View source for Tatmadaw

{{short description|Combined military forces of Myanmar}}
{{redirect2|Armed forces of Burma|Military of Burma|the country's historical armed forces|Military history of Myanmar}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Tatmadaw
| native_name = {{lang|my|တပ်မတော်}} {{lang|my-latn|{{small|Tapmătau}}}}<br>{{lang|en|[[Royal Burmese Armed Forces|Royal Armed Forces]]}}
| image = {{ubl|[[File:Full Emblem of the Myanmar Armed Forces.svg|200px|frameless]]|[[Emblem of Tatmadaw|Emblem of the Myanmar Armed Forces]]
----
[[File: Flag of the Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) of Myanmar.svg|225px|border]]|Flag of the Myanmar Armed Forces}}
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| caption = 
| image2 = {{ubl|[[File: Emblem of the Myanmar Armed Forces.svg|150px|frameless]]|Mark Logo
----
{{Photomontage
 | photo1a = Shoulder Sleeve of Myanmar Army.svg
 | photo1b = Arm Badge or Shoulder Sleeve of Myanmar Navy.svg
 | photo1c = Emblem or Shoulder Sleeve Insignia of the Myanmar Air Force.svg
 | photo2a = Shoulder Sleeve Insignia of the Myanmar Coast Guard.svg
 | photo2b = Myanmar Police Emblem.svg
 | photo2c = Shoulder sleeve insignia of the Myanmar Border Guard Forces.svg
 | size    = 300
 | spacing = 5
 | color   = transparent
 | border  = 0
 | text    = 
}}|'''Top:''' Emblems of main service branches: [[Myanmar Army|Army]], [[Myanmar Navy|Navy]] and [[Myanmar Air Force|Air Force]]{{efn|Also the [[formation patch]] of Chiefs of Staffs' offices each
.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cincds.gov.mm/ |title=CINCDS Myanmar |publisher=Cincds.gov.mm |date= |accessdate=2022-08-03 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614005935/https://cincds.gov.mm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}|'''Bottom:''' Emblems of auxiliary services: [[Myanmar Coast Guard|Coast Guard]], [[Myanmar Police Force|Police Force]] and [[Myanmar Border Guard Forces|Border Guard Forces]]}}
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| motto = {{Lang|my|ရဲသော် မသေ၊ သေသော် ငရဲမလား။}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myawady.net.mm/node/780 | title=ရဲသော် မသေ၊ သေသော် ငရဲမလား။ | website= Myawaddy Webportal | date=19 August 2020 }}</ref><br>({{Lit|If you're brave, you won't die; if you die, hell won't come to you.}})
| founded = {{Start date and age|1945|03|27|df=yes}}<ref>[[Armed Forces Day (Myanmar)]]</ref>
| current_form = 
| disbanded = 
| branches = {{plainlist|
* {{army|MYA}}
* {{navy|MYA}}
* {{air force|MYA}}
* {{coast guard|MYA}}
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Myanmar Police Force.svg|size=25px}} [[Myanmar Police Force]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Myanmar.svg}} [[Border Guard Forces]]
}}
| headquarters = [[Naypyidaw]], [[Myanmar]]
| website = {{Bulleted list
| {{URL|mod.gov.mm}}
| {{URL|cincds.gov.mm}}
}}
<!-- Leadership -->| commander-in-chief = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services (Myanmar).svg|size=25px}} [[Senior general (Myanmar)|Senior General]] [[Min Aung Hlaing]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services|Commander-in-Chief]]
| chief minister = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services (Myanmar).svg|size=25px}} [[Four-star rank (Myanmar)|Vice-Senior General]] [[Soe Win (general)|Soe Win]]
| chief minister_title = [[Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services|Deputy Commander-in-Chief]]
| minister = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defense (Myanmar).svg|size=25px}} [[General]] [[Maung Maung Aye]]
| minister_title = [[Ministry of Defence (Myanmar)|Minister of Defence]]
| chief_of_staff = {{flagdeco|Myanmar|military}} [[General]] [[Kyaw Swar Lin]]<ref>{{cite news |author1=Maung Kavi |title=Myanmar Junta Boss Forms New Government With Eye on December Election |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/politics/myanmar-junta-boss-forms-new-government-with-eye-on-december-election.html#google_vignette |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=The Irrawaddy |date=31 July 2025}}</ref>
| chief_of_staff_title = Joint Chief of Staff
| commander = 
| commander_title = <!-- Manpower -->
| age = 18 years of age
| conscription = * 18–45 years of age (male)
* 18–35 years of age (female)
* 2 years (during peacetime)
* 3 years (for people with professions)
* 5 years (during emergencies)
| active = estimates vary, from 100,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ispmyanmar.com/op-20/ |title=PANDEMONIUM: The Conscription Law and Five Negative Potential Consequences &#124; ISP-Myanmar |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=16 May 2024 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516093922/https://ispmyanmar.com/op-20/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to 356,000 active personnel<ref name=IISS1>{{cite book| url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2023| title=The Military Balance 2023| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=15 February 2023| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| page=275| isbn=9781032508955| access-date=5 October 2023| archive-date=1 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301074652/https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2023| url-status=live}}</ref>
| ranked = 
| reserve = 18,998
* 23 battalions of [[Border Guard Force]] (7498 personnel)<ref name="mm peace monitor">{{cite web |url=https://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/border-guard-force-scheme |title=Border Guard Force Scheme |publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor |orig-date=first published 11 January 2013 |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821082501/https://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/border-guard-force-scheme |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 46 groups of [[Pyusawhti militia|People's Militia Groups]] and [[Border Guard Forces|Regional People's Militia Groups]] (3500 personnel)<ref name="mm peace monitor" />
* 5 corps of University Training Corps (8000 personnel)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19550-taint-of-1988-still-lingers-for-rebooted-student-militia.html |title=Taint of 1988 still lingers for rebooted student militia |author=Maung Zaw |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219104747/https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19550-taint-of-1988-still-lingers-for-rebooted-student-militia.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| deployed = <!-- Financial -->
| amount = $2.7 billion<ref>{{cite web|title=Myanmar Junta Increases Military Budget to US$2.7 Billion|publisher=[[The Irrawaddy]]|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-increases-military-budget-to-us2-7-billion.html|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240507020532/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-increases-military-budget-to-us2-7-billion.html#:~:text=Myanmar's%20junta%20chief%20Min%20Aung,3.7%20trillion%20kyats%20last%20year.|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2023)
| percent_GDP = 4% (2014)
<!-- Industrial -->| domestic_suppliers = *[[Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries]]
*Myanmar Naval Dockyard<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/march/9906-myanmar-shipyard-building-4th-frigate.html|title=Myanmar shipyard building 4th frigate|date=30 March 2021 |access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801064752/https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/march/9906-myanmar-shipyard-building-4th-frigate.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| foreign_suppliers = {{ubl|{{flag|Thailand}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gnlm.com.mm/myanmar-thai-tatmadaw-leaders-maintain-strong-relations |title=Myanmar, Thai Tatmadaw leaders maintain strong relations |date=22 January 2025 |access-date=25 February 2025 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250225090229/https://www.gnlm.com.mm/myanmar-thai-tatmadaw-leaders-maintain-strong-relations/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|{{flag|Belarus}}<ref>[https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/junta-watch/junta-watch-belarus-seals-bloody-alliance-with-regime-resistance-hit-naypyitaw-touted-as-top-tourism-destination-and-more.html Junta Watch: Belarus Seals Bloody Alliance With Regime; Resistance-Hit Naypyitaw Touted as Top Tourism Destination; and More] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240507020502/https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/junta-watch/junta-watch-belarus-seals-bloody-alliance-with-regime-resistance-hit-naypyitaw-touted-as-top-tourism-destination-and-more.html |date=7 May 2024 }} [[The Irrawaddy]]{{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/SaSyK|date=May 7, 2024}}</ref>|{{flag|China}}<ref name="aa7">{{cite news |title=7 countries still supplying arms to Myanmar military |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/7-countries-still-supplying-arms-to-myanmar-military/1550371 |work=Anadolu Agency |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201081802/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/7-countries-still-supplying-arms-to-myanmar-military/1550371 |url-status=live }}</ref>|{{flag|India}}<ref name="aa7"/>|{{flag|Iran}}<ref>[https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-turns-to-iran-for-missiles-and-drones.html Myanmar Junta turns to Iran for Missiles and Drones] [[The Irrawaddy]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102012803/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-turns-to-iran-for-missiles-and-drones.html|date=November 2, 2023}}</ref>|{{flag|Israel}}<ref name="aa7"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel among 7 nations faulted in UN report for arming Myanmar army |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-among-7-nations-faulted-in-un-report-for-arming-myanmar-army/ |work=Times of Israel |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201041707/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-among-7-nations-faulted-in-un-report-for-arming-myanmar-army/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|{{flag|Philippines}}<ref name="aa7"/>|{{flag|North Korea}}<ref name="aa7"/><ref> [https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/myanmars-crisis-the-world/us-sanctions-myanmar-n-korea-arms-procurement-network.html US Sanctions Myanmar-N. Korea Arms Procurement Network]. [[The Irrawaddy]]. September 26, 2025.</ref>|{{flag|Russia}}<ref name="aa7"/>|{{flag|Ukraine}}<ref name="aa7"/>}}
| imports = 
| exports = <!-- Related articles -->
| history = 
| ranks = [[Military ranks of Myanmar]]
}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = Parliamentary Seats
| native_name      = {{Native name|my|တပ်မတော်သား လွှတ်တော်ကိုယ်စားလှယ်များ|italic=no}}
| colorcode        = 
| newspaper        = [[Tatmadaw True News Information Team]] (public relations unit, defunct)
| national         = [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]] (De facto)
| seats1_title     = [[Amyotha Hluttaw]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|56|224|hex={{party color|Military rule}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[Pyithu Hluttaw]]
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|110|440|hex={{party color|Military rule}}}}
| seats3_title     = [[State Security and Peace Commission]]
| seats3           = {{Composition bar|9|10|hex={{party color|Military rule}}}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Burmese}}

