View source for Tampere

{{short description|Third-most populous city in Finland}}
{{distinguish|Tamper (disambiguation){{!}}Tamper|Tampering (disambiguation){{!}}Tampering}}
{{for|the Estonian folklorist|Herbert Tampere}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Tampere
| official_name      = {{lang|fi|Tampereen kaupunki}}{{br}}{{lang|sv|Tammerfors stad}}<br />{{lang|en|City of Tampere}}
| native_name        = {{native name|sv|Tammerfors}}
| nicknames           = Manchester of the North, Nashville of the North, Manse (“Manchester” in Finnish),<ref name=yle_elava_arkisto_tampere/> Nääsville (“Nashville” in Finnish),{{efn|Pronounced in almost the same way as [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]}}<ref name=yle_elava_arkisto_tampere/> Sauna Capital of the World
| settlement_type    = City
| image_skyline      = File:Tampere Montage 1.jpg
| imagesize          = 250px
| image_caption      = '''Clockwise from top''': the cityscape (viewed from [[Näsinneula]]); [[Tampere City Hall]]; [[Särkänniemi]] (from Näsinneula); [[Tampere Hall]]; the skyline with Näsinneula; [[Tammerkoski]] from [[Hämeensilta]] Bridge; and the [[Tampere Cathedral|Cathedral]].
| image_flag = Tampere.lippu.svg
| flag_size = 120x70px
| image_shield       = Tampere.vaakuna.svg
| shield_size        = 120x80px
| image_map          = File:Pirkanmaa Tampere 2021 clean.svg
| map_caption        = Location of Tampere (in black) in the [[Pirkanmaa]] [[Regions of Finland|region]]
| image_map1         = Tampere sijainti Suomi.svg
| map_caption1       = Location of Tampere in Finland
| coordinates        = {{coord|61|29|53|N|23|45|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Finland}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[File:Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg|15px|link=Pirkanmaa]] [[Pirkanmaa]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Tampere sub-region|Tampere]]
| subdivision_type3  = Metropolitan area
| subdivision_name3  = [[Tampere metropolitan area|Tampere]]
| leader_title       = Mayor<ref name=themayor_tampere/>
| leader_name        = [[Ilmari Nurminen]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Finland|sd.]])<ref name="yle-valkama"/>
| established_title  = City rights
| established_date   = 1 October 1779
| area_footnotes     = {{Data Finland municipality|area_footnotes|Tampere}}
| area_total_km2     = {{Data Finland municipality|area_total_km2|Tampere}}
| area_land_km2      = {{Data Finland municipality|area_land_km2|Tampere}}
| area_water_km2     = {{Data Finland municipality|area_water_km2|Tampere}}
| area_urban_km2     = 258.52
| area_rank          = {{Data Finland municipality|area_rank|Tampere}}
| population_as_of   = {{Data Finland municipality|population_as_of|Tampere}}
| population_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Tampere}}
| population_total   = {{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Tampere}}
| population_density_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|population_density_km2|Tampere}}
| population_demonym = {{lang|fi|tamperelainen}} (Finnish)<br/>{{lang|sv|tammerforsare}} (Swedish)<br/>{{lang|en|Tamperean}} (English)
| population_metro   = {{#expr:
{{Data Finland municipality/population count|tampere}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|lempäälä}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|nokia, finland}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|pirkkala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|kangasala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|ylöjärvi}}
}}
| population_urban   = 334,112<ref name=statistics_finland_taajamat_2017/>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1211.0
| population_rank    = {{Data Finland municipality|population_rank|Tampere}}
| demographics_type1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type1|Tampere}}
| demographics1_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_footnotes|Tampere}}
| demographics1_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title1|Tampere}}
| demographics1_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info1|Tampere}}
| demographics1_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title2|Tampere}}
| demographics1_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info2|Tampere}}
| demographics1_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title3|Tampere}}
| demographics1_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info3|Tampere}}
| demographics1_title4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title4|Tampere}}
| demographics1_info4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info4|Tampere}}
| demographics_type2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type2|Tampere}}
| demographics2_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_footnotes|Tampere}}
| demographics2_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title1|Tampere}}
| demographics2_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info1|Tampere}}
| demographics2_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title2|Tampere}}
| demographics2_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info2|Tampere}}
| demographics2_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title3|Tampere}}
| demographics2_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info3|Tampere}}
| blank_name         = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_name|Tampere}}
| blank_info         = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_info|Tampere}}
| timezone           = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset         = +02:00
| timezone_DST       = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +03:00
| website            = {{Official URL}}
}}
'''Tampere'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|m|p|ər|eɪ}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|t|æ|m|p|ər|ə|,_|ˈ|t|ɑː|m|p|ər|eɪ}}<ref name=lexico/><ref name=oxford/><ref name=merriam-webster/>}}{{efn|{{IPA|fi|ˈtɑmpere|lang|fi-Tampere.ogg}}; {{langx|sv|Tammerfors}}, {{IPA|sv-FI|tɑmærˈforsː|lang|Tammerfors.ogg}}}} is a city in [[Finland]] and the [[Capital city|regional capital]] of [[Pirkanmaa]]. It is in the [[Finnish Lakeland]]. Tampere's population is about {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tampere}}round -3}}}}, while the [[Tampere metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] has a population of about {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tampere}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kangasala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Lempäälä}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Nokia, Finland}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Orivesi}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Pirkkala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Vesilahti}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Ylöjärvi}}round -3}}}}. It is Finland's {{ordinal|{{Data Finland municipality/population count sequence|Tampere}}}} most populous [[Municipalities of Finland|municipality]] and the second most populous [[List of urban areas in Finland by population|urban area]] in the country after the [[Helsinki metropolitan area]].

Tampere is the most populous inland city in the [[Nordic countries]].<ref name=green/> The [[Tampere urban area|urban area]] has a population of about 340,000.<ref name=statistics_finland_taajamat_2017/> Tampere is considered the most important urban, economic and cultural centre in the whole of inland Finland.<ref name=isomaki/>

Tampere and its surroundings are part of the historic province of [[Satakunta (historical province)|Satakunta]], but the area belonged to the [[Häme Province|province of Häme]] (Tavastia) from 1831 to 1997 and it has often been considered part of that province. For example, in ''[[Uusi tietosanakirja (1960)|Uusi tietosanakirja]]'', published in the 1960s, the Tampere subregion is presented as part of the then province of Tavastia.

Between 1775 and 1870, Tammerkoski rapids formed the border between the former province of Häme and the [[Turku and Pori Province|province of Turku and Pori]]. The city of Tampere was on the western side of the rapids, but the eastern bank was attached to the city in 1877.

Around the 1950s, Tampere and its surroundings began to establish themselves as a separate province known as Pirkanmaa. Tampere became the centre of Pirkanmaa, and ''Tammermaa'' was also used several times in the province's early days, for example in the ''Suomi-käsikirja'' published in 1968.<ref name=heikkila_2/>

Tampere is wedged between two lakes, Lake [[Näsijärvi]] and Lake [[Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Pyhäjärvi]],<ref name=tampere_fi_vesiensuojelu/><ref name=thetimes/> with an {{cvt|18|m}} difference in water level, and the rapids that connect them, [[Tammerkoski]], have been an important source of power throughout history, most recently for generating electricity.<ref name=tekniikkatalous_2019-12-08/> Tampere is known as the "[[Manchester]] of the North" because of its past as a centre of Finnish industry,<ref name=thetimes/><ref name="nieminen-yle"/> which has given rise to its Finnish nickname "Manse"<ref name=yle_elava_arkisto_tampere/> and terms such as "Manserock".<ref name=tampere_fi_2008/><ref name=tibo_2007/><ref name=katko/> Tampere has also been officially declared the "Sauna Capital of the World"<ref name=thetimes/> because it has the most public [[sauna]]s in the world.<ref name=green/><ref name=spottedbylocals/><ref name=business_tampere/><ref name=themayor_sauna_capital/><ref name=saunafromfinland/>

[[Helsinki]] is about {{cvt|160|km|-1}} south of Tampere and can be reached by [[VR Class Sm3|Pendolino]] high-speed train in 1 hour 31 minutes<ref name=vr_2018/> and by car in two hours. The distance to [[Turku]], Finland's third most populous [[List of urban areas in Finland by population|urban area]], is about the same. The [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] is the eighth busiest airport in Finland, with more than 230,000 passengers using it in 2017.<ref name=finavia_2018/> Tampere is also an important transit route for three [[Highways in Finland|Finnish highways]]: [[Finnish national road 3|Highway 3]] ([[European route E12|E12]]), [[Finnish national road 9|Highway 9]] ([[European route E63|E63]]) and [[Finnish national road 12|Highway 12]]. The [[Tampere light rail]] had two lines when it started operating in 2021.<ref name=irj-tampere-tram>{{cite news | url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/tampere-light-rail-network-opens-under-budget-and-ahead-of-schedule/ | title=Tampere light rail network opens under budget and ahead of schedule | work=International Railway Journal | date=2021-08-21 | access-date=2023-09-28 | archive-date=27 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220940/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/tampere-light-rail-network-opens-under-budget-and-ahead-of-schedule/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Tampere is often rated as the most popular city in Finland.<ref name=yle_2018-03-26/><ref name=eurocities/><ref name=is_2021-07-15/><ref name=thetimes/> The development of Tampere and its metropolitan area has continued into the 21st century, largely because Tampere is one of Finland's most attractive cities.<ref name=eurocities/><ref name=aamulehti_2021-05-04/><ref name=aamulehti_2021-10-23/> In 2023, Tampere won the first prize at the Smart City World Congress in [[Barcelona]], competing in the category of enabling technologies, while also receiving recognition for the use of technological solutions for the benefit of residents and businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smartcityexpo.com/world-smart-city-awards-2023/|title=World Smart City Awards|publisher=Smart City Expo World Congress|access-date=19 July 2024|archive-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809225840/https://www.smartcityexpo.com/world-smart-city-awards-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/tampere/art-2000009986422.html|title=Tampere tuli ykköseksi älykaupunkitapahtumassa – Ihmisten liikkumista ennustetaan viikkoja etukäteen|first=Neea|last=Virlander|work=[[Aamulehti]]|url-access=subscription|date=13 November 2023|access-date=19 July 2024|language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfinland.com/en/articles/breaking-news/2023/cultural-tampere-smart-city/|title=Tampere triumphs at global smart city awards|first=Eeva|last=Haaramo|work=Good News from Finland|date=17 November 2023|access-date=19 July 2024|archive-date=11 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811151448/https://www.goodnewsfinland.com/en/articles/breaking-news/2023/cultural-tampere-smart-city/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Names and etymology}}Etymology ==

{{see also|Names of European cities in different languages (Q–T)#Tampere{{!}}Names of Tampere in different languages}}

Although the name Tampere derives from the [[Tammerkoski]] rapids (both the city and the rapids are called Tammerfors in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]), the origin and meaning of the ''Tammer-'' part of the name has been the subject of much debate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Everett-Heath |first1=John |title=Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |date=22 October 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-190563-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001/acref-9780191905636-e-7251 |language=en |chapter=Tampere}}</ref> Linguist [[Ante Aikio|Ánte Aikio]] accepts the "straightforward" etymology of Rahkonen and Heikkilä in [[Proto-Samic language|Proto-Samic]] {{UPA|''*Tëmpël(kōškë)''}}, {{UPA|''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/tëmpël|*tëmpël]]''}} meaning "deep, slow part of a stream" and {{UPA|''*kōškë''}} "rapids" (related to the Finnish ''koski''),<ref name=heikkila_2/><ref name=ante/><ref name=heikkila_1/><ref name=rahkonen/> which has become the most accepted explanation in academia, according to the [[Institute for the Languages of Finland]].<ref name=kotus/> Other theories are that it comes from the Swedish word ''damber'', meaning [[milldam]] or that it comes from the ancient [[North Germanic languages|Scandinavian]] words ''þambr'' ("fat-bellied") and ''þambion'' ("swollen belly"), possibly referring to the rapids' shape. Another suggestion links the name to the Swedish word ''Kvatemberdagar'', or more colloquially ''Tamperdagar'', which refers to the [[Ember Days]] of the [[Liturgical year#Liturgical calendar 2|Western Christian liturgical calendar]]. The Finnish word for [[oak]], ''tammi'', has also been suggested,<ref name=utain/> although Tampere is outside the natural range of the [[Quercus robur|European oak]].<ref name=kasviatlas/>

=== Heraldry ===
{{multiple image|align=left|direction=horizontal|total_width=250
|header=Coat of arms of Tampere
|image1= Tampere.vaakuna.1839-1960.svg |caption1=(1839–1960)
|image2= Tampere.vaakuna.svg |caption2=(1960-)
}}
Tampere's first [[coat of arms]] was designed by Arvid von Cederwald in 1838,<ref name=vaakuna/><ref name=ylioppilasmatrikkeli_von_cederwald/><ref name=tampere_fi_vaakuna/> while the current coat of arms, created in 1960, was designed by Olof Eriksson.<ref name=vaakuna/> Changing the coat of arms was controversial, and even after the change there were occasional calls for the old coat of arms to be restored.<ref name=valtuustoaloite/> The new coat of arms was also described in letters to the editor as [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-style because of its colours.<ref name=aamulehti_2007-02-08/>

The [[blazon]] of the old coat of arms has either not survived or was never made,<ref name=willberg/> but the current coat of arms has been described as follows: "In the red field, a corrugated counter-bar, above which is accompanied by a piled [[hammer]], and below a [[caduceus]]; all gold". Its colours are the same as in the coat of arms of Pirkanmaa. The hammer, which looks like the first letter of the city's name, T, symbolises Tampere's early [[Industry (manufacturing)|industry]],<ref name=valtuustoaloite/> the caduceus its commercial activities,<ref name=valtuustoaloite/> and the wavy counter-bar the Tammerkoski rapids that divide Tampere's industrial and commercial areas.<ref name=tampere_fi_kysyttya/>

The city received its first [[seal (emblem)|seal]] in 1803, depicting the city's buildings of the time and Tammerkoski.<ref name=iltanen/>

== History ==

=== Early history ===

[[File:Messukylä Old Church.jpg|left|thumb|Messukylä Old Church, built between 1510 and 1530]]
The earliest known permanent settlements around Tammerkoski were established in the 7th century, when settlers from the west of the region began to farm land in [[Takahuhti]],<ref name=lind/> an area largely inhabited by the [[Tavastians|Tavastian tribes]].<ref name=pirkankylat/> The population remained small for many centuries. By the 16th century, the villages of [[Messukylä]] and Takahuhti had become the area's largest settlements. Other nearby villages were Laiskola, Pyynikkälä and Hatanpää. There had been a [[marketplace]] in the [[Pispala]] area for centuries, where the [[bourgeoisie]] from [[Turku]] in particular traded.<ref name=sinisalo/> In 1638, Governor-General [[Per Brahe the Younger]] ordered that two markets be held in Tammerkoski every year, the autumn market on St Peter's Day in August and the winter one on Matias's Day in February. In 1708 the market was moved from the outskirts of Tammerkoski to Harju, and in 1758 from there to Pispala.<ref name=louhivaara/>{{rp|p=16}} The first industries in the Pirkanmaa region in the 17th century were mainly [[watermill]]s and [[sawmill]]s. In the 18th century other industries began to develop, as several small [[ironworks]], the Tammerkoski distillery, and the Otavala [[Spinning wheel|spinning]] school were established.<ref name=pirkanmaa_teollistuminen/>

=== Founding and industrialization ===

[[File:Tampere 1837.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|Tampere seen from the Messukylä side of Tammerkoski in the 1837 artwork by Pehr Adolf Kruskopf]]
Before the founding of the city of Tampere, the neighbouring parish of [[Pirkkala]] (from which the current region of [[Pirkanmaa]] takes its name) was the most administratively important parish in the area throughout the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name=rasila/> This changed in the 18th century when Erik Edner, a Finnish [[pastor]],<ref name=ylioppilasmatrikkeli_edner/> proposed the establishment of a town on the banks of the Tammerkoski rapids in 1771–1772;<ref name=uola/> it was officially founded as a market town{{efn|Known in Sweden as ''köping'' and the Finnish word ''kauppala''.}} in 1775 by [[Gustav III]] of Sweden, and on 1 October 1779,<ref name=tampere_fi_history/> Tampere was granted full [[Town privileges|town rights]]. At that time it was rather small, founded on the lands of the Tammerkoski manor, and its inhabitants were mainly farmers. As [[Agriculture|farming]] was forbidden within the city limits, the inhabitants began to rely on other means of earning a living, mainly [[trade]] and [[handicraft|crafts]].<ref name=lind/> In 1809, when Finland became a [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], Tampere still had less than a thousand inhabitants.<ref name=lind/><ref name="nieminen-yle"/>

[[File:Tampereen kaupungintalo.JPG|alt=|right|thumb|The [[Renaissance Revival]] Raatihuone ([[Tampere City Hall|City Hall]]), 1890; the [[Red Declaration]] was read from its balcony in 1905.<ref name=spottinghistory/>]]
[[File:Tampella2.jpg|left|thumb|The old [[Tampella]] factory in Tampere]]
In the 19th century, Tampere grew into an important market town and [[Industrial city|industrial centre]];<ref name=symington/> its industrialisation was greatly influenced by the [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson]] textile factory, founded in 1820 by the Scottish industrialist [[James Finlayson (industrialist)|James Finlayson]].<ref name=green/><ref name="nieminen-yle"/> By 1850, the factory employed around 2000 people, while the city's population had grown to 4000. Other notable industrial establishments that followed Finlayson's success in the 1800s were the [[Tampella]] [[blast furnace]], [[machine factory]] and [[flax mill]], the Frenckell [[paper mill]] and the Tampere [[broadcloth]] factory.<ref name=lind/><ref name="nieminen-yle"/> Tampere's population grew rapidly at the end of the 19th century, from around 7,000 in 1870 to 36,000 in 1900. At the beginning of the 20th century, Tampere was a city of workers and women, with a third of the population being factory workers and more than half women.<ref name=lind/> At the same time, the area of the city increased almost sevenfold and impressive [[apartment block]]s were built in the centre of Tampere between modest wooden houses. The stone houses gave Tampere a modern look. The construction of the [[sewerage]] and [[water supply]] networks and the introduction of [[electric light]]ing were further steps towards modernisation;<ref name=lind/> Tampere was the first Nordic city to introduce electric lighting for general use in 1882.<ref name=innovationcapital/><ref name=tekniikkatalous_2021-12-07/> The railway connection to Tampere from the extension of the [[Helsinki]]-[[Hämeenlinna]] line (now part of the [[Finnish Main Line|Main Line]]) via [[Toijala]] was opened to the public on 22 June 1876. <ref name=suolahti/>{{rp|p=173}}

The world-famous [[Nokia Corporation]], a [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[telecommunications]] company, also had its beginnings in the Tammerkoski area;<ref name=hs_2021-06-24/> the [[History of Nokia|company's history]] dates back to 1865, when [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Finnish-Swedish]] mining engineer [[Fredrik Idestam]] established a pulp mill on the banks of the rapids, and a second pulp mill was opened in 1868 near the neighbouring [[Nokia, Finland|town of Nokia]], where there were better [[hydroelectric]] resources.<ref name=hs_2021-06-24/>

