View source for Tatarstan

{{short description|First-level administrative division of Russia}}
{{About|the republic in Russia|the ship ''Tatarstan''|Gepard-class frigate}}
{{Distinguish|Tartary}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Republic of Tatarstan
| subdivision_type   = Country
| settlement_type    = [[Republics of Russia|Republic]]
| image_flag         = Flag of Tatarstan.svg
| image_map          = Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Tatarstan.svg
| pushpin_map        = European Russia
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| mapframe           = yes
| mapframe-wikidata  = yes
| mapframe-zoom      = 4
| mapframe-height    = 250
| mapframe-stroke-width = 1
| subdivision_name   = [[Russia]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|55|33|N|50|56|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[Federal districts of Russia|Federal District]]<ref name="FederalDistrict">{{Cite Russian law|ru_entity=Президент Российской Федерации|ru_type=Указ|ru_number=849|ru_date=13 мая 2000 г.|ru_title=О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе|ru_effective_date=13 мая 2000 г|ru_published_in="Собрание законодательства РФ", No.&nbsp;20, ст. 2112|ru_published_date=15 мая 2000 г|ru_amendment_type=Указа|ru_amendment_number|ru_amendment_date=19 января 2010 г|ru_amendment_title|en_entity=President of the Russian Federation|en_type=Decree|en_number=849|en_date=May 13, 2000|en_title=On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District|en_effective_date=May 13, 2000|en_url|en_amendment_type=Decree|en_amendment_number|en_amendment_date=January 19, 2010|en_amendment_title}}</ref>
| subdivision_name2  = [[Volga Federal District|Volga]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Economic regions of Russia|Economic Region]]<ref name="EconomicRegion">{{Cite Russian law|ru_entity=Госстандарт Российской Федерации|ru_number=ОК 024-95|ru_date=27 декабря 1995 г.|ru_title=Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов.  2.&nbsp;Экономические районы|ru_amendment_type=Изменения|ru_amendment_number=5/2001 ОКЭР|en_entity=[[Gosstandart]] of the Russian Federation|en_number=OK 024-95|en_date=December 27, 1995|en_title=Russian Classification of Economic Regions.  2.&nbsp;Economic Regions|en_amendment_type=Amendment|en_amendment_number=5/2001 OKER}}</ref>
| subdivision_name3  = [[Volga economic region|Volga]]
| leader_title       = [[Head of Tatarstan|Head]]
| leader_name        = [[Rustam Minnikhanov]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 12.07.2022 No. 445 ∙ Официальное опубликование правовых актов ∙ Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202207120001?index=1&rangeSize=1 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=publication.pravo.gov.ru}}</ref>
| total_type         = Total
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| area_total_km2     = 67847
| population_rank    = [[List of federal subjects of Russia by population|8th]]
| population_density_km2 = 59.03
| population_as_of   = [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]]
| population_total   = {{increase}} 4004809
{{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|53.6% [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]]|40.3% [[Russians]]|2.3% [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]]|3.8% other}}
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2021Census/>
| timezone1          = [[Moscow Time|MSK]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085 |script-title=ru:"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |language=ru |access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
| blank_name         = [[OKTMO]] ID
| blank_info         = 92000000
| website            = [http://tatarstan.ru/eng/ tatarstan.ru]
| footnotes          = 
| native_name        = {{native name|tt|Татарстан Республикасы}}<br/>{{native name|ru|Республика Татарстан}}
| image_shield       = Coat of Arms of Tatarstan.svg
| iso_code           = RU-TA
| registration_plate = 16, 116, 716
| utc_offset         = +3
| anthem             = <!-- Both the Tatar and Russian names are included because the anthem is sung in both languages. --><br />{{nowrap|{{native name|ru|Государственный гимн Республики Татарстан|nolink=yes|italics=no}}}}<br />{{native name|tt-Cyrl|Татарстан Республикасының Дәүләт гимны|nolink=yes|italics=no}}<br />"[[State Anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan]]"<ref name="Anthem" />{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Tatarstan_with_words.ogg]]}}
| flag_size          = 120px
| shield_size        = 75px
| flag_link          = Flag of the Republic of Tatarstan
| shield_link        = Coat of arms of the Republic of Tatarstan
| seat_type          = Capital
| seat               = [[Kazan]]<ref>Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article 122</ref>
| population_urban   = 76.8%
| population_rural   = 23.2%
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Official language]](s)
| blank_info_sec1    = [[Tatar language|Tatar]]<ref>Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article 8.1</ref>{{*}}[[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Russian">Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article&nbsp;68.1 of the [[Constitution of Russia]].</ref>
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="Area">{{cite web|url=http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm|title=Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (''Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation'')|access-date=2011-11-01|author=Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service)|date=2004-05-21|work=Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002)|publisher=Federal State Statistics Service|language=ru|archive-date=September 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928181511/http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| mapsize            = 300
| government_type    = [[State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan|State Council]]<ref name="HeadLegis" />
| population_demonym = [[Tatars|Tatar]]
}}
[[File:Logo commemorating the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Republic of Tatarstan.svg|260px|thumb|100th Anniversary of the Establishment of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Slogan, Logo]]
'''Tatarstan''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɑː|t|ər|s|t|æ|n}}; {{langx|tt-Cyrl|Татарстан}} {{IPA|tt|tɒtɒrˈstɑn|}}; {{langx|ru|Татарстан}} {{IPA|ru|tətɐrˈstan|}}}} officially the '''Republic of Tatarstan''',{{efn|{{langx|tt-Cyrl|Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası}}; {{langx|ru|Республика Татарстан|Respublika Tatarstan}}, {{IPA|ru|rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə tətɐrˈstan|IPA}}|group=n}} sometimes also called '''Tataria''',{{efn|{{langx|tt-Cyrl|Татария}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=РЕСПУБЛИКИ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия |url=http://bre.mkrf.ru/text/5640642 |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=bre.mkrf.ru |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111084726/http://bre.mkrf.ru/text/5640642 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Институт Татарской Энциклопедии –> Статьи энциклопедии |url=http://www.ite.antat.ru/articles/st1.html |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=www.ite.antat.ru |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111074918/http://www.ite.antat.ru/articles/st1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farnsworth |first=Beatrice |date=2002 |title=Village Mothers: Three Generations of Change in Russia and Tataria. By David L. Ransel. Indiana-Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. xii, 315 pp. Appendixes. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Photographs. Map. $39.95, hard bound. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/abs/village-mothers-three-generations-of-change-in-russia-and-tataria-by-david-l-ransel-indianamichigan-series-in-russian-and-east-european-studies-bloomington-indiana-university-press-2000-xii-315-pp-appendixes-notes-bibliography-index-photographs-map-3995-hard-bound/F6E672C5B8D03AD288148635D52AA49C# |journal=Slavic Review |language=en |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=415–416 |doi=10.2307/2697167 |jstor=2697167 |s2cid=165075415 |issn=0037-6779|url-access=subscription }}</ref> {{langx|ru|Татария}}|group=n}} is a [[Republics of Russia|republic]] of [[Russia]] located in [[Eastern Europe]]. It is a part of the [[Volga Federal District]]; and its [[capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Kazan]], an important cultural centre in Russia. The region's main source of wealth is [[Petroleum|oil]] with a strong [[petrochemical industry]].

The republic borders the [[Oblasts of Russia|oblasts]] of [[Kirov Oblast|Kirov]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast|Ulyanovsk]], [[Samara Oblast|Samara]] and [[Orenburg Oblast|Orenburg]], as well as the republics of [[Mari El]], [[Udmurtia]], [[Chuvashia]] and [[Bashkortostan]]. Tatarstan has strong cultural, linguistic and ethnic ties with its eastern neighbour, [[Bashkortostan]], which is also a republic of Russia.<ref name="HeCh3" /><ref name="oWTJE" /> The area of Tatarstan is {{convert|68000|km2|mi2}}, occupying 0.4% of the total surface of the country.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Usmanov |first1=Bulat |last2=Nicu |first2=Ionut Cristi |last3=Gainullin |first3=Iskander |last4=Khomyakov |first4=Peter |date=2018 |title=Monitoring and assessing the destruction of archaeological sites from Kuibyshev reservoir coastline, Tatarstan Republic, Russian Federation. A case study |url=https://mcgill.on.worldcat.org/oclc/7427935282 |journal=Journal of Coastal Conservation: Planning and Management |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=417–429 |doi=10.1007/s11852-017-0590-9 |bibcode=2018JCC....22..417U |s2cid=134991822 |issn=1400-0350|url-access=subscription }}</ref> As of the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]], the population of Tatarstan was&nbsp;4,004,809.<ref name="2021Census" />

The earliest known organised state within the boundaries of Tatarstan was [[Volga Bulgaria]], which adopted Islam in 922. This is celebrated yearly in the city of ''[[Bolgar, Spassky District, Republic of Tatarstan|Bolgar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=KazanForum participants will attend a holiday dedicated to the Day of the official adoption of Islam by Volga Bulgaria |url=https://kazanforum.ru/en/press-center/news/9352/ |website=Kazan Forum}}</ref> Successor states were the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Khanate of Kazan]]. Only in 1920, the next [[Volga Tatars|Tatar]] state, the [[Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Tatar ASSR]] was formed. It became the current Republic of Tatarstan in 1992.