The '''Tatmadaw''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|t|æ|t|m|ə|ˌ|d|ɔː}}; {{MYname|MY=တပ်မတော်|MLCTS=tapma.taw}}, {{IPA|my|taʔmədɔ̀|IPA}}; {{Lit|Royal Armed Forces}}}} also known as the '''Sit-Tat''',{{efn|{{MYname|MY=စစ်တပ်|MLCTS=cactap.}}, {{IPA|my|sɪʔtaʔ|IPA}}; {{lit|Armed Forces}}}} is the armed forces of [[Myanmar]] (formerly Burma). It is administered by the [[Ministry of Defence (Myanmar)|Ministry of Defence]] and composed of the [[Myanmar Army]], the [[Myanmar Navy]] and the [[Myanmar Air Force]]. Auxiliary services include the [[Myanmar Police Force]], the [[Border Guard Forces]], the [[Myanmar Coast Guard]], and the People's Militia Units.<ref>{{cite web|last=Buchanan |first=John |date=July 2016 |title=Militias in Myanmar |publisher=The Asia Foundation |url=https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Militias-in-Myanmar.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803124352/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Militias-in-Myanmar.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since [[Independence Day (Myanmar)|independence]] in 1948, the Tatmadaw has faced significant [[Internal conflict in Myanmar|ethnic insurgencies]], especially in [[Chin State|Chin]], [[Kachin State|Kachin]], [[Kayin State|Kayin]], [[Kayah State|Kayah]], and [[Shan State|Shan]] states. General [[Ne Win]] took control of the country in a [[1962 Burmese coup d'état|1962 coup d'état]], attempting to build an [[Autarky|autarkic]] society called the [[Burmese Way to Socialism]]. Following the violent repression of [[8888 Uprising|nationwide protests in 1988]], the military agreed to [[1990 Myanmar general election|free elections in 1990]], but ignored the resulting victory of the [[National League for Democracy]] and imprisoned its leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Wudunn|first1=Sheryl|date=11 December 1990|title=New 'Burmese Way' Relies On Slogans From the Military (Published 1990)|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/11/world/new-burmese-way-relies-on-slogans-from-the-military.html|access-date=17 March 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424210655/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/11/world/new-burmese-way-relies-on-slogans-from-the-military.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1990s also saw the escalation of the conflict involving [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Buddhists]] and [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] Muslims in [[Rakhine State]] due to [[Rohingya Solidarity Organisation|RSO]] attacks on the Tatmadaw forces, which saw the Rohingya minority facing [[oppression]] and, starting in 2017, [[Rohingya genocide|genocide]].

In 2008, the Tatmadaw [[2008 Constitution of Myanmar|again rewrote Myanmar's constitution]], installing the pro-junta [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]] (USDP) in the [[2010 Myanmar general election|2010 elections]], which were boycotted by most opposition groups. [[2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms|Political reforms over the next half-decade]] culminated in a sweeping NLD victory in the [[2015 Myanmar general election|2015 election]];<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 December 2015|title=Myanmar's 2015 landmark elections explained|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33547036|access-date=17 March 2021|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321181407/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33547036|url-status=live}}</ref> after the USDP [[2020 Myanmar general election|lost another election in 2020]], the Tatmadaw annulled the election and [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état|deposed the civilian government]]. The Tatmadaw has been widely accused by international organizations of [[Human rights in Myanmar|human rights violation]] and [[crimes against humanity]]; including [[ethnic cleansing]],<ref name="ohchr.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23475&LangID=E|title=OHCHR &#124; Myanmar: Tatmadaw leaders must be investigated for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes – UN report|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=18 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418181742/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23475&LangID=E|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/27/myanmars-military-accused-of-genocide-by-damning-un-report|title = Myanmar's military accused of genocide in damning UN report|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 27 August 2018|access-date = 25 April 2019|archive-date = 10 July 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220710094303/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/27/myanmars-military-accused-of-genocide-by-damning-un-report|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5399251/myanmar-rohingya-genocide-fact-finding-mission-report/|title=U.N. Investigators Renew Call for Genocide Probe in Myanmar|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425232744/http://time.com/5399251/myanmar-rohingya-genocide-fact-finding-mission-report/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[political repression]], [[torture]], [[sexual assault]], [[war crime]]s, [[extrajudicial punishment]]s (including [[summary execution]]s) and [[massacre]] of civilians involved in peaceful [[political demonstration]]s.<ref name="ohchr.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/08/rohingya/568618/|title = The World Isn't Prepared to Deal with Possible Genocide in Myanmar|website = [[The Atlantic]]|date = 28 August 2018|access-date = 25 April 2019|archive-date = 25 April 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190425232746/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/08/rohingya/568618/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/tatmadaw-claims-killed-karen-community-leader-plainclothes-fighter.html|title=Tatmadaw Claims Killed Karen Community Leader Was a Plainclothes Fighter|date=11 April 2018|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425232752/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/tatmadaw-claims-killed-karen-community-leader-plainclothes-fighter.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tatmadaw has long operated as a [[state within a state]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Martin |title=The Enigma of Burma's Tatmadaw: A "State Within a State" |journal=Critical Asian Studies |date=1 December 2003 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=621–632 |doi=10.1080/1467271032000147069|s2cid=145060842 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ebbighausen |first1=Rodion |title=Myanmar's military: A state within a state |url=https://www.dw.com/en/myannmar-military-state/a-56545673 |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210034000/https://www.dw.com/en/myannmar-military-state/a-56545673 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the [[Constitution of Myanmar]], the Tatmadaw is led by the [[commander-in-chief of Defence Services]]. Some actions of the Tatmadaw require the approval of the [[National Defence and Security Council]], an eleven-member [[national security council]] responsible for security and defence affairs in Myanmar. The [[president of Myanmar]] has no command role over the Tatmadaw, though he may work with the NDSC in authorizing military action.<ref name="com">{{cite web|url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs5/Myanmar_Constitution-2008-en.pdf|title=Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar|date=September 2008|work=Ministry of Information|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816065930/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs5/Myanmar_Constitution-2008-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Name==
The name "Tatmadaw" literally means "Royal Armed Forces" in the [[Burmese language]].<ref name=name>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-13 |title=Please don't call the Myanmar military 'Tatmadaw' |url=https://globalvoices.org/2022/06/13/please-dont-call-the-myanmar-military-tatmadaw/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219173324/https://globalvoices.org/2022/06/13/please-dont-call-the-myanmar-military-tatmadaw/|archive-date=February 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name=hein/><ref name=hounds>{{Cite news |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/commentary/hell-hounds-are-loose-in-myanmar-who-can-stop-them.html |work=The Irrawaddy|title=Hell Hounds Are Loose in Myanmar; Who Can Stop Them?|author=Aung Zaw|access-date=22 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322155749/https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/commentary/hell-hounds-are-loose-in-myanmar-who-can-stop-them.html|archive-date=March 22, 2024}}</ref> Since Burma has not been a monarchy since the era prior to British colonial rule, the word "royal" in this usage is understood to mean "glorious". This name has become controversial in Myanmar, especially since 2021, as many people in Myanmar have opposed the military during the country's [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)|renewed civil war]] and object to the usage of the complimentary term "royal" to describe it.<ref name=name/> As a result, many Burmese people have taken to using an alternative name "Sit-Tat", which simply means "military" with no positive or negative connotations.<ref name=name/><ref name=hein/><ref name=hounds/>

==History==
{{Main|Military history of Myanmar}}

===Burmese monarchy===
{{Main|Royal Burmese armed forces}}
The '''Royal Armed Forces''' was the [[armed forces]] of the [[Burmese monarchy]] from the 9th to 19th centuries. It refers to the military forces of the [[Pagan dynasty]], the [[Ava Kingdom]], the [[Toungoo dynasty]] and the [[Konbaung dynasty]] in chronological order. The army was one of the major armed forces of [[Southeast Asia]] until it was defeated by the [[British Empire|British]] over a six-decade span in the 19th century.