=== Geopolitical significance ===

[[File:Lenin at Tampere.JPG|alt=|thumb|left|Painting of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] at the [[Tampere conference of 1905|1905 Tampere Conference]]]]
Tampere was the centre of many important political events in the early 20th century, such as the [[Tampere conference of 1905|1905 conference]] of the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] (RSDLP), led by [[Vladimir Lenin]], held in the [[Tampere Workers' Hall]] during their flight from Russia, where it was decided, among other things, to launch an armed insurrection that eventually led to the [[October Revolution|October 1917 revolution]] in the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name=green/><ref name=palonen/><ref name=brackman/> Also, on 1 November 1905, during the General Strike, the famous ''[[Red Declaration]]'' was proclaimed in [[Tampere Central Square|Keskustori]].<ref name=spottinghistory/><ref name=kaunonen/>

[[File:Tampere destroyed in Civil War.jpg|alt=|thumb|The city after the [[Battle of Tampere]] during the [[Finnish Civil War|1918 Civil War]]]]
After Finland gained its full independence, Tampere played an important role in the [[Finnish Civil War|1918 Civil War]], being one of the most strategically important places for the [[Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic]] (FSWR) during the Finnish Civil War (28 January - 15 May 1918); the city was the most important industrial city in Finland at the beginning of the 20th century, with a huge [[workforce|working population]].<ref name=voionmaa/>{{rp|pp=13–14}}<ref name="nieminen-yle">{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20162648|title=Tehtaista syntyi Tampere|trans-title=Tampere was born from factories|first=Elina|last=Nieminen|work=[[Yle]]|date=4 June 2025|access-date=6 June 2025|language=fi}}</ref> Tampere was a Red stronghold during the war, commanded by Hugo Salmela. White forces led by [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|General Mannerheim]] captured the city after the [[Battle of Tampere]], taking about 10,000 [[Red Guard (Finland)|Red]] prisoners on 6 April 1918.<ref name=tepora/><ref name=norum/>

During the [[Winter War]], Tampere was bombed several times by the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=lammi/> The reason for the bombing of Tampere was that the city was an important railway junction and was also home to the [[Valtion lentokonetehdas|State Aircraft Factory]] and the Tampella Factory, which produced [[ammunition]] and weapons, including [[grenade launcher]]s. The most devastating bombing took place on 2 March 1940, when nine people were killed and 30 wounded. In addition, ten buildings were destroyed and 30 damaged that day.<ref name=juonala/>

=== Postwar period and modern day ===

[[File:Yhteiskunnallinen korkeakoulu muuttaa.jpg|thumb|left|The Social University moves to Tampere in 1960.]]
The dominant force in Tampere's municipal politics after the [[Second World War]] was the Brothers-in-Arms Axis (''aseveliakseli''), which consisted mainly of the [[National Coalition Party]] and the [[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democrats]]. While the [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]] was the largest political force in the Finnish countryside, it had no practical relevance in Tampere.<ref name=ekman/>

[[File:Filming a television program at Frenckell’s studio in Tampere, 1.2.1965 (19746637354).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|Tamvisio's [[camera operator]]s film a [[television program]] at Frenckell's studio on 2 January 1965 in Tampere.]]
After the Second World War, Tampere was enlarged by the incorporation of some neighbouring areas. Messukylä was incorporated in 1947, [[Lielahti]] in 1950, Aitolahti in 1966 and [[Teisko]] in 1972. Already in 1937 the most part of modern western Tampere, including Pispala, was annexed to the city from North Pirkkala (today Nokia). Tampere passed the 100,000 population mark in 1950.<ref name=antila/> Tampere was long known for its textile and metal industries, but these were largely replaced by information technology and telecommunications in the 1990s. The Hermia technology centre in [[Hervanta]] is home to many companies in these fields.<ref name=technopolis/><ref name=tampereen/> [[Yleisradio]] began broadcasting its second television channel, [[Yle TV2]], from [[Ristimäki]], Tampere, in 1965,<ref name=taavitsainen/><ref name=yle_tesvisio/> making Finland the first of the Nordic countries to receive a second television channel, after Sweden's [[SVT2]] began broadcasting four years later. Tampere became a [[university]] city when the Social University moved from Helsinki to Tampere in 1960, becoming the [[University of Tampere]] in 1966.<ref name=kaataja/> In 1979, the [[Tampere-Pirkkala airport]] was opened {{cvt|13|km}} from the centre of Tampere on the Pirkkala side of the city.<ref name=businesstampere_tampere_pirkkala/><ref name=aamulehti_2018-05-17/>

At the turn of the 1990s, Tampere's industry underwent a major structural change, as the production of Tampella and Tampere's textile industry in particular was heavily focused on [[bilateral trade]] with the Soviet Union, but when the Soviet Union [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapsed in 1991]], the companies lost their main customers. As a result of the sudden change and the [[Early 1990s depression in Finland|depression of the early 1990s]], Finlayson and Suomen Trikoo had to scale down their operations drastically. Tampella went [[bankrupt]].<ref name=tekniikkatalous_2019-12-08/> But although the change left a huge amount of vacant industrial space in the city centre, in the early 2000s it was gradually put to other uses, and today's Tampere cityscape is mainly characterised by strong [[Information technology|IT]] companies, most notably [[Nokia]]'s Tampere R&D units.<ref name=uusiteknologia/>

== Geography ==

[[File:Pyynikinsaaret.jpg|thumb|right|Islands of [[Pyynikki]] at the [[Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Lake Pyhäjärvi]]]]
Tampere is part of the [[Pirkanmaa]] region and is surrounded by the municipalities of [[Kangasala]], [[Lempäälä]], [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]], [[Orivesi]], [[Pirkkala]], [[Ruovesi]] and [[Ylöjärvi]].<ref name=paikkatietoikkuna/> Tampere has 180 lakes larger than {{cvt|10000|m2}}, and freshwater bodies cover 24% of its area.<ref name=tampere_fi_vesiensuojelu/> The lakes formed as separate basins from [[Lake Ancylus]] about 7500–8000 years ago.<ref name=palomaki/> Tampere's northernmost point is in the [[Vankavesi]] [[Fjard]] of [[Teisko]], the southernmost at the eastern end of [[Hervantajärvi|Lake Hervanta]], the easternmost at the northeast corner of [[Paalijärvi|Lake Paalijärvi]] of Teisko, and the westernmost at the southeast corner of [[Haukijärvi|Lake Haukijärvi]] near the borders of Ylöjärvi and Nokia. The city centre is surrounded by three lakes, Näsijärvi, Pyhäjärvi, and the much smaller Iidesjärvi. The Tampere region lies in the basin of the Kokemäki River, which flows into the Bothnian Sea through Pori, the capital of the [[Satakunta|Satakunta region]].<ref name=palomaki/> Tampere's [[bedrock]] consists of [[schale|mica schist]] and [[migmatite]],<ref name=kahkonen/> and its building stone deposits are diverse: in addition to the traditional granite, there is an abundance of [[quartz diorite]], [[tonalite]], mica schist and [[gneiss|mica gneiss]].<ref name=gtk/> One of Tampere's most striking geographic features is the Pyynikki Ridge (''Pyynikinharju''), a large [[esker]] formed from [[moraine]] during the [[Weichselian glaciation]].<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki/> It rises {{cvt|160|m}} above sea level and is said to be the largest gravel esker in the world.<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki/> It is also part of [[Salpausselkä]], a {{cvt|200|km}} long ridge system left over from the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]].<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki/>

[[File:Tammerkoski from air.jpg|thumb|upright|Aerial view of the [[Keskusta, Tampere|city center of Tampere]] (''Keskusta'') and the [[Tammerkoski]] [[rapids]] passing through it]]
The [[Keskusta, Tampere|centre of Tampere]] (''Keskusta'') and the districts of [[Pyynikki]], [[Ylä-Pispala]] and [[Ala-Pispala]] lie on the isthmus between Lakes Pyhäjärvi and Näsijärvi. The city's location on the edge of the Tammerkoski [[Rapids]] between two long waterways was one of the main reasons for its foundation in the 1770s.<ref name=hautamaki/> The streets of central Tampere form a typical grid pattern. On the western edge of the city centre is a north–south park road, [[Hämeenpuisto]] ("Häme Park" or "Tavastia Park"), which runs from the shore of Lake Pyhäjärvi near Lake Näsijärvi. The wide [[Hämeenkatu]] road runs east–west from [[Tampere Central Station]] to Hämeenpuisto and crosses Tammerkoski along the [[Hämeensilta]] bridge. Also along Hämeenkatu is the longest street in the city centre, [[Satakunnankatu]], which runs from Rautatienkatu to [[Amuri, Tampere|Amuri]] and crosses Tammerkoski via the Satakunnansilta bridge. Tampere's central square is located on the western bank of Tammerkoski, near Hämeensilta. The traffic centre of Tampere is the junction of [[Itsenäisyydenkatu]],{{efn|Formerly known as Puolimatkankatu}} [[Teiskontie]], [[Sammonkatu]], Kalevanpuisto park road and the [[Kaleva (Tampere)|Kaleva]] and [[Liisankallio]] districts.<ref name=tampere_fi_tresijainti/>

=== Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions ===

{{Main|Subdivisions of Tampere}}

The city of Tampere is divided into [[Subdivisions of Tampere|seven statistical areas]], each of which includes the many districts and their suburbs. There are 111 statistical areas in Tampere, but the statistical areas created for Tampere's statistics do not fully correspond to the division of Tampere's districts or to the way residents perceive the districts. For example, the districts of [[Amuri, Tampere|Amuri]], [[Kyttälä]] and [[Tammela, Tampere|Tammela]] are divided into two parts in accordance with the official district division, and Liisankallio and [[Kalevanrinne]] are often considered to belong to the district of Kaleva.<ref name=niemela/>

=== Climate ===

{{climate chart
| Tampere
|-9.7|-3.4|41
|-10.6|-3.5|29
|-6.6|1.2|31
|-1.3|8.2|32
|3.8|15.4|41
|8.6|19.5|66
|11.7|22.2|75
|10.4|19.9|72
|5.9|14.0|58
|1.9|7.5|60
|-3.0|1.5|51
|-7.6|-1.9|42
|float     =
|clear     =
|units     = metric
}}

Tampere has a [[humid continental climate]] ''Dfb'' with clearly defined four seasons. The climate of [[Tampere-Pirkkala Airport]], which is located away from the city centre, borders on the [[subarctic climate]] zone ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfc''). Winters are cold and the average temperature from December to February is below {{cvt|-3|°C|0}} and it can reach to {{cvt|-30|°C|0}} . Summers are cool to warm. The average snow cover lasts 4–5&nbsp;months from late November to early April. Given the high latitude and inland location, winters are on average quite mild for the latitude, as is the average annual temperature.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

{{Weather box
 | location = Tampere Härmälä (TMP), elevation: {{cvt|85|m}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1900–present (Härmälä and Tampella)
 | metric first = Y
 | single line = Y
 | width = auto
 | Jan record high C = 8.4
 | Feb record high C = 9.2
 | Mar record high C = 15.6
 | Apr record high C = 24.3
 | May record high C = 29.6
 | Jun record high C = 33.2
 | Jul record high C = 33.1
 | Aug record high C = 32.1
 | Sep record high C = 26.7
 | Oct record high C = 19.4
 | Nov record high C = 13.3
 | Dec record high C = 10.5
 | year record high C = 33.1
 | Jan high C = -2.5
 | Feb high C = -2.5
 | Mar high C = 2.1
 | Apr high C = 8.8
 | May high C = 15.6
 | Jun high C = 19.7
 | Jul high C = 22.5
 | Aug high C = 20.7
 | Sep high C = 14.9
 | Oct high C = 7.8
 | Nov high C = 2.6
 | Dec high C = -0.5
 | year high C = 
 | Jan mean C = -5.2
 | Feb mean C = -5.7
 | Mar mean C = -1.9
 | Apr mean C = 3.9
 | May mean C = 10.1
 | Jun mean C = 14.6
 | Jul mean C = 17.3
 | Aug mean C = 15.6
 | Sep mean C = 10.6
 | Oct mean C = 4.9
 | Nov mean C = 0.7
 | Dec mean C = -2.7
 | year mean C = 
 | Jan low C = -8.3
 | Feb low C = -9.1
 | Mar low C = -6.0
 | Apr low C = -0.9
 | May low C = 4.1
 | Jun low C = 9.0
 | Jul low C = 12.2
 | Aug low C = 10.8
 | Sep low C = 6.6
 | Oct low C = 2.0
 | Nov low C = -1.5
 | Dec low C = -5.4
 | year low C = 
 | Jan record low C = -37.0
 | Feb record low C = -36.8
 | Mar record low C = -29.6
 | Apr record low C = -19.6
 | May record low C = -7.3
 | Jun record low C = -2.8
 | Jul record low C = 1.8
 | Aug record low C = -0.4
 | Sep record low C = -6.7
 | Oct record low C = -14.8
 | Nov record low C = -22.5
 | Dec record low C = -34.2
 | year record low C = -37.0
 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm = 41
 | Feb precipitation mm = 30
 | Mar precipitation mm = 29
 | Apr precipitation mm = 32
 | May precipitation mm = 36
 | Jun precipitation mm = 66
 | Jul precipitation mm = 74
 | Aug precipitation mm = 65
 | Sep precipitation mm = 55
 | Oct precipitation mm = 57
 | Nov precipitation mm = 51
 | Dec precipitation mm = 46
 | year precipitation mm = 
 | Jan snow cm = 32.3
 | Feb snow cm = 31.4
 | Mar snow cm = 29.5
 | Apr snow cm = 13.9
 | May snow cm = 1.6
 | Jun snow cm = 0.1
 | Jul snow cm = 0
 | Aug snow cm = 0
 | Sep snow cm = 0
 | Oct snow cm = 3.3
 | Nov snow cm = 13.1
 | Dec snow cm = 27.2
 | year snow cm =
 | unit precipitation days = 1 mm
 | Jan precipitation days = 10
 | Feb precipitation days = 8
 | Mar precipitation days = 8
 | Apr precipitation days = 7
 | May precipitation days = 7
 | Jun precipitation days = 9
 | Jul precipitation days = 11
 | Aug precipitation days = 9
 | Sep precipitation days = 9
 | Oct precipitation days = 10
 | Nov precipitation days = 10
 | Dec precipitation days = 11
 | year precipitation days = 
 | Jan humidity = 90
 | Feb humidity = 87
 | Mar humidity = 82
 | Apr humidity = 70
 | May humidity = 63
 | Jun humidity = 66
 | Jul humidity = 69
 | Aug humidity = 76
 | Sep humidity = 82
 | Oct humidity = 87
 | Nov humidity = 91
 | Dec humidity = 92
 | year humidity = 80
 | source 1 = weatheronline.co.uk<ref name=weatheronline/>
 | source 2 = [[Finnish Meteorological Institute|FMI]] [https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/1991-2020-lampotilatilastot] (precipitation, record highs and lows)<ref name=fmi/>
 | date = September 2023
}}

{{Weather box
 | location = [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1979-present)
 | collapsed = Y
 | metric first = Y
 | single line = Y
 | Jan record high C = 8.0
 | Feb record high C = 9.4
 | Mar record high C = 14.9
 | Apr record high C = 24.2
 | May record high C = 29.3
 | Jun record high C = 33.0
 | Jul record high C = 32.5
 | Aug record high C = 31.3
 | Sep record high C = 26.6
 | Oct record high C = 18.3
 | Nov record high C = 13.2
 | Dec record high C = 10.3
 | year record high C = 
 | Jan avg record high C = 3.9
 | Feb avg record high C = 3.9
 | Mar avg record high C = 9.0
 | Apr avg record high C = 17.7
 | May avg record high C = 24.4
 | Jun avg record high C = 26.8
 | Jul avg record high C = 28.2
 | Aug avg record high C = 26.6
 | Sep avg record high C = 21.2
 | Oct avg record high C = 13.7
 | Nov avg record high C = 8.5
 | Dec avg record high C = 4.8
 | year avg record high C = 29.2
 | Jan high C = -2.7
 | Feb high C = -2.8
 | Mar high C = 1.7
 | Apr high C = 8.5
 | May high C = 15.2
 | Jun high C = 19.6
 | Jul high C = 22.2
 | Aug high C = 20.5
 | Sep high C = 14.7
 | Oct high C = 7.5
 | Nov high C = 2.3
 | Dec high C = -0.7
 | year high C = 
 | Jan mean C = -5.6
 | Feb mean C = -6.0
 | Mar mean C = -2.3
 | Apr mean C = 3.6
 | May mean C = 9.8
 | Jun mean C = 14.3
 | Jul mean C = 17.1
 | Aug mean C = 15.5
 | Sep mean C = 10.4
 | Oct mean C = 4.6
 | Nov mean C = 0.3
 | Dec mean C = -3.2
 | year mean C = 4.9
 | Jan low C = -8.6
 | Feb low C = -9.3
 | Mar low C = -6.3
 | Apr low C = -1.0
 | May low C = 3.9
 | Jun low C = 8.9
 | Jul low C = 12.1
 | Aug low C = 10.8
 | Sep low C = 6.5
 | Oct low C = 1.7
 | Nov low C = -1.9
 | Dec low C = -5.8
 | year low C = 
 | Jan avg record low C = -22.9
 | Feb avg record low C = -22.5
 | Mar avg record low C = -17.3
 | Apr avg record low C = -8.5
 | May avg record low C = -3.1
 | Jun avg record low C = 2.1
 | Jul avg record low C = 5.9
 | Aug avg record low C = 4.1
 | Sep avg record low C = -1.3
 | Oct avg record low C = -7.1
 | Nov avg record low C = -11.3
 | Dec avg record low C = -17.6
 | year avg record low C = -26.0
 | Jan record low C = -35.8
 | Feb record low C = -31.8
 | Mar record low C = -29.1
 | Apr record low C = -14.8
 | May record low C = -7.2
 | Jun record low C = -3.0
 | Jul record low C = 1.5
 | Aug record low C = -0.4
 | Sep record low C = -7.0
 | Oct record low C = -16.4
 | Nov record low C = -21.9
 | Dec record low C = -33.0
 | year record low C = -35.8
 | Jan humidity = 91
 | Feb humidity = 88
 | Mar humidity = 80
 | Apr humidity = 70
 | May humidity = 64
 | Jun humidity = 68
 | Jul humidity = 72
 | Aug humidity = 77
 | Sep humidity = 83
 | Oct humidity = 88
 | Nov humidity = 92
 | Dec humidity = 92
 | year humidity = 80
 | source 1 = https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi
 | source 2 = https://kilotavu.com/asema-taulukko.php?asema=101118
}}

==== Temperature records of Tampere ====

Temperature records of Tampere and the near-by [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]]:<ref name=tampere_records/>

'''Temperature Records of Tampere'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
 |-
 | style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|'''Tampere highest temperatures by month'''
 |-
 ! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
 ! style="width:60px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C
 ! style="width:140px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Date
 ! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Location
 |-
 | June || 33.2° || 22 June 2021 || align=left| [[Härmälä]]
 |-
 | July || 33.1° || 9 July 1914 || align=left| [[Härmälä]]
 |-
 | August || 32.1° || 10 August 1912 || align=left| [[Härmälä]]
 |}

Highest temperatures at the [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] by month since 1980:<ref name=tampere_records/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
 |-
 | style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|''' Pirkkala Airport highest temperatures by month'''
 |-
 ! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
 ! style="width:60px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C
 ! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Year
 |-
 | January || 8.0° || 2007
 |-
 | February || 9.4° || 1990
 |-
 | March || 14.9° || 2007
 |-
 | April || 24.2° || 1998
 |-
 | May || 29.3° || 2014
 |-
 | June || 31.7° || 1999
 |-
 | July || 32.5° || 2010
 |-
 | August || 31.1° || 1992
 |-
 | September || 24.8° || 1999
 |-
 | October || 17.5° || 1984
 |-
 | November || 12.4° || 2015
 |-
 | December || 10.3° || 2015
 |}