Tatarstan is a significant region of Russia in its connections to the global Islamic world. Its relations serve "both federal foreign policy goals and local aspirations for international recognition".

The official languages of the republic are [[Tatar language|Tatar]], a [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]] belonging to the [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] sub-branch, and [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whalley|first=Zita|title=Will the Tatar Language Become Extinct?|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/russia/articles/will-the-tatar-language-become-extinct/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Culture Trip|date=May 31, 2018|archive-date=2020-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204135510/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/russia/articles/will-the-tatar-language-become-extinct/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The head of Tatarstan is [[Rustam Minnikhanov|Rustam Minnihanov]]. Religious leaders include the [[mufti]] [[Kamil Samigullin]] and the [[metropolitan bishop]] [[Cyril Nakonechny]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Муфтий РТ |url=https://dumrt.ru/ru/management/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Кирилл, митрополит Казанский и Татарстанский (Наконечный Михаил Васильевич) |url=https://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/38556.html}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{further|Tatars|Tartary}}
"Tatarstan" derives from the name of the ethnic group—the [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]]—and the [[Persian language|Persian]] suffix ''[[-stan]]'' (meaning "state" or "country" of, an ending common to many [[Eurasia]]n countries). Another version of the Russian name is "{{lang|ru|Татария}}" ({{lang|ru-Latn|Tatariya}}), which was official along with "[[Tatar ASSR]]" during [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule.

Correct spelling of the Persian -stan as a suffix would use i/e after a consonant. Turkish spells Tatarstan as "Tataristan", and occasionally in Tatar, it is "Tatarıstan" (Татарыстан).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tataristan Cumhuriyeti – Tikaret |url=https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5bcc5d4813b876034cfece26/Tataristan_2023.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Татарыстан – туган жирем минем |url=https://stihi.ru/2012/04/01/10759}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ستان |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86&searchhws=yes |website=A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary| date=1892 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028212228/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86&searchhws=yes | archive-date=28 October 2020 }}</ref>

In addition to the official "Tatarstan respublikası", the name ''Tatarstan Cömhüriyäte'' (Татарстан Җөмһүрияте, from Arabic جمهورية) is used as well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title="Как и любое государственное объединение, Республика Татарстан — это идеологический миф" |url=https://m.realnoevremya.ru/articles/106633-chto-takoe-respublika-tatarstan-chast-pervaya-jomhuriyat?_url=%2Farticles%2F106633-chto-takoe-respublika-tatarstan-chast-pervaya-jomhuriyat#from_desktop |website=Реальное Время}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Tatar03.png|thumb|Map of the Republic of Tatarstan]]

The republic is located in the center of the [[East European Plain]], approximately {{convert|800|km|sp=}} east of [[Moscow]]. It lies between the [[Volga River]] and the [[Kama River]] (a [[tributary]] of the Volga), and extends east to the [[Ural Mountains]].

[[Oak]] is the dominant tree species on 87% of the total area, followed by [[aspen]], [[Tilia|linden]], [[birch]], and [[Pinus sylvestris|Scots pine]]. The total forest cover has decreased from 51.2% to 17.1% over the last 300 years.<ref name=":6" />

The [[Volga-Kama Nature Reserve]] is situated in Tatarstan.

=== Borders ===

* Neighbours: [[Kirov Oblast]] (N), [[Udmurt Republic]] (N/NE), [[Republic of Bashkortostan]] (E/SE), [[Orenburg Oblast]] (SE), [[Samara Oblast]] (S), [[Ulyanovsk Oblast]] (S/SW), [[Chuvash Republic]] (W), [[Mari El Republic]] (W/NW).
* Highest point: {{convert|381|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="9D9qp" />
* Maximum N–S distance: {{convert|290|km|abbr=on}}
* Maximum E–W distance: {{convert|460|km|abbr=on}}

=== Rivers ===
[[File:Volga steep Tatarstan.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Volga River]] at the confluence with the [[Kama River]]]]
[[File:Kama yelabuga.jpg|thumb|View over the Toyma River from Devil's Tower in [[Yelabuga]]]]
[[File:Sviyazhsk Rozhdestvenskaya Street and pier 08-2016 img1.jpg|thumb|[[Sviyazhsk]], located at the confluence of the Volga and [[Sviyaga River|Sviyaga]] rivers]]

Major rivers include:
* [[Azevka River]]
* [[Belaya River (Kama)|Belaya River]]
* [[Ik River]]
* [[Kama River]]
* [[Volga River]]
* [[Vyatka River]]
* [[Kazanka River]]
* [[Zay River]]

=== Lakes ===
Major reservoirs of the republic include:
* [[Kuybyshev Reservoir]]
* [[Lower Kama Reservoir]]
* [[Zainsk Reservoir]]
The biggest lake is [[Kaban Lakes|Kaban]]. The biggest swamp is [[Kulyagash]].

=== Hills ===
* [[Bugulma-Belebey Upland]]
* [[Volga Upland]]
* [[Vyatskiye Uvaly]]

=== Basins ===

* [[Ulema basin]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Medvedeva |first1=R. A. |last2=Golosov |first2=V. N. |last3=Ermolaev |first3=O. P. |date=2018 |title=Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Gully Erosion in the Zone of Intensive Agriculture in the European Part of Russia |url=https://mcgill.on.worldcat.org/oclc/7920186140 |journal=Geography and Natural Resources |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=204–211 |doi=10.1134/S1875372818030034 |bibcode=2018GNR....39..204M |s2cid=133846024 |issn=1875-3728|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Mesha basin]]<ref name=":7" />

=== Natural resources ===
The major natural resources of Tatarstan include [[petroleum|oil]], [[natural gas]] and [[gypsum]]. It is estimated that the republic has over one billion [[metric ton|tons]] of oil deposits.<ref name="tatar.ru" />

=== Climate ===
* ''Average January temperature'': {{convert|-15|C}}
* ''Average July temperature:'' {{convert|+18|C}}
* ''Average annual temperature:'' +{{convert|4|C}}
* ''Average annual [[precipitation]]'': up to {{convert|500|to|550|mm|abbr=on}}

== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of the Republic of Tatarstan}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
Tatarstan's administrative and territorial divisions form 43 municipal districts and 2 urban districts (Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny), as well as 39 urban settlements and 872 rural settlements.

== History ==
{{Main|History of Tatarstan}}
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2011}}

=== Middle Ages ===
{{further|Turco-Mongols|Great Tartary}}The earliest known organised state within the boundaries of Tatarstan was [[Volga Bulgaria]] (c.&nbsp;700–1238). The [[Volga Bulgars]] had an advanced mercantile state with trade contacts throughout Inner [[Eurasia]], the [[Middle East]], and the [[Baltic region|Baltic]], which maintained its independence despite pressure by such nations as the [[Khazars]], the [[Kievan Rus]], and the [[Cuman]]-[[Kipchaks]]. [[Islam]] was introduced by missionaries from [[Baghdad]] around the time of [[Ibn Fadlan]]'s journey in 922.

[[File:Bolgar archeological works.jpeg|thumb|Archaeological works at [[Bolgar, Spassky District, Republic of Tatarstan|Bolgar]]]]

Volga Bulgaria finally fell to the armies of the [[Mongol]] prince [[Batu Khan]] in the late 1230s (see [[Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria]]). The inhabitants, a large amount of them killed and the rest mixing with the [[Golden Horde]]'s [[Kipchaks]], became known as the [[Volga Tatars]]. In the 1430s, the region again became independent as the base of the [[Khanate of Kazan]], a capital having been established in [[Kazan]], {{Convert|170|km||abbr=on}} up the Volga from the ruined capital of the Bulgars.

The Khanate of Kazan [[Russo-Kazan Wars|was conquered]] by the troops of Tsar [[Ivan the Terrible]] in the 1550s, with Kazan being taken in 1552. A large number of Tatars were [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] to Christianity and were culturally [[Russification|Russified]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DERRICK |first1=MATTHEW A. |title=TERRITORY AND THE CHANGING SHAPE OF TATAR ISLAM IN TSARIST AND SOVIET RUSSIA {{!}} MATTHEW A. DERRICK {{!}} IJORS International Journal of Russian Studies |website=www.ijors.net |url=https://www.ijors.net/issue2_1_2013/articles/derrick.html}}</ref> Cathedrals were built in Kazan; by 1593 all mosques in the area were destroyed. The Russian government forbade the construction of mosques, a prohibition that was not lifted until the 18th century by [[Catherine the Great]]. The first mosque to be rebuilt under Catherine's auspices was constructed in 1766–1770.

=== 19th century ===
[[File:Black chamber.jpg|thumb|left|An ancient mosque in Bolgar]]

In the 19th century, Tatarstan became a centre of [[Jadidism]], an Islamic movement that preached tolerance of other religions. Under the influence of local Jadidist theologians, the Bulgars were renowned for their friendly relations with other peoples of the Russian Empire.

