View source for Tangerine

{{Short description|Orange-colored citrus fruit}}
{{About|the citrus fruit|other uses|Tangerine (disambiguation)}}
{{For|the Indonesian city|Tangerang}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Tangerine
|image = TangerineFruit.jpg
|genus = Citrus
|species = × tangerina
|authority = [[Chōzaburō Tanaka|Tanaka]]
}}

The '''tangerine''' is a type of [[citrus]] fruit that is orange in colour, that is considered either a variety of the [[mandarin orange]] (''Citrus reticulata''), or a closely related species, under the name '''''Citrus tangerina''''',<ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000691487 |title=''Citrus reticulata'' Blanco |date=2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=22 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00091-2 |chapter=Tangerine (Citrus reticulata L. Var.) Oils |title=Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety |pages=803–811 |year=2016 |last1=Mandal |first1=Shyamapada |last2=Mandal |first2=Manisha |isbn=978-0-12-416641-7 }}</ref><ref name="POWO_771886-1">{{cite web |title=''Citrus deliciosa'' Ten&period; |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771886-1 |access-date=2021-06-10 }}</ref> or yet as a hybrid ('''''Citrus'' × ''tangerina''''') of mandarin orange varieties, with some [[pomelo]] contribution.

== Etymology==

The word "tangerine" was originally an adjective meaning "of Tangier", a Moroccan seaport on the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. The name was first used for fruit shipped from [[Tangier]], described as a mandarin variety.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197485 |title=Tangerine |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}</ref> The OED cites this usage from [[Joseph Addison|Addison]]'s ''[[Tatler (1709)|The Tatler]]'' in 1710 with similar uses from the 1800s. The fruit was once known scientifically as "''Citrus nobilis'' var. ''tangeriana''"; it grew in the region of Tangiers. This usage appeared in the 1800s.<ref>See the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989.</ref>

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Hybrid origins of Citrus.svg|thumb|center|upright=3|Many citrus fruits are hybrids.<ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |last2=Terol |first2=Javier |last3=Ibanez |first3=Victoria |last4=López-García |first4=Antonio |last5=Pérez-Román |first5=Estela |last6=Borredá |first6=Carles |last7=Domingo |first7=Concha |last8=Tadeo |first8=Francisco R. |last9=Carbonell-Caballero |first9=Jose |last10=Alonso |first10=Roberto |last11=Curk |first11=Franck |last12=Du |first12=Dongliang |last13=Ollitrault |first13=Patrick |last14=Roose |first14=Mikeal L. Roose |last15=Dopazo |first15=Joaquin |last16=Gmitter Jr |first16=Frederick G. |last17=Rokhsar |first17=Daniel |last18=Talon |first18=Manuel |display-authors=6 |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free}} and Supplement</ref> The tangerine is either a variety of [[Mandarin orange|mandarin]], or a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] of mandarin and [[pomelo]].]]

Under the [[Citrus taxonomy|Tanaka classification system]], ''Citrus tangerina'' is considered a separate species. Under the [[Citrus taxonomy|Swingle system]], tangerines are considered a group of mandarin (''[[Citrus reticulata|C. reticulata]]'') varieties.<ref name=identification>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x | volume=7 | title=New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny | journal= Tree Genetics & Genomes| pages=49–61| year=2011 | last1=Froelicher | first1=Yann | last2=Mouhaya | first2=Wafa | last3=Bassene | first3=Jean-Baptiste | last4=Costantino | first4=Gilles | last5=Kamiri | first5=Mourad | last6=Luro | first6=Francois | last7=Morillon | first7=Raphael | last8=Ollitrault | first8=Patrick | s2cid=32371305 | url=http://agritrop.cirad.fr/558353/ | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some differ only in disease resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints|last1=Li | first1=Xiaomeng | last2=Xie | first2=Rangjin | last3=Lu | first3=Zhenhua | last4=Zhou | first4=Zhiqin | journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science | volume=135 |issue=4| pages=341–350| year=2010 |doi=10.21273/JASHS.135.4.341| doi-access=free }}</ref> The term is also currently applied to any reddish-orange mandarin (and, in some jurisdictions, mandarin-like hybrids, including some [[tangors]]).<ref name="florida.eregulations.us">{{cite web|url=http://florida.eregulations.us/fac/20-13.0061/|title=20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code|last=Commernet|year=2011|work=State of Florida|access-date=14 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="edis.ifas.ufl.edu">{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch073|title=HS178/CH073: Robinson Tangerine|first1=Larry K. |last1=Jackson  |first2=Stephen H. |last2=Futch |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref>