The army was organised into a small standing army of a few thousands, which defended the capital and the palace, and a much larger [[conscription]]-based wartime army. Conscription was based on the ahmudan system, which required local chiefs to supply their predetermined quota of men from their jurisdiction on the basis of population in times of war. The wartime army also consisted of [[war elephants|elephantry]], [[cavalry]], [[artillery]] and [[navy|naval]] units.

[[Firearms]], first introduced from [[China]] in the late 14th century, became integrated into strategy only gradually over many centuries. The first special musket and artillery units, equipped with Portuguese [[matchlock]]s and [[cannon]], were formed in the 16th century. Outside the special firearm units, there was no formal training program for the regular conscripts, who were expected to have a basic knowledge of self-defence, and how to operate the musket on their own. As the technological gap between European powers widened in the 18th century, the army was dependent on Europeans' willingness to sell more sophisticated weaponry.

While the army had held its own against the armies of the kingdom's neighbours, its performance against more technologically advanced European armies deteriorated over time. While it defeated the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] and French intrusions in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively, the army proved unable to match the military strength of the [[British Empire]] in the 19th century, losing the [[First Anglo-Burmese War|First]], [[Second Anglo-Burmese War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]]s. On 1 January 1886, the [[Royal Burmese armed forces|Royal Burmese Army]] was formally disbanded by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]].

===British Burma (1885–1948)===
Under [[British rule in Burma|British rule]], the colonial government in [[Burma]] abstained from recruiting Burmese soldiers into the [[Presidency armies|East India Company forces]] (and later the [[British Indian Army]]), instead relying on pre-existing Indian [[sepoy]]s and [[Nepalis|Nepalese]] [[Gurkha]]s to garrison the nascent colony. Due to mistrust of the Burmese population, the colonial government maintained this ban for decades, instead looking to the indigenous [[Karen people|Karens]], [[Kachin people|Kachins]] and [[Chin people|Chins]] to form new military units in the colony. In 1937, the colonial government overturned the ban, and Burmese troops started to enlist in small numbers in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name=dis-37>Steinberg 2009: 37</ref>

At the beginning of [[World War I]], the only Burmese military regiment in the [[British Indian Army]], the 70th [[Burma Rifles]], consisted of three [[battalion]]s, made up of [[Karen people|Karens]], [[Jingpo people|Kachins]] and [[Chin people|Chins]]. During the conflict, the demands of war led to the colonial government relaxing the ban, raising a Burmese battalion in the 70th Burma Rifles, a Burmese [[company (military unit)|company]] in the ''85th Burma Rifles'', and seven Burmese Mechanical Transport companies. In addition, three companies ([[combat unit]]s) of ''Burma Sappers and Miners'', made up of mostly Burmese, and a company of [[Royal Pioneer Corps|Labour Corps]], made up of Chins and Burmese, were also raised. All these units began their overseas assignment in 1917. The 70th Burma Rifles served in Egypt for garrison duties while the Burmese Labour Corps served in France. One company of Burma Sappers and Miners distinguished themselves in [[Mesopotamia]] at the crossing the [[Tigris]].<ref name=hr-186>Hack, Retig 2006: 186</ref><ref name=sd-104>Dun 1980: 104</ref>

After [[World War I]], the colonial government stopped recruiting Burmese soldiers, and discharged all but one Burmese companies, which had been abolished by 1925. The last Burmese company of Burma Sappers and Miners too was disbanded in 1929.<ref name=hr-186/> Instead, [[Indian Army|Indian soldiers]] and other [[List of ethnic groups in Myanmar|ethnic minorities]] were used as the primary [[Colonial troops|colonial force]] in [[Burma]], which was used to suppress ethnic [[Burmese Rebellion (1930—1932)|Burmese rebellions]] such as the one led by [[Saya San]] from 1930 to 1931. On 1 April 1937, Burma was made a separate colony, and Burmese were now eligible to join the army. But few Burmese bothered to join. Before [[World War II]] began, the British Burma Army consisted of [[Karen people|Karen]] (27.8%), [[Chin people|Chin]] (22.6%), [[Kachin people|Kachin]] (22.9%), and [[Burmese people|Burmese]] 12.3%, without counting their British officer corps.<ref name=dis-29>Steinberg 2009: 29</ref>

[[Compton Mackenzie]] wrote in ''Eastern Epic'' that after the separation of India and Burma:<ref>Sir Compton Mackenzie, "Eastern Epic," Volume 1, Chatto & Windus, 1951, 406/407.</ref>
*"The Army in Burma commanded by a general officer under the Governor comprised;
*1 Headquarters Army in Burma, which was about the same size as the former Headquarters Burma District.
*2 Headquarters Rangoon Brigade Area.
*3 Two British infantry battalions. Four Burma Rifles battalions, each with its own training company for recruits.
*4 One Indian mountain battery and one field company Indian Sappers and Miners. Both.. were on loan from India and the latter was to be replaced by a company of Burma Sappers and Miners in 1940.
*5 A minimum of ancillary units and services without provision for second line transport.
*6 One battalion of the Burma Territorial Force.

These military forces were expanded between 1939 and the end of 1941, but the additional strength was impaired by defects inherent in the organisation as it stood before separation. The small and independent military command now set up had been carved out of the experienced Indian organisation with its comparatively large resources; adequate though this may have been for peacetime conditions it was quite inadequate to deal with the expansion im-
posed by a great war. The officers were drawn from the British service and the Indian Army with little hope of reinforcement in time of war except for the untrained resources of Burma. Before the outbreak of war with Japan and for some time afterwards Burma Army Headquarters was simultaneously a War Office, a G.H.Q,., a Corps H.Q. and an [Lines of Communication] Area H.Q. Matters of detail could have been worked out more quickly and efficiently by G.H.Q,. in India if the Army in Burma had been placed for command and general administration under [it]. As it was, up to November 1940 Burma was directly under the War Office at home; it was then placed under Far Eastern Command at Singapore. Neither arrangement even bordered upon common sense, but although three times in 1940 and 1941 successive commanders-in-chief urged the authorities in the United Kingdom to place Burma [under India], it was not done until December 15th by which time it was too late."

In December 1941, a [[Thirty Comrades|group of Burmese independence activists]] founded the [[Burma Independence Army]] (BIA) with [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] help. The Burma Independence Army led by [[Aung San]] (the father of [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]) fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] on the side of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]. Thousands of young men joined its ranks—reliable estimates range from 15,000 to 23,000. The great majority of the recruits were [[Burmese people|Burmese]], with little ethnic minority representation. Many of the fresh recruits lacked discipline. At [[Myaungmya]] in the [[Irrawaddy Delta]], an [[Ethnic conflict|ethnic war]] broke out between Burmese [[Burma Independence Army|BIA]] men and [[Karen people|Karens]], with both sides responsible for massacres. The [[Burma Independence Army]] was soon replaced with the [[Burma Defence Army]], founded on 26 August 1942 with three thousand BIA veterans. The army became the Burma National Army with General [[Ne Win]] as its commander on 1 August 1943 when Burma achieved nominal independence. In late 1944, it had a strength of approximately 15,000.<ref name=dms-124-126>Seekins 2006: 124–126</ref> Disillusioned by the [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Japanese occupation]], the Burma National Army switched sides and joined the allied forces on 27 March 1945.