=== 20th century ===
{{further|Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Idel-Ural State}}
During the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] of 1918–1920 Tatar nationalists attempted to establish an independent republic (the [[Idel-Ural State]], ''Idel'' being the name of the [[Volga]] in Tatar) along with the neighbouring [[Bashkirs]]. Initially supported by the [[Bolsheviks]], the state existed up until March 1918, when high-ranking members of its parliament were arrested by the Bolsheviks (who had turned on the state and denounced it as bourgeois) before the official declaration of its constitution. The Soviets later set up the [[Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]], which was established on 27&nbsp;May 1920.<ref name="Established" /> The boundaries of the republic did not include a majority of the Volga Tatars. The [[Tatar Union of the Godless]] were persecuted in [[Joseph Stalin]]'s 1928 [[purge]]s.

[[File:Левое крыло Белой мечети.jpg|thumb|The left wing of the White Mosque]]
A [[1921–1922 Famine in Tatarstan|famine]] occurred in the [[Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] in 1921–1922 as a result of the policy of [[war communism]]. The famine deaths of between 500,000 and 2 million [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]] in the Tatar ASSR and in the [[Volga-Ural region]] in 1921–1922 was catastrophic as half of the [[Volga Tatar]] population in the [[USSR]] died.<ref name="zqvRo" />

Starting in the 1960s, schools opened in Tatarstan that taught Russian as an official [[second language]], as it was necessary in order to individually advance in the broader Soviet society. By the 1980s, few schools still taught the [[Tatar language]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suleymanova |first=Dilyara |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/2373856 |title=Pedagogies of culture: schooling and identity in post-Soviet Tatarstan, Russia |date=2020 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-27245-6 |series=Anthropological Studies of Education Ser |location=Cham |language=English}}</ref>

=== Present day ===
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in Tatarstan, June 2011-9.jpeg|thumb|Then-Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in Tatarstan, June 2011]]
On 30&nbsp;August 1990, Tatarstan declared its sovereignty with the ''Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic''<ref name="dofsovereignty" /> and in 1992 Tatarstan held [[1992 Tatarstani sovereignty referendum|a referendum]] on the new constitution,<ref name="tatarconstitution" /> promoted by Tatarstan's President [[Mintimer Shaimiev|Shaymiyev]] and supervised by [[Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe|Helsinki Commission]] staff. Parliament opposition revolved around the Russian faction [[Narodovlastie]] (People's Power).<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. |url=https://mcgill.on.worldcat.org/oclc/25909369 |title=Report on the Tatarstan referendum on soverignty [sic]: March 21, 1992, Kazan and Pestretsy |date=1992 |publisher=The Commission |location=Washington, D.C. |language=English}}</ref> Some 62% of those who took part voted in favour of the constitution, with ethnic Tatars supporting it much more than Russians.<ref name=":8" /> In the new constitution, Tatarstan is defined as a Sovereign State. However, the referendum and constitution were declared unconstitutional by the [[Constitutional Court of Russia|Russian Constitutional Court]].<ref name="rAcdz" /> Articles 1 and 3 of the Constitution as introduced in 2002<ref name="tatarconstitution" /> define Tatarstan as a part of the Russian Federation, removing the "sovereignty" term.

On 15&nbsp;February 1994, the Treaty ''On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Authority between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan''<ref name="yCTpN" /> and Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan (''On Delimitation of Authority in the Sphere of Foreign Economic Relations'') were signed. The power-sharing agreement was renewed on 11&nbsp;July 2007, though with much of the power delegated to Tatarstan reduced.<ref name="NdHNN" />

On 20&nbsp;December 2008, in response to Russia recognising [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], the [[Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People]] organisation declared Tatarstan independent and asked for [[United Nations]] recognition.<ref name="DAoGA" /> However, this declaration was ignored both by the [[United Nations]] and the [[Russian government]]. On 24&nbsp;July 2017, the autonomy agreement signed in 1994 between Moscow and Kazan expired, making Tatarstan the last republic of Russia to lose its special status.<ref name="tmF0x" />

== Demographics ==
'''Population''': {{ru-census |p2021= 4,004,809|p2010= 3,786,488|p2002=3,779,265|p1989=3,637,809}}

=== Settlements ===
{{Largest cities
| country      = Tatarstan
| stat_ref     = 2021 Russian Census
| list_by_pop  =
| div_name     =
| div_link     = Administrative divisions of the Republic of Tatarstan{{!}}Administrative Division
| city_1 = Kazan
| div_1 = Kazan{{!}}City of republic significance of Kazan
| pop_1 = 1,308,660
| img_1 = Kazan Kremlin. Qolşärif Mosque P8111875 2200.jpg
| city_2 = Naberezhnye Chelny
| div_2 = Tukayevsky District
| pop_2 = 548,434
| img_2 = Энтузиастлар бульвары.jpg
| city_3 = Nizhnekamsk
| div_3 = Nizhnekamsky District
| pop_3 = 241,479
| img_3 = 47mkr.JPG
| city_4 = Zelenodolsk, Republic of Tatarstan{{!}}Zelenodolsk
| div_4 = Zelenodolsky District
| pop_4 = 163,512
| img_4 = Zeleny Dol Station and surroundings 08-2016 img5.jpg
| city_5 = Almetyevsk
| div_5 = Almetyevsky District
| pop_5 = 100,000
| city_6 = Bugulma
| div_6 = Bugulminsky District
| pop_6 = 81,677
| city_7 = Yelabuga
| div_7 = Yelabuzhsky District
| pop_7 = 73,630
| city_8 = Leninogorsk, Russia{{!}}Leninogorsk
| div_8 = Leninogorsky District
| pop_8 = 60,993
| city_9 = Chistopol
| div_9 = Chistopolsky District
| pop_9 = 58,815
| city_10 = Aznakayevo
| div_10 = Aznakayevsky District
| pop_10 = 40,739
}}