Lowest temperatures in [[Pirkanmaa]]:<ref name=tampere_records/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
 |-
 | style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|'''Tampere lowest temperatures by month'''
 |-
 ! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
 ! style="width:60px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C
 ! style="width:140px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Date
 ! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Location
 |-
 | January || −38.5° || 9 January 1987 || align=left| [[Aitoneva]], [[Kihniö]]
 |-
 | February || −40.9° || 3 February 1966 || align=left| [[Mouhijärvi]]
 |}

Lowest temperatures at the [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] by month since 1980:<ref name=tampere_records/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
 |-
 | style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|''' Pirkkala Airport lowest temperatures by month'''
 |-
 ! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
 ! style="width:60px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C
 ! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Year
 |-
 | January || −35.8° || 1987
 |-
 | February || −31.8° || 2007
 |-
 | March || −29.1° || 1981
 |-
 | April || −14.8° || 1988
 |-
 | May || −7.2° || 1999
 |-
 | June || −3.0° || 1984
 |-
 | July || 1.5° || 1987
 |-
 | August || −0.4° || 1984
 |-
 | September || −7.0° || 1986
 |-
 | October || −16.4° || 1992
 |-
 | November || −22.0° || 1990
 |-
 | December || −33.0° || 1995
 |}

== Cityscape ==

=== Revival and nationalism ===

[[File:Näsilinna, Museo Milavida.jpg|thumb|[[Näsilinna]], the [[Baroque Revival architecture|Baroque Revival]] [[palace]]]]
Tampere has buildings from many architectural periods. The Old Stone Church of [[Messukylä]] is the only example of [[medieval]] architecture.<ref name=aamulehti_2020-01-09/> [[Neoclassicism]] from the early 19th century is represented by the [[Tampere Old Church|Old Church of Tampere]] and its [[Belfry (architecture)|bell tower]]. The [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] buildings in Tampere that evolved from Neoclassicism are the New Church of Messukylä and the [[Alexander Church]], while the [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival]] buildings are [[Hatanpää Manor]], [[Tampere City Hall]],<ref name=spottinghistory/> Ruuskanen House and [[Näsilinna]]. [[Romantic nationalism]] can be seen in the [[Commerce house]], the Tirkkonen House, the Palander House, the [[Tampere Cathedral]], the [[Tampere Central Fire Station]] and the Tampere National Bank building.<ref name=niemela/> The use of [[red brick]] as a building material in the industrial buildings along Tammerkoski, such as the [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson]] and [[Tampella]] factories, has left a strong imaginary mark on the city.<ref name=visittampere_teollinen_perinto/><ref name=aasarchitecture/>

=== Functionalism and modernism ===

The Post-[[Art Nouveau]] was largely Nordic,<ref name=aamulehti_2019-06-07/> with the Laikku House of Culture, the [[Hotel Tammer]], the Tuulensuu House and the Viinikka Church built in Tampere. After [[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalism]] became the dominant style in the 1930s, [[Tampere Central Station]], Tempo House, a bus station and Kauppi Hospital were built in Tampere. There is no single accepted term for the [[post-war]] style, but the main representatives of the reconstruction period are the Bank of Finland building, the Amurinlinna building and the Pyynikki swimming pool. The rationalist buildings of the [[Modern architecture|modernist period]] are represented by the [[University of Tampere]], [[Tampere Central Hospital]], Sampola, the School of Economics, [[Ratina Stadium]] and [[Kaleva Church]].<ref name=aamulehti_2019-06-07/> The modernist buildings include the [[Metso Main Library]], the Hervanta Operations Centre, the [[Tampere Hall]], the university extension and the [[Nokia]] office building in [[Hatanpää]].<ref name=niemela/>

[[File:Nokia Arena November 2021 4.jpg|thumb|The city of Tampere has shown strong growth in recent years.<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05/> The "Tampere Deck" and its [[Tampere Deck Arena|new multi-purpose arena]] in November 2021.]]
The [[Keskusta, Tampere|centre of Tampere]] and its western parts have been developed in a more modern direction since the 2010s,<ref name=businesswire_2019-05-15/> and the city aims to have the centre in its future form by the 2030s.<ref name=businesstampere_growth/> In particular, plans have been drawn up for the area around the central railway station in the form of the "Tampere Deck" project, which includes a [[Tampere Deck Arena|new multi-purpose arena]] and [[high-rise building]]s in the area.<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05/><ref name=yle_2021-02-23/> A [[Tampere light rail|light rail network]] has also recently been built in the city centre. [[Artificial island]] projects are planned on the shores of the lakes, which would create new [[residential area]]s for several thousand people.<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05/> The projects are estimated to cost several billion euros.<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05/><ref name=businesstampere_growth/><ref name=yle_2021-02-23/>

== Economy ==

The Tampere region, [[Pirkanmaa]], which includes outlying municipalities, has around 509,000 residents,<ref name=eures_pirkanmaa/> 244,000 employed people,<ref name=statistics_finland_establishments_2015/> and a turnover of 28&nbsp;billion euros {{As of|2014|lc=y}}.<ref name=tampere_region_2017/>

According to the [[Tampere International Business Office]], the area is strong in mechanical engineering and automation, information and communication technologies, and health and biotechnology, as well as pulp and paper industry education. Unemployment rate was 9.2% in September 2023.<ref name=temtyollisyyskatsaus/> 70% of the areas jobs are in the service sector. Less than 20% are in the manufacturing sector. 34.5% of employed people live outside the Tampere municipality and commute to Tampere for work. Meanwhile, 15.6% of Tampere's residents work outside Tampere.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>

In 2014 the largest employers were [[Kesko]], Pirkanmaan Osuuskauppa, [[Alma Media]] and [[Posti Group]].<ref name=yle_2015-03-02/> Tampere is headquarters for [[Bronto Skylift]], an aerial rescue and aerial work platform manufacturer.<ref name=brontoskylift/>

[[File:Hotelli Torni Tampere.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tampere's [[Hotel Torni Tampere|Hotel Torni]], the tallest hotel in Finland<ref name=visitfinland/>]]
[[File:Särkänniemi - Trombi5.jpg|thumb|right|[[Särkänniemi]] amusement park is the most popular tourist destination of Tampere.]]
According to a study carried out by the TAK Research, the total impact of tourism in the Tampere region in 2022 was more than 562 million euros. Tourism also brought 4,805 person-years to the region.<ref name=tampereenkauppakamarilehti/> Tampere's biggest single attraction is the [[Särkänniemi]] [[amusement park]], which had about 552 000 visitors in 2023.<ref name=sarkanniemi/> In addition, in 2023, 1,4 million overnight stays were made in Tampere [[hotel]]s and 300 000 in other commercial accommodations. The number exceeded the previous record year 2022 by seven percent. Tampere is Finland's second most popular city in terms of hotel stays. Leisure tourism accounted for 865 000 overnight stays and occupational tourism for 551 000. Income from accommodations was 116,9 million euros in 2023 (up 7,2 million from 2022).<ref name=tampereenseudunvetovoima/>

Tampere's financial result in 2023 was EUR 55.3 million.<ref name=tampere_fi_tilinpaatos_2015/> The result was heavily affected by one-off payments .<ref name=aamulehti_2020-10-14/> In the city's economy, the largest revenues come from taxes and government contributions. In 2023, the city received 477,8 million euros in municipal [[tax revenue]]. In addition, 98 million euros came from [[corporate tax]]es and 105,3 million euros from [[property tax]]es.<ref name=tampere_fi_talousarvio_2016/> Increase in municipal tax revenue was 6,9 percent, the highest amount among big cities. Government contributions were 58,3 million. Due to the health and social services reform, the statements of municipal and corporation tax revenue or state contributions are not comparable with previous years.<ref name=kauppalehti_2016-05-26/>

Tampere municipal tax rate in 2024 is 7,6%.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Energy ==

[[File:Lielahti power station.jpg|thumb|Lielahti Power Plant]]
In 2013, Tampereen Energiantuotanto, which is part of the [[Tampereen Energia]] (formerly ''Tampereen Sähkölaitos Group''), generated 1,254 GWh of [[electricity]] and 2,184 GWh of [[district heating]]. The two units of the [[Naistenlahti]] [[power station]] accounted for about 65% of the total electricity production and the [[Lielahti]] power station for about 30%. The Naistenlahti and Lielahti units accounted for 57% and 23% of district heating production, respectively. The ten heating centres in Tampere accounted for 21%.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=44}}

In 2023, the share of renewable energy in the district heating production was around 80%. The goal was to end the use of [[peat]] completely during that year. [[Hydropower]], wood and nuclear power were used as well as mixed waste, of which 50% is considered renewable.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=44}} Emissions from energy production have decreased in the 21st century due to the growth of renewable forms of production and the modernisation of the Naistenlahti power plant. In 2013, about 669,000 tonnes of [[carbon dioxide]] and 297 tonnes of [[sulphur dioxide]] were emitted.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|pp=46–47}}

== Water and waste management ==

75% of Tampere's domestic water is [[surface water]] and 25% [[groundwater]]. 58% of the water is diverted to economic use and 13% to industrial use. In addition to Tampere, Tampereen Vesi manages water in [[Pirkkala]]. Almost all surface water comes from [[Lake Roine]]. In addition, Tampereen Vesi has three surface water plants in Lake Näsijärvi and five groundwater intakes.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|pp=68–69}} Tampereen Vesi is responsible for 96% of wastewater from Tampere, [[Kangasala]], Pirkkala and [[Ylöjärvi]]. In 2023, a total of 33 million cubic meters of [[wastewater]] was treated in Tampere. The Viinikanlahti [[treatment plant]] treats more than 75% of wastewater.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=85}}

The new central treatment plant in Sulkavuori will open in 2025. It is a joint project of Tampere, Kangasala, Pirkkala, Ylöjärvi, Lempäälä and Vesilahti, with a treatment capacity of 100 000 cubic metres of wastewater per day.

Pirkanmaan Jätehuolto handles [[waste management]] in Tampere. It has waste treatment facilities in [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]]'s Lake Koukkujärvi and Tampere's Lake Tarastenjärvi.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=92}}

== Demographics ==

=== Population ===

{{Historical populations
| title= Historical population
| percentages = pagr
|state = collapsed
 |1815|793
 |1840|1819
 |1850|3207
 |1860|5232
 |1870|6986
 |1880|13645
 |1890|20132
 |1900|36344
 |1910|45442
 |1920|47830
 |1930|50138
 |1939|78012
 |1972|163609
 |1980|166228
 |1990|172560
 |2000|195468
 |2010|213217
 |2020|241009
 |footnote=Source: Tilastollinen päätoimisto,<ref name="stv1940">{{Cite web | url=http://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/69230 | title=Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 1940 | date=1941 | publisher=Tilastollinen päätoimisto | access-date=19 September 2023 | language=fi | archive-date=16 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116213444/https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/69230 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Statistics Finland]] (1972-2020)<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons">{{Cite web | url=https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5 | title=Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons | date=31 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=12 September 2023 | archive-date=7 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907001445/https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5 | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
The city of Tampere has {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tampere }}}} inhabitants, making it the {{ordinal|{{Data Finland municipality/population count sequence|Tampere}}}} most populous municipality in Finland and the tenth in the [[Nordic countries|Nordics]]. The [[Tampere metropolitan area|Tampere region]], with {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tampere}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kangasala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Lempäälä}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Nokia, Finland}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Orivesi}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Pirkkala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Vesilahti}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Ylöjärvi}} }} }} people, is the second largest after the [[Helsinki metropolitan area]]. Tampere is home to 5% of Finland's population. 12% of the population has a foreign background, which is above the national average. However, it is lower than in the major Finnish cities of [[Helsinki]], [[Espoo]], [[Vantaa]] or [[Turku]].<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final">{{cite web |url= https://stat.fi/en/publication/cm1jg8tr20lco07vwvoif9s6i |title= Number of foreign-language speakers exceeded 600,000 during 2024  |date= 2025-04-04 |series= Population structure |publisher= Statistics Finland |issn= 1797-5395  |access-date=2025-04-07 }}</ref>

The demographic structure of Tampere shows that the city is a very popular place to study, as the number of young adults is significantly higher than in other municipalities in the region. At the end of 2012, the old-age [[dependency ratio]] was 45. 19.2% of the population was over the age of 64 in 2024.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=13}} Just over half of the population is female, as in the country as a whole. The population is fairly well educated, with two-thirds of those over 15 having completed post-primary education.<ref name=tampere_fi_tietoa/>

At the end of 2018, there were a total of 140,039 dwellings in Tampere, of which 127,639 were permanently occupied and 12,400 were not permanently occupied.<ref name=tampere_fi_asuntokanta/> Of these, 74% were [[apartment building]]s, 14% were [[detached house]]s, 10% were [[terraced house]]s, and 2% were other residential buildings. Between 2002 and 2020, more than 40,000 new dwellings will be completed in Tampere.<ref name=tampere_fi_kaupunkiymparisto/> Living space has been growing for a long time, although after 2008 growth came to a virtual standstill. The average living space at the end of 2012 was about 36.8 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant, compared with about 19.2 m<sup>2</sup> in 1970 and about 31.8 m<sup>2</sup> in 1990. The average dwelling had about 1.8 inhabitants in 2012.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=13}}

For more than ten years, Tampere has been one of the most migratory municipalities, as more than 1,930 new residents moved to Tampere in January–September 2021. [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]], [[Kangasala]] and [[Lempäälä]], which are among Tampere's neighbouring municipalities, have also been identified as the most migratory municipalities, rising to the list of the 20 most attractive municipalities.<ref name=aamulehti_2021-05-04/><ref name=aamulehti_2021-10-23/> Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tampere has become Finland's most attractive area for internal migration, as Tampere gained the most migration gains in 2020.<ref name=talouselama_2021-12-29/>

{{Bar chart
| title   = Population size 1980–2020<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/>
| label_type  = Year
| data_type   = Population
| bar_width = 47
| width_units = em
| label1  = 1980
| label2  = 1985
| label3  = 1990
| label4  = 1995
| label5  = 2000
| label6  = 2005
| label7  = 2010
| label8  = 2015
| label9  = 2020 
| data_max = 250000
| data1  = 166228
| data2  = 169026
| data3  = 172560
| data4  = 182742
| data5  = 195468
| data6  = 204337
| data7  = 213217
| data8  = 225118
| data9  = 241009
}}

=== Languages ===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|direction=row
|caption = Population by<br/>mother tongue (2024)<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>
|label1 = Finnish
|value1 = 88.1
|color1 = #002F6C
|label2 = Russian
|value2 = 1.5
|color2 = #D52B1E
|label3 = Arabic
|value3 = 1.0
|color3 = #165D31
|label4 = Persian
|value4 = 0.9
|color4 = #239F40
|label5 = English
|value5 = 0.9
|color5 = #FFFFFF
|label6 = Swedish
|value6 = 0.5
|color6 = #FFCD00
|label7 = Chinese
|value7 = 0.4
|color7 = #EE1C25
|label8 = Vietnamese
|value8 = 0.4
|color8 = #FEDD00
|label9 = Other
|value9 = 6.3
|color9 = #C5C5C5
}}
Tampere is the largest monolingual [[Finnish language|Finnish-speaking]] municipality. {{As of|2024}}, the majority of the population, {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Tampere}}}} persons ({{Percentage|sigfig = 3|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Tampere}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Tampere}}}}), spoke Finnish as their first language. In addition, the number of [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedish speakers]] was {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Tampere }}}} persons ({{Percentage|sigfig = 1|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Tampere}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Tampere}}}}) of the population.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/> This is the second largest number of Swedish speakers in monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities after [[Kaarina]]. Kaarina and Tampere are also the only monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities with a separate Swedish-speaking community. Swedish speakers made up more than 6% of Tampere's population in 1900 and less than 2% in 1950.<ref name=tamperelainen_2018-04-14/>

Foreign languages were spoken by {{Formatnum: {{pct|{{Data Finland municipality/native language other|Tampere}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Tampere}}|1}}}} of the population.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/> As [[English language|English]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 160 different languages are spoken in Tampere. The most widely spoken foreign languages are [[Russian language|Russian]] (1.5%), [[Arabic]] (1.0%), [[Persian language|Persian]] (0.9%), [[English language|English]] (0.9%), [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (0.4%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (0.4%), [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (0.4%) and [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (0.4%).<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>

=== Immigration ===

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;" 
|colspan="3"|'''Population by country of birth (2024)'''<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>
|-\
! Nationality || Population || %
|-
|{{flag|Finland}} || 231,828 || 89.1
|-
|{{flag|Soviet Union}} || 2,663 || 1.0
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}} || 1,379 || 0.5
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}} || 1,227 || 0.5
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}} || 1,192 || 0.5
|-
|{{flag|India}} || 1,186 || 0.5
|-
|{{flag|China}} || 1,097 || 0.4
|-
|{{flag|Russia}} || 1,073 || 0.4
|-
|{{flag|Iran}} || 1,071 || 0.4
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}} || 1,061 || 0.4
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}} || 971 || 0.4
|- 
|{{flag|Philippines}} || 929 || 0.4
|- 
|Other || 14,503 || 5.6
|- 
|}
{{As of|2024}}, there were 29,841 people with a foreign background living in Tampere, or 12% of the population.{{refn|Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.<ref name="statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background">{{cite web |access-date=18 September 2023 |title=Persons with foreign background |publisher=Statistics Finland |url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105084300/https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>|group=note}} There were 28,352 residents who were born abroad, or 11% of the population. The number of foreign citizens in Tampere was 19,576.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/> Most foreign-born citizens came from the former [[Soviet Union]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Sweden]], [[Iraq]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Russia]], [[Iran]], [[Estonia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]] and [[Estonia]].<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>

The proportion of immigrants in Tampere's population is slightly above the national average.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/> Tampere attracts more migration from within Finland than directly from abroad. Nevertheless, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

=== Urban areas ===

In 2019, out of the total population of 238,140, 231,648 people lived in [[Urban areas in Finland|urban areas]] and 3,132 in sparsely populated areas, while the coordinates of 3,360 people were unknown. This made Tampere's degree of urbanization 98.7%.<ref name=statistics_finland_urbanization_2019/> The urban population in the municipality was divided between three statistical urban areas as follows:<ref name=statistics_finland_population_2019/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
 ! # !! Urban area !! Population
 |-
 | align="center" | 1 || '''[[Tampere urban area]]''' || align="right" | 225,440
 |-
 | align="center" | 2 || [[Vuores]] ||align="right"| 5,316
 |-
 | align="center" | 3 || [[Kämmenniemi]] ||align="right"| 892
 |}

=== Religion ===

In 2023, the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Evangelical Lutheran Church]] was the largest religious group with 56.4% of the population of Tampere. Other religious groups accounted for 3.3% of the population. 40.3% of the population had no religious affiliation.<ref>[https://pxdata.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px Key figures on population by region, 1990-2023] Statistics Finland</ref>

== Education ==

[[File:TUT Festia.JPG|thumb|left|[[Tampere University]], Festia building]]

The [[Primary school|comprehensive education]] is given mainly in Finnish but the city has special bilingual groups where students study in Finnish and a second language ([[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] or [[German language|German]]).<ref name=tampere_fi_vieraskielinen_perusopetus/> Furthermore, there is a private Swedish-speaking school in the [[Kaakinmaa]] district (Swedish [[Svenska samskolan i Tammerfors]]) that covers all levels of education from [[preschool]] to [[Gymnasium (school)|high school]].<ref name=samskolan/>

[[File:Tampereen poliisiammattikorkeakoulu (15016857355).jpg|thumb|right|The campus building of the [[Police University College (Finland)|Police University College]]]]

There are three institutions of higher education in the Tampere area totaling 40,000 students: the university and two polytechnic institutions ({{langx|fi|ammattikorkeakoulu}}). [[Tampere University]] (TUNI) has over 20,000 students and two campuses, one in the [[Kalevanharju]] district, close to the city centre, and one in [[Hervanta]], in the southern part of the city. The institution was formed in 2019 as a result of the merge of [[University of Tampere]] (UTA) and [[Tampere University of Technology]] (TUT). TUNI is also the major shareholder of the [[Tampere University of Applied Sciences]] (''Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu'', TAMK), a polytechnic with about 10,000 students.<ref name=tamk/> The [[Police University College (Finland)|Police University College]], the polytechnic institution serving all of Finland in its field of specialization, is also in Tampere.<ref name=tuni/><ref name=tampere3/>

[[Tampere University Hospital]] (''Tampereen yliopistollinen sairaala'', TAYS) in the [[Kauppi (district)|Kauppi district]], one of the main hospitals in Finland, is affiliated with Tampere University. It is a teaching hospital with 34 medical specializations.

