''Midas'' <small>E. Geoffroy, 1812</small>
*''Mystax'' <small>Gray, 1870</small>
*''Oedipomidus'' <small>Reichenbach, 1862</small>
*''Oedipus'' <small>Lesson, 1840</small>
*''Seniocebus'' <small>Gray, 1870</small>
*''Tamarin'' <small>Gray, 1870</small>
}}

The '''tamarins''' are [[squirrel]]-sized [[New World monkey]]s from the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Callitrichidae]] in the [[genus]] '''''Saguinus'''''. They are the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae tree, and therefore are the sister group of a [[clade]] formed by the [[lion tamarin]]s, [[Goeldi's marmoset|Goeldi's monkeys]] and [[marmoset]]s.<ref name=Garbino2018>{{cite journal |last1=Garbino |first1=Guilherme S.T. |last2=Martins-Junior |first2=Antonio M.G. |year=2018 |title=Phenotypic evolution in marmoset and tamarin monkeys (Cebidae, Callitrichinae) and a revised genus-level classification |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.002 |doi-access=free |pmid=28989098 |volume=118 |pages=156–171 }}</ref>

==Taxonomy and evolutionary history==
Hershkovitz (1977) recognised ten species in the genus ''Saguinus'', further divided into 33 morphotypes based on facial pelage.<ref name=Hershkovitz1977>{{cite book |last=Hershkovitz |first=Philip |date=1977 |title=Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini): With an Introduction to Primates |edition=1st |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226327884|url=https://archive.org/details/livingnewworldmo0001hers |url-access=registration}}</ref> A later classification into two clades was based on variations in dental measurements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Natori |first1=M. |last2=Hanihara |first2=T. |year=1992 |title=Variations in dental measurements between ''Saguinus'' species and their systematic relationships |journal=Folia Primatologica |doi=10.1159/000156612 |pmid=1612537 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=84–92}}</ref> A taxonomic review (Rylands et al., 2016) showed the tamarins are a sister group to all other callitrichids, branching off 15–13 million years ago. Within this clade, six species groups are historically recognised, ''nigricollis'', ''mystax'', ''midas'', ''inustus'', ''bicolor'' and ''oedipus'', five of which were shown to be valid with ''Saguinus inustus'' placed within the ''midas'' group. The review noted that the smaller-bodied ''nigricollis'' group began diverging 11–8 million years ago, leading the authors to move them to a separate genus, ''[[Leontocebus]]'' (saddle-back tamarins).<ref name=Rylands2016>{{cite journal |author1=Rylands, Anthony B. |author2=Eckhard W. Heymann |author3=Jessica Lynch Alfaro |author4=Janet C. Buckner |author5=Christian Roos |author6=Christian Matauschek |author7=Jean P. Boubli |author8=Ricardo Sampaio |author9=Russell A. Mittermeier |year=2016 |title=Taxonomic Review of the New World Tamarins (Primates: Callitrichidae) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1111/zoj.12386 |volume=177 |issue=4 |pages=1003–1028 |url=http://socgen.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Rylands-et-al-Review-of-tamarin-taxonomy-J-Zool-Linn-Soc-2016.pdf |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128171237/http://socgen.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Rylands-et-al-Review-of-tamarin-taxonomy-J-Zool-Linn-Soc-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{ITIS|id=943882|taxon=''Leontocebus''|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> While a 2018 study proposed that ''Leontocebus'' does not have sufficient divergence from ''Saguinus'' to be in its own genus, and thus should be reclassified it as a [[subgenus]] of ''Saguinus'', this proposal has since found significant traction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leontocebus|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=943882#null|access-date=12 November 2021|publisher=ITIS}}</ref> The same study found the ''mystax'' group of tamarins to be distinct enough to be classified in the subgenus '''''Tamarinus'''.''<ref name=Garbino2018/>  As of 2021 this proposal has not been universally accepted by primatologists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamarinus|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=943999#null|access-date=2021-11-12|publisher=ITIS}}</ref>

===Taxonomic classification===
Following the taxonomic review of tamarins by Rylands et al. (2016) and Garbino & Martins-Junior (2018), there are 22 species in the genus ''Saguinus'' with 19 subspecies.<ref name="Rylands2016"/><ref name="Garbino2018" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Database|first=Mammal Diversity|title=Mammal Diversity Database|date=6 November 2021|doi=10.5281/zenodo.5651212 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5651212|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
*'''Genus ''Saguinus'''''
**Subgenus '''''Saguinus''''' <small>[[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Hoffmannsegg]], 1807</small>
***''S. midas'' group
**** [[Golden-handed tamarin]], midas tamarin, or red-handed tamarin, ''[[Saguinus midas]]''
**** Western black-handed tamarin or [[black tamarin]], ''[[Saguinus niger]]''
**** [[Eastern black-handed tamarin]], ''[[Saguinus ursulus]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gregorin|first1=R.|last2=De Vivo|first2=M.|year=2013|title=Revalidation of ''Saguinus ursula'' Hoffmannsegg (Primates: Cebidae: Callitrichinae)|journal=Zootaxa|volume=3721|issue=2|pages=172–182|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3721.2.4|pmid=26120667 }}</ref>
*** ''S. bicolor'' group
**** [[Pied tamarin]], ''[[Saguinus bicolor]]''
**** [[Martins's tamarin]], ''[[Saguinus martinsi]]''
***** Martins's bare-face tamarin, ''Saguinus martinsi martinsi''
***** Ochraceus bare-face tamarin, ''Saguinus martinsi ochraceus''
*** ''S. oedipus'' group
**** [[Cotton-top tamarin]] or Pinché tamarin, ''[[Saguinus oedipus]]''
**** [[Geoffroy's tamarin]], ''[[Saguinus geoffroyi]]''
**** [[White-footed tamarin]], ''[[Saguinus leucopus]]''
**Subgenus '''''Tamarinus''''' <small>[[Édouard Louis Trouessart|Trouessart]], 1904</small>
***[[Moustached tamarin]], ''[[Saguinus mystax]]''
**** Spix's moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax mystax''
**** [[Red-capped tamarin]], ''Saguinus mystax pileatus''
**** White-rump moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pluto''
*** [[White-lipped tamarin]], ''[[Saguinus labiatus]]''
**** Geoffroy's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus labiatus''
**** Thomas's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus thomasi''
**** Gray's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus rufiventer''
*** [[Emperor tamarin]], ''[[Saguinus imperator]]''
**** Black-chinned emperor tamarin, ''Saguinus imperator imperator''
**** Bearded emperor tamarin, ''Saguinus imperator subgrisescens''
*** [[Mottle-faced tamarin]], ''[[Saguinus inustus]]''