=== Vital statistics ===
[[File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Tatarstan.png|right|thumb|Life expectancy at birth in Tatarstan]]
[[File:Tatarstan population.PNG|right|thumb|Ethnic breakdown of population]]
[[File:Tatarstan population density.jpg|thumb|right|Population density]]
[[File:Urban-rural population dynamics (Tatarstan).PNG|right|thumb|Urban-rural population dynamics]]
[[File:RIAN archive 320886 Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov in the Kul Sharif Mosque during his visit to Tatarstan.jpg|thumb|[[Mintimer Shaimiyev]], the president of the republic of Tatarstan, in the [[Qolşärif Mosque]], Kazan]]
[[File:Volga river. Klyuchishchi. Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist P8111751 2200.jpg|thumb|Russian Orthodox Church in Tatarstan]]
<ref name="CtV1e" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! style="width:70pt;"|Average population (1000s)
! style="width:70pt;"|Live births
! style="width:70pt;"|Deaths
! style="width:70pt;"|Natural change
! style="width:70pt;"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;"|Natural change (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;"|Fertility rates
|-
| 1970
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,146
| style="text-align:right;"| 47,817
| style="text-align:right;"| 25,622
| style="text-align:right;"| 22,195
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.1
|-
| 1975
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,311
| style="text-align:right;"| 55,095
| style="text-align:right;"| 29,686
| style="text-align:right;"| 25,409
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.7
|-
| 1980
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,465
| style="text-align:right;"| 54,272
| style="text-align:right;"| 32,758
| style="text-align:right;"| 21,514
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.2
|-
| 1985
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,530
| style="text-align:right;"| 64,067
| style="text-align:right;"| 34,622
| style="text-align:right;"| 29,445
| style="text-align:right;"| 18.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.3
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,665
| style="text-align:right;"| 56,277
| style="text-align:right;"| 36,219
| style="text-align:right;"| 20,058
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.05
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,684
| style="text-align:right;"| 50,160
| style="text-align:right;"| 37,266
| style="text-align:right;"| 12,894
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.88
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,706
| style="text-align:right;"| 44,990
| style="text-align:right;"| 39,148
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,842
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.71
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,730
| style="text-align:right;"| 41,144
| style="text-align:right;"| 44,291
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−3,147
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.9
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−0.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.57
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,746
| style="text-align:right;"| 41,811
| style="text-align:right;"| 48,613
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−6,802
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.0
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−1.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.58
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,756
| style="text-align:right;"| 39,070
| style="text-align:right;"| 48,592
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−9,522
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.9
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−2.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.47
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,766
| style="text-align:right;"| 38,080
| style="text-align:right;"| 45,731
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−7,651
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.1
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−2.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.43
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,775
| style="text-align:right;"| 37,268
| style="text-align:right;"| 46,270
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−9,002
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.3
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−2.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.38
|-
| 1998
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,785
| style="text-align:right;"| 37,182
| style="text-align:right;"| 45,153
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−7,971
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.9
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−2.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.37
|-
| 1999
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,789
| style="text-align:right;"| 35,073
| style="text-align:right;"| 46,679
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−11,606
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.3
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−3.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.29
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,788
| style="text-align:right;"| 35,446
| style="text-align:right;"| 49,723
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−14,277
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.1
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−3.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.29
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,784
| style="text-align:right;"| 35,877
| style="text-align:right;"| 50,119
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−14,242
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.2
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−3.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.30
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,779
| style="text-align:right;"| 38,178
| style="text-align:right;"| 51,685
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−13,507
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.7
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−3.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.37
|-
| 2003
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,775
| style="text-align:right;"| 38,461
| style="text-align:right;"| 52,263
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−13,802
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.8
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−3.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.36
|-
| 2004
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,771
| style="text-align:right;"| 38,661
| style="text-align:right;"| 51,322
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−12,661
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.6
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−3.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.34
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,767
| style="text-align:right;"| 36,967
| style="text-align:right;"| 51,841
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−14,874
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.8
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−3.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.26
|-
| 2006
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,763
| style="text-align:right;"| 37,303
| style="text-align:right;"| 49,218
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−11,915
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.1
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−3.2
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 1.25
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,763
| style="text-align:right;"| 40,892
| style="text-align:right;"| 48,962
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−8,070
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.0
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−2.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.36
|-
| 2008
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,772
| style="text-align:right;"| 44,290
| style="text-align:right;"| 48,952
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−4,662
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.0
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−1.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.45
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,779
| style="text-align:right;"| 46,605
| style="text-align:right;"| 47,892
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−1,287
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.7
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−0.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.55
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,785
| style="text-align:right;"| 48,968
| style="text-align:right;"| 49,730
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−762
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.1
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|−0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.60
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,795
| style="text-align:right;"| 50,824
| style="text-align:right;"| 47,072
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,752
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.65
|-
| 2012
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,813
| style="text-align:right;"| 55,421
| style="text-align:right;"| 46,358
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,063
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.80
|-
| 2013
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,830
| style="text-align:right;"| 56,458
| style="text-align:right;"| 46,192
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,266
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.83
|-
| 2014
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,847
| style="text-align:right;"| 56,480
| style="text-align:right;"| 46,921
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,559
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.84
|-
| 2015
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,862
| style="text-align:right;"| 56,899
| style="text-align:right;"| 46,483
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,416
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.86
|-
| 2016
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,878
| style="text-align:right;"| 55,853
| style="text-align:right;"| 44,894
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,959
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.86 
|-
| 2017
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,889
| style="text-align:right;"| 48,115
| style="text-align:right;"| 43,957
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,158
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.65
|-
| 2018
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,894
| style="text-align:right;"| 46,320
| style="text-align:right;"| 44,720
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,600
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.62
|-
| 2019
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 42,871
| style="text-align:right;"| 42,691
| style="text-align:right;"| 180
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.54
|-
| 2020
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 41,320
| style="text-align:right;"| 54,310
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| -12,981
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.9
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| -3.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.54
|-
| 2021
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 40,936
| style="text-align:right;"| 60,301
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| -19,365
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.5
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| -5.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.57
|-
| 2022
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 36,651
| style="text-align:right;"| 44,784
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| -8,133
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.2
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| -2.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.43
|-
| 2023
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 36,497
| style="text-align:right;"| 42,844
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| -6,347
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.7
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| -1.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.45
|}

Note: TFR source.<ref name="Sjn7z" />
<!--*'''Average life expectancy''': no data-->

=== Ethnic groups ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Census year
! colspan="2" |Tatars
! colspan="2" |Russians
! colspan="2" |Chuvash
! colspan="2" |Others
|-
!#
!%
!#
!%
!#
!%
!#
!%
|-
|1926
|1,263,383
|{{percentage bar|48.7|width=60}}
|1,118,834
|{{percentage bar|43.1|width=60}}
|127,330
|{{percentage bar|4.9|width=60}}
|84,485
|{{percentage bar|3.3|width=60}}
|-
|1939
|1,421,514
|{{percentage bar|48.8|width=60}}
|1,250,667
|{{percentage bar|42.9|width=60}}
|138,935
|{{percentage bar|4.8|width=60}}
|104,161
|{{percentage bar|3.6|width=60}}
|-
|1959
|1,345,195
|{{percentage bar|47.2|width=60}}
|1,252,413
|{{percentage bar|43.9|width=60}}
|143,552
|{{percentage bar|5.0|width=60}}
|109,257
|{{percentage bar|3.8|width=60}}
|-
|1970
|1,536,430
|{{percentage bar|49.1|width=60}}
|1,382,738
|{{percentage bar|42.4|width=60}}
|153,496
|{{percentage bar|4.9|width=60}}
|112,574
|{{percentage bar|3.6|width=60}}
|-
|1979
|1,641,603
|{{percentage bar|47.6|width=60}}
|1,516,023
|{{percentage bar|44.0|width=60}}
|147,088
|{{percentage bar|4.3|width=60}}
|140,698
|{{percentage bar|4.1|width=60}}
|-
|1989
|1,765,404
|{{percentage bar|48.5|width=60}}
|1,575,361
|{{percentage bar|43.3|width=60}}
|134,221
|{{percentage bar|3.7|width=60}}
|166,756
|{{percentage bar|4.6|width=60}}
|-
|2002
|2,000,116
|{{percentage bar|52.9|width=60}}
|1,492,602
|{{percentage bar|39.5|width=60}}
|126,532
|{{percentage bar|3.3|width=60}}
|160,015
|{{percentage bar|4.2|width=60}}
|-
|2010
|2,012,571
|{{percentage bar|53.2|width=60}}
|1,501,369
|{{percentage bar|39.7|width=60}}
|116,252
|{{percentage bar|3.1|width=60}}
|150,244
|{{percentage bar|4.1|width=60}}
|-
|2021<ref name=census2021>{{cite web|title=Национальный состав населения|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref>{{efn|101,442 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.}}
|2,091,175
|{{percentage bar|53.6|width=60}}
|1,574,804
|{{percentage bar|40.3|width=60}}
|90,474
|{{percentage bar|2.3|width=60}}
|146,914
|{{percentage bar|3.8|width=60}}
|}

{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Sources: Census data, estimate<ref name=2025estimate>{{cite web|title=Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2025 года|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Сhisl_MO_01-01-2025.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=27 April 2025}}</ref>
|[[1926 Soviet census|1926]] | 2585036
|[[1959 Soviet census|1959]] | 2850417
|[[1970 Soviet census|1970]] | 3131238
|[[1979 Soviet census|1979]] | 3435644
|[[1989 Soviet census|1989]] | 3647809
|[[2002 Russian census|2002]] | 3779265
|[[2010 Russian census|2010]] | 3786488
|[[2021 Russian census|2021]] | 4004809
|2025 | 4019606
}}
[[File:Ethnic map of Tatarstan (2010).PNG|thumb|Ethnic map of Tatarstan (2010)]]
[[File:Этнический состав Республики Татарстан по послениям.png|thumb|400px|Ethnic composition of the Republic of Tatarstan by settlements, 2010 census. {{Legend|#ff0000|[[Russians]]}}{{Legend|#9acd32|[[Tatars]]}}{{Legend|#00ffff|[[Chuvash people|Chuvashes]]}}{{Legend|#ba55d3|[[Mordvins]] ([[Erzyas]] and [[Mokshas]])}}{{Legend|#b0c4de|[[Kryashens]] (Baptised Tatars)}}{{Legend|#ffa500|[[Udmurts]]}}{{Legend|#6a5acd|[[Mari people]]}}]]

There are about 2 million ethnic [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]] and 1.5 million ethnic [[Russians]] in Tatarstan, along with significant numbers of [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]], [[Mari people|Mari]], and [[Udmurts]], some of whom are [[Tatar language|Tatar]]-speaking. The [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], [[Mordvins|Mordvin]], and [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] minorities are also significant. Most Tatars are [[Sunni Muslim]]s, but a small minority known as [[Kryashens|Keräşen Tatars]] are [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox Christians]], some of whom regard themselves as being distinct from other Tatars even though most Keräşen dialects differ only slightly from the Central Dialect of the Tatar language.<ref name="yTMto" />

Despite many decades of assimilation and intermingling, some Keräşen demanded and were awarded the option of being specifically enumerated in 2002. This has provoked great controversy, however, as many intellectuals have sought to portray the Tatars as homogeneous and indivisible.<ref name="Mzhso" /> Although listed separately below, the Keräşen are still included in the grand total for the Tatars. Another unique ethnic group, concentrated in Tatarstan, is the [[Qaratay]] [[Mordvins]].