The [[Nurmi (district)|Nurmi district]] in the northern part of city also houses the [[Tampere Christian School]] (''Tampereen kristillinen koulu''), which operates on a co-[[Christianity|Christian]] basis and is maintained by the [[Adventist Church of Finland]], offering free basic education based on Christian basic values and outlook on life for all grades of primary school.<ref name=takriko/>

== Arts and culture ==

[[File:Tammerkoski (22286032958).jpg|thumb|The Tammerkoski rapids in Tampere at night in 2015. The Festival of Light has just opened and an old, large factory chimney is lit in red on the right side of the rapids and contrasts with the blue lighting of the trees beneath it. The array of colours is reflected by the water of the rapids.|left]]

Tampere is known for its active cultural life. Some of Finland's most popular writers, such as [[Väinö Linna]], [[Kalle Päätalo]], and [[Hannu Salama]], hail from Tampere. They are known particularly for depicting the lives of working-class people, thanks to their backgrounds as members of the working class. Also from such a background was the poet [[Lauri Viita]] of the [[Pispala]] district, which was also Salama's original home.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} On 1 October, Tampere celebrates [[Tampere Day]] ({{langx|fi|Tampereen päivä}}), which hosts a variety of public events.<ref name=tampere_fi_paiva_pahkinankuoressa/><ref name=niemela/>

=== Media ===

[[File:Aamulehden talo, Hallituskatu 14, Tampere.jpg|thumb|An office building of ''[[Aamulehti]]'' newspaper in the [[Nalkala|Nalkala district]]]]

Tampere is a strong ''media city.'' The television center in [[Tohloppi]] and [[Ristimäki]] districts has had a nationwide [[Yle TV2]] television channel since the 1970s,<ref name=niemela/> and Finnish radio, for example, began in Tampere when [[Arvi Hauvonen]] founded the first broadcasting station in 1923.<ref name=niemela/> Yle TV2 has its roots in Tamvisio, which was transferred to [[Yleisradio]] (YLE, Finnish National Broadcasting Company) in 1964. ''Kakkoskanava'' ("Channel 2") has been a major influence in Tampere, and several well-known television programs and series have been shot in the city,<ref name=niemela/> such as TV comedies ''[[Tankki täyteen]]'', ''[[Reinikainen (TV series)|Reinikainen]]'' and ''[[Kummeli]]''. There's also a play park in central Tampere named after the channel's most famous children's programme, ''[[Pikku Kakkonen]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tampere.fi/en/vapaa-aika-ja-harrastukset/leikkipaikat/pikku-kakkonen-playground|title=Pikku Kakkonen Playground|publisher=City of Tampere|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

Today, Yle operates as a tenant in its old premises, which in 2013 was transformed into a hub for visual media production companies and training institutes called Mediapolis.

The [[Ruutu+]] streaming service's popular crime drama television series ''[[Lakeside Murders]]'' ({{langx|fi|Koskinen}}), based on the ''Koskinen'' book series by [[Seppo Jokinen]], is also produced and filmed in Tampere.<ref name="hs_2020-12-10" /><ref name="aamulehti_2021-11-26" />

The [[Tampere Film Festival]], an annual international short film event, is held every March.<ref name=visittampere_film_festival/> Tampere has also served as a filming location for international film productions, most notably the 1993 British comedy film ''[[The Big Freeze (film)|The Big Freeze]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hs.fi/radiotelevisio/art-2000002846675.html|title=Bob Hoskins korjasi putkia Teiskossa|trans-title=Bob Hoskins repaired pipes in Teisko|first=Henri Waltter|last=Rehnström|work=[[Yle]]|date=22 August 2015|access-date=17 December 2022|language=fi|archive-date=17 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217103540/https://www.hs.fi/radiotelevisio/art-2000002846675.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the 2022 American sci-fi film ''[[Dual (2022 film)|Dual]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/karen-gillan-sci-fi-dual-starts-production-in-finland-with-aaron-paul-beulah-koale-exclusive/5154263.article|title=Karen Gillan sci-fi 'Dual' starts production in Finland with Aaron Paul, Beulah Koale (exclusive)|first=Jeremy|last=Kay|work=[[Screen Daily]]|date=21 October 2020|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110072943/https://www.screendaily.com/news/karen-gillan-sci-fi-dual-starts-production-in-finland-with-aaron-paul-beulah-koale-exclusive/5154263.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfinland.com/tampere-hosts-hollywood-production-dual/|title=Tampere hosts Hollywood production|first=Laura|last=Vanzo|work=Good News from Finland|publisher=Finnfacts|date=26 October 2020|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927144541/https://www.goodnewsfinland.com/tampere-hosts-hollywood-production-dual/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, ''[[Aamulehti]]'', which was published in Tampere and was founded in 1881,<ref name=ainamo/><ref name=almamedia/> was the third largest newspaper in Finland in terms of circulation, after ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' and ''[[Ilta-Sanomat]]''. The circulation of the magazine was 98 408 (2016).<ref name=sanomalehdet/> In addition, a free city newspaper ''[[Tamperelainen]]'' (literally translated "Tamperean", meaning person who live in Tampere) will be published in the city.<ref name=niemela/> In November 2016, the ''Tamperelainen'' was awarded the second best city newspaper in Finland.<ref name=heili/>

The city is also known as the home of the popular [[Hydraulic Press Channel]] on YouTube, which originates from a machine shop owned by Lauri Vuohensilta.<ref name=washingtonpost_2016-04-19/>

Independent video game developer [[Colossal Order]], known for the hit [[city-building game]] ''[[Cities: Skylines]]'', is based in Tampere.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tut.fi/rajapinta/artikkelit/2011/3/vakavasti-mukana-pelibisneksessa|title=Vakavasti mukana pelibisneksessä|trans-title=Seriously in with the Games Business|language=fi|last=Eskelinen|first=Päivi|date=19 May 2011|volume=2011|number=3|journal=Rajapinta|publisher=Tampere University of Technology|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122023605/http://www.tut.fi/rajapinta/artikkelit/2011/3/vakavasti-mukana-pelibisneksessa|archive-date=22 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Cities: Skylines II]]'' also features the city's geography as an in-game map for those who pre-ordered the game.

=== Food ===

[[File:Mustamakkara2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|''[[Mustamakkara]]'' ("black sausage"), a speciality food from Tampere, is typically consumed with lingonberry jam.]]

[[File:Chicken wings meal at Siipiweikot.jpg|thumb|right|Tampere claims to be the "wings capital of Finland", consuming almost half of the [[hot wings]] in Finland. The restaurant chain [[Siipiweikot]] originates from Tampere. Almost half of the chicken wings sold in Finland are eaten exclusively in Pirkanmaa.<ref name=yle_2012-08-10/>]]

A local food speciality is ''[[mustamakkara]]'', which resembles the [[black pudding]] of northern England and blood sausages around Europe. It is a black sausage made by mixing pork, pig's blood and crushed rye and flour and is stuffed into the intestines of an animal. It is commonly eaten with [[lingonberry]] sauce. Especially [[Tammelantori]] square in the district of [[Tammela, Tampere|Tammela]] is known for its ''mustamakkara'' [[kiosk]]s, as well as [[Laukontori]] in center.<ref name=helsinkitimes_2012_11_08/>

A newer Tampere tradition are ''munkki'', fresh sugary doughnuts that are sold in several cafés around Tampere, but most traditionally in [[Pyynikki observation tower]].<ref name=visittampere_munkki/>

One of the specialties of Tampere's local [[barbecue]] dishes include the [[peremech]] (pärämäts in Finnish), based on traditional [[Tatars|Tatar]] food. It is a pie reminiscent of [[Karelian pasty]] with seasoned [[ground meat]] inside.<ref name=linkosuon_kahvilat/><ref name=vuosara/>

In the 1980s, in addition to ''mustamakkara'' and barley bread, the old parish dish of Tampere was also called a potato soup, home-made [[small beer]] (''kotikalja''), a sweetened lingonberry porridge and a [[sweetened potato casserole]] (''Imelletty perunalaatikko'').<ref name=kolmonen/>

Since 1991, the two-day [[fish market]] event (''Tampereen kalamarkkinat'') in [[Laukontori]] attracts as many as 80,000–100,000 visitors in year, and is held both in the spring on ''[[vappu]]'' and in the autumn on Tampere Day.<ref name=kalatalo/><ref name=visittampere_kalamarkkinat/>

=== Music ===

{{see also|Tampere Academic Symphony Orchestra}}

[[File:Judas Priest, päälava, Sauna Open Air 2011, Tampere, 11.6.2011 (30).JPG|thumb|left|[[Judas Priest]] performing as one of the headliners at the 2011 [[Sauna Open Air Metal Festival]]]]

Tampere is home to the [[Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra]] (''Tampere Filharmonia''), one of only two full-sized symphony orchestras in Finland; [[Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra|the other]] is in [[Helsinki]]. The orchestra's home venue is the [[Tampere Hall]],<ref name=green/> and its concerts include classical, popular, and film music. [[Tampere Music Festivals]] organises three international music events: [[Tampere Jazz Happening|The Tampere Jazz Happening]] each November, and in alternate years [[Tampere Vocal Music Festival|The Tampere Vocal Music Festival]] and the Tampere Biennale. Professional education in many fields of classical music, including performing arts, pedagogic arts, and composition, is provided by [[Tampere University of Applied Sciences]] and Tampere [[Music school|Conservatoire]].

''{{visible anchor|Manserock}}'' became a general term for rock music from Tampere, which was essentially rock music with Finnish lyrics. Manserock was especially popular during the 1970s and 1980s, and its most popular artists include [[Juice Leskinen]], [[Veltto Virtanen]], [[Kaseva]], [[Popeda]], and [[Eppu Normaali]]. In 1977, [[Poko Rekords]], the first record company in Tampere, was founded.<ref name=yle_2007-05-29/>

In the 2010s, there has been a lot of popular musical activity in Tampere, particularly in the fields of rock and [[Heavy metal music|heavy/black metal]]; one of the most important metal music events in Tampere is the [[Sauna Open Air Metal Festival]].<ref name=sauna-open-air/> Some of the most popular bands based in Tampere include [[Negative (Finnish band)|Negative]], [[Uniklubi]], and [[Lovex]]. Tampere also has an active electronic music scene. Tampere hosts an annual World of Tango Festival (''Maailmantango''),<ref name=economist_2017-10-11/> which is one of the most significant tango events in Finland next to the [[Tangomarkkinat]] of [[Seinäjoki]].

=== Theatre ===

[[File:Tampereen teatteri.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The Tampere Theatre (Finnish: ''Tampereen Teatteri'')]]

Tampere has a lengthy tradition of theater, with established institutions such as [[Tampere Workers' Theatre|Tampereen Työväen Teatteri]], [[Tampere Theatre|Tampereen Teatteri]], and [[Pyynikin Kesäteatteri]], which is an open-air theatre with the oldest [[revolving auditorium]] in Europe. The longest-running directors of the Tampereen Teatteri include Heikki Vihinen and Rauli Lehtonen, and the Tampereen Työväen Teatteri had Kosti Elo, Eino Salmelainen and Esko Roine.<ref name=niemela/> [[Tampere Theatre Festival|The Tampere Theatre Festival]] (''Tampereen teatterikesä'') is an international theatre festival held in the city each August. Tampere also has the [[Tampere Opera]], founded in 1946.<ref name=tampere_opera/>

Tampere's other professional theaters are Teatteri Siperia; restaurant theater Teatteripalatsi; Teatteri Telakka, known for its artistic experiments; Ahaa Teatteri, which specializes in children's and young people's plays; [[puppet theater]] Teatteri Mukamas, and Tanssiteatteri MD, specializes in [[contemporary dance]] performances.<ref name=opiskelijantampere_teatterit/> In addition, there are also three [[Movie theater|cinemas]] in Tampere: two [[Finnkino]]'s theaters, Cine Atlas and [[Finnkino Plevna|Plevna]],<ref name=finnkino_cine_atlas/><ref name=finnkino_plevna/> and private Arthouse Cinema Niagara,<ref name=arthousecinemaniagara/> which serves as the main venue for the Cinemadrome Festival, which presents [[Horror film|horror]], [[Action film|action]], [[Science fiction film|sci-fi]], [[Trash film|trash]], and other [[cult film]]s.<ref name=arthousecinemaniagara_cinemadrome/> Local cinemas also included the historic [[Imatra (cinema)|Imatra]], formerly located in the [[Kyttälä]] district, which was completely destroyed on a fire in the midst of a 1924 film ''[[Wages of Virtue]]'' on 23 October 1927, killing 21 people.<ref name=aamulehti_1927-10-24/>

=== Religious activities ===

[[File:Tampere, cattedrale, ext. 01.JPG|right|thumbnail|[[Cathedral of Tampere]] in the [[Jussinkylä|Jussinkylä district]], designed by Finnish architect [[Lars Sonck]]]]

[[File:Tamperechristmas.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Tampere Old Church|Old Church]] (Vanha kirkko) on the edge of the Tampere Central Square]]

As in most of Finland, most Tampere citizens belong to the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland]]. One Lutheran church in Tampere is [[Finlayson Church]] in the [[Finlayson (district)|district by the same name]]. Tampere also has a variety of other religious services spanning from traditional to [[Charismatic Christianity|charismatic]]. There are also some English speaking services, such as the Tampere English Service, an international community affiliated with the {{ill|Tampere Pentecostal Church|fi|Tampereen helluntaiseurakunta}} (''Tampereen helluntaiseurakunta'').<ref name=tamperehelluntai/><ref name=suomenhelluntaikirkko/> English services of the International Congregation of Christ the King (ICCK) are organized by the [[Anglican Church in Finland]] and the Lutheran Parishes of Tampere. The Catholic parish of the Holy Cross<ref name=pyha_risti/> also offers services in Finnish, Polish and English. Other churches may also have English speaking ministries. Tampere is the center of a [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] [[stake (Latter Day Saints)|stake]] (diocese). Other churches in Tampere are the [[Tampere Baptist Church|Baptist Church]], the Evangelical Free Church, the [[Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland]], the [[Finnish Orthodox Church]] and the [[Nokia Revival]].

There was an organized Jewish community until 1981. Though a few Jews remain in Tampere, organized communal life ended at that time.<ref name=jchelsinki/>

There are three registered Muslim communities in Tampere. The biggest is [[Tampere Islam Society]], with over 1500 members.<ref name=islam/>

=== City rivalry with Turku ===

Tampere ostensibly has a long-standing mutual feud with the city of [[Turku]],<ref name="observing">{{cite web|url=https://observingfinland.com/blog/two-cities-and-then-one-helsinki-tampere-turku|title=Two Cities and the One|work=Observing Finland|date=27 March 2022|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827171429/https://observingfinland.com/blog/two-cities-and-then-one-helsinki-tampere-turku|url-status=usurped}}</ref> the first capital of Finland, and they tend to compete for the title of being the "second grand city of Finland" after [[Helsinki]].<ref name=yle_2017-06-29/><ref name=hs_2021-01-27/> This rivalry is largely expressed in jokes in one city about the other; prominent targets are the traditional Tampere food, ''[[mustamakkara]]'', the state of the [[Aura River (Finland)|Aura River]] in Turku, and the regional accents. Tampere is well known as a food destination because of its food culture. Since 1997, students at Tampere have made annual excursions to Turku to jump on the market square, doing their part to undo the [[post-glacial rebound]] and push the city back into the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=tut/><ref name="everwas">{{Cite web |title=Finnish Town Rivalries |last=Kennedy |first=Ian |work=everwas |date=2 July 2010 |url=https://everwas.com/2010/07/finnish-rivalry/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926091333/https://everwas.com/2010/07/finnish-rivalry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Main sights ==

[[File:Näsinneula view 18.jpg|right|thumb|[[Tammerkoski]] and [[Näsijärvi]] seen from [[Näsinneula]]]]

[[File:Kaleva Church 4.jpg|alt=|thumb|222x222px|The [[Kaleva Church]], designed by [[Reima Pietilä|Reima]] and [[Raili Pietilä]], in [[Liisankallio]]]]

[[File:Tampere market hall inside.jpg|right|thumb|Interior of the [[Tampere Market Hall]]]]

One of the main tourist attractions is the [[Särkänniemi]] [[amusement park]], which includes the landmark [[Näsinneula tower]], topped by a [[revolving restaurant]]. In addition to these, it used to house an aquarium. Other sites of interest are [[Tampere Cathedral]], [[Tampere City Hall]], [[Tampere Central Library]] ''Metso'' ("[[Western capercaillie|Capercaillie]]"), [[Kaleva Church]] (both designed by [[Reima Pietilä]]), [[Tampere Hall|the Tampere Hall]] for conferences and concerts, the [[Tampere Market Hall]] (along [[Hämeenkatu]]) and historical [[Pyynikki observation tower]].<ref name=thetimes/>

Tampere has at least seven [[hotel]]s, the most noteworthy of which are [[Hotel Tammer]], [[Hotel Ilves]], and [[Hotel Torni Tampere|Hotel Torni]], the tallest hotel building in Finland.<ref name=visitfinland/> The [[Holiday Club|Holiday Club Tampere]] [[spa]] is also located in the [[Lapinniemi|Lapinniemi district]] on the shores of Lake Näsijärvi.<ref name=holidayclubresorts/> There are also many significant [[shopping center]]s in the city center of Tampere and its suburbs; the most notable shopping centers are [[Ratina (shopping centre)|Ratina]], [[Koskikeskus (shopping centre)|Koskikeskus]], [[DUO (Tampere)|DUO]], [[Like (shopping mall)|Like]], and [[Tullintori]].

Tampere is also home to one of the last museums in the world dedicated to [[Vladimir Lenin]]. The museum is housed in the [[Tampere Workers' Hall]] (along [[Hallituskatu (Tampere)|Hallituskatu]]) where during a subsequent [[Bolshevik]] conference in the city, Lenin met [[Joseph Stalin]] for the first time.<ref name=green/><ref name=marxists/><ref name=kotkin/> Lenin moved to Tampere in August 1905, but eventually fled for [[Sweden]] in November 1907 when being pursued by the Russian [[Okhrana]]. Lenin did not return to any part of the [[Russian Empire]] until ten years later, when he heard of the start of the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917. [[Tampere Lenin-museum]] closed on 3 November 2024 and reopened under the name Nootti (Note) in February 2025.