===Post-independence===
[[File:HMS Fal 1943 IWM FL 10071.jpg|thumb|[[UBS Mayu|UBS ''Mayu'']]]]
At the time of Myanmar's independence in 1948, the Tatmadaw was weak, small and disunited. Cracks appeared along the lines of [[Ethnicity|ethnic background]], [[Political identity|political affiliation]], organisational origin and different services. The most serious problem was the tension between Karen Officers, coming from the [[British Burma Army]] and Burmese officers, coming from the [[Burma National Army#Allied cooperation|Patriotic Burmese Force]] ([[Patriotic Burmese Forces|PBF]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Myoe |first=Maung Aung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4bA3Oasvn4C&dq=myanmar+Karen+Officers++Patriotic+Burmese+Force+tension&pg=PA47 |title=Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948 |date=2009-01-22 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-848-1 |language=en}}</ref>

In accordance with the agreement reached at the [[Kandy]] Conference in September 1945, the ''Tatmadaw'' was reorganised by incorporating the British Burma Army and the Patriotic Burmese Force. The officer corps shared by ex-PBF officers and officers from the British Burma Army and Army of Burma Reserve Organisation (ABRO). The colonial government also decided to form what were known as "Class Battalions" based on ethnicity. There were a total of 15 [[infantry|rifle battalions]] at the time of independence and four of them were made up of former members of PBF. None of the influential positions within the War Office and commands were manned with former PBF Officers. All services including [[military engineer]]s, supply and transport, ordnance and medical services, Navy and Air Force were commanded by former Officers from ABRO.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Myoe |first=Maung Aung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4bA3Oasvn4C&dq=myanmar+ABRO+and+British+Burma+Army+services&pg=PA48 |title=Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948 |date=2009-01-22 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-848-1 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+'''Ethnic and Army Composition of Tatmadaw in 1948'''<ref>Andrew Selth: Power Without Glory</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: center" | Battalion ||! style="text-align: center" | Ethnic/Army Composition
|-
| No. 1 [[Burma Rifles]] || [[Bamar]] (Military Police + Members of Taungoo Guerilla group members associated with Aung San's PBF)
|-
| No. 2 Burma Rifles || 2 Karen Companies + 1 Chin Company and 1 Kachin Company
|-
| No. 3 Burma Rifles || Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force – Commanded by then Major [[Kyaw Zaw]] BC-3504
|-
| No. 4 Burma Rifles || Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force – Commanded by the then [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Ne Win]] BC-3502
|-
| No. 5 Burma Rifles || Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force – Commanded by then Lieutenant Colonel Zeya BC-3503
|-
| No. 6 Burma Rifles || Formed after Aung San was assassinated in later part of 1947, Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force – First CO was Lieutenant Colonel Zeya
|-
| No. 1 [[Karen Rifles]]|| [[Karen people|Karen]] / Former members of [[British Burma Army]] and ABRO
|-
| No. 2 Karen Rifles || Karen / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
|-
| No. 3 Karen Rifles || Karen / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
|-
| No. 1 Kachin Rifles|| [[Jingpo people|Kachin]] / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
|-
| No. 2 Kachin Rifles || Kachin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
|-
| No. 1 Chin Rifles || [[Chin people|Chin]] / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
|-
| No. 2 [[Chin Rifles]]|| Chin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
|-
| No. 4 Burma Regiment || [[Burmese Gurkha|Gurkha]]
|-
| Chin Hill Battalion || Chin
|}
[[File:Burmese troops surveying the Burma–China border in 1954.png|thumb|Burmese troops surveying the [[Burma–China border]], circa April 1954, on the lookout for [[Kuomintang in Burma|Chinese Nationalist troops who fled to Burma]] following their defeat in the [[Chinese Civil War]]]]
The War Office was officially opened on 8 May 1948 under the [[Ministry of Defence (Burma)|Ministry of Defence]] and managed by a War Office Council chaired by the Minister of Defence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Myoe |first=Maung Aung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4bA3Oasvn4C&dq=%22tatmadaw%2Bthe%2BWar%2BOffice%2Bwas%2Bofficially%2Bopened%2Bon%2B8%2BMay%2B1948%2Bunder%2Bthe%2BMinistry%2Bof%2BDefence%2Band%2Bmanaged%2Bby%2Ba%2BWar%2BOffice%2BCouncil%2Bchaired%2Bby%2Bthe%2BMinister%2Bof%2BDefence%22&pg=PA52 |title=Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948 |date=2009-01-22 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-848-1 |language=en |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031165355/https://books.google.com/books?id=g4bA3Oasvn4C&pg=PA52&dq=%22tatmadaw+the+War+Office+was+officially+opened+on+8+May+1948+under+the+Ministry+of+Defence+and+managed+by+a+War+Office+Council+chaired+by+the+Minister+of+Defence%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the head of War Office was Chief of Staff, Vice Chief of Staff, Chief of Naval Staff, Chief of Air Staff, [[Adjutant General]] and Quartermaster General. Vice Chief of Staff, who was also Chief of Army Staff and the head of General Staff Office. VCS oversee General Staff matters and there were three branch offices: GS-1 Operation and Training, GS-2 Staff Duty and Planning; GS-3 Intelligence. Signal Corps and Field Engineering Corps are also under the command of General Staff Office.<ref name="ReferenceA">Maung Aung Myoe: Building of Tatmadaw</ref>

According to the war establishment adopted on 14 April 1948, Chief of Staff was under the War Office with the rank of [[major general]]. It was subsequently upgraded to a [[lieutenant general]]. Vice Chief of Staff was a [[brigadier general]]. The Chief of Staff was staffed with GSO-I with the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]], three GSO-II with the rank of major, four GSO-III with the rank of captain for operation, training, planning and intelligence, and one Intelligence Officer (IO). The Chief of Staff office also had one GSO-II and one GSO-III for field engineering, and the Chief Signal Officer and a GSO-II for signal. Directorate of Signal and Directorate Field Engineering are also under General Staff Office.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Under Adjutant General Office were Judge Advocate General, Military Secretary, and Vice Adjutant General. The Adjutant General (AG) was a brigadier general whereas the Judge Advocate General (JAG), Military Secretary (MS) and Vice Adjutant General (VAG) were colonels. VAG handles adjutant staff matters and there were also three branch offices; AG-1 planning, recruitment and transfer; AG-2 discipline, moral, welfare, and education; AG-3 salary, pension, and other financial matters. The Medical Corps and the Provost Marshal Office were under the Adjutant General Office.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The Quarter Master General office also had three branch offices: QG-1 planning, procurement, and budget; QG-2 maintenance, construction, and cantonment; and QG-3 transportation. Under the QMG office were Garrison Engineering Corps, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Corps, Military Ordnance Corps, and the Supply and Transport Corps.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Both AG and QMG office similar structure to the General Staff Office, but they only had three ASO-III and three QSO-III respectively.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The Navy and Air Force were separate services under the War office but under the chief of staff.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+'''Staff and Command Positions in War Office (1948)'''<ref>Maung Aung Myoe: Building the Tatmadaw</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: center" | Post ||! cellpadding="2" style="text-align: center" | Name and Rank || ! style="text-align: center" | Ethnicity
|-
| [[Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services|Chief of Staff]] || [[Lieutenant General]] [[Smith Dun]] BC 5106 || Karen
|-
| [[Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Army|Chief of Army Staff]] || [[Brigadier General]] [[Saw Kyar Doe]] BC 5107 || Karen
|-
| Chief of Air Staff || [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Saw Shi Sho BAF-1020 || Karen
|-
| Chief of Naval Staff || Commander Khin Maung Bo || Bamar
|-
| North Burma Sub District Commander || Brigadier General [[Ne Win]] BC 3502 || Bamar
|-
| South Burma Sub District Commander || Brigadier General Aung Thin BC 5015|| Bamar
|-
| 1st [[Division (military)|Infantry Division]] || Brigadier General Saw Chit Khin || Karen
|-
| [[Adjutant General]] || Lieutenant Colonel Kyaw Win || Bamar
|-
| Judge Advocate General || [[Colonel]] Maung Maung (Bull dog) BC 4034 || Bamar
|-
| [[Quarter master general|Quarter Master General]] || Lieutenant Colonel Saw Donny || Karen
|}

==== Reorganisation in 1956 ====
As per War Office order No. (9) 1955 on 28 September 1955, the Chief of Staff became the Commander in Chief, the Chief of Army Staff became the Vice Chief of Staff (Army), the Chief of Naval Staff become Vice Chief of Staff (Navy) and the Chief of Air Staff became the Vice Chief of Staff (Air).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sabry |first=Fouad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ssLEQAAQBAJ&dq=myanmar+1955,+the+Chief+of+Staff+became+the+Commander+in+Chief,&pg=PT72 |title=Military Staff: Strategizing the Nexus, Command, Coordination, and 21st Century Warfare |date=2024-05-30 |publisher=One Billion Knowledgeable |language=en}}</ref>

On 1 January 1956, the War Office was officially renamed as the [[Ministry of Defence (Burma)|Ministry of Defence]]. [[General]] [[Ne Win]] became the first [[Chief of Staff]] of the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) to command all three services – Army, Navy and Air Force – under a single unified command for the first time.<ref name=":3" />

[[Brigadier General]] [[Aung Gyi]] was given the post of Vice Chief of Staff (Army). Brigadier General D. A Blake became commander of South Burma Subdistrict Command (SBSD) and Brigadier General Kyaw Zaw, a member of the [[Thirty Comrades]], became Commander of North Burma Subdistrict Command (NBSD).<ref name=":3" />