== Description ==

Tangerines are smaller and less rounded than [[orange (fruit)|oranges]]. They taste less [[sour]], as well as sweeter and stronger, than oranges do.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pittmandavis.com/articles/citrus/tangerines/why-are-tangerines-so-tangy.html |title=Premium Citrus Fruit Gifts – Why Are Tangerines So Tangy? |publisher=Pittman & Davis |date=1999-02-22 |access-date=2012-11-17}}</ref> A ripe tangerine is firm to slightly soft, and pebbly-skinned with no deep grooves, as well as orange in color. The peel is thin, with little bitter white [[mesocarp]].<ref name=latimes>{{cite news|title=Market Watch: The wild and elusive Dancy|first=David |last=Karp|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/food/la-fo-marketwatch-20110128-story.html|date=2011-01-28|access-date=2015-07-19}}</ref> All of these traits are shared by mandarins generally.

The peak tangerine season lasts from autumn to spring. Tangerines are most commonly peeled and eaten by hand. The fresh fruit is also used in salads, desserts and main dishes. The peel is used fresh or dried as a [[chenpi|spice]] or [[zest (ingredient)|zest]] for baking and drinks. Fresh tangerine juice and frozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the United States.

== Production ==
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable floatright col2right"
|+ Tangerine production – 2021<br>(millions of [[tonne]]s)<ref name=faostat>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |title= Crops/World regions/Production quantity (pick lists) of tangerines for 2021|date=2023|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], Statistical Division (FAOSTAT)|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| {{CHN}} || 25.0
|-
| {{ESP}} || 2.0
|-
| {{TUR}} || 1.8
|-
| {{MAR}} || 1.2
|-
| {{BRA}} || 1.08
|-
| {{USA}} || 1.05
|-
| {{EGY}} || 1.0
|-
| '''World''' || '''42.0'''
|}

In 2021, world production of tangerines (including mandarins and [[clementine]]s) was {{convert|42|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}}<!--42 million [[tonne]]s-->, led by China with 60% of the total (table).

== Varieties ==

{{See also|Mandarin orange varieties|label 1=Mandarin orange varieties}}

Tangerines were first grown and cultivated as a distinct crop in the Americas by a Major Atway in [[Palatka, Florida]].<ref name="Hume1913">{{cite book |last=Hume |first=H. Harold |title=Citrus Fruits and Their Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEMLAQAAIAAJ |year=1913 |publisher=O. Judd Company |page=101 |oclc=1125917831}}</ref> Atway was said to have imported them from Morocco (more specifically its third-largest city, the port of [[Tangier]]), which was the origin of the name. Major Atway sold his groves to N. H. Moragne in 1843, giving the Moragne tangerine the other part of its name.<ref name=industry>{{cite web |url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/dancy.html |title=dancy |website=citrusvariety.ucr.edu |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702002829/http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/dancy.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Moragne tangerine produced a seedling which became one of the oldest and most popular American varieties, the [[Dancy tangerine]] (zipper-skin tangerine, kid-glove orange).<ref name=industry/> [[Genetic analysis]] has shown the parents of the Dancy to have been two mandarin orange hybrids each with a small pomelo contribution, a [[Ponkan]] mandarin orange and a second unidentified mandarin.<ref name="Talon">{{cite journal |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |last2=Terol |first2=Javier |last3=Ibanez |first3=Victoria |last4=López-García |first4=Antonio |last5=Pérez-Román |first5=Estela |last6=Borredá |first6=Carles |last7=Domingo |first7=Concha |last8=Tadeo |first8=Francisco R. |last9=Carbonell-Caballero |first9=Jose |last10=Alonso |first10=Roberto |last11=Curk |first11=Franck |last12=Du |first12=Dongliang |last13=Ollitrault |first13=Patrick |last14=Roose |first14=Mikeal L. Roose |last15=Dopazo |first15=Joaquin |last16=Gmitter Jr |first16=Frederick G. |last17=Rokhsar |first17=Daniel |last18=Talon |first18=Manuel |display-authors=5 |journal=Nature |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |s2cid=205263645 |url=http://agritrop.cirad.fr/587115/1/nature25447.pdf | doi-access=free }} and Supplement</ref> The Dancy is no longer widely commercially grown; it is too delicate to handle and ship well, it is susceptible to ''[[Alternaria]]'' fungus, and it bears more heavily in alternate years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH074|title=HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine |first1=Larry K. |last1=Jackson  |first2=Stephen H. |last2=Futch |name-list-style=amp |work=ufl.edu|date=6 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/living-press-register/2009/10/satsuma_cultivars_the_best_and.html |title=Satsuma cultivars: The best and the worst |publisher=AL.com |access-date=14 May 2015 |date=30 October 2009}}</ref> Dancys are still grown for personal consumption, and many [[Dancy (citrus)#Hybrid descendants|hybrids of the Dancy]] are grown commercially.