There are many museums and galleries, including:
* The [[Vapriikki Museum Centre]]<ref name=tampere_fi_vapriikki/><ref name=thetimes/> which includes the [[Natural History Museum of Tampere]], [[Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame]], [[Finnish Museum of Games]], Post Museum and the ''Shoe Museum''
* [[Hatanpää Manor]] and [[Hatanpää Arboretum]]
* The [[Näsilinna Palace]]
* Tampere Art Museum<ref name=tampere_fi_art_museum/>
* [[Tampere Lenin Museum]]
* The [[Moomin Museum]],<ref name=green/><ref name=muumimuseo/><ref name=thetimes/> about [[Moomins]]
* [[Rupriikki Media Museum]]
* Spy Museum in Siperia<ref name=vakoilumuseo/>
* Workers' housing museum in [[Amuri, Tampere|Amuri]].<ref name=tampere_fi_amuri_museum/>
* Finland's largest glass sculpture, owned by the City of Tampere, "[[Timo Sarpaneva#Glass|Pack Ice / The Mirror of the Sea]]" by the artist [[Timo Sarpaneva]], was installed in the entrance lobby of the downtown shopping mall [[KoskiKeskus]] until it was moved to a warehouse.<ref name=yle_2012-10-14/>

=== Pispala ===

{{Main|Pispala}}

Pispala is a ridge between the two lakes. It is divided into [[Ylä-Pispala]] ("Upper Pispala") and [[Ala-Pispala]] ("Lower Pispala"). It's the highest gravel ridge in the world, raising {{cvt|80|m}} above Lake Pyhäjärvi and around {{cvt|160|m}} above sea level. It housed the majority of industrial labour in the late 19th and early 20th century, when it was part of [[Pirkkala|Suur-Pirkkala]] and its successor [[Nokia, Finland|Pohjois-Pirkkala]]. It was a free area to be built upon by the working-class people working in Tampere factories. It joined Tampere in 1937. It is now a residential area undergoing significant redevelopment and together with neighbouring [[Pyynikki]] forms an important historical area of Tampere.<ref name=green/>

== Events ==
=== Concerts ===

[[Ratina Stadium]] of Tampere, in the [[Ratina (district)|district by the same name]], has served as the venue for many of the most significant concerts, most notably in connection with the ''[[Endless Forms Most Beautiful World Tour]]'' in 2015 by the band [[Nightwish]].<ref name=metalitalia/><ref name=pallontallaajat/> Other noteworthy tours from other bands held at Ratina Stadium include [[Iron Maiden]] (''[[Somewhere Back in Time World Tour]]'', 2008), [[Bruce Springsteen]] (''[[Working on a Dream Tour]]'', 2009), [[AC/DC]] (''[[Black Ice World Tour]]'', 2010), [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] (''[[I'm with You World Tour]]'', 2012), [[Bon Jovi]] (''[[Because We Can (concert tour)|Because We Can World Tour]]'', 2013), [[Robbie Williams]] (''[[The Heavy Entertainment Show Tour]]'', 2017) and [[Rammstein]] (''[[Rammstein Stadium Tour]]'', 2019).

[[Tammerfest]], Tampere's urban rock festival, is held every July.<ref name=visittampere_kesatapahtumat/> The [[Blockfest]], which also takes place in Tampere in the summer,<ref name=visittampere_kesatapahtumat/> is the largest [[hip hop music|hip hop]] event in the Nordic countries.<ref name=visittampere_blockfest_2016/>

== Sport ==
=== Ice hockey ===
[[File:Nokia Arenan avajaiset 1.jpg|thumb|right|Opening game of [[Nokia Arena (Tampere)|Nokia Arena]]: [[Tappara]] vs [[Ilves]]]]

[[File:Fan Zone Tampere.jpg|thumb|right|Official Fan Zone in Tampere during the [[2022 IIHF World Championship]]]]

Tampere's sporting scene is mainly driven by [[ice hockey]].<ref name=iihf_3/> The first Finnish ice hockey match was played in Tampere, on the ice of [[Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Pyhäjärvi]]. Tampere is nicknamed the hometown of Finnish ice hockey. Three exceptional ice hockey teams come from Tampere: [[Tappara]], [[Ilves]] and [[Koovee (ice hockey)|Koovee]]. Especially both Tappara and Ilves have had a great impact on Finnish ice hockey culture and are among the most successful teams in Finland;<ref name=iihf_3/><ref name=hckhockey/> of these, Ilves was the first Tampere-based hockey team to win the [[1935–36 SM-sarja season|1935-1936 Finnish championship]].<ref name=iihf_3/> The Finnish ice hockey museum, and the first ice hockey arena to be built in Finland, the [[Tampereen jäähalli|Hakametsä]] arena, are both located in Tampere.<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-7765473|title=Suomen ensimmäinen jäähalli täyttää 50 vuotta – "Hakamettä" on monelle kiekkoilijalle toinen koti|first=Kirsi|last=Matson-Mäkelä|work=[[Yle]]|date=29 January 2015|access-date=7 April 2024|archive-date=7 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407194319/https://yle.fi/a/3-7765473|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction of a new main ice hockey arena, [[Nokia Arena (Tampere)|Tampere Deck Arena]],<ref name=visittampere_deck_arena/> began in 2018, and was first opened to the public on 3 December 2021, although the official opening date was on 15 December.<ref name=srv/><ref name=helsinkitimes_2021-11-24/><ref name=iihf_2/><ref name=helsinkitimes_2021-12-15/> The name of the new arena was supposed to be ''UROS LIVE'',<ref name=yle_2020-03-05/> but due to the financial difficulties of the sponsor behind it, the name was abandoned.<ref name=yle_2021-10-28/> After that, [[Nokia Corporation]] was chosen as the new sponsor on 19 November 2021, and the arena was renamed ''Nokia Arena''.<ref name=globenewswire/> The arena served as one of the host cities for the [[2022 IIHF World Championship]] and the [[2023 IIHF World Championship]].<ref name=iihf_3/><ref name=yle_2020-08-26/><ref name=iihf_1/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Sport - Wie berichtet SRF über die Eishockey-WM 2023? |url=https://www.srf.ch/sendungen/hallosrf/publikumsfragen/sport/sport-wie-berichtet-srf-ueber-die-eishockey-wm-2023 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) |language=de |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516012558/https://www.srf.ch/sendungen/hallosrf/publikumsfragen/sport/sport-wie-berichtet-srf-ueber-die-eishockey-wm-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Football ===
Like ice hockey, [[association football|football]] is also a popular sport in Tampere. [[Ilves (football)|Ilves]], the professional football club of Tampere,<ref name=ilvesedustus/> alone has over 4,000 players in its football teams, while Tampere boasts over 100 (mostly junior) football teams.

Tampere hosted some of the [[Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics|football preliminaries]] for the [[1952 Summer Olympics]].

=== Basketball ===
[[Basketball]] is another popular sport in Tampere; the city has three basketball teams with big junior activity and one of them, [[Tampereen Pyrintö (basketball)|Tampereen Pyrintö]],<ref name=fibaeurope/><ref name=eurobasket/> plays on the highest level ([[Korisliiga]]) both with men's and women's team. Men's team was the Finnish Champion in 2010, 2011, and 2014.<ref name=korisliiga/>

Tampere was a co-host of the [[EuroBasket 1967]], and the Nokia Arena will host the [[EuroBasket 2025]] as one of the host cities.

=== Batting sports ===
[[Manse PP]] is the city's [[pesäpallo]] team, the only remaining team in the men's [[Superpesis]] to be based within a major city, and who won the league in 2021, as well as the women's league in 2017.

Tampere also has a [[baseball]] and [[softball]] club, the [[Tampere Tigers]], which plays in the [[Baseball Finnish Championship Series|top division of Finnish baseball]].<ref name=tamperetigers/><ref name=baseball/>

=== American football ===
[[Tampere Saints]] is the [[American football]] club in the city, that won division 2 in 2015 and plays in the [[Vaahteraliiga|Maple League]] (division 1) in summer 2017.<ref name=tamperesaints/>

=== Speedway ===
[[Motorcycle speedway]] has been held in Tampere at several venues. The [[Eteläpuisto]] beach embankment hosted speedway from 1953 to 1988<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.speedway.fi/esittelyja.php?id=5#:~:text=Etel%C3%A4puiston%20radalla%20on%20ajettu%20kolmasti,Ratatilanne%20Tampereella%20on%20heikko. |title=Pirkan Mooottorimiehet ry |website=Speedway Finland |access-date=13 February 2024 |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213123907/https://www.speedway.fi/esittelyja.php?id=5#:~:text=Etel%C3%A4puiston%20radalla%20on%20ajettu%20kolmasti,Ratatilanne%20Tampereella%20on%20heikko. |url-status=live }}</ref> and was an important venue for competitions, hosting the Nordic Final as part of the qualifying for the [[Speedway World Championship]] and the Scandinavian round of the [[Speedway World Team Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/wtc76.htm |title=1976 World Cup |website=International Speedway |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113173659/http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/wtc76.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/wtc79.htm |title=1979 World Cup |website=International Speedway |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222173304/http://internationalspeedway.co.uk/wtc79.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, it hosted the final of the [[Finnish Individual Speedway Championship]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.speedwaysanomat.fi/tekstit/tilastot_sm.html |title=Speedway Individual Finnish Championship |website=Speedway Sanomat |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112154151/http://www.speedwaysanomat.fi/tekstit/tilastot_sm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When it closed the speedway moved to the Kaanaa track, out of the city to the village of Velaatta by [[Teisko Airfield]]. More recently the Ratina Stadium held various speedway meetings from 1995 to 2015, including the [[Speedway Grand Prix of Finland]] in 2014 and 2015.

=== Gymnastics ===
Tampere has long tradition in various fields of gymnastics. Finnish Gymnastics Federation office is located in Kauppi Sports Centre. Local clubs include Tampereen Voimistelijat, Elixiria Sport, Rantaperkiön Isku, TTNV. Ikuri Gymnatics centre is the main training location. Large competitions are organized in Tampere Fair Centre. Gymnaestrada Finland was held in Tampere in 2022.

=== Other sports ===
In addition to all of the above, [[volleyball]], [[wrestling]] and [[boxing]] are also among Tampere's best-known sports.<ref name=niemela/>

The city also hosted two [[ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|canoe sprint world championships]], in 1973 and 1983. In 1977, Tampere hosted the [[World Rowing Junior Championships]] and in 1995 the Senior [[World Rowing Championships]]. Recently, Tampere was the host of the 10th [[European Youth Olympic Festival]] on 17–25 July 2009<ref>''Tampereen Liikuntalehti'', 2/2007. (in Finnish)</ref> and the 2010 World Ringette Championships on 1–6 November at Hakametsä arena.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-26 |title=2010 World Ringette Championship (Tampere, Finland) |url=https://www.ringette.ca/event-results/2010-world-ringette-championship-tampere-finland/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Ringette Canada |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107184613/https://www.ringette.ca/event-results/2010-world-ringette-championship-tampere-finland/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tampere hosted the 2023 [[European Masters Games]] from 26 June to 9 July.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imga.ch/event/european-masters-games-2023-tampere/|title=European Masters Games 2023 &#124; Masters Games Finland, Tampere|date=21 November 2019|publisher=[[International Masters Games Association]]|access-date=17 November 2022|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117211929/https://imga.ch/event/european-masters-games-2023-tampere/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Tampere}}
[[File:Train from Helsinki to Kolari stopping at Tampere.jpg|thumb|Train from [[Helsinki]] to [[Kolari]] stopping at Tampere]]
[[File:Tampere-Pirkkala Airport 1.jpg|thumb|[[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]]. This photo was taken during COVID-19 pandemic, when the airport was nearly empty.]]
[[File:Keskustori bus terminals1.jpg|thumb|Bus terminals at the [[Tampere Central Square]] ({{langx|fi|Keskustori}})]]
[[File:Raitiovaunu Hämeenkadulla.jpg|thumb|[[Tram]] in [[Hämeenkatu]], Tampere]]

=== Roads ===
To the south of Tampere, there is the [[Tampere Ring Road]], which is important for car traffic and which is part of [[Highways in Finland|Finnish highways]] number [[Finnish national road 3|3]] (on the west side) and number [[Finnish national road 9|9]] (on the east side). The main stretch of the ring road sees over 50,000 vehicles per day,<ref name=newsnowfinland_2018-03-19/> and, according to the [[ELY Centre]] of Pirkanmaa, the western part of the ring road is the busiest road in Finland, if highway and ring road connections in the [[Helsinki metropolitan area]] are excluded.<ref name=yle_2021-08-25/> There are also plans for another ring road project that would run from Pirkkala to Tampere's [[Hervanta]] and possibly in the future to Kangasala.<ref name=aamulehti_2018-01-10/> [[Teiskontie]], which runs east of the city center, is part of [[Finnish national road 12|Highway 12]] in the direction of [[Lahti]]. This highway also runs through the center of Tampere under the name [[Paasikiven–Kekkosentie]],<ref name=louhivaara/>{{rp|pp=75, 77}} below the downtown as the [[Tampere Tunnel]], which is the longest [[road tunnel]] built in Finland for car traffic.<ref name=yle_2016-11-15/>

=== Rail ===
Tampere is an important railroad hub in Finland and there are direct railroad connections to, for example, [[Helsinki]], [[Turku]] and the [[Port of Turku]], [[Oulu]], [[Jyväskylä]], and [[Pori]]. Every day about 150 trains with an annual total of 8 million passengers arrive and depart in the [[Tampere Central Station|Tampere Central Railway Station]], which is located in the city center.<ref name=tampere_fi_asemakeskus/> There are also frequent bus connections to destinations around Finland.

=== Aviation ===
Tampere is served by [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]], located in neighboring municipality [[Pirkkala]] some {{cvt|13|km|0}} southwest of the city, and it replaced the former Härmälä Airport, which was closed in 1979.<ref name=aamulehti_2018-05-17/> The current airport is connected to the city centre of Tampere by bus route 103, and to that of Pirkkala by bus route 39.<ref name=finavia_2021/>

=== Sea transport ===
In 2015, the Port of Tampere,<ref name=unece/> the charter port area carrying passengers on the shores of [[Lake Näsijärvi]] and [[Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Lake Pyhäjärvi]],<ref name=hopealinjat/> was the busiest [[inland waterway]] in Finland in terms of the number of passengers (71,750).<ref name=liikennevirasto/> A partial explanation for the high number of passengers can be found in the summer traffic to the [[Viikinsaari]] island in Lake Pyhäjärvi, where people travel for an excursion or various cultural events such as watching a summer theater.<ref name=tamperelainen_2014-04-09/> Domestic passenger and connecting vessel traffic was only busier in the Finnish sea area in the [[Helsinki Metropolitan Area]], between mainland Finland and [[Åland]] in the [[Archipelago Sea]].<ref name=liikennevirasto/>

=== Urban transport ===
The public transport network in Tampere currently consists of a bus network and two lines of [[Tampere light rail|city's light rail]], operating from 9 August 2021.<ref name=urban-transport-magazine/> The [[Tampere Bus Station]], designed by Jaakko Laaksovirta and [[Bertel Strömmer]], representing [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalist architecture]], was completed in 1938,<ref name=sk_1938-12-17/><ref name=sapyska/>{{rp|pp=203–204}} being the largest bus station in the [[Nordic countries]] at the time,<ref name=uta/> and between 1948 and 1976, the city also had an extensive [[trolleybus]] network, which was also the largest trolleybus system in Finland.<ref name=alameri/> As of 2017, [[commuter rail]] service on the railroad lines connecting Tampere to the neighbouring towns of [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]] and [[Lempäälä]] is being established.<ref name=tase/>

In the 2010s, Tampere has made efforts to invest in the smooth running of [[Utility cycling|cycling]] and [[walkability]].<ref name=tampere_fi_kevytliikenne/> Thanks to it, the city was awarded the title of "Cycling Municipality of the Year" in 2013.<ref name=yle_2013-03-08/> According to a survey conducted in 2015, the attractiveness of both cycling and walking had increased during 2014 and 2015.<ref name=tampere_fi_tyytyvaisyyskysely/> In any case, during the 21st century, the growth of bicycle traffic has been clearly faster than the growth of the city's population, and the number of cycles has increased by an average of about 2% per year.<ref name=tampere_fi_liikenteen_kehitys/>

=== Distances to other cities ===

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Helsinki]] – {{cvt|180|km}}
* [[Hämeenlinna]] – {{cvt|79|km}}
* [[Joensuu]] – {{cvt|396|km}}
* [[Jyväskylä]] – {{cvt|150|km}}
* [[Kuopio]] – {{cvt|297|km}}
* [[Lahti]] – {{cvt|130|km}}
* [[Lappeenranta]] – {{cvt|276|km}}
* [[Oulu]] – {{cvt|490|km}}
* [[Pori]] – {{cvt|110|km}}
* [[Seinäjoki]] – {{cvt|177|km}}
* [[Turku]] – {{cvt|163|km}}
* [[Vaasa]] – {{cvt|240|km}}
{{div col end}}

== Government ==

[[File:Tampere city central government office building.jpg|thumb|The [[Tampere City Central Office Building|Tampere City Central Office]] (''Tampereen keskusvirastotalo''), an administrative building of the [[City Council of Tampere]] along the [[Aleksis Kiven katu (Tampere)|Aleksis Kiven katu]] street]]

In 2007, Tampere switched to a new model of government. Since then, a mayor and four deputy mayors have been chosen for a period of four years by the [[City Council of Tampere|city council]]. The mayor also becomes the seat of the city council for the duration of the tenure.