====Caretaker government====
Due to deteroriating political situations in 1957, the then [[Prime Minister of Burma]], [[U Nu]] invited General [[Ne Win]] to form a "[[Provisional Government of Myanmar|Caretaker Government]]" and handed over power on 28 October 1958. Under the stewardship of the Military Caretaker Government, parliamentary elections were held in February 1960. Several high-ranking and senior officers were dismissed due to their involvement and supporting various political parties.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Maung|first=Aung Myoe|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272092747|title=Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-848-1}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+'''Senior Officers dismissed for alleged election fraud'''<ref name="Mya Win - Leaders of Tatmadaw">Mya Win – Leaders of Tatmadaw</ref>
|-
!style="text-align: center" | Serial || !style="text-align: center" | Name and Rank ||! style="text-align: center" | Command || ! style="text-align: center" | Date || ! style="text-align: center" | Notes
|-
| BC3505 || [[Brigadier]] [[Aung Shwe]] || Commander, Southern Burma Sub-District Command || 13 February 1961 ||
|-
| BC3507 || Brigadier Maung Maung || Director of Directorate of Military Training / Commandant, National Defence College || 13 February 1961 ||
|-
| BC3512 || [[Colonel]] Aye Maung || No. 2 Infantry Brigade || 13 February 1961 ||
|-
| BC3517 || Colonel Tin Maung || No. 12 Infantry Brigade || 13 February 1961 ||
|-
| BC3570 || Colonel Hla Maw || No. 5 Infantry Brigade || 13 February 1961 || Father of [[Thein Hla Maw]]
|-
| BC3572 || Colonel Kyi Win || No. 7 Infantry Brigade || 8 March 1961 ||
|-
| BC3647 || Colonel Thein Tote || No. 4 Infantry Brigade || 13 February 1961 ||
|-
| BC3181 || Lieutenant Colonel Kyaw Myint || || 23 June 1962 ||No. 10 Infantry Brigade // 13 February 1961
|-
| BC3649 || Lieutenant Colonel Chit Khaing || Deputy Commandant, Combat Forces School || 13 February 1962 ||
|}

====1962 coup d'état====
{{main|1962 Burmese coup d'état}}
{{see also|Military rule in Myanmar}}
The elections of 1960 had put [[U Nu]] back as the Prime Minister and Pyidaungsu Party ([[Union Party (Burma)|Union Party]]) led civilian government resume control of the country.

On 2 March 1962, the then Chief of Staff of Armed Forces, General [[Ne Win]] [[1962 Burmese coup d'état|staged a coup d'état]] and formed the "[[Union Revolutionary Council]]".<ref>Mya Win: Leaders of Tatmadaw</ref> Around midnight the troops began to move into Yangon to take up strategic position. Prime Minister [[U Nu]] and his cabinet ministers were taken into protective custody. At 8:50 am, General [[Ne Win]] announced the coup over the radio. He said "''I have to inform you, citizens of the Union that Armed Forces have taken over the responsibility and the task of keeping the country's safety, owing to the greatly deteriorating conditions of the Union.''" <ref>Dr. Maung Maung: General Ne Win and Burma</ref>

The country would be ruled by the military for the next 12 years. The [[Burma Socialist Programme Party]] became the sole political party and the majority of its full members were military.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Smith|title=Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity|year=1991|publisher=Zed Books|location=London and New Jersey}}</ref> Government servants underwent military training and the Military Intelligence Service functioned as the secret police of the state.

====1988 coup d'état====
{{main|8888 Uprising}}

At the height of the [[8888 Uprising|Four Eights Uprising]] against the socialist government, Former General [[Ne Win]], who at the time was chairman of the ruling [[Burma Socialist Programme Party]] ([[Burma Socialist Programme Party|BSPP]]), issued a warning against potential protestors during a televised speech. He stated that if the "disturbances" continued the "Army would have to be called and I would like to make it clear that if the Army shoots, it has no tradition of shooting into the Air, it would shoot straight to hit".<ref name="NWS">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDRK4z5JZxc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607112523/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDRK4z5JZxc| archive-date=2014-06-07 | url-status=dead| title=Dictator Ne Win threatening speech to the people in 1988 | publisher=Myanmar Radio and Television | date=23 July 1988}}</ref>

Subsequently, the 22 Light Infantry Division, 33 Light Infantry Division and the 44 Light Infantry Division were redeployed to [[Yangon]] from front line fighting against ethnic insurgents in the Karen states. Battalions from three Light Infantry Divisions, augmented by infantry battalions under Yangon Regional Military Command and supporting units from Directorate of Artillery and Armour Corps were deployed during the suppression of protests in and around the then capital city of Yangon.

Initially, these troops were deployed in support of the then [[People's Police Force]] (now known as [[Myanmar Police Force]]) security battalions and to patrol the streets of the capital and to guard government offices and building. However, at midnight of 8 August 1988 troops from 22 Light Infantry Division guarding Yangon City Hall opened fire on unarmed protesters as the crackdown against the protests began.

The armed forces under General Saw Maung formed a [[State Law and Order Restoration Council]], repealed the constitution and declared [[martial law]] on 18 September 1988. By late September the military had complete control of the country.

====Political reforms (2008–2020)====
[[File:Burmese Defence Services personnel, Naypyidaw.jpg|thumb|Air Force personnel|254x254px]]
In 2008, the current [[2008 Constitution of Myanmar|constitution]] was released by the military government for a public referendum. The [[State Peace and Development Council|SPDC]] claimed that the referendum was a success, with an approval rate of 93.82%; however, there has been widespread criticism of the veracity of these claims, partially because [[Cyclone Nargis]] hit Myanmar a few days before the referendum, and the government did not allow postponement of the referendum.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7393648.stm | work=BBC News | title=Burmese voice anger on poll day | date=10 May 2008 | access-date=7 March 2022 | archive-date=14 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414034526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7393648.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> Under the 2008 Constitution, the Tatmadaw is guaranteed 25% of the seats in the parliament, making it difficult to pass meaningful reforms that the Tatmadaw does not approve of.

In 2010, conscription legislation was passed that compelled able-bodied men and women between 18–45 and 18–35 respectively to serve up to three years in the military, or face significant jail sentences.<ref>{{cite news |website=www.dvb.no |first=Joseph |last=Allchin |url=http://www.dvb.no/news/burma-introduces-military-draft/13640 |publisher=[[Democratic Voice of Burma]] |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=2023-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112072052/http://www.dvb.no/news/burma-introduces-military-draft/13640 |archive-date=12 January 2011 |title=Burma introduces military draft }}</ref>

Following Myanmar's political reforms, Myanmar has made substantial shifts in its relations with major powers [[China]], [[Russia]] and the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/policy-shifts-in-myanmars-ties-with-major-powers|title=Myanmar and major powers: shifts in ties with China, Russia and the US|date=22 April 2017|work=[[The Straits Times]]|access-date=4 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092901/https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/policy-shifts-in-myanmars-ties-with-major-powers|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Lieutenant-General [[Anthony G. Crutchfield|Anthony Crutchfield]], the deputy commander of the [[United States Pacific Command]] (USPACOM), was invited to address his counterparts at the Myanmar National Defence College in [[Naypyidaw]], which trains colonels and other high-ranking military officers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/commentary/us-engage-myanmar.html|title=Opinion {{!}} How Should the US Engage Myanmar?|date=9 February 2018|work=The Irrawaddy|access-date=4 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704123553/https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/commentary/us-engage-myanmar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2016, Myanmar's [[Assembly of the Union|Union Parliament]] approved a military cooperation agreement with [[Russia]] following a proposal by Deputy Minister of Defence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.vov.vn/world/myanmar-parliament-passes-military-cooperation-plan-with-russia-319468.vov|title=Myanmar parliament passes military cooperation plan with Russia|date=12 May 2016|work=VOV – VOV Online Newspaper|access-date=4 July 2018}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In June 2016, Myanmar and Russia signed a defence cooperation agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/16368/Russia__Myanmar_Sign_Military_Cooperation_Agreement#.WZqBN_yCq5|title=Russia, Myanmar Sign Military Cooperation Agreement|website=www.defenseworld.net|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111429/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/16368/Russia__Myanmar_Sign_Military_Cooperation_Agreement#.WZqBN_yCq5|url-status=live}}</ref> The agreement will envisage exchanging information on international security issues, including the fight against terrorism, cooperation in the cultural sphere and leisure of servicemen and their families, along with exchanging experience in peacekeeping activities.