==== Jews ====
{{main|History of Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan}}

Tatar and [[Udmurt people|Udmurt]] Jews are special territorial groups of the [[Ashkenazi Jews]], which started to be formed in the residential areas of mixed Turkic-speaking ([[Volga Tatars|Tatars]], [[Kryashens]], [[Bashkirs]], [[Chuvash people]]), Finno-Ugric-speaking ([[Udmurts]], [[Mari people]]) and Slavic-speaking ([[Russians]]) populations. The Ashkenazi Jews first appeared in Tatarstan in the 1830s.<ref name="Казань" /> The Jews of [[Udmurtia]] and Tatarstan are subdivided by cultural and linguistic characteristics into two territorial groups: 1) Udmurt Jews (Udmurt Jewry), who lived on the territory of [[Udmurtia]] and the north of Tatarstan; 2) Tatar Jews, or Kazan Jews (Tatar Jewry or Kazan Jewry), who lived mainly in the city of Kazan and its agglomeration.<ref name="snioo.ru" />

=== Languages ===
In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the two state languages of the republic are [[Tatar language|Tatar]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]. According to the 2002 Russian Federal Law (''On Languages of Peoples of the Russian Federation''), the [[official script]] is [[Cyrillic]]. Linguistic anthropologist Dr. Suzanne Wertheim notes that "some men signal ideological devotion to the Tatar cause by refusing to accommodate to Russian-dominant public space or Russian speakers", whilst women, in promoting "the Tatar state and Tatar national culture, index their pro-Tatar ideological stances more diplomatically, and with linguistic practices situated only within the Tatar-speaking community... in keeping with normative gender roles within the Tatar republic."<ref name= "GbNw7" />

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Islam in Tatarstan}}
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Tatarstan as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" /><ref name="2012Arena-religion-maps" />
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|53.8}}
{{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|30.5}}
{{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[irreligion]]|Black|5.7}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|2}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|MediumOrchid|1}}
{{Bar percent|[[Rodnovery]] and other native faiths|Red|0.5}}
{{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious]]|DarkSlateGray|1}}
{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|2.5}}
}}
[[File:Кремль18.jpg|thumb|[[Qolşärif Mosque]] in Kazan]]
{{As of|2012|post=,}} [[Islam]] was the most common faith in Tatarstan, adhered to by 53.8% of the estimated 3.8 million population. Most of the remaining population is either [[Russian Orthodox Christian]] or non-religious.<ref name="a2O3P" /><ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">{{Cite web|title=Main page project "Arena" : Non-profit research based consulting "Sreda"|url=https://sreda.org/en/arena|access-date=2022-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="2012Arena-religion-maps">[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", No. 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref>

The muftiate of Tatarstan is the [[Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Tatarstan]], led by [[Kamil Samigullin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Tatarstan |url=https://dumrt.ru/ru/ |language=ru, tt}}</ref>

Established in 922, the first Muslim state within the boundaries of modern Russia was [[Volga Bulgaria]] from which the [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]] inherited [[Islam]]. Islam was introduced by missionaries<ref name="emLPD" /> from [[Baghdad]] around the time of [[Ibn Fadlan]]'s journey in 922. Islam's long presence in Russia also extends at least as far back as [[Russo-Kazan Wars|the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan]] in 1552, which brought the [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]] and [[Bashkirs]] on the Middle [[Volga]] into Russia.
[[File:Сергиевская церковь 1604 г. Иоанно-Предтеченский монастырь. Остров-град Свияжск. РТ. Июнь 2013 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Sergius Church, at the island-city Sviyazhsk]]
In the 1430s, the region became independent as the base of the [[Khanate of Kazan]], a capital having been established in [[Kazan]], 170&nbsp;km up the Volga from the ruined capital of the Bulgars. The Khanate of Kazan [[Russo-Kazan Wars|was conquered]] by the troops of Tsar [[Ivan IV of Russia|Ivan IV the Terrible]] in the 1550s, with Kazan being taken in 1552. Some Tatars were forcibly converted to Christianity and cathedrals were built in Kazan; by 1593, mosques in the area were destroyed. The Russian government forbade the construction of mosques, a prohibition that was not lifted until the 18th century by [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]].

In 1990, there were only 100 mosques, but by 2004 this number had risen to well over 1,000. {{As of|2008|1|1|post=,}} as many as 1,398 religious organizations were registered in Tatarstan, of which 1,055 were [[Muslim]]. In September 2010, [[Eid al-Fitr]] as well as 21&nbsp;May, the day the [[Volga Bulgars]] embraced Islam, were made public holidays.<ref name="xbyoj" />

The [[Russian Orthodox Church]] is the second largest active religion in Tatarstan, and has been so for more than 150 years,<ref name="htTUf" /> with an estimated 1.6 million followers made up of [[ethnic Russians]], [[Mordvins]], [[Armenians]], [[Belarusians]], [[Mari people]], [[Georgians]], [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] and a number of Orthodox [[Tatars]] which together constitute 38% of the 3.8 million population of Tatarstan. On 23&nbsp;August 2010, the "Orthodox monuments of Tatarstan" exhibition was held in Kazan by the Tatarstan Ministry of Culture and the Kazan Eparchy.<ref name="TuLKj" /> At all public events, an [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Priest is called upon along with an Islamic [[Mufti]].<ref name="1Dz9w" />

The Muslim Religious Board of Tatarstan frequently organizes activities, like the '[[Islamic graffiti]] Contest' which was held on 20&nbsp;November 2011.<ref name="1JKy9" />

==== Islamic radicalism ====
Before the 2010s, more radical versions of Islam were very rare and sporadic in Tatarstan. The most famous examples included the [[Ittifaq Party]], whose leader [[Fauziya Bayramova|Fauziya Bairamova]] was pro-[[Salafi movement|Salafist]] in the 2000s. Imam Rustem Safin in Kazan was suspended for two years for his association with the pan-Islamic [[Hizb ut-Tahrir|Hizb al-Tahrir]] party. A few dozen Tatars participated in the [[Chechen–Russian conflict|Chechen separatist wars]], and in 2010 the Tatarstan Interior Ministry disbanded a short-lived formation in Nurlat district that had tried to imitate the Dagestan extremist movement of the 1990s.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Malashenko |first=Alexey |date=2015 |title=Islamic Challenges to Russia, From the Caucasus to the Volga and the Urals |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2015/05/islamic-challenges-to-russia-from-the-caucasus-to-the-volga-and-the-urals?lang=en&center=russia-eurasia |website=Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center}}</ref>

A noticeable turning point was in 2012, when the Tatar mufti [[Valiulla Yakupov]], who opposed extremism, was shot dead in Kazan. On the same day, mufti [[Ildus Fayzov]] was injured when his car was blown up. A month later, another car exploded; this time, a bomb was supposedly detonated accidentally. Inside the car, three bodies were found, along with weapons and radical Islamic literature. They were suspected of planning an attack on president Vladimir Putin, who was visiting Tatarstan. Around the same time, a demonstration by supporters of Sharia law was seen, which was “very unusual for Tatarstan”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Radical Islam raises tension in Russia's Tatarstan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19179399 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

A 2021 [[George Washington University]] study of Islam in Russia states: “The majority of Russian Muslims feel well integrated into Russia and show similar patriotism to Orthodox citizens. They favor either traditional Sufi-influenced Islam or a more politically engaged Islam that supports Putin. In addition, there is a small but increasingly influential minority of more radical anti-Russian Salafists.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laruelle, Schmoller |first=Marlene, Jesko |date=2021 |title=Cultures of Islam: Vernacular Traditions and Revisionist Interpretations across Russia |url=https://www.centralasiaprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/cultures-of-islam-in-russia.pdf |website=centralasiaprogram.com}}</ref>

The source of the rise of radicalism in Tatarstan is thought to be the combination of its native Tatar population feeling the desire for a more strong religious identity (which was weakened during Soviet Era), and an increased immigration from Caucasus and Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almazova |first=Leila |title=Tatarstan's Disappearing Identity |url=https://www.academia.edu/28149514 |website=academia.edu}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

Current mufti of Tatarstan, Kamil Samigullin has expressed the following regarding [[Wahhabism]]: "We must ban this ideology, it is misanthropic, but the counter-enforcement practice in our country does not ban ideologies, but bans specific organizations. In our country, Wahhabis represent a set of different types of structures, they are developing, evolving. After such a ban, their activities will become significantly more complicated, which will reduce the influx of people into the terrorist underground".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mufti of Tatarstan proposes to recognize Wahhabism as an extremist movement |url=http://muftiyatrd.ru/content/muftiy-tatarstana-predlagaet-priznat-vahhabizm-ekstremistskim-techeniem |website=Muftiyat Respubliki Dagestan |language=ru}}</ref>

== Politics ==
[[File:Kazan House of Tatarstan Government 08-2016.jpg|thumb|Cabinet of Ministers building]]
Tatarstan's [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[State Council of Tatarstan|State Council]] consists of 100&nbsp;seats: fifty for representatives of the parties and fifty for deputies from the republic's localities. <!--someone needs to replace this with proper terminology-->The Chairman of the State Council is [[Farid Mukhametshin|Farit Mukhametshin]], who has served since 27&nbsp;May 1998. The government is the Сabinet of Ministers. The prime minister of the Republic of Tatarstan is Alexei Pesoshin.

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Rais can be elected only by the people of Tatarstan, but due to Russian federal law, this law was suspended for an indefinite term. The Russian law on the election of governors says they should be elected by [[Regional parliaments of Russia|regional parliaments]] and that the candidate for Rais can be presented only by the [[president of Russia]].