Tampere was the first Finnish municipality to be elected mayor.<ref name=tampere_fi_pormestari/> The mayor has no official relationship with the municipality; they serve as chair of the city board and direct the municipality's activities. The mayor's duties are defined in the city government's bylaws.<ref name=tampere_fi_pormestari/> Because the mayor and deputy mayors are trustees, they can be removed by the council if they lose the majority trust.<ref name=niemela/>

For the first two years, [[Timo P. Nieminen]], representing the [[National Coalition Party]] from 2007 to 2012, served as mayor. In 2013, [[Anna-Kaisa Ikonen]] of the same party was elected mayor.<ref name=tampere_fi_pormestari/> As of 1 June 2017, the number of deputy mayors decreased from four to three.<ref name=tampere_fi_johtamisjarjestelma/> [[Lauri Lyly]] ([[SDP (Finland)|SDP]]) was elected Mayor of the City of Tampere for the period 2017–2021 at the City Council meeting on 12 June 2017.<ref name=tampere_fi_pormestari/>

=== Mayors over time ===

* [[Kaarle Nordlund]] 1929–1943
* [[Sulo Typpö]] 1943–1957
* [[Erkki Lindfors]] 1957–1969
* [[Pekka Paavola]] 1969–1985
* [[Jarmo Rantanen]] 1985–2007
* [[Timo P. Nieminen]] ([[National Coalition Party|kok.]]) 2007–2012
* [[Anna-Kaisa Ikonen]] ([[National Coalition Party|kok.]])	2013–2017
* [[Lauri Lyly]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Finland|sd.]]) 2017–2021
* [[Anna-Kaisa Ikonen]] ([[National Coalition Party|kok.]])	2021–2023
* [[Kalervo Kummola]] ([[National Coalition Party|kok.]]) 2023–2025
* [[Ilmari Nurminen]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Finland|sd.]]) 2025–present<ref name="yle-valkama">{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20165337|title=Pormestarin valinnasta tuli teatteria Tampereella: PS:n vaatima äänestys piti uusia, koska yksi lippu revittiin|first=Vanessa|last=Valkama|work=[[Yle]]|date=2 June 2025|access-date=3 July 2025|language=fi}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2023}}

=== Born before 1900 ===

[[File:James Finlayson (1771-1852).jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Finlayson (industrialist)|James Finlayson]], Scottish Quaker and industrialist best known for founding the [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson]] company]]

[[File:Juho Kusti Paasikivi.jpg|thumb|170px|[[J. K. Paasikivi]], the [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and later the [[President of Finland|7th President of Finland]]]]

* [[Emil Aaltonen]] (1869–1949), industrialist and philanthropist
* [[Emanuel Aromaa]] (1873–1933), politician
* [[Eero Berg]] (1898–1969), long-distance runner and Olympic gold medalist
* [[Minna Canth]] (1844–1897), author and social activist
* [[Rosa Clay]] (1875–1959), a Namibian-born Finnish American teacher, singer and choral conductor
* [[Minna Craucher]] (1891–1932), socialite and spy
* [[James Finlayson (industrialist)|James Finlayson]] (1772–1852), Scottish [[Quakers|Quaker]] and industrialist
* [[Väinö Hakkila]] (1882–1958), politician
* [[Gustaf Idman]] (1885–1961), diplomat and a non-partisan [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Finland)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
* [[Alma Jokinen]] (1882–1939), politician
* [[Feliks Kellosalmi]] (1877–1939), politician
* [[Augusta Laine]] (1867–1949), teacher of home economics and politician
* [[Frans Oskar Lilius]] (1871–1928), politician
* [[Wivi Lönn]] (1872–1966), architect
* [[Kaapo Murros]] (1875–1951), journalist, lawyer, writer and politician
* [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]] (1870–1956), the [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and the [[President of Finland|7th President of Finland]]
* [[Aaro Pajari]] (1897–1949), Major General and the [[Knight of the Mannerheim Cross]]
* [[Arvo Pohjannoro]] (1893–1963), Lutheran clergyman and politician
* [[Anders Rajala]] (1891–1957), wrestler
* [[Julius Saaristo]] (1891–1969) track and field athlete and Olympic gold medalist
* [[Matti Schreck]] (1897–1946), banker and film producer
* [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] (1888–1964), author and [[Nobel laureate]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1939/summary/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=NobelPrize.org |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205040914/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1939/summary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bertel Strömmer]] (1890–1962), architect
* [[Vilho Tuulos]] (1895–1967), triple jumper, long jumper and Olympic gold medalist
* [[August Wesley]] (1887–?), journalist, trade unionist and revolutionary

=== Born after 1900 ===

[[File:Aleksander Barkov 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Aleksander Barkov]], ice hockey player]]

[[File:Vaino-Linna-1976.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Väinö Linna]], author of ''[[The Unknown Soldier (novel)|The Unknown Soldier]]'' and [[Under the North Star|''Under the North Star'' trilogy]]]]

[[File:Prime Minister of Finland Sanna Marin 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sanna Marin]], [[Prime Minister of Finland]] from 2019 to 2023.]]

* [[Jonne Aaron]] (born 1983), singer
* [[Sinikka Antila]] (born 1960), lawyer and diplomat
* [[Aleksander Barkov]] (born 1995), Finnish-Russian professional ice hockey player
* [[Anu Bradford]] (born 1975), Finnish-American author and law professor
* [[Johanna Debreczeni]] (born 1980), singer
* [[Henrik Otto Donner]] (1939–2013), composer and music personality
* [[Anna Falchi]] (born 1972), Finnish-Italian model and film actress
* [[Mauri Favén]] (1920–2006), painter
* [[Matti Haahti]] (born 1936), footballer
* [[Jussi Halla-aho]] (born 1971), politician and former leader of the [[Finns Party]]
* [[Roope Hintz]] (born 1996), professional ice hockey player
* [[Anja Ignatius]] (1911–1995), violinist and music educator
* [[Seppo Jokinen]] (born 1949), author
* [[Viljo Kajava]] (1909–1998), author and poet
* [[Tapani Kalliomäki]] (born 1970), stage and film actor
* [[Glen Kamara]] (born 1995), professional footballer
* [[Jorma Karhunen]] (1913–2002), [[Finnish Air Force]] [[Flying ace|ace]] and the Knight of the Mannerheim Cross
* [[Leo Kinnunen]] (1943–2017), [[Formula One]] driver
* [[Urpo Lahtinen]] (1931–1994), journalist and magazine publisher, founder of ''[[Tamperelainen]]''
* [[Kimmo Leinonen]] (born 1949), ice hockey executive and writer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaakiekkomuseo.fi/jaakiekkoleijonat/?lang=en#1507548729934-36012474-42de|title=Ice Hockey Lions: Leinonen Kimmo|year=2011|website=[[Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame]]|language=fi|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226210635/http://www.jaakiekkomuseo.fi/jaakiekkoleijonat/?lang=en#1507548729934-36012474-42de|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Mika Koivuniemi]] (born 1967), bowling coach and professional [[ten-pin bowling|ten-pin bowler]]
* [[Kiira Korpi]] (born 1988), figure skater
* [[Patrik Laine]] (born 1998), professional ice hockey player
* [[Väinö Linna]] (1920–1992), author
* [[Jyrki Lumme]] (born 1966), professional hockey player
* [[Tiina Lymi]] (born 1971), actress, director, screenwriter and author
* [[Taru Mäkelä]] (born 1959), film director and screenwriter
* [[Eeva-Liisa Manner]] (1921–1995), poet, playwright and translator
* [[Sanna Marin]] (born 1985), [[Prime Minister of Finland]] (2019–2023)
* [[Sakari Mattila]] (born 1989), professional footballer
* [[Matthau Mikojan]] (born 1982), rock musician, singer, guitarist and songwriter
* [[Pate Mustajärvi]] (born 1956), rock singer
* [[Mikko Nousiainen]] (born 1975), actor
* [[Teppo Numminen]] (born 1968), professional ice hockey player
* [[Luka Nurmi]] (born 2004), racing driver
* [[Erno Paasilinna]] (1935–2000), author and journalist
* [[Pekka Paavola]] (born 1933), politician and [[Minister of Justice (Finland)|Minister of Justice]]
* [[Tero Palmroth]] (born 1953), racing driver
* [[Oiva Paloheimo]] (1910–1973), author, poet and aphorist
* [[Veijo Pasanen]] (1930–1988), actor
* [[Aku Pellinen]] (born 1993), racing driver
* [[Sakari Puisto]] (born 1976), politician
* [[Raisa Räisänen]] (1983–?), still missing 16-year-old girl, who was [[Presumption of death|declared dead in absentia]] in 2007
* [[Matti Ranin]] (1926–2013), actor
* [[Leo Riuttu]] (1913–1989), actor
* [[Seela Sella]] (born 1936), actress
* [[Heikki Silvennoinen]] (1954-2024), musician and actor
* [[Kikka (singer)|Kikka]] (1964–2005), pop and schlager singer
* [[Jukka Tapanimäki]] (1961–2000), software developer and game programmer
* [[Armi Toivanen]] (born 1980), actress
* [[Jussi Välimäki]] (born 1974), rally driver
* [[Lauri Viita]] (1916–1965), poet
* [[Erika Vikman]] (born 1993), singer
* [[Sofia Vikman]] (born 1983), politician
* [[Olavi Virta]] (1915–1972), singer
* [[Hans Wind]] (1919–1995), fighter pilot, flying ace and the Knight of the Mannerheim Cross
* [[Aki Yli-Salomäki]] (born 1972), composer, music critic and music journalist

== International relations ==

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland}}

Tampere is [[Town twinning|twinned]] with:

* [[Chemnitz]], Germany<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Essen]], Germany<ref name=ruhr_twins/>
* [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuania]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Klaksvík]], [[Faroe Islands]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Kópavogur]], [[Iceland]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Linz]], [[Austria]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Łódź]], [[Poland]] <small>''(since 1996)''<ref name=lodz/></small>
* [[Miskolc]], [[Hungary]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Norrköping]], [[Sweden]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Odense]], [[Denmark]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Olomouc]], [[Czech Republic]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Brașov]], [[Romania]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]] <small>''(since 1946)''<ref name=trondheim/></small>
* [[Guangzhou]], China<ref name=guangzhou_twinnings/><ref name=hs_2013-06-20/>
* [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], United States<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tampere.fi/en/organisation/international-affairs/twin-cities |title=Twin cities |website=Tampere.fi |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226095926/https://www.tampere.fi/en/organisation/international-affairs/twin-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tampere has two additional "friendship cities":

* {{flagicon|NIC}} [[León, Nicaragua|León]], Nicaragua<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* {{flagicon|TZA}} [[Mwanza]], [[Tanzania]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Finland|Europe|Geography|Cities}}
* [[Battle of Tampere]]
* ''[[Mustamakkara]]''
* [[Nokia, Finland]]
* [[Pirkkala]]
* [[Ratina Stadium]]
* [[Särkänniemi]]
* [[Tammerkoski]]
* [[Tampere Deck Arena]]
* [[Tampere Film Festival]]
* [[Tampere Tigers]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em|refs=

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{{cite news
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 | date=1927-10-24
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=aamulehti_2007-02-08>
{{cite news
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<ref name=aamulehti_2018-05-17>{{cite news
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<ref name=aamulehti_2019-06-07>{{cite news
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<ref name=aamulehti_2020-01-09>{{cite news
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<ref name=aamulehti_2020-10-14>
{{cite news
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<ref name=aamulehti_2021-05-04>{{cite news
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<ref name=aamulehti_2021-10-23>{{cite news
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<ref name=aamulehti_2021-11-26>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000008430405.html
 | title=Rikosdraama Koskinen saa paljasjalkaisen tamperelaisen punastumaan mielihyvästä – Katsoimme ennakkoon Tampereen seudulla kuvatun uutuussarjan, näitä paikkoja siitä voi bongata
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<ref name=aasarchitecture>
{{cite web
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}}
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<ref name=ainamo>{{cite journal
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<ref name=alameri>
{{cite web
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 | work=Raitio
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=almamedia>
{{cite web
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<ref name=ante>
{{cite book
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<ref name=antila>
{{cite book
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<ref name=arthousecinemaniagara>{{cite web
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<ref name=arthousecinemaniagara_cinemadrome>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.arthousecinemaniagara.fi/fi/erikoisnaytokset/cinemadrome
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 | language=fi
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<ref name=baseball>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.baseball.fi/
 | title=Baseball.fi - fi
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=brackman>
{{cite book
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<ref name=brontoskylift>{{cite web
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<ref name=business_tampere>{{cite web
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<ref name=businesstampere_growth>{{cite web
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 | url-status=dead
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<ref name=businesstampere_tampere_pirkkala>{{cite web
 | url=https://businesstampere.com/fi/tampere-pirkkala-tarkea-kentta-loistava-sijainti/
 | title=Tampere-Pirkkala: tärkeä kenttä, loistava sijainti
 | work=Business Tampere
 | date=2019-09-06
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<ref name=businesswire_2019-05-15>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190515005494/en/City-of-Tampere-an-International-Ideas-Competition-in-a-Magnificent-Finnish-Lakeside-City
 | title=City of Tampere: an International Ideas Competition in a Magnificent Finnish Lakeside City
 | work=[[Business Wire]]
 | date=2019-05-15
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=17 December 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217042931/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190515005494/en/City-of-Tampere-an-International-Ideas-Competition-in-a-Magnificent-Finnish-Lakeside-City
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<ref name=economist_2017-10-11>{{cite news
 | author=C.G.
 | title=Explaining the Finnish love of tango
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 | date=2017-10-11
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<ref name=ekman>
{{cite book
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<ref name=eures_pirkanmaa>
{{cite web
 | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?catId=7494&acro=lmi&lang=en&countryId=FI&regionId=FI1&nuts2Code=FI19&nuts3Code=FI192&regionName=Pirkanmaa
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=eurobasket>{{cite web
 | url=http://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Pyrinto_Tampere/1642
 | title=Pyrinto Tampere
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=1 December 2024
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201173640/https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Pyrinto_Tampere/1642
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=eurocities>{{cite web
 | url=https://eurocities.eu/cities/tampere/
 | title=Finland: Tampere
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 | date=6 August 2020
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=fibaeurope>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.fibaeurope.com/default.asp?cid={0FE489ED-253F-4450-A35E-989CAA4AEA4C}&inplayer=on&inteam=on&intext=on&incoach=on&infoto=on&order=0&search=Tampereen+Pyrint%C3%B6
 | title=RESULTS FOR »TAMPEREEN PYRINTÖ«
 | website=[[FIBA Europe]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=finavia_2018>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.finavia.fi/sites/default/files/documents/Passengers%20by%20airports_0.pdf
 | title=Passenger stats
 | publisher=[[Finavia]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=finavia_2021>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.finavia.fi/en/airports/tampere-pirkkala/parking-access/public-transport
 | title=Parking and Transportation: Tampere-Pirkkala public transport
 | publisher=[[Finavia]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=finnkino_cine_atlas>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.finnkino.fi/en/teatterit/cine-atlas/
 | title=Finnkino Cine Atlas
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=18 May 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518032259/https://www.finnkino.fi/en/teatterit/cine-atlas/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=finnkino_plevna>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.finnkino.fi/en/teatterit/plevna/
 | title=Finnkino Plevna
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=fmi>{{cite web
 | url=http://suja.kapsi.fi/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true
 | title=FMI open data
 | publisher=[[Finnish Meteorological Institute]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=1 October 2018
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001132758/https://suja.kapsi.fi/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=globenewswire>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/11/19/2337999/0/en/Finnish-Tampere-Deck-Arena-is-now-Nokia-Arena.html
 | title=Finnish Tampere Deck Arena is now Nokia Arena
 | work=[[GlobeNewswire]]
 | date=2021-11-19
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=19 November 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119133221/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/11/19/2337999/0/en/Finnish-Tampere-Deck-Arena-is-now-Nokia-Arena.html
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=green>{{cite web
 | url=https://eternalarrival.com/things-to-do-in-tampere-finland/
 | title=21 Cool Things to Do in Tampere, Finland
 | first=Allison
 | last=Green
 | website=Eternal Arrival
 | date=2019-07-25
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=7 December 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207050013/https://eternalarrival.com/things-to-do-in-tampere-finland/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=gtk>{{cite web
 | url=http://projects.gtk.fi/TAATA/kartoitus/Maaperatutkimukset/Tampere/
 | title=Tampereen maaperä
 | work=Tampereen seudun taajamageologinen kartoitus- ja kehittämishanke (TAATA)
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=29 October 2020
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=guangzhou_twinnings>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx
 | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091437/http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx
 | title=Guangzhou Sister Cities
 | publisher=Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office
 | archive-date=2012-10-24
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hautamaki>
{{cite book
 | author=R. Hautamäki
 | title=Tampereen tarina
 | year=2015
 | isbn=978-951-609-783-4
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hckhockey>{{cite web
 | url=https://hckhockey.fi/joukkueiden-aateli/
 | title=Jääkiekko Suomessa
 | website=HCK Hokcey
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name=heikkila_1>
{{cite journal
 | first=Mikko
 | last=Heikkilä
 | title=Tampere–saamelaisen Tammerkosken kaupunki
 | journal=Virittäjä
 | volume=1
 | year=2012
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=heikkila_2>
{{cite journal
 | first=Mikko
 | last=Heikkilä
 | title=Etymologinen tapaus Tammerkoski
 | journal=Sananjalka
 | volume=54
 | year=2012
 | pages=50–75
 | doi=10.30673/sja.86714
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=heili>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.heili.fi/uutiset/item/2852-paras-verkkolehti-ja-finaalissa-myos-lehtikilpailussa
 | title=Paras verkkolehti, ja finaalissa myös lehtikilpailussa
 | work=Karjalan Heili
 | date=2016-11-09
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=24 June 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201428/https://www.heili.fi/uutiset/item/2852-paras-verkkolehti-ja-finaalissa-myos-lehtikilpailussa
 | url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

<ref name=helsinkitimes_2012_11_08>{{cite news
 | url=http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/eat-and-drink/4311-the-black-sausage-is-the-pride-of-tampere
 | title=The black sausage is the pride of Tampere
 | last=Aleksandrou
 | first=Anna Maria
 | date=2012-11-08
 | work=[[Helsinki Times]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=16 May 2019
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516212654/http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/eat-and-drink/4311-the-black-sausage-is-the-pride-of-tampere
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=helsinkitimes_2021-11-24>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/themes/themes/sports/20438-tampere-deck-and-arena-a-new-home-for-hockey.html/
 | title=Tampere Deck and Arena a new home for hockey
 | work=[[Helsinki Times]]
 | date=2021-11-24
 | access-date=2021-12-04
 | archive-date=8 December 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208184404/https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/themes/themes/sports/20438-tampere-deck-and-arena-a-new-home-for-hockey.html
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=helsinkitimes_2021-12-15>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/themes/themes/science-and-technology/20616-at-europe-s-newest-multipurpose-arena-nokia-arena-doors-open-with-mobile-phones.html
 | title=At Europe's newest multipurpose arena, Nokia Arena, doors open with mobile phones
 | work=[[Helsinki Times]]
 | date=2021-12-15
 | access-date=2021-12-17
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=holidayclubresorts>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.holidayclubresorts.com/en/resorts/tampereen-kylpyla/
 | title=Holiday Club Tampereen Kylpylä
 | date=22 October 2019
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=23 August 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823135115/https://www.holidayclubresorts.com/en/resorts/tampereen-kylpyla/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=hopealinjat>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.hopealinjat.fi/tietoa/
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Tietoa meistä
 | website=hopealinjat.fi
 | access-date=2021-04-25
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2019-03-28
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=hs_2013-06-20>
{{cite news
 | title=Some 15 Finnish towns have twinned with friendship cities in China
 | date=2013-06-20
 | url=http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Some+15+Finnish+towns+have+twinned+with+friendship+cities+in+China/1135230364434
 | url-status=dead
 | work=Helsingin Sanomat International Edition
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=hs_2020-12-10>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000007672870.html
 | title=Kansainvälisesti kiinnostavaa Koskinen-rikosdraamaa kuvataan nyt "karuissa ja mielenkiintoisissa kohteissa" – Valokuvat näyttävät kuvausten rankan arjen
 | date=2020-12-10
 | work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=hs_2021-01-27>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000007650667.html
 | title=Nyt valitaan Suomen kakkoskaupunki
 | date=2020-11-30
 | work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
 | first1=Jukka
 | last1=Harju
 | first2=Toni
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=hs_2021-06-24>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000002690780.html
 | title=Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla
 | date=2013-11-22
 | work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
 | first=Johanna
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=iihf_1>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.iihf.com/en/news/13211/arena-in-tampere-gets-ready-for-2022-worlds
 | title=IIHF: Arena in Tampere gets ready for 2022 Worlds
 | date=2019-06-17
 | publisher=[[IIHF]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=27 April 2021
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=iihf_2>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/wm/static/24193/tampere_deck_arena/
 | title=Nokia Arena
 | date=2021-01-20
 | publisher=[[IIHF]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=iihf_3>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/wm/news/33601/22_great_tampere_moments
 | title=22 great Tampere moments
 | date=2022-05-13
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 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=5 April 2023
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=iltanen>
{{cite book
 | first=Jussi
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 | title=Suomen kuntavaakunat
 | year=2013
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}}
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<ref name=ilvesedustus>{{cite web
 | url=https://ilvesedustus.fi/
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<ref name=innovationcapital>{{cite web
 | url=http://innovationcapital.fi/innovation-story/a-history-of-continuous-change-and-innovation
 | title=A history of continuous change and innovation
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 | url-status=dead
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<ref name=islam>{{cite web
 | title=Islam arkistot
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=isomaki>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/k/cp9vzLGMB/Liite10_Tampereen_tarina.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjau_e-3PDvAhVQ6qQKHW_wCc0QFjAAegQIBBAC&usg=AOvVaw3w1rXNyRPTPv1KEBhCVsha
 | title=Tampereen tarina
 | first=Aarno
 | last=Isomäki
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=jchelsinki>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.jchelsinki.fi/en/community
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=About Our Community
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 | archive-date=2015-11-01
 | access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=juonala>
{{cite news
 | title=Ilmahälytys!
 | first=Jouko
 | last=Juonala
 | work=Talvisota: Ilta-Sanomien erikoislehti
 | year=2019
 | publisher=Sanoma Media Finland Oy
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=kaataja>{{cite web
 | url=http://www15.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/arki/1940-60/yliopisto.html
 | title=Korkeakoululaitos saapuu Tampereelle
 | first=Sampsa
 | last=Kaataja
 | work=Koskesta voimaa
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=10 September 2021
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 | url-status=live
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<ref name=kahkonen>{{cite web
 | url=http://projects.gtk.fi/export/sites/projects/TAATA/kartoitus/liitteet/Taata_Tampereen_alueen_kalliopera.pdf
 | title=Tampereen alueen kallioperä
 | first=Yrjö
 | last=Kähkönen
 | date=2009
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 | access-date=2020-10-26
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=kalatalo>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.kalatalo.fi/tampereen_kalamarkkinat/index_kalamarkkinat.htm
 | website=kalatalo.fi
 | title=Tampereen kalamarkkinat
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 | access-date=17 December 2021
 | archive-date=20 January 2022
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=kasviatlas>{{cite web
 | url=http://koivu.luomus.fi/kasviatlas/maps.php?taxon=40434&year=2010
 | title=Metsätammi (Quercus robur)
 | website=luomus.fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=katko>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5pxlRx6kV/Watering_the_City_of_Tampere.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Watering the city of Tampere
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 | first2=Petri S.
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 | archive-date=2011-09-27
}}
</ref>