Moreover, in response to Naypyidaw's post-2011 political and economic reforms, [[Australia]] re-established a ‘normal’ bilateral relationship with Myanmar to support democratisation and reform. In June 2016, the [[Australian Federal Police]] signed a new Memorandum of Understanding with its Myanmar counterparts aimed at enhancing [[transnational crime]] cooperation and intelligence sharing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1718/Quick_Guides/Myanmar|title=Defence cooperation with Myanmar—Australia and other countries: a quick guide|website=www.aph.gov.au|language=en-AU|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092900/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1718/Quick_Guides/Myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2017, the US imposed sanctions on General [[Maung Maung Soe (general)|Maung Maung Soe]], a general of Western Myanmar Command who oversaw the [[Rohingya conflict|military's crackdown]] in Rakhine State. The Tatmadaw had sentenced seven soldiers to 10-year prison terms for killing 10 Rohingya men in Rakhine in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/us-house-backs-measures-sanction-myanmars-military-nudge-gem-sector-reform.html|title=US House Backs Measures to Sanction Myanmar's Military, Nudge Gem Sector Reform|date=25 May 2018|work=The Irrawaddy|access-date=4 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704063606/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/us-house-backs-measures-sanction-myanmars-military-nudge-gem-sector-reform.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2019 UN report revealed the degree to which the country's military uses its own businesses, foreign companies and arms deals to support, away from the public eye, a “brutal operations” against ethnic groups that constitute “serious crimes under international law”, bypassing civilian oversight and evading accountability.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/08/1043701|title=Myanmar companies bankroll 'brutal operations' of military, independent UN experts claim in new report|date=5 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809112445/https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/08/1043701|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2020, the Tatmadaw accused [[China]] for arming rebel groups in the country's frontier areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=After ASEAN & India, Now Myanmar Accuses China Of Creating Trouble On The Border|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/now-myanmar-accuses-china-for-creating-trouble-in-the-country/|access-date=16 July 2020|website=EurAsian Times|date=30 June 2020|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122937/https://eurasiantimes.com/now-myanmar-accuses-china-for-creating-trouble-in-the-country/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2021 coup d'état and aftermath ====
{{main|2021 Myanmar coup d'état}}
[[File:Myanmar civil war.svg|thumb|190px|Military situation in Myanmar {{As of|2025|lc=yes}}. Areas controlled by the Tatmadaw are highlighted in {{highlight|red|#EBC0B3}}.]]
In February 2021, the Tatmadaw detained [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] and other high-ranking politicians after a contested election with disputed results. A [[state of emergency]] had been declared for one year.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Myanmar military takes control of country after detaining Aung San Suu Kyi|work=BBC News|date=February 2021|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-55882489|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131235905/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-55882489|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[State Administration Council]] was established by [[Min Aung Hlaing]] on 2 February 2021 as the current government in power. On 1 August 2021, the State Administration Council was re-formed as a [[caretaker government]], which appointed Min Aung Hlaing as [[Prime Minister of Myanmar|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite web|date=1 August 2021|title=Urgent: Myanmar forms caretaker government: State Administration Council|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-08/01/c_1310100662.htm|url-status=live|access-date=8 October 2021|website=Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008051114/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-08/01/c_1310100662.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 August 2021|title=Myanmar military leader takes new title of prime minister in caretaker government – state media|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/myanmar-military-leader-takes-new-title-prime-minister-caretaker-government-2021-08-01/|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801101648/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/myanmar-military-leader-takes-new-title-prime-minister-caretaker-government-2021-08-01/|url-status=live}}</ref> The same day, Min Aung Hlaing announced that the country's state of emergency had been extended by an additional two years.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 August 2021|title=Myanmar military extends emergency, promises vote in 2 years|url=https://apnews.com/article/business-health-elections-coronavirus-pandemic-myanmar-8504af88bd5b2c2c2b30c7da5baa8ad5|access-date=8 October 2021|website=AP NEWS|language=en|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008052136/https://apnews.com/article/business-health-elections-coronavirus-pandemic-myanmar-8504af88bd5b2c2c2b30c7da5baa8ad5|url-status=live}}</ref>

As the [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)|Myanmar Civil War]] has progressed, the Tatmadaw has become more reliant on [[military aid]] from [[Russia]] and [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0079_EN.html|title=Texts adopted – Myanmar, one year after the coup – Thursday, 10 March 2022|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315084225/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0079_EN.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/china-russia-arming-myanmar-junta-un-expert-says/a-60868089|title=China, Russia arming Myanmar junta, UN expert says &#124; DW &#124; 22.02.2022|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315084224/https://www.dw.com/en/china-russia-arming-myanmar-junta-un-expert-says/a-60868089|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, analysts suggested that the Tatmadaw has sustained significant losses due to both combat against the pro-democracy insurgents as well as desertions within the rank and file soldiers. The [[United States Institute of Peace|United States Institute for Peace]] estimates that the Tatamadaw has sustained at least 13,000 combat losses and 8,000 losses due to [[desertion]].<ref name=hein>{{cite web |last1=Hein |first1=Ye Myo |title=Myanmar's Military Is Smaller Than Commonly Thought — and Shrinking Fast|website=United States Institute for Peace |access-date=15 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320140549/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/05/myanmars-military-smaller-commonly-thought-and-shrinking-fast|archive-date=March 20, 2024|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/05/myanmars-military-smaller-commonly-thought-and-shrinking-fast}}</ref> The Tatmadaw itself has acknowledged that it does not have control over 132 of Myanmar’s 330 townships, or 42 percent of the country's towns.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Myers |first1=Lucas |title=THE MYANMAR MILITARY IS FACING DEATH BY A THOUSAND CUTS |url=https://warontherocks.com/2023/11/the-myanmar-military-is-facing-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/ |website=War on the Rocks |date=17 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404084809/https://warontherocks.com/2023/11/the-myanmar-military-is-facing-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/|archive-date=April 4, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abuza |first1=Zachary |title=Signs of desperation as the Myanmar junta rotates commanders |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/myanmar-reshuffle-05192023082730.html |website=Radio Free Asia |access-date=24 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117102307/https://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/myanmar-reshuffle-05192023082730.html|archive-date=November 17, 2023}}</ref>

On 10 February 2024, the [[State Administration Council]] activated conscription under the 2010 [[State Peace and Development Council|SPDC]] ''[[People's Military Service Law]]'' in response to anti-junta ethnic militias and pro-democracy rebels capturing massive swathes of territory.<ref> [https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-military-army-draft-resistance-conflict-conscription-45138c3c465609ff4b4fb39c696252d7 Facing setbacks against resistance forces, Myanmar’s military government activates conscription law]. [[AP News]]. February 10, 2024. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210233754/https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-military-army-draft-resistance-conflict-conscription-45138c3c465609ff4b4fb39c696252d7|date=February 10, 2024}}</ref>

== Budget ==
According to an analysis of budgetary data between FY 2011–12 and 2018–19, approximately 13% to 14% of the national budget is devoted to the Burmese military.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 October 2019|title=Analysis {{!}} Tracking the Myanmar Govt's Income Sources and Spending|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/analysis/tracking-myanmar-govts-income-sources-spending.html|access-date=7 June 2020|website=The Irrawaddy|language=en-US|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607120014/https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/analysis/tracking-myanmar-govts-income-sources-spending.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the military budget remains opaque and subject to limited civilian scrutiny, and a 2011 Special Funds Law has enabled the Burmese military to circumvent parliamentary oversight to access supplemental funding.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=1 January 2017|title=Freedom in the World 2017 – Myanmar|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1408609.html|access-date=7 June 2020|website=Freedom House|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607064939/https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1408609.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Defence budgets were publicly shared for the first time in 2015, and in recent years, parliamentary lawmakers have demanded greater transparency in military spending.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2017|title=MP points out lack of details about defence spending|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/nay-pyi-taw/27172-mp-points-out-lack-of-details-about-defence-spending.html|access-date=7 June 2020|website=The Myanmar Times|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607064937/https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/nay-pyi-taw/27172-mp-points-out-lack-of-details-about-defence-spending.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The military also generates substantial revenue through 2 conglomerates, the [[Myanma Economic Holdings Limited]] (MEHL) and the [[Myanmar Economic Corporation]] (MEC).<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=16 September 2019|title=Economic interests of the Myanmar military|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/EconomicInterestsMyanmarMilitary.aspx|access-date=7 June 2020|website=United Nations Human Rights Council|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604230053/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/EconomicInterestsMyanmarMilitary.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Revenues generated from these business interests have strengthened the Burmese military's autonomy from civilian oversight, and have contributed to the military's financial operations in "a wide array of international human rights and humanitarian law violations."<ref name=":0" /> Revenues from MEHL and MEC are kept "off-book," enabling the military to autonomously finance military affairs with limited civilian oversight.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McCarthy|first=Gerard|title=Military Capitalism in Myanmar: Examining the Origins, Continuities and Evolution of "Khaki Capital"|date=6 March 2019|publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute|isbn=978-981-4843-55-3|language=en}}</ref>