In December 2022, regional lawmakers voted to change the title of the head of the republic from ''president'' to ''rais'' (an Arabic title for "leader"); lawmakers were expected to adopt new amendments to Tatarstan's constitution so that it would be in line with the [[2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia]] and a federal law in 2021 which abolished regional presidencies. The title of president was seen as the last remaining symbol of federalism following the centralisation reforms under [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/12/23/russias-tatarstan-to-rename-regional-presidency-a79788|title=Russia's Tatarstan to Rename Regional Presidency|website=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=23 December 2022}}</ref> Incumbent president Rustam Minnikhanov originally was to retain the title of president until his term expires in 2025 under transitional agreements, however he became Rais in February 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-tatarstan-scrap-president/32190974.html|title=Tatarstan Lawmakers Vote To Change Constitution And Scrap Post of President In Nod To Moscow|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=23 December 2022}}</ref>

=== Political status ===
[[File:Губернаторский дворец (Казань).jpg|thumb|Presidential Palace]]

The Republic of Tatarstan is a constituent republic of the [[Russian Federation]]. Most of the Russian federal subjects are tied with the Russian federal government by the uniform Federal Treaty (The contract expired in 2017), but relations between the government of Tatarstan and the Russian federal government are more complex and are precisely defined in the [[Constitution]] of the Republic of Tatarstan. The following passage from the Constitution defines the republic's status without contradicting the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

{{blockquote|text=
The Republic of Tatarstan is a democratic state governed by the rule of law within the Russian Federation. The statehood of the Republic of Tatarstan is expressed in its possession of the full extent of state power outside the purview of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation on matters of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan; in its possession of its own territory, population, system of state authorities, its own Constitution and legislation, state languages, and state symbols.<ref>{{cite web |title=Конституция Республики Татарстан |url=https://minjust.tatarstan.ru/konstitutsiya.htm?pub_id=1084014.htm |website=Министерство юстиции Республики Татарстан |language=ru}}</ref>
}}

== Relations with Islamic world ==
[[File:Emine Erdoğan in Tatarstan 2024.jpg|left|thumb|[[Emine Erdoğan]] visiting the [[Märcani Mosque|Mərcani mosque]] in Kazan, Tatarstan. With her is the Mufti of Tatarstan, [[Kamil Samigullin|Kamil Səmiğullin]] (2024).]]
[[File:Anwar Ibrahim visiting Tatarstan.jpg|left|thumb|[[Anwar Ibrahim]], the prime minister of Malaysia, visiting the Kul Sharif mosque in Kazan (2025).]]
The Republic of Tatarstan is actively involved in the global Islamic world. For example, relations with Turkey are significant. This is reflected in the “Strategic Cooperation between Turkey and Tatarstan” category on the website of the head of Tatarstan. According to Minnikhanov, “Turkish companies have invested two billion US dollars in our republic. Today (2017) 10 Turkish factories are successfully operating in Tatarstan. The connections between Tatarstan and Turkey serve as a link between Turkey and Moscow.” Erdoğan has emphasized the close connection between Tatars and Turks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Мехтиев |first=Айдын |date=2017 |title=Татарстан — Турция: почему Эрдоган называет Минниханова "мой брат"? |url=https://www.pravda.ru/world/1345903-turkey_tatarstan/}}</ref>

Cooperation between Tatarstan and Iran has also been highlighted. In 2022, Minnikhanov stated that “we have rich historical, economic and cultural ties, as well as a long experience of cooperation”. Iran’s ambassador to Russia, [[Kazem Jalali]], called Tatarstan “a brother [of Iran]”, and hoped for even closer cooperation between them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Татарстан и Иран: искать новые формы кооперации |url=https://rt-online.ru/tatarstan-i-iran-iskat-novye-formy-kooperatsii/}}</ref>

In 2022, Hamas leader [[Ismail Haniyeh|Isma’il Haniyya]] visited Kazan. The meeting “discussed issues of interaction through the Russia-Islamic World Organization, which Minnikhanov has headed since 2014”. According to Minnokhanov, they work closely with their Palestinian colleagues. In 2010, Palestinian President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] also visited Kazan, and during his visit described Tatarstan as “the cradle of Islam”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Гости из Палестины: зачем в Казань приехал лидер движения «ХАМАС»? |url=https://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/gosti-iz-palestiny-kak-v-kazani-taino-pribyl-odin-iz-liderov-dvizeniya-xamas-5879881}}</ref> Since the start of the [[Gaza war|Gaza War]], Tatarstan has sent humanitarian aid to the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Муфтий встретился с палестинскими студентами |url=https://dumrt.ru/ru/news/news_29950.html}}</ref> Mufti of Tatarstan, [[Kamil Samigullin]] expressed his support for the Palestinians in November 2023, accusing the "collective West" of complicity in genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Муфтий Татарстана: "Мы в Татарстане говорим о важности единства и согласия каждый день" |url=https://dumrt.ru/ru/news/news_29929.html}}</ref>

''Kazan Forum'' is a "platform for economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the countries of the Islamic world". During the 2025 forum, president Vladimir Putin stated that "Tatarstan is one of the regions of the Russian Federation that is most actively building such fruitful and constructive relationships".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazan Forum |url=https://kazanforum.ru/en/ |website=kazanforum.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Voice of the Islamic World in Kazan: Turkmenistan for the Great Silk Road, Malaysia — for halal |url=https://m.realnoevremya.com/articles/8812-voice-of-the-islamic-world-in-kazan?_url=%2Farticles%2F8812-voice-of-the-islamic-world-in-kazan#from_desktop |website=Realnoe Vremya}}</ref>

Giuliano Bifolchi, a PhD of Islamic history, the founder of Special Eurasia: "Tatarstan’s location within Russia is strategically important, serving as a vital link to Central Asia and the Muslim world. Its Turkic and Islamic identity, historical pursuit of autonomy, and high industrialisation provide it with distinct leverage. While the republic does not advocate separation, it constitutes a sensitive point within Russia’s internal structure, where issues of identity, political control, and foreign policy intersect. Its role in hosting international forums serves both federal foreign policy goals and local aspirations for international recognition".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bifolchi |first=Giuliano |date=2025 |title=Tatarstan and the "Russia-Islamic World" KazanForum 2025 |url=https://www.specialeurasia.com/2025/05/12/tatarstan-russia-kazanforum-2025/}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Вид на улицу Баумана.JPG|thumb|[[Bauman Street, Kazan|Bauman street]] in Kazan]]
[[File:Kazan view from Riviera Hotel 08-2016 img1.jpg|thumb|A neighbourhood in Kazan]]
Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The republic is highly industrialised and ranks second to [[Samara Oblast]] in terms of industrial production per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="encarta" />

In 2021, Tatarstan's [[gross regional product]] was €40 billion, while GRP per capita was €10,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx|title = Валовой региональный продукт}}</ref>

The region's main source of wealth is [[oil]]. Tatarstan produces 32 million tonnes of crude oil per year and has estimated oil reserves of more than 1 billion tons.<ref name="tatar.ru" /><ref name="economy" /> Industrial production constitutes 45% of the Republic's [[Gross domestic product|gross regional domestic product]]. The most developed manufacturing industries are [[petrochemical industry]] and machine building. The truck-maker [[KamAZ]] is the region's largest enterprise and employs about one-fifth of Tatarstan's workforce.<ref name="economy" /> [[Kazanorgsintez]], based in Kazan, is one of Russia's largest chemical companies.<ref name="0f6f5" /> Tatarstan's aviation industry produces [[Tupolev Tu-204|Tu-214]] passenger airplanes and helicopters.<ref name="tatar.ru" /> The [[Kazan Helicopter Plant]] is one of the largest helicopter manufacturers in the world.<ref name="nSqrh" /> Engineering, textiles, clothing, [[wood processing]], and food industries are also of key significance in Tatarstan.<ref name="encarta" />

[[File:Hydroelectric power station in Naberezhnye Chelny.JPG|thumb|Hydroelectric power station in Naberezhnye Chelny]]

Tatarstan consists of three distinct industrial regions. The northwestern part is an old industrial region where engineering, chemical, and light industry dominate. In the newly industrial northeast region with its core in the [[Naberezhnye Chelny]]–[[Nizhnekamsk]] [[urban agglomeration|agglomeration]], major industries are automobile construction, the chemical industry, and power engineering. The southeast region has oil production with engineering under development. The north, central, south, and southwest parts of the republic are rural regions.<ref name="g8Xie" /> The republic has huge water resources—the annual flow of rivers of the Republic exceeds {{Convert|240|e9m3||abbr=unit}}. Soils are widely diverse, with fertile soils covering approximately one-third of the territory that contribute to successful agricultural production. The main agricultural exports from Tatarstan are wheat, barley, and peas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Asadullin |first1=Nail |last2=Avkhadiev |first2=Fayaz |last3=Gainutdinov |first3=Ilgizar |last4=Mikhailova |first4=Liliya |date=2020 |title=Development of the agricultural sector in the Republic of Tatarstan |url=https://www.bio-conferences.org/articles/bioconf/full_html/2020/11/bioconf_fies-20_00117/bioconf_fies-20_00117.html#:~:text=Agriculture%20is%20an%20important%20element,is%20presented%20in%20Table%201. |journal=BIO Web of Conferences |language=en |volume=27 |pages=00117 |doi=10.1051/bioconf/20202700117 |issn=2117-4458|doi-access=free }}</ref> Due to the high development of agriculture in Tatarstan (it contributes 5.1% of the total revenue of the republic), forests occupy only 16% of its territory. The agricultural sector of the economy is represented mostly by large companies as [[Ak Bars Holding]] and "Krasnyi Vostok Agro".