Until the 1970s, the Dancy was the most widely grown tangerine in the United States;<ref name=arkoftaste>{{cite web |url=http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark-item/dancy-tangerine |title=Dancy Tangerine |publisher=Slowfood USA |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=12 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712213717/http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark-item/dancy-tangerine |url-status=dead}}</ref> the popularity of the fruit led to the term "tangerine" being broadly applied as a marketing name. Florida classifies tangerine-like hybrid fruits as tangerines for the purposes of sale and regulation;<ref name="florida.eregulations.us" /> this classification is widely used but regarded as technically inaccurate in the industry.<ref name="edis.ifas.ufl.edu" /> Among the most important tangerine hybrids of [[Florida]] are [[murcott (fruit)|murcott]]s (a late-fruiting type of tangor marketed as "honey tangerine"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch078 |title=HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine) |publisher=Edis.ifas.ufl.edu |access-date=2012-11-17}}</ref>) and Sunbursts (an early-fruiting complex tangerine-orange-grapefruit hybrid).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch079 |title=HS168/CH079: Sunburst Tangerine |publisher=Edis.ifas.ufl.edu |access-date=2012-11-17}}</ref> The fallglo, also a three-way hybrid ({{Frac|5|8}} tangerine, {{Frac|1|4}} orange and {{Frac|1|8}} grapefruit), is also grown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch075 |title=HS173/CH075: Fallglo Tangerine |first1=Larry K. |last1=Jackson |first2=Stephen H. |last2=Futch |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref>

== Nutrition ==

{{nutritional value
| name=Tangerines, raw
| image=Tangerine 2009-03-11.jpg
| caption=A murcott, likely a tangerine hybrid
| kJ=223
| water=85.2 g
| protein=0.81 g
| fat=0.31 g
| carbs=13.34 g
| fiber=1.8 g
| sugars=10.58 g
| calcium_mg=37
| iron_mg=0.15
| magnesium_mg=12
| phosphorus_mg=20
| potassium_mg=166
| sodium_mg=2
| zinc_mg=0.07
| manganese_mg=0.039
| vitC_mg=26.7
| thiamin_mg=0.058
| riboflavin_mg=0.036
| niacin_mg=0.376
| pantothenic_mg=0.216
| vitB6_mg=0.078
| folate_ug=16
| choline_mg=10.2
| vitA_ug=34
| betacarotene_ug=155
| vitE_mg=0.2
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/169105/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

Tangerines contain 85% water, 13% [[carbohydrate]]s, and negligible amounts of [[fat]] and [[protein]] (table). Among [[micronutrient]]s, only [[vitamin C]] is in significant content (30% of the [[Daily Value]]) in a {{convert|100|g|adj=on}} reference serving, with all other [[micronutrient]]s in low amounts.

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=220>
File:Pomological Watercolor POM00006444.jpg|A botanical illustration of a Manurco tangerine, painted by [[Royal Charles Steadman]] in January, 1926
File:Narangi tree in Mohali.jpg|Tangerine tree
</gallery>{{-}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Citrus tangerina}}
*{{cookbook-inline}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Tangerines}}

{{Citrus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q516494}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Citrus]]
[[Category:Citrus hybrids]]
[[Category:Crops]]

[[et:Tangeriin]]