Between 1990 and 2020, Myanmar's military officers received {{US$|18 billion}} in dividends from MEHL, whose entire board is made up of senior military officials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-10 |title=Myanmar military gets billions from profitable business: Amnesty |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/10/myanmar-military-gets-billions-from-profitable-business-amnesty |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325060525/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/10/myanmar-military-gets-billions-from-profitable-business-amnesty |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the FY 2019–20 national budget, the military was allocated 3,385 billion kyats (approximately US$2.4 billion).<ref>{{cite web|date=10 October 2019|title=Spending on electricity tops budget for the first time|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/spending-electricity-tops-budget-first-time.html|access-date=7 June 2020|website=The Myanmar Times|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607064937/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/spending-electricity-tops-budget-first-time.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2020, the Burmese parliament reduced the military's supplementary budgetary request by $7.55 million.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 May 2020|title=Myanmar parliament cuts Defence Ministry budget by K10.6 billion|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-parliament-cuts-defence-ministry-budget-k106-billion.html|access-date=7 June 2020|website=The Myanmar Times|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607064948/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-parliament-cuts-defence-ministry-budget-k106-billion.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 28 October 2014, the Minister for Defence [[Wai Lwin]] revealed at a [[Assembly of the Union|Parliament]] session that 46.2% of the budget is spent on personnel cost, 32.89% on operation and procurement, 14.49% on construction related projects and 2.76% on health and education.<ref name="mizzima">{{cite news|last=ဝင်းကိုကိုလတ်|date=28 October 2014|title=စစ်ဆင်ရေးအတွက် ကန်ဒေါ်လာ ရှစ်ဘီလီယံသုံး|language=my|work=Mizzima|url=http://www.mizzimaburmese.com/2013-10-20-16-16-07/2013-11-01-01-48-27/item/31153-2014-10-28-03-38-37|url-status=dead|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028185816/http://www.mizzimaburmese.com/2013-10-20-16-16-07/2013-11-01-01-48-27/item/31153-2014-10-28-03-38-37|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>

==Doctrine==

===Post-independence/civil war era (1948–1958)===
The initial development of Burmese military doctrine post-independence was developed in the early 1950s to cope with external threats from more powerful enemies with a strategy of Strategic Denial under [[conventional warfare]]. The perception of threats to state security was more external than internal threats. The internal threat to state security was managed through the use of a mixture of force and political persuasion. [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Maung Maung drew up defence doctrine based on [[conventional warfare]] concepts, with large [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|divisions]], [[armoured brigade]]s, [[tank]]s and motorised war with [[Mass mobilization|mass mobilisation]] for the [[war effort]] being the important element of the doctrine.<ref name=":2" />

The objective was to contain the offensive of the invading forces at the border for at least three months, while waiting for the arrival of international forces, similar to the police action by international intervention forces under the directive of [[United Nations]] during the war on [[Korean peninsula]]. However, the conventional strategy under the concept of total war was undermined by the lack of appropriate command and control system, proper logistical support structure, sound economic bases and efficient civil defence organisations.<ref name=":2" />

===Kuomintang invasion/Burma Socialist Programme Party era (1958–1988)===
At the beginning of the 1950s, while the Tatmadaw was able to reassert its control over most part of the country, [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) troops under General [[Li Mi (Republic of China general)|Li Mi]], with support from the [[United States]], invaded Burma and used the country's frontier as a springboard for attack against [[China]], which in turn became the external threat to state security and sovereignty of Burma. The first phase of the doctrine was tested for the first time in Operation "Naga Naing" in February 1953 against invading KMT forces. The doctrine did not take into account logistic and political support for KMT from the [[United States]] and as a result it failed to deliver its objectives and ended in a humiliating defeat for the Tatmadaw.<ref name=":2" />

The Tatmadaw leadership then argued that the excessive media coverage was partly to blame for the failure of Operation "Naga Naing". For example, [[Brigadier General]] Maung Maung pointed out that newspapers, such as the "Nation", carried reports detailing the training and troops positioning, even went as far to the name and social background of the commanders who are leading the operation thus losing the element of surprise. [[Colonel]] Saw Myint, who was second in command for the operation, also complained about the long lines of communications and the excessive pressure imposed upon the units for public relations activities to prove that the support of the people was behind the operation.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Burmese Navy visit to Indonesia, Jalesveva Jayamahe, p198.jpg|thumb|Myanmar Navy visiting [[Indonesia]] in 1960]]
Despite failure, the Tatmadaw continued to rely on this [[doctrine]] until the mid-1960s. The doctrine was under constant review and modifications throughout KMT invasion and gained success in anti-KMT operations in the mid and late 1950s. However, this strategy became increasingly irrelevant and unsuitable in the late 1950s as the [[Insurgency|insurgents]] and KMT changed their positional [[Asymmetric warfare|warfare]] strategy to [[hit-and-run tactics|hit and run]] [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref>Aung San Thuriya Hla Thaung (Armanthit Sarpay, Yangon, 1999)</ref><ref>In Defiance of the Storm (Myawaddy Press, Yangon, 1997</ref>

At the 1958 the Tatmadaw's annual Commanding Officers (COs) conference, [[Colonel]] Kyi Win submitted a report outlining the requirement for new military doctrine and strategy. He stated that the 'Tatmadaw did not have a clear strategy to cope with [[Insurgency|insurgents]]', even though most of Tatmadaw's commanders were [[guerrilla]] fighters during the anti-British and anti-Japanese campaigns during the [[World War II|Second World War]], they had very little knowledge of anti-guerrilla or [[counterinsurgency]] warfare. Based upon Colonel Kyi Win's report, the Tatmadaw began developing an appropriate military doctrine and strategy to meet the requirements of [[counterinsurgency]] warfare.

This second phase of the doctrine was to suppress [[insurgency]] with people's war and the perception of threats to state security was more of internal threats. During this phase, external linkage of internal problems and direct external threats were minimised by the [[foreign policy]] based on isolation. It was common view of the commanders that unless insurgency was suppressed, foreign interference would be highly probable,<ref>Strategic Cultures in Asia-Pacific Region (St. Martin's Press)</ref> therefore [[counterinsurgency]] became the core of the new military doctrine and strategy. Beginning in 1961, the Directorate of Military Training took charge the research for national defence planning, military doctrine and strategy for both internal and external threats. This included reviews of international and domestic political situations, studies of the potential sources of [[War|conflicts]], collection of information for strategic planning and defining the possible routes of foreign invasion.<ref name=":2" />

In 1962, as part of new military doctrine planning, principles of anti-guerrilla warfare were outlined and [[counterinsurgency]]-training courses were delivered at the training schools. The new doctrine laid out three potential enemies and they are internal insurgents, historical enemies with roughly an equal strength (i.e. [[Thailand]]), and enemies with greater strength. It states that in suppressing insurgencies, the Tatmadaw must be trained to conduct long-range penetration with a tactic of continuous [[search and destroy]]. Reconnaissance, [[Ambush]] and all weather day and night offensive and attack capabilities along with winning the hearts and minds of people are important parts of anti-guerrilla warfare. For countering an historical enemy with equal strength, the Tatmadaw should fight a [[conventional warfare]] under total war strategy, without giving up an inch of its territory to the enemy. For powerful enemy and foreign invaders, the Tatmadaw should engage in total people's war, with a special focus on [[guerrilla]] strategy.<ref name=":2" />

To prepare for the transition to the new doctrine, [[Brigadier General]] [[San Yu]], the then Vice [[Chief of staff (military)|Chief of Staff]] ([[Myanmar Army|Army]]), sent a delegation led by [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Thura [[Tun Tin]] was sent to [[Switzerland]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Czechoslovakia]] and [[East Germany]] in July 1964 to study organisation structure, armaments, training, territorial organisation and strategy of people's [[militias]]. A research team was also formed at General Staff Office within the War Office to study defence capabilities and militia formations of neighbouring countries.

The new doctrine of total people's war, and the strategy of anti-guerrilla warfare for [[counterinsurgency]] and [[guerrilla warfare]] for foreign invasion, were designed to be appropriate for Burma. The doctrine flowed from the country's independent and active [[foreign policy]], total people's defence policy, the nature of perceived threats, its geography and the regional environment, the size of its population in comparison with those of its neighbours, the relatively underdeveloped nature of its economy and its historical and political experiences.

The doctrine was based upon 'three totalities': population, time and space ({{lang|my|du-thone-du}}) and 'four strengths': manpower, material, time and morale ({{lang|my|Panama-lay-yat}}). The doctrine did not develop concepts of strategic denial or counter-offensive capabilities. It relied almost totally on irregular low-intensity warfare, such as its [[guerrilla]] strategy to counter any form of foreign invasion. The overall [[counterinsurgency]] strategy included not only elimination of insurgents and their support bases with the '[[four cuts]]' strategy, but also the building and designation of 'white area' and 'black area' as well.