PJSC Tattelecom operates in Tatarstan, a multiservice telecommunications operator in the Republic of Tatarstan, aimed at various consumers: individuals, small, medium and large businesses, government authorities and municipalities, as well as other telecom operators. The company provides broadband Internet access,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rais of Tatarstan gives an errand to develop public Wi-Fi |url=https://rais.tatarstan.ru/eng/index.htm/news/2434686.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250723082844/https://rais.tatarstan.ru/eng/index.htm/news/2434686.htm |archive-date=2025-07-23 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Rais (Head) of the Republic of Tatarstan |language=ru}}</ref> mobile and fixed telephony ("Letay"),<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title="Letay" expands the network coverage on the M-12 highway |url=https://digital.tatarstan.ru/eng/index.htm/news/2332331.htm |website=Official website of Ministry of Digitalization of Public Administration, Information Technologies and Communications of Tatarstan}}</ref> cable TV, IP intercom, video surveillance,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nizameev |first=Bulat |date=6 April 2022 |title=Rustam Minnikhanov: Implementation of the Safe City project facilitates decreasing crime and public order |url=https://rais.tatarstan.ru/eng/index.htm/news/2072698.htm |website=Official website of Rais (Head) of the Republic of Tatarstan}}</ref> etc.

The republic has a highly developed transport network. It mainly comprises highways, [[railway]] lines, four [[navigable river]]s&nbsp;— Volga (İdel), Kama (Çulman), Vyatka (Noqrat) and Belaya (Ağidel), and oil pipelines and airlines. The territory of Tatarstan is crossed by the main gas pipelines carrying natural gas from [[Urengoy]] and [[Yamburg]] to the west and the major oil pipelines supplying oil to various cities in the European part of Russia.

== Tourism ==
[[File:Kazan Kremlin 2.jpg|thumb|Kazan Kremlin]]

There are three UNESCO world heritage sites in Tatarstan—[[Kazan Kremlin]], Bulgarian State Museum-Reserve, and Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk.<ref name="8swNP" />

The annual growth rate of tourist flow to the republic is on average 13.5%; the growth rate of the volume of services in the tourism sector is 17.0%.<ref name="ivz75" />

At the end of 2016, on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan there were 104 tour operators, of which 32 dealt in domestic tourism, 65 in domestic and inbound tourism, 1 in domestic and outbound tourism, and 6 in all three.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

{{As of|2017|01|01|post=,}} 404 collective accommodation facilities (CSR) operate in the Republic of Tatarstan; {{nowrap|379 CSR}} are subject to classification (183 in Kazan, 196 in other municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan).<ref name="Spw5x" /> 334 collective accommodation facilities received the certificate of assignment of the category, which is 88.1% of the total number of operating.

In 2016, special attention was paid to the development of tourist centres of the Republic of Tatarstan—Kazan, [[Bolghar]], [[Sviyazhsk|the town-island of Sviyazhsk]], [[Yelabuga]], [[Chistopol]], and [[Tetyushi, Republic of Tatarstan|Tetyushi]]. The growth of tourist flow in the main tourist centres of the Republic compared to 2015 amounted to an average of 45.9%.

[[File:Elabuga ul spasskaya.jpg|thumb|Spasskaya]]

Currently{{when|date=December 2024}}, sanatorium and resort recreation is developing rapidly in Tatarstan. There are 46 sanatorium-resort institutions in the Republic of Tatarstan. The capacity of the objects of the sanatorium-resort complex of Tatarstan is 8847 beds; more than 4300 specialists are engaged in the service of residents. In 2016, more than 160 thousand people rested in the health resorts of the Republic of Tatarstan.<ref name="dANO5" /> 22 health resort institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan are members of the Association of health resort institutions "Health resorts of Tatarstan," including 11 sanatoriums of PJSC "Tatneft."

Since 2016, the Republic of Tatarstan has been operating the Visit Tatarstan program, the official tourism brand of the Republic, the purpose of which is to inform tourists, monitor the reputation of the Republic, develop the tourism potential of the regions of Tatarstan, conduct market research, create partner projects with local companies, and expand internationally. "Tatarstan: 1001 pleasure" is the main message that tourists receive. The Visit Tatar website, where there is information about the main sights and recreation in Tatarstan, is available in 8 languages: Tatar, Russian, English, Chinese, German, Spanish, Finnish, and Persian.<ref name="V1W3q" /><ref name="a5KSe" />

=== Tourist resources of historical and cultural significance ===
[[File:Kazan state university.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Kazan (Volga region) Federal University|Kazan Federal University]]]]
[[File:Kazan Millennium Bridge 08-2016.jpg|thumb|Kazan Millennium Bridge]]
* [[Kazan Kremlin]]
* [[Kazan (Volga region) Federal University|Kazan University]]
* [[Bolghar]]
* [[Sviyazhsk]]
* [[Temple of All Religions]]
* [[Qolşärif Mosque]]
* [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Kazan)|Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral]]
* [[Söyembikä Tower]]
* [[Millennium Bridge (Kazan)|Millennium Bridge]]
* [[Old Tatar Quarter]]
* [[Galiaskar Kamal Tatar Academic Theatre]]
* The Jalil Opera and Ballet Theatre
* [[National Museum of Tatarstan|The National Museum of Tatarstan]]

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Tatarstan}}Due to Islamic rules on artistic depictions,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-06-01 |title=Your Primer On Tatar Culture |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/06/01/your-primer-on-tatar-culture-a61907 |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=The Moscow Times |language=en}}</ref> Tatars developed a uniquely geometric artistry, of which the craft of leather mosaic is a staple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-28 |title=Leather Mosaic Technique |url=https://uniqueleathermosaic.com/technique/ |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Unique Leather Mosaic |language=en}}</ref> They also observe certain pre-Islamic holidays, such as [[Sabantuy]], which celebrates "the completion of spring sowing works."<ref name=":0" />[[File:Kazan church edit1.jpg|thumb|''[[All Religions Temple]]'', a building and cultural centre built by the local artist Ildar Khanov]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin 24 June 2000-7.jpg|thumb|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at [[Sabantui|Sabantuy]], a Tatar festival]]

Major libraries include [[Kazan State University]] [[Nikolai Lobachevsky]] Scientific Library and the National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan. There are two museums of republican significance, as well as 90&nbsp;museums of local importance. In the past several years, new museums appeared throughout the Republic.

There are twelve theatrical institutions in Tatarstan.<ref name="dsrPy" /> The state orchestra is the National Tatarstan Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatarstan National Symphony Orchestra |url=https://tatarstan-symphony.com/en/ |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=tatarstan-symphony.com}}</ref>

In 1996, the Tatar singer, Guzel Ahmetova, cooperated with the German [[Eurodance]] group named [[Snap!]], when she sang the lyrics of the song "Rame".<ref name="xTQGS" /><ref name="6aUH1" />

[[Aida Garifullina]] was born in 1987 to a Tatar family in Kazan. Following studies in Nuremberg, Germany and Vienna, Austria, she has achieved fame as a lyric soprano, in high demand both on the international operatic stage and concert platform. She is also a celebrated recording artist and a promoter of the Tatar culture.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Sports ==
[[File:Kazan Arena stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Ak Bars Arena]] in [[Kazan]]]]
With 9,175 sports venues in Tatarstan, the republic is one of the leading sports regions in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sport |url=https://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/sport.htm |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=tatarstan.ru}}</ref> Since 1973, Kazan has been making efforts to expand its sports [[infrastructure]], with sports being a "great source of pride" for the people of Kazan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Makarychev |first1=A. S. (Andreĭ Stanislavovich) |url=http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4716827 |title=Mega events in post-Soviet Eurasia: shifting borderlines of inclusion and exclusion |last2=Yatsyk |first2=Alexandra |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-49095-7 |series=Mega event planning |location=New York, NY |language=English}}</ref>

Tatarstan has [[Rubin Kazan]], a major European football team which has played in the [[UEFA Champions League]] and the [[UEFA Europa League]]. Twice Russian champions, Rubin Kazan play in the [[Russian Premier League]]. Also, Tatarstan has [[Unics Kazan]] which has gained a significant role in European basketball, playing in [[Euroleague]] and [[EuroCup Basketball|EuroCup]] for decades.