<ref name=kaunonen>
{{cite book
 | first=Gary
 | last=Kaunonen
 | title=Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan's Copper Country
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 | year=2010
 | publisher=MSU Press
 | isbn=978-1-62895-154-7
 | page=22
 | access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=kauppalehti_2016-05-26>{{cite news
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 | title=Kasvava työttömyys alentaa Tampereen verotuottoja
 | last=Korhonen
 | first=Antti
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 | date=2016-05-26
 | access-date=2022-07-25
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=kolmonen>
{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiW0twAACAAJ
 | author=Jaakko Kolmonen
 | title=Kotomaamme ruoka-aitta: Suomen, Karjalan ja Petsamon pitäjäruoat
 | year=1988
 | publisher=Patakolmonen Ky
 | isbn=9789519604749
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=korisliiga>
{{cite web
 | url=http://korisliiga.fi/historia/#mbt:2-550$t&0=4
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Historia – Mitalistit
 | publisher=Suomen Koripalloliitto
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 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526023944/http://korisliiga.fi/historia/#mbt:2-550$t&0=4
}}
</ref>

<ref name=kotkin>
{{cite book
 | last=Kotkin
 | first=Stephen
 | year=2014
 | title=[[Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928]]
 | page=81
 | location=London
 | publisher=Allen Lane
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=kotus>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.kotus.fi/nyt/kysymyksia_ja_vastauksia/nimien_alkuperasta/tampere
 | title=Mistä tulee nimi Tampere?
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 | language=fi
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=lammi>
{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVApAAAACAAJ
 | first=Esko
 | last=Lammi
 | year=1990
 | title=Talvisodan Tampere
 | language=fi
 | publisher=Häijää Invest
 | isbn=9789529017072
}}
</ref>

<ref name=lexico>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/tampere
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308231402/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/tampere
 | url-status=dead
 | archive-date=8 March 2021
 | title=Tampere
 | website=lexico.com
 | access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=liikennevirasto>{{cite web
 | url=http://www2.liikennevirasto.fi/julkaisut/pdf8/lti_2016-01_kotimaan_vesiliikennetilasto_web.pdf
 | title=Kotimaan vesiliikennetilasto 2015
 | work=Liikenneviraston tilastoja 1/2016. Suomen virallinen tilasto, ISSN 1796-0479 (pdf), ISBN 978-952-317-241-8
 | date=2016
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 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
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 | url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

<ref name=lind>
{{cite book
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/t/bV6J59ALc/Tampereen_tarina.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | last=Lind
 | first=Mari
 | year=2015
 | title=Tampereen tarina
 | language=fi
 | isbn=978-951-609-783-4
 | archive-date=2016-04-04
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=linkosuon_kahvilat>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.digipaper.fi/psviikkolehti/5280/index.php?pgnumb=22
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Linkosuon kahvilat 50 vuotta
 | work=Pirkanmaan Sanomat
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2015-01-10
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=lodz>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka
 | url-status=dead
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 | title=Miasta partnerskie – Urząd Miasta Łodzi
 | archive-date=2013-06-24
 | website=City of [[Łódź]]
 | language=pl
}}
</ref>

<ref name=louhivaara>
{{cite book
 | author=Maija Louhivaara
 | title=Tampereen kadunnimet
 | year=1999
 | location=Tampere
 | publisher=Tampereen museot
 | isbn=951-609-105-9
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=marxists>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/01/28.htm
 | title=J. V. Stalin: ″Lenin: A Speech Delivered at a Memorial Meeting of the Kremlin Military School, January 28, 1924"
 | website=Marxists.org
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=is_2021-07-15>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.is.fi/menaiset/vapaalla/art-2000008127331.html
 | title=Ratikan verran rakastettavampi! Listasimme 14 syytä, joiden vuoksi Tampere on aivan ykkösmesta
 | trans-title=Why is Tampere so popular? Here's 14 reasons!
 | work=[[Ilta-Sanomat]]
 | date=2021-07-15
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=20 July 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720002207/https://www.is.fi/menaiset/vapaalla/art-2000008127331.html
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=merriam-webster>
{{cite Merriam-Webster
 | Tampere
 | access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=metalitalia>{{cite web
 | url=https://metalitalia.com/intervista/nightwish-the-greatest-shows-on-earth/
 | title=NIGHTWISH – The Greatest Show(s) On Earth
 | language=it
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | date=2016-12-20
 | website=metalitalia.com
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=muumimuseo>{{cite web
 | url=https://muumimuseo.fi/en/
 | title=Moomin Museum
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=24 April 2017
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424091227/https://muumimuseo.fi/en/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=willberg>
{{cite book
 | first=Leena
 | last=Willberg
 | title=Pirkanmaan kuntien tunnukset
 | year=1987
 | publisher=Tampereen kaupungin museot, Pirkanmaan maakuntamuseo
 | isbn=951-9430-21-0
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=newsnowfinland_2018-03-19>
{{cite news
 | url=https://newsnowfinland.fi/domestic/top-gear-finlands-busiest-roads-revealed
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Top Gear: Finland's Busiest Roads Revealed
 | date=2018-03-19
 | archive-date=2021-01-27
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127030617/https://newsnowfinland.fi/domestic/top-gear-finlands-busiest-roads-revealed
}}
</ref>

<ref name=niemela>
{{cite book
 | first=Jari
 | last=Niemelä
 | title=Tamperelaisen tiedon portaat
 | year=2008
 | publisher=Tampere-seura
 | isbn=978-952-5558-05-0
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=norum>
{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jz7B4Pd0ngC&pg=PT438
 | first=Roger
 | last=Norum
 | title=The Rough Guide to Finland
 | date=2010-06-01
 | publisher=Rough Guides
 | isbn=978-1-84836-969-6
 | page=438
 | access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=opiskelijantampere_teatterit>{{cite web
 | url=http://www.opiskelijantampere.fi/teatterit/
 | title=Teatterit
 | website=Opiskelijan Tampere
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=21 September 2020
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921095308/https://www.opiskelijantampere.fi/teatterit/
 | url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

<ref name=oxford>
{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Tampere |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182214/https://www.lexico.com/definition/tampere |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2020 |title=Tampere |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
</ref>

<ref name=paikkatietoikkuna>{{cite web
 | url=https://kartta.paikkatietoikkuna.fi/?zoomLevel=4&coord=333084.02072232927_6831034.471158184&mapLayers=801+50+default,1487+100+default&uuid=90246d84-3958-fd8c-cb2c-2510cccca1d3&noSavedState=true&showIntro=false
 | title=Paikkatietoikkuna
 | website=Paikkatietoikkuna.fi
 | publisher=maanmittauslaitos.fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=5 June 2020
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605045911/https://kartta.paikkatietoikkuna.fi/?zoomLevel=4&coord=333084.02072232927_6831034.471158184&mapLayers=801+50+default%2C1487+100+default&uuid=90246d84-3958-fd8c-cb2c-2510cccca1d3&noSavedState=true&showIntro=false
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=pallontallaajat>
{{cite web
 | url=http://auringonalla.pallontallaajat.net/2015/08/09/greatest-show-on-earth/
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Greatest show on Earth
 | website=Pallontallaajat
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2020-06-13
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613093446/http://auringonalla.pallontallaajat.net/2015/08/09/greatest-show-on-earth/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=palomaki>
{{cite book
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/5o2F1q9zz/jarvivesiraportti07.pdf
 | last=Palomäki
 | first=Risto
 | others=Sanna Junttanen, Heli Ylinen
 | title=Tampereen kaupungin alueella sijaitsevien järvien kehitys ja niiden vedenlaatu 1990-2005
 | isbn=978-951-609-320-1
 | archive-date=2019-09-05
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905113714/https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/5o2F1q9zz/jarvivesiraportti07.pdf
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=palonen>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www15.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/vuodet/1905/1905b.htm
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Lenin ja Stalin kohtaavat - myyttejä ja historiaa
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 | last=Palonen
 | first=Osmo
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2018-06-04
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604135051/http://www15.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/vuodet/1905/1905b.htm
}}
</ref>

<ref name=pirkankylat>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.pirkankylat.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Pirkanmaa-kulttuurialueena-Juha-Kuisma-2020.pdf
 | title=Pirkanmaa kulttuurialueena
 | publisher=Pirkan Kylät ry
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=27 September 2020
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=pirkanmaa_teollistuminen>
{{cite web
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 | language=fi
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=pyha_risti>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.kolumbus.fi/risti/english.html
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 | title=Pyhä Risti Seurakunta
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 | archive-date=2011-05-27
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527052636/http://www.kolumbus.fi/risti/english.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rahkonen>
{{cite journal
 | first=Pauli
 | last=Rahkonen
 | title=Tampere–saamelainen koskiappellatiivi
 | journal=Virittäjä
 | volume=2
 | year=2011
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rasila>
{{cite book
 | first=Viljo
 | last=Rasila
 | title=Pirkanmaan synty
 | publisher=Tampereen historiallinen seura
 | year=1985
 | pages=6–25
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=ruhr_twins>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd
 | url-status=dead
 | title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District
 | work=Twins2010.com
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225064042/http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd
 | archive-date=2021-02-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=samskolan>{{cite web
 | url=http://www.samskolan.fi/index.html
 | title=Samskolan
 | website=samskolan.fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=sv
 | archive-date=8 October 2019
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008164323/http://www.samskolan.fi/index.html
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=sanomalehdet>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.sanomalehdet.fi/sanomalehtitieto/levikki
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Sanomalehtien levikkikehitys 2012–2014
 | publisher=Sanomalehtien Liitto
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2016-10-28
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028193918/http://www.sanomalehdet.fi/sanomalehtitieto/levikki
}}
</ref>

<ref name=sapyska>{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wu3cAQAACAA
 | first=Ossi
 | last=Säpyskä
 | title=Autoliikenteen vaiheet Pirkanmaalla
 | publisher=Pirkanmaan autoalan veteraanit
 | year=1988
 | isbn=9789529001934
 | language=fi
 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name=sarkanniemi>
{{cite web
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 | archive-date=2015-08-06
 | title=Särkänniemi yrityksenä
 | website=sarkanniemi.fi
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=sauna-open-air>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.sauna-open-air.fi/
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Sauna Open Air – Official Site
 | archive-date=2007-08-14
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814003442/http://www.sauna-open-air.fi/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=saunafromfinland>{{cite web
 | url=https://saunafromfinland.com/sauna-destinations-in-finland/tampere-sauna-capital/
 | title=Tampere – the Sauna Capital of the World ~ Sauna from Finland
 | date=2019-02-25
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=22 June 2020
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=sinisalo>
{{cite journal
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuUGwAACAAJ
 | first=Uuno
 | last=Sinisalo
 | year=1947
 | title=Tampereen kirja
 | journal=Tampere-Seuran Julkaisuja
 | language=fi
 | publisher=Tampere-Seura
 | issn=0356-987X
}}
</ref>

<ref name=sk_1938-12-17>{{cite news
 | url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/889814/image/43
 | title=Tampereen uusi linja-autoasema
 | date=1938-12-17
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
 | work=[[Suomen Kuvalehti]]
 | issue=50
 | archive-date=10 December 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210203613/https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/889814/image/43
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=spottedbylocals>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/tampere-is-the-sauna-capital-of-the-world/
 | title=Tampere is the Sauna Capital of the World
 | date=2020-03-16
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=22 June 2020
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622034953/https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/tampere-is-the-sauna-capital-of-the-world/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=spottinghistory>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/145/tampere-city-hall/
 | title=Tampere City Hall
 | website=spottinghistory.com
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=17 December 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217044421/https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/145/tampere-city-hall/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=srv>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.srv.fi/tiedotteet/tampereen-kannen-uusi-nokia-arena-on-valmistunut-ensimmainen-tapahtuma-tanaan/
 | title=Tampereen Kannen uusi Nokia Arena on valmistunut – ensimmäinen tapahtuma tänään
 | work=SRV Yhtiöt Oyj
 | date=2021-12-03
 | access-date=2021-12-04
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=3 December 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203132807/https://www.srv.fi/tiedotteet/tampereen-kannen-uusi-nokia-arena-on-valmistunut-ensimmainen-tapahtuma-tanaan/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=statistics_finland_establishments_2015>{{cite web
 | url=http://www.stat.fi/til/alyr/2014/alyr_2014_2015-12-18_tau_001_en.html
 | title=Appendix table 1. Turnover of establishments by region in 2014
 | date=2015-12-18
 | website=stat.fi
 | publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=7 November 2017
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004034/http://www.stat.fi/til/alyr/2014/alyr_2014_2015-12-18_tau_001_en.html
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=statistics_finland_population_2019>
{{cite web
 | url=https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11s7.px/
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Population in the urban and sparsely areas in term of age and gender, 2019
 | date=2019-12-31
 | publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=statistics_finland_taajamat_2017>{{cite web
 | url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/sq/7cc2b625-dc16-44f9-b33b-d527b1714447
 | title=Taajamat väkiluvun ja väestöntiheyden mukaan 31 December 2017
 | publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]
 | language=fi
 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name=statistics_finland_urbanization_2019>
{{cite web
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 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Taajama-aste alueittain, 2019
 | website=StatFin
 | publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]
 | archive-date=2021-04-29
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 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=suolahti>
{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61yXQgAACAAJ
 | first=Gunnar W.
 | last=Suolahti
 | title=Suomen kulttuurihistoria 4
 | publisher=Gummerus
 | year=1936
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=suomenhelluntaikirkko>{{cite web
 | url=https://suomenhelluntaikirkko.fi/seurakunnat/
 | title=Seurakunnat
 | work=Suomen helluntaikirkko
 | access-date=2021-09-14
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=6 September 2021
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 | url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

<ref name=symington>
{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNatbAr2SFgC&pg=PA224
 | first1=Andy
 | last1=Symington
 | first2=George
 | last2=Dunford
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 | year=2009
 | publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]
 | isbn=978-1-74104-771-4
 | pages=224–225
 | access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=taavitsainen>
{{cite book
 | author=Iikka Taavitsainen
 | title=Television musiikkiohjelmat vuosina 1958–1972. Televisio määrällisenä musiikkisivistäjänä
 | page=60
 | location=Jyväskylä
 | publisher=[[University of Jyväskylä]]
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=takriko>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.takriko.fi/
 | website=takriko.fi
 | title=Tampereen kristillinen koulu
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=9 July 2021
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=talouselama_2021-12-29>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.talouselama.fi/uutiset/nurmijarvi-on-passe-nyt-jyllaa-tampere-ilmio-siedettavat-hinnat-houkuttelevat-suomen-goteborgiin/ca7cf43a-03db-4ba6-ba47-0e7f821dead0
 | title=Nurmijärvi on passé, nyt jyllää Tampere-ilmiö – Siedettävät hinnat houkuttelevat "Suomen Göteborgiin"
 | first=Karla
 | last=Kempas
 | work=[[Talouselämä]]
 | date=2021-12-29
 | access-date=2021-12-30
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=30 December 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230030900/https://www.talouselama.fi/uutiset/nurmijarvi-on-passe-nyt-jyllaa-tampere-ilmio-siedettavat-hinnat-houkuttelevat-suomen-goteborgiin/ca7cf43a-03db-4ba6-ba47-0e7f821dead0
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=tamk>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tamk.fi/cms/tamken.nsf/$all/DD54E6FCC996B233C225759000250591
 | url-status=deviated
 | website=tamk.fi
 | title=TAMK
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2010-01-21
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere3>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere3.fi/en/information
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 | title=Tampere3: A motor, developer and interpreter of an affluent society
 | archive-date=2017-11-16
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_2008>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5ygWzG5ol/english_2008.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Tampere in brief
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 | archive-date=2011-09-27
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_amuri_museum>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/amuri/startpage.htm
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Amuri museum of workers' housing
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | date=2011-05-10
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708004043/http://www.tampere.fi/amuri/startpage.htm
 | archive-date=2011-07-08
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_art_museum>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/english/artmuseum.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Tampere Art Museum [City of Tampere]
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217102045/http://www.tampere.fi/english/artmuseum.html
 | archive-date=2016-12-17
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_asemakeskus>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/k/6MdmiMB9a/Asemakeskus_kilpailuohjelma_15012014.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Tampereen asemakesuksen suunnittelukilpailu
 | date=2014
 | work=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2021-06-28
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628141358/https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/k/6MdmiMB9a/Asemakeskus_kilpailuohjelma_15012014.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_asuntokanta>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/wGqW9yEuh/Julkinen_Tampereen_asuntokanta_ja_asuntorakentamisen_nakymat.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Tampereen asuntokanta ja asuntorakentamisen näkymät
 | first=Kaisu
 | last=Kammonen
 | date=2019-11-14
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2022-03-10
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310201431/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/wGqW9yEuh/Julkinen_Tampereen_asuntokanta_ja_asuntorakentamisen_nakymat.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_history>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/english/tampereinbrief/history/index.html
 | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228062929/http://www.tampere.fi/english/tampereinbrief/history/index.html
 | title=The City of Tampere – Tampere in brief – History
 | archive-date=2009-12-28
}}
</ref>

<!--
<ref name=tampere_fi_hockey>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/info/current-issues/2022/05/12052022_1.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Tampere's hockey hype hits new heights at Ice Hockey World Championship
 | date=2022-05-12
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | archive-date=2022-05-12
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512070043/https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/info/current-issues/2022/05/12052022_1.html
}}
</ref>
-->