In April 1968, the Tatmadaw introduced special warfare training programmes at "Command Training Centres" at various regional commands. Anti-Guerrilla warfare tactics were taught at combat forces schools and other training establishments with special emphasis on [[ambush]] and counter-ambush, [[counterinsurgency]] weapons and tactics, individual battle initiative for tactical independence, [[commando]] tactics, and reconnaissance. [[Battalion]] size operations were also practised in the Southwest Regional Military Command area. The new military doctrine was formally endorsed and adopted at the first party congress of the BSPP in 1971.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Myoe |first=Maung Aung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4bA3Oasvn4C&dq=myanmar++doctrine+1971+BSPP+people's+war&pg=PA29 |title=Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948 |date=2009-01-22 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-848-1 |language=en}}</ref> BSPP laid down directives for "complete [[annihilation]] of the insurgents as one of the tasks for national defence and state security" and called for "liquidation of insurgents through the strength of the working people as the immediate objective". This doctrine ensures the role of Tatmadaw at the heart of national policy making.

Throughout the BSPP era, the total people's war doctrine was solely applied in counterinsurgency operations, since Burma did not face any direct foreign invasion throughout the period. In 1985, the then [[Lieutenant General]] [[Saw Maung]], Vice-[[Chief of staff (military)|Chief of Staff]] of Tatmadaw reminded his commanders during his speech at the Command and General Staff College:
<blockquote>
In Myanmar, out of nearly 35 million people, the combined armed forces (army, navy and air force) are about two hundred thousand. In terms of percentage, that is about 0.01%. It is simply impossible to defend a country the size of ours with only this handful of troops... therefore, what we have to do in the case of foreign invasion is to mobilise people in accordance with the "total people's war" doctrine. To defend our country from aggressors, the entire population must be involved in the war effort as the support of people dictate the outcome of the war.
</blockquote>

===SLORC/SPDC era (1988–2010)===
{{See also|State Peace and Development Council}}
The third phase of doctrinal development of the Myanmar Armed Forces came after the military take over and formation of the [[State Law and Order Restoration Council]] (SLORC) in September 1988 as part of the armed forces modernisation programme. The development was the reflection of sensitivity towards direct foreign invasion or invasion by proxy state during the turbulent years of the late 1980s and early 1990s, for example: the unauthorised presence of a US [[aircraft carrier]] Battle Group in Myanmar's territorial waters during the 1988 political uprising as evidence of an infringement of Myanmar's [[sovereignty]]. Also, the {{lang|my|Tatmadaw}} leadership was concerned that foreign powers might arm the insurgents on the border to exploit the political situation and tensions in the country. This new threat perception, previously insignificant under the nation's isolationist foreign policy, led {{lang|my|Tatmadaw}} leaders to review the defence capability and doctrine of the {{lang|my|Tatmadaw}}.<ref name="Andrew Selth, Burma's Armed Forces">Andrew Selth, ''Burma's Armed Forces''</ref>

The third phase was to face the lower level external threats with a strategy of strategic denial under total people's defence concept. Current military leadership has successfully dealt with 17 major insurgent groups, whose 'return to legal fold' in the past decade has remarkably decreased the internal threats to state security, at least for the short and medium terms, even though threat perception of the possibility of external linkage to internal problems, perceived as being motivated by the continuing [[Human rights in Burma|human rights violations]], [[Religion in Burma|religious suppression]] and [[Internal conflict in Burma|ethnic cleansing]], remains high.<ref name="Andrew Selth, Burma's Armed Forces"/>

Within the policy, the role of the Tatmadaw was defined as a `modern, strong and highly capable fighting force'. Since the day of independence, the Tatmadaw has been involved in restoring and maintaining internal security and suppressing insurgency. It was with this background that the Tatmadaw's "multifaceted" defence policy was formulated and its military doctrine and strategy could be interpreted as defence-in-depth. It was influenced by a number of factors such as history, geography, culture, economy and sense of threats.<ref name="Andrew Selth, Burma's Armed Forces"/>

The Tatmadaw has developed an 'active defence' strategy based on guerrilla warfare with limited conventional military capabilities, designed to cope with low intensity conflicts from external and internal foes, which threatens the security of the state. This strategy, revealed in joint services exercises, is built on a system of total people's defence, where the armed forces provide the first line of defence and the training and leadership of the nation in the matter of national defence.<ref name="Andrew Selth, Burma's Armed Forces"/>

It is designed to deter potential aggressors by the knowledge that defeat of the Tatmadaw's regular forces in conventional warfare would be followed by persistent guerrilla warfare in the occupied areas by people [[militias]] and dispersed regular troops which would eventually wear down the invading forces, both physically and psychologically, and leave it vulnerable to a counter-offensive. If the conventional strategy of strategic denial fails, then the Tatmadaw and its auxiliary forces will follow Mao's strategic concepts of 'strategic defensive', 'strategic stalemate' and 'strategic offensive'.<ref name="Andrew Selth, Burma's Armed Forces"/>

Over the past decade, through a series of modernisation programs, the Tatmadaw has developed and invested in better Command, Control, Communication and Intelligence system; real-time intelligence; formidable air defence system; and early warning systems for its 'strategic denial' and 'total people's defence' doctrine.<ref name="Andrew Selth, Burma's Armed Forces"/>

==Organisational, command and control structure==
{{Update|section|date=February 2021}}

===Before 1988===
Overall command of the Tatmadaw ([[armed forces]]) rested with the country's highest-ranking military officer, a [[general]], who acted concurrently as [[defence minister|Defence Minister]] and [[Chief of staff (military)|Chief of Staff]] of Defence Services. He thus exercised supreme operational control over all three services, under the direction of the [[President (government title)|President]], State Council and Council of Ministers. There was also a National Security Council which acted in advisory capacity. The Defence Minister cum Chief-of-Staff of Defence Services exercised day-to-day control of the armed forces and assisted by three Vice-Chiefs of Staff, one each for the [[army]], [[navy]] and [[air force]]. These officers also acted as Deputy Ministers of Defence and commanders of their respective Services. They were all based at [[Ministry of Defence (Burma)|Ministry of Defence]] ({{lang|my|Kakweyay Wungyi Htana}}) in [[Rangoon]]/[[Yangon]]. It served as a government ministry as well as joint military operations headquarters.<ref>Andrew Selth: Transforming the Tatmadaw</ref>

The Joint Staff within the Ministry of Defence consisted of three major branches, one each for Army, Navy and Air Force, along with a number of independent departments. The Army Office had three major departments; the General (G) Staff to oversee operations, the [[Adjutant General]]'s (A) Staff administration and the [[Quartermaster General]]'s (Q) Staff to handle logistics. The [[General Staff]] consisted two Bureaus of Special Operations (BSO), which were created in April 1978 and June 1979 respectively.<ref name="Maung Aung Myoe p.26">Maung Aung Myoe: Building the Tatmadaw, p.26</ref>

These BSO are similar to "Army Groups" in Western armies, high level staff units formed to manage different theatres of military operations. They were responsible for the overall direction and co-ordination of the Regional Military Commands (RMC) with BSO-1 covering Northern Command (NC), North Eastern Command (NEC), North Western Command (NWC), Western Command (WC) and Eastern Command (EC). BSO-2 responsible for South Eastern Command (SEC), South Western Command (SWC), Western Command (WC) and Central Command (CC).<ref name="Maung Aung Myoe p.26"/>

The Army's elite mobile [[Light Infantry]] Divisions (LID) were managed separately under a staff [[colonel]]. Under G Staff, there were also a number of directorates which corresponded to the Army's functional corps, such as Intelligence, Signals, Training, Armour and Artillery. The A Staff was responsible for the Adjutant General, Directorate of Medical Services and the [[Provost Marshal]]'s Office. The Q Staff included the Directorates of Supply and Transport, Ordnance Services, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, and Military Engineers.

The Navy and Air Force Offices within the Ministry were headed by the Vice Chiefs of Staff for those Services. Each was supported by a staff officer at full [[colonel]] level. All these officers were responsible for the overall management of the various naval and air bases around the country, and the broader administrative functions such as recruitment and training.

Operational Command in the field was exercised through a framework of Regional Military Commands (RMC), the boundaries of which corresponded with the country's Seven States and Seven Divisions.<ref>See order of battle for further details</ref> The Regional Military Commanders, all senior army officers, usually of [[Brigadier General]] rank, were responsible for the conduct of military operations in their respective RMC areas. Depending on the size of RMC and its operational requirements, Regional Military Commanders have at their disposal 10 or more infantry battalions ({{lang|my|Kha La Ya}}).

===1988 to 2005===
[[File:2000 Tatmadaw C2 Structure.svg|thumb|550px|The Tatmadaw command structure as of 2000]]
The Tatmadaw's organisational and command structure dramatically changed after the military coup in 1988. In 1990, the country's most