It also has two [[KHL]] teams, the successful [[Ak Bars Kazan]], which is based in the capital city of [[Kazan]], and the [[HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk|Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk]], who play in the city of [[Nizhnekamsk]]. The state also has a [[Russian Major League]] team (the second highest hockey league in Russia), [[Neftyanik Almetyevsk]], who play in the city of [[Almetyevsk]]. There are also two [[Minor Hockey League]] teams which serve as affiliates for the two KHL teams. A team also exists in the [[Russian Hockey League]], the [[HC Chelny]], which is based in the city of [[Naberezhnye Chelny]]. Another team plays in the [[MHL-B]] (the second level of junior ice hockey in Russia).

[[Nail Yakupov]] is an ethnic Tatar who was drafted first overall in the [[2012 NHL Entry Draft]].

Former [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] No. 1 [[Marat Safin]] and former [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] number 1 [[Dinara Safina]] are of Tatar descent.

[[Vic Wild|Victor Wild]] and [[Danil Sadreev]] are both Tatarstan Olympians, having won a bronze in parallel giant slalom and a silver in ski jumping, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-10 |title=Tatarstan sport minister about sports events in Kazan in 2022 — RealnoeVremya.com |url=https://realnoevremya.com/articles/6168-tatarstan-sport-minister-about-sports-events-in-kazan-in-2022 |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=realnoevremya.com |language=en}}</ref>

Kazan hosted the [[2013 Summer Universiade|XXVII Summer Universiade]] in 2013, the FINA World championship in aquatic sports in August 2015, and the World Junior Championship for swimming in 2022.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-10 |title=Tatarstan sport minister about sports events in Kazan in 2022 |url=https://realnoevremya.com/articles/6168-tatarstan-sport-minister-about-sports-events-in-kazan-in-2022 |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=realnoevremya.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
The most important facilities of higher education include [[Kazan Federal University]], [[Kazan State Medical University]], [[Kazan National Research Technological University]], World Information Distributed University, [[Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N.Tupolev]] and [[Russian Islamic University]]. All of these are located in the capital city, Kazan.

== Public spaces ==
Tatarstan takes a unique participatory approach to the development of public spaces that has earned it recognition. The Tatarstan Public Spaces Development Programme aims to create spaces for meeting or recreation.<ref name=":3" /> The programme covers a wide spectrum of projects, including streets, squares, parks, river banks, pavilions, and sports facilities.<ref name=":3" />

Since 2016<ref name=":3" /> (and continuing until 2022)<!-- Should this be simply from 2016 to 2022? -->, the Architecturny Desant Architectural Bureau in Kazan<ref name="p1RiR" /> has improved public spaces in each of Tatarstan's 45 municipal districts, from large cities to small villages.<ref name="XOrC3" /> As of April 2019, the project had revamped 328 public spaces.<ref name=":1" /> By creating and rehabilitating public spaces, the programme aims to be a catalyst for positive social, economic, and environmental change.<ref name=":2" />

One notable example is the "Beach" at Almetyevsk, which includes public swimming pools and a terrace.<ref name=":3" /> Other examples include an amphitheatre in Black Lake Park, Kazan; the Central Square in Bavly; a children's playground in Bogatye Saby village, which has a unique wooden play structure; the Cube container centre in the green beach at Gorkinsko-Ometievsky forest, Kazan; and the square on Festival Boulevard, Kazan.<ref name=":2" />

The programme<!-- The project above? --> used an innovative participatory design approach,<ref name=":4" /> which later became mandatory for similar projects across Russia.<ref name=":2" /> This approach partners specialists with local residents at every stage of the project, from development, to implementation, to the ongoing use of the space.<ref name=":4" />

The Tatarstan Public Spaces Development Programme was announced as one of the six winners of the 2019 [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]].<ref name="qptrb" /><ref name="3I2dt" /><ref name="k3y4s" /> The jury was impressed by the programme's systematic approach and involvement of residents to decide the future of each space.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="EYLTb" />

Each public space expresses the unique identity of that particular place,<ref name=":2" /> tying in its history while incorporating traditional materials.<ref name=":4" /> Major goals of the projects include improving the quality of life for residents and improving the environment.<ref name=":4" /> The Arhitekturnyi Desant team aims to provide a high quality public space, no matter the size of the settlement, including quality design, infrastructure, and materials.<ref name=":4" />

Spending on the public spaces projects is helping the local economy.{{when|date=March 2020}}<ref name=":3" /> The number of street furniture manufacturers in the area, for example, has increased from 12 to 75 since the programme started.<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==
* [[KAZANSUMMIT]]
* [[List of Chairmen of the State Council of Tatarstan]]
* [[List of rural localities in Tatarstan]]
* [[List of Tatars]]
* [[Music of Tatarstan]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|group=n}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Anthem">Law #2284, Chapter&nbsp;III</ref>
<!--unused<ref name="Capital">Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article&nbsp;122</ref>-->
<!--unused<ref name="Languages">Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article&nbsp;8.1</ref>-->
<!--unused<ref name="Kempton">Daniel R. Kempton and Terry D. Clark. ''Unity or Separation: Center-Periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union''. Praeger Publishers, 2002, p.&nbsp;110.</ref>-->
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<ref name="HeadLegis">Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article&nbsp;9.2</ref>
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<ref name="dsrPy">{{cite web|url=http://www.tatar.ru/index.php?DNSID=96525b60e5d8ed29efcd257b3cb3195e&node_id=1302|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924221445/http://www.tatar.ru/index.php?DNSID=96525b60e5d8ed29efcd257b3cb3195e&node_id=1302|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2006|title=Culture : The Republic of Tatarstan|date=September 24, 2006}}</ref>
<ref name="xTQGS">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMFL1ilcGlU| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/hMFL1ilcGlU| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Snap! – Rame| website=[[YouTube]]| date=5 May 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="6aUH1">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gf4fEbgmA2s| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/Gf4fEbgmA2s| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Snap! – Rame (Гузель Ахметова Cover)| website=[[YouTube]]| date=9 April 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
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</references>

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite Russian law
|ru_entity=
|ru_type=Закон
|ru_number=2284
|ru_date=14 июля 1999 г.
|ru_title=О государственных символах Республики Татарстан
|ru_effective_date=со дня опубликования (28 августа 1999 г.)
|ru_published_in="Республика Татарстан", No. 174
|ru_published_date=28 августа 1999 г
|ru_url=
|ru_amendment_type=Закона
|ru_amendment_number=23-ЗРТ
|ru_amendment_date=18 марта 2013 г
|ru_amendment_title=О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Татарстан "О государственных символах Республики Татарстан" в части утверждения текста Государственного гимна Республики Татарстан"
|en_entity=
|en_type=Law
|en_number=2284
|en_date=July&nbsp;14, 1999
|en_title=On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Tatarstan
|en_effective_date=the day of publication (August&nbsp;28, 1999)
|en_url=
|en_amendment_type=Law
|en_amendment_number=23-ZRT
|en_amendment_date=March&nbsp;18, 2013
|en_amendment_title=On Amending the Part of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Tatarstan" Adopting the Text of the State Anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan
}}
* {{RussiaBasicLawRef|ta}}
* Госкомстат РФ. Государственный комитет Республики Татарстан по статистике. "Административно-территориальное деление Республики Татарстан" (''Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of Tatarstan''). Казань, 1997.

== Further reading ==
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Tartars |volume= 23 |pages = 70&ndash;71 |last= Kropotkin |first= Peter Alexeivitch |author-link= Peter Kropotkin|short= 1}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kazañ (government) | volume= 15 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link= Peter Kropotkin| last2= Bealby |first2= John Thomas| pages = 703&ndash;704 |short= 1}}
* Ruslan Kurbanov. [http://www.onislam.net/english/politics/asia/461544-tatarstan-smooth-islamization-sprinkled-with-blood.html Tatarstan: Smooth Islamization Sprinkled with Blood] ''OnIslam.net.'' Accessed: Feb. 26, 2013.
* Daniel Kalder. ''Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist''.
* Ravil Bukharaev. ''The Model of Tatarstan: Under President Mintimer Shaimiev''.
* Azadeayse Rorlich. ''The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience''.
* Roderick Heather. ''Russia From Red to Black''
* Matthew Reid. ''Shattered Kremlin: Echoes of the Iron Curtain''

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Tatarstan}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Tatarstan}}
* [http://tatarstan.ru/eng/ Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan]
* [http://tatarstan.ru/ Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717035656/http://tatarstan.ru/ |date=July 17, 2011 }} {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://tatarstan.ru/tat/ Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524102037/http://tatarstan.ru/tat/ |date=2021-05-24 }} {{in lang|tt}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090218113049/http://eng.tatar-inform.ru/ Tatar-Inform] information agency
* [https://visit-tatarstan.com/ Official Tourist Portal of the Republic of Tatarstan]

{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
{{Tatarstan }}
{{TURKSOY}}
{{Turkic topics}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tatarstan| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1920]]
[[Category:Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]
[[Category:Tatar topics]]
[[Category:Regions of Europe with multiple official languages]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Observer members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture]]
[[Category:Republics of Russia]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Russian is an official language]]