<ref name=tampere_fi_johtamisjarjestelma>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/j/v1pygBEOp/johtamisjarjestelman_kuvaus.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Tampereen kaupunki, Johtamisjärjestelmän kuvaus
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2017-03-22
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014346/http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/j/v1pygBEOp/johtamisjarjestelman_kuvaus.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_kaupunkiymparisto>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/tietonakoala/kaupunkiymparisto.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Kaupunkiympäristö
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2019-09-01
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901020211/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/tietonakoala/kaupunkiymparisto.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_kevytliikenne>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/liikenne-ja-kadut/pyoraily-ja-jalankulku/pyorailyn-ja-jalankulun-edistaminen.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Pyöräilyn ja jalankulun edistäminen
 | date=2015-10-23
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2021-06-14
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614124916/https://www.tampere.fi/liikenne-ja-kadut/pyoraily-ja-jalankulku/pyorailyn-ja-jalankulun-edistaminen.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_kysyttya>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/tampereinfo/sanoinjakuvin/kysyttya.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Usein kysyttyä
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | date=2011-10-04
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2015-09-26
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926104125/http://www.tampere.fi/tampereinfo/sanoinjakuvin/kysyttya.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_liikenteen_kehitys>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/l/dJ2z8T0j5/liikenteen_kehitys_liikennemaararaportti2019_liitteineen.saavutettava.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Liikenteen kehitys Tampereella vuonna 2019
 | date=2020-08-13
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2021-01-30
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130113738/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/l/dJ2z8T0j5/liikenteen_kehitys_liikennemaararaportti2019_liitteineen.saavutettava.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_paiva_pahkinankuoressa>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/4QiE2hbUd/tiedote99.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Tampereen päivä pähkinänkuoressa
 | last=Ala-Honkola
 | first=Tuula
 | date=1999-09-22
 | location=Tampere
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2021-01-17
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117041359/https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/4QiE2hbUd/tiedote99.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_pormestari>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/organisaatio/pormestari.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Pormestari Lauri Lyly
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2021-06-03
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603144803/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/organisaatio/pormestari.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/luonnonsuojelu/luonnonsuojelualueet/pyynikki.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | date=2015-10-28
 | title=Pyynikki
 | website=tampere.fi
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2020-09-16
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916155602/https://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/luonnonsuojelu/luonnonsuojelualueet/pyynikki.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_talousarvio_2016>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/pERp0ck8B/ta2016-esittelymateriaali.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Talousarvio 2016
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2020-09-22
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922004457/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/pERp0ck8B/ta2016-esittelymateriaali.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_tietoa>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Tietoa Tampereesta
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2021-06-03
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603025336/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_tilinpaatos_2015>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/J3q1ImhID/Tilinpaatos_2015_kv_16.05.2016.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | title=Tilinpäätös 2015
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2020-10-17
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017040658/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/J3q1ImhID/Tilinpaatos_2015_kv_16.05.2016.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_tresijainti>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/ytoteto/kaupunkimittaus/maastotietopalvelu/tresijainti/wgs84.htm
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Kaupungin maantieteellinen asema EUREF-FIN-koordinaattijärjestelmässä
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2016-11-05
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105054436/http://www.tampere.fi/ytoteto/kaupunkimittaus/maastotietopalvelu/tresijainti/wgs84.htm
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/organisation/central-administration/international-relations/twin-cities.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | date=2016-02-15
 | title=Twin Cities
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006194818/https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/organisation/central-administration/international-relations/twin-cities.html
 | archive-date=2018-10-06
 | publisher=City of Tampere
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_tyytyvaisyyskysely>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/k/jch1O6Hi7/valmis_tyytyvaisyyskysely_2015_raportti.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 | title=Liikenteen kehitys Tampereella – Kävelyn ja pyöräilyn tyytyväisyyskyselyn tutkimusraportti 2015
 | date=2016-04-29
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2021-06-14
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614124924/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/k/jch1O6Hi7/valmis_tyytyvaisyyskysely_2015_raportti.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_vaakuna>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/arkistot/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Tampereen vaakunat
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2019-01-12
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195257/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/arkistot/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_vapriikki>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/english/vapriikki.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Museum Centre Vapriikki
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | archive-date=2014-01-18
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118182519/http://www.tampere.fi/english/vapriikki.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_vesiensuojelu>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/ymparistonsuojelu/vesiensuojelu.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Vesiensuojelu
 | date=2015-10-15
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2021-08-27
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827201611/https://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/ymparistonsuojelu/vesiensuojelu.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_vieraskielinen_perusopetus>
{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampere.fi/varhaiskasvatus-ja-koulutus/esiopetus-ja-perusopetus/kaksikielinen-esi-ja-perusopetus.html
 | url-status=deviated
 | date=2015-10-15
 | title=Kaksikielinen esi- ja perusopetus
 | website=tampere.fi
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2019-08-31
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831184516/https://www.tampere.fi/varhaiskasvatus-ja-koulutus/esiopetus-ja-perusopetus/kaksikielinen-esi-ja-perusopetus.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_opera>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere-talo.fi/Ooppera/English.htm
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Tampereen ooppera
 | archive-date=2007-02-07
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207025302/http://www.tampere-talo.fi/Ooppera/English.htm
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_records>{{cite web
 | url=http://tilastot.mbnet.fi/html/tampere_pirkkala.html
 | title=Tampere, Härmälä keskilämpötilat 1961-
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=8 August 2019
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808134109/http://tilastot.mbnet.fi/html/tampere_pirkkala.html
 | url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

<ref name=tampere_region_2017>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.pirkanmaa.fi/wp-content/uploads/Tampere-Region-2017_basic-information.pdf
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Tampere Region — The Council of Tampere Region 2017
 | archive-date=2020-08-08
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808003749/http://www.pirkanmaa.fi/wp-content/uploads/Tampere-Region-2017_basic-information.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampereenkauppakamarilehti>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tampereenkauppakamarilehti.fi/uutispoyta/matkailu-tuo-euroja-ja-tyota-luultua-enemman-74
 | title=Matkailu tuo euroja ja työtä luultua enemmän
 | date=2014-05-28
 | work=Tampereen kauppakamarilehti
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=27 August 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827175446/https://www.tampereenkauppakamarilehti.fi/uutispoyta/matkailu-tuo-euroja-ja-tyota-luultua-enemman-74
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=tampereenseudunvetovoima>
{{cite web
 | url=https://tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi/uutiset/uusi-ennatys-on-1-021-200
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Uusi ennätys on 1 021 151!
 | date=2016-02-19
 | website=Tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2016-11-06
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106060816/https://tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi/uutiset/uusi-ennatys-on-1-021-200
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tamperehelluntai>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.tamperehelluntai.fi/kv/
 | title=Tampere Pentecostal Church International ministry
 | website=tamperehelluntai.fi
 | access-date=2021-09-14
 | archive-date=14 September 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914110028/https://www.tamperehelluntai.fi/kv/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=tamperelainen_2014-04-09>
{{cite news
 | url=http://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/289671-katso-milta-nayttaa-viikinsaaressa-juuri-nyt
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Katso miltä näyttää Viikinsaaressa juuri nyt
 | first=Sakari
 | last=Nupponen
 | website=tamperelainen.fi
 | date=2014-04-09
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2016-09-11
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911175218/http://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/289671-katso-milta-nayttaa-viikinsaaressa-juuri-nyt
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tamperelainen_2018-04-14>
{{cite news
 | url=https://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/44455-vaalitulos-toi-poreita-tampereen-ankkalammikkoon
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Vaalitulos toi poreita Tampereen ankkalammikkoon
 | first=Petteri
 | last=Mäkinen
 | work=Tamperelainen
 | date=2011-05-10
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2018-04-14
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234506/https://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/44455-vaalitulos-toi-poreita-tampereen-ankkalammikkoon
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.tamperelainen.fi/paikalliset/4394099
 | title=Ei Tampereen keskusta ole vielä valmis... – Areena ja ratikka tulivat jo, mutta jonossa on miljardien hankkeita, muun muassa nämä
 | first=Petteri
 | last=Mäkinen
 | work=[[Tamperelainen]]
 | date=2021-12-05
 | access-date=2021-12-07
 | language=fi
 | archive-date=7 December 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207035036/https://www.tamperelainen.fi/paikalliset/4394099
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=tamperesaints>{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tamperesaints.fi/
 | title=Tampere Saints
 | language=fi
 | access-date=14 September 2021
 | archive-date=24 September 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924234349/https://tamperesaints.fi/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=tamperetigers>{{cite web
 | url=https://tamperetigers.sporttisaitti.com/
 | title=Tampere Tigers
 | access-date=25 July 2022
 | archive-date=11 August 2022
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=tase>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tase2025.fi/julkaisut/TASE_tiivistelma.pdf
 | url-status=deviated
 | title=Joukkoliikennejärjestelmävaihtoehdot – Vaikutusten arviointi ja suositus Tampereen kaupunkiseudun joukkoliikennejärjestelmäksi
 | date=March 2007
 | work=TASE 2025
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | language=fi
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327113427/http://www.tase2025.fi/julkaisut/TASE_tiivistelma.pdf
 | archive-date=2009-03-27
}}
</ref>

<ref name=technopolis>{{cite web
 | title=Vapaat toimitilat Hermia
 | url=https://technopolisglobal.com/fi/toimitilat/tampere/hermia/
 | website=Technopolis
 | date=2020-09-09
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=20 May 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520122831/https://technopolisglobal.com/fi/toimitilat/tampere/hermia/
 | url-status=live
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<ref name=tampereen>{{cite web
 | title=Toimitilat Tampereen
 | url=https://www.matchoffice.fi/vuokraus/toimitilat/tampere
 | website=MatchOffice
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2023-01-10
 | archive-date=10 January 2023
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110195043/https://www.matchoffice.fi/vuokraus/toimitilat/tampere
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=tekniikkatalous_2019-12-08>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/suomen-manchesterin-sydan-on-voimaa-tuottanut-tammerkoski-alueen-menestynein-yritys-oli-ruotsin-vallan-aikana-valtion-viinanpolttimo/04cad7f3-d4f9-4cb3-9318-7a9192fbb576
 | title=Suomen Manchesterin sydän on voimaa tuottanut Tammerkoski - alueen menestynein yritys oli Ruotsin vallan aikana valtion viinanpolttimo
 | first=Kari
 | last=Kortelainen
 | work=Tekniikka & Talous
 | date=2019-12-08
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=10 September 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203437/https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/suomen-manchesterin-sydan-on-voimaa-tuottanut-tammerkoski-alueen-menestynein-yritys-oli-ruotsin-vallan-aikana-valtion-viinanpolttimo/04cad7f3-d4f9-4cb3-9318-7a9192fbb576
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=tekniikkatalous_2021-12-07>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/pohjoismaiden-ensimmainen-sahkovalo-syttyi-tampereella-1882-eika-moni-ollut-uskoa-silmiaan/2c2fccb3-0644-4740-9ca7-716d9a122faeA
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119091652/https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/pohjoismaiden-ensimmainen-sahkovalo-syttyi-tampereella-1882-eika-moni-ollut-uskoa-silmiaan/2c2fccb3-0644-4740-9ca7-716d9a122faeA
 | url-status=dead
 | archive-date=19 January 2025
 | title=Pohjoismaiden ensimmäinen sähkövalo syttyi Tampereella 1882, eikä moni ollut uskoa silmiään
 | work=[[Tekniikka&Talous]]
 | date=2021-12-07
 | language=fi
 }}</ref>

<ref name=temtyollisyyskatsaus>
{{cite web
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<ref name=tepora>
{{cite book
 | title=The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
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 | date=2014-08-14
 | publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]
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 | page=100
 | access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=themayor_sauna_capital>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.themayor.eu/en/a/view/tampere-the-sauna-capital-of-the-world-4316
 | title=Tampere – the sauna capital of the world
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 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=25 July 2022
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=themayor_tampere>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.themayor.eu/en/finland/tampere
 | title=Finland: Tampere
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 | access-date=2021-12-17
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 | url-status=live
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<ref name=thetimes>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/the-fairytale-finnish-city-you-ve-probably-never-heard-of-57gtr6v9v
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 | work=[[The Times]]
 | date=2023-01-29
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<ref name=tibo_2007>
{{cite web
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=trondheim>
{{cite web
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=tuni>{{cite web
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<ref name=tut>
{{cite web
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 | title=Kymmenettä kertaa Turkua upottamassa
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 | language=fi
 | archive-date=2011-10-03
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003214742/http://www.students.tut.fi/~eto/turunsanomat06.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=unece>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/fi.htm
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=uola>
{{cite book
 | first=Mikko
 | last=Uola
 | title=Mitä Missä Milloin 1979
 | year=1978
 | page=198
 | publisher=[[Otava (publisher)|Otava]]
 | isbn=951-1-04873-2
 | language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=urban-transport-magazine>{{cite news
 | title=Below budget and on schedule: Tampere tramway inaugurated!
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<ref name=uta>{{cite web
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<ref name=utain>
{{cite web
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 | work=Utain – Tampereen yliopiston toimittajakoulutuksen viikkolehti
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<ref name=uusiteknologia>{{cite web
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<ref name=vaakuna>
{{cite web
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=vakoilumuseo>{{cite web
 | url=https://www.vakoilumuseo.fi/spy-museum/
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<ref name=valtuustoaloite>
{{cite web
 | url=http://www.tampere.fi/ekstrat/hallinto/aloite/07/38.htm
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</ref>

<ref name=visitfinland>
{{cite web
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=visittampere_blockfest_2016>
{{cite web
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<ref name=visittampere_deck_arena>
{{cite web
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<ref name=visittampere_film_festival>
{{cite web
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<ref name=visittampere_kalamarkkinat>
{{cite web
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<ref name=visittampere_kesatapahtumat>
{{cite web
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}}
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<ref name=visittampere_munkki>
{{cite web
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 | title=Kun Pyynikillä leivottiin maailman paras munkki
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<ref name=visittampere_teollinen_perinto>
{{cite web
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=voionmaa>
{{cite book
 | first=Väinö
 | last=Voionmaa
 | year=1929
 | title=Tampereen historia 2
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 | publisher=City of Tampere
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vr_2018>
{{cite web
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<ref name=vuosara>
{{cite book
 | first=Pekka
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 | title=Kantapöydässä
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}}
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<ref name=washingtonpost_2016-04-19>{{cite news
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<ref name=weatheronline>{{cite web
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<ref name=yle_2007-05-29>{{cite news
 | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5788249
 | title=Poko Rekords 30 vuotta -näyttely avautuu Tampereella
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 | date=2007-05-29
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=18 April 2021
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<ref name=yle_2012-10-14>{{cite news
 | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6333550
 | title=Ahtojäälle ei ole helppo löytää uutta kotia
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 | date=2012-10-14
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2012-08-10>{{cite news
 | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6249419
 | title=Kastike koukuttaa kanansiipien kavereita
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 | first=Mari
 | work=[[YLE]]
 | date=2012-08-10
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=18 April 2021
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2013-03-08>{{cite news
 | url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6529611
 | title=Tampere valittiin vuoden pyöräilykunnaksi
 | last=Matson-Mäkelä
 | first=Kirsi
 | work=[[YLE]]
 | date=2013-03-08
 | language=fi
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=27 June 2021
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 | url-status=live
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<ref name=yle_2015-03-02>{{cite news
 | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7839337
 | title=Pirkanmaan suurimmat yritykset: Kaupan jätti nappasi ykköspaikan kansainväliseltä yhtiöltä
 | work=[[YLE]]
 | language=fi
 | date=2015-03-02
 | access-date=2022-07-25
 | archive-date=16 October 2020
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 | url-status=live
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<ref name=yle_2016-11-15>{{cite news
 | url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finlands_longest_road_tunnel_opens/9293310
 | title=Finland's longest road tunnel opens
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 | date=2016-11-15
 | accessdate=2022-07-25
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 | url-status=live
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<ref name=yle_2017-06-29>{{cite news
 | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9694432
 | title=Kumpi on kovempi, Turku vai Tampere? Testaa tietosi ikuisista tappelupukareista
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 | first2=Paula
 | last2=Koskinen
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 | date=2017-06-29
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 | archive-date=8 February 2021
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 | url-status=live
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<ref name=yle_2018-03-26>{{cite news
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<ref name=yle_2020-03-05>{{cite news
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 | title=Tampereen Kannen areenasta Uros Live
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 | archive-date=6 March 2020
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<ref name=yle_2020-08-26>{{cite news
 | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11511940
 | title=Tampereen areena valmistuu joulukuussa 2021
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 | date=2020-08-26
 | language=fi
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 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2021-02-23>{{cite news
 | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11802551
 | title=Tampere jatkaa keskustan rajua uudistamista miljardihankkeella – katso, miltä rautatieaseman seutu näyttää 15 vuoden kuluttua
 | first=Mari
 | last=Jäntti
 | work=[[YLE]]
 | date=2021-02-23
 | access-date=2022-07-25
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 | archive-date=7 December 2021
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 }}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2021-08-25>{{cite news
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 | last=Koskinen
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 | date=2021-08-25
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<ref name=yle_2021-10-28>{{cite news
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<ref name=yle_elava_arkisto_tampere>{{cite news
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<ref name=yle_tesvisio>{{cite web
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<ref name=ylioppilasmatrikkeli_edner>
{{cite web
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<ref name=ylioppilasmatrikkeli_von_cederwald>{{cite web
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 | url-status=live
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<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014>
{{cite book
 | title=Ympäristön tila Tampereella 2014
 | year=2015
 | location=Tampere
 | publisher=City of Tampere
 | isbn=978-951-609-755-1
 | language=fi
}}</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |author=Mari Lind, Kimmo Antila & Antti Liuttunen |title=Tammerkoski ja kosken kaupunki |location=Tampere |publisher=Vapriikki |year=2011 |language=fi}}
* {{cite book |author=Harry Lönnroth |title=Tampere kieliyhteisönä |year=2009 |publisher=SKS |isbn=978-952-222-119-3 |language=fi}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}}
{{Inline audio}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://visittampere.fi/en/ Visit Tampere – The official Tampere Region visitor website]
* [https://www.virtualtampere.com/eng/ Virtual City Guide: VirtualTampere.com]
* [https://www.visitfinland.com/en/articles/tampere-sauna-capital-of-the-world/ Tampere – so much more than the sauna capital of the world] – Visit Finland
* Megan Starr: [https://www.meganstarr.com/things-to-do-in-tampere-finland/ 15 Quirky and Alternative Things to Do in Tampere, Finland]. – Megan & Aram (''Meganstarr.com''), 1 December 2021.
* [http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf 1952 Summer Olympics official report] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411091045/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf |date=11 April 2008 }} pp.&nbsp;62–3.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719213741/http://vapriikki.net/tammerkoskenkaupunki/index.php?lang=en Tammerkoski Heritage] – Town's Industrial Heritage Portal
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110214185608/http://sites.google.com/site/tamperecssa/ CSSA Tampere Ry]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Tammerfors}}

{{Geographic location
 | Centre = Tampere
 | N = [[Ruovesi]]
 | E = [[Orivesi]]<br/>[[Kangasala]]
 | S = [[Lempäälä]]
 | SW = [[Pirkkala]]
 | W = [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]]
 | NW = [[Ylöjärvi]]
}}

{{Navboxes|list=
 {{Pirkanmaa}}
 {{50 most populous Nordic urban settlements}}
 {{50 most populous Finnish municipalities}}
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}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tampere| ]]
[[Category:Tampere metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Populated lakeshore places in Finland]]
[[Category:Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Finland]]
[[Category:Inland port cities and towns in Finland]]
[[Category:Grand Duchy of Finland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1779]]
[[Category:1779 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:18th-century establishments in Finland]]