== Description ==

Tamarin species vary considerably in appearance, ranging from nearly all black through mixtures of black, brown and white.  [[Mustache]]-like facial hairs are typical for many species. Their body size ranges from {{Convert|13|to|30|cm|abbr=on}} (plus a {{Convert|25|to|44|cm|abbr=on|adj=mid|6=-long}} [[tail]]). They weigh from {{Convert|348|to|575|g}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1006/jhev.1996.0122|title=Body mass in comparative primatology|year=1997|last1=Smith|first1=Richard J.|last2=Jungers|first2=William L.|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=32|issue=6|pages=523–559|pmid=9210017}}</ref> In [[captivity (animal)|captivity]], [[red-bellied tamarin]]s have been recorded living up to 20.5 years,<ref>{{Cite book | first=Richard |last=Weigl |title=Longevity of mammals in captivity; from the Living Collections of the world |year=2005 |publisher=Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe |volume=48 |isbn=978-3-510-61379-3}}</ref> while [[cotton-top tamarin]]s can live up to 23 years old.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hakeem |first1=A. |first2=R. |last2=Sandoval |first3=M. |last3=Jones |first4=J. |last4=Allman |year=1996 |chapter=Brain and life span in primates |title=Handbook of the Psychology of Aging |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Birren |publisher=Academic Press |pages=78–104}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
Tamarins are found from southern [[Central America]] through to central [[South America]], where they are found in northwestern [[Colombia]], the [[Amazon basin]], and [[the Guianas]].<ref name=Hershkovitz1977/>

== Behavior and reproduction ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2024}}

Tamarins are inhabitants of [[tropical rainforest]]s and open forest areas. They are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] and [[arboreal]], and run and jump quickly through the trees. Tamarins live together in groups of up to 40 members consisting of one or more families. More frequently, though, groups are composed of just three to nine members.

Tamarins are [[omnivore]]s, eating fruits and other plant parts as well as [[spider]]s, [[insect]]s, small vertebrates and [[bird egg]]s.

[[Gestation]] is typically 140 days, and [[birth]]s are normally [[twin]]s. The adult males, subadults, and juveniles in the group assist with caring for the young, bringing them to their mother to nurse. After approximately one month the young begin to eat solid food, although they are not fully [[weaning|weaned]] for another two to three months. They reach full maturity in their second year. Tamarins are almost exclusively [[polyandry in nature|polyandrous]].

Cottontop tamarins (''Saguinus oedipus'') breed cooperatively in the wild. Cronin, Kurian, and Snowdon tested eight cottontop tamarins in a series of [[cooperative pulling paradigm|cooperative pulling experiments]]. Two monkeys were put on opposite sides of a transparent apparatus containing food. Only if both monkeys pulled a handle on their side of the apparatus towards themselves at the same time would food drop down for them to obtain. The results showed that tamarins pulled the handles at a lower rate when alone with the apparatus than when in the presence of a partner. Cronin, Kurian, and Snowdon concluded from this that cottontop tamarins have a good understanding of cooperation. They suggest that cottontop tamarins have developed cooperative behaviour as a cognitive adaptation.<ref name=Cronin>{{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=Katherine A. |last2=Kurian |first2=Aimee V. |last3=Snowdon |first3=Charles T. |year=2005 |title=Cooperative problem solving in a cooperatively breeding primate (Saguinus oedipus)|journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=133–142 |pmid=16804561 |pmc=1483064 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.02.024}}</ref>

In some locations, saddle-back tamarins (subgenus ''Leontocebus'') live [[Sympatry|sympatrically]] with tamarins of the subgenus ''Saguinus'', but the saddle-back tamarins typically occupy lower strata of the forest than do the ''Saguinus'' species.<ref name="Rylands2016" /> Saddle-back tamarins have longer and narrower hands than ''Saguinus'' species, possibly adaption to differing foraging behavior, as saddle-back tamarins are more likely to search for insects that are hidden in knotholes, crevices, [[bromeliad]] tanks and [[leaf litter]], while ''Saguinus'' species are more likely to forage for insects that are exposed on surfaces such as leaves or branches.<ref name="Rylands2016" /> This differentiation in lifestyles was why both were formerly considered different genera.<ref name="Rylands2016" />

==Predators==
While tamarins spend much of their day foraging, they must be on high alert for aerial and terrestrial predators.  Due to their small size compared to other primates, they are an easy target for predatory birds, snakes, and mammals.<ref name=Lynne2002>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Lynne |year=2002 |title=Eat or be Eaten |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01104-4}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/saguinus Primate Info Net ''Saguinus'' Factsheets]

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[[Category:Saguinus| ]]
[[Category:Callitrichidae]]
[[Category:Primates of South America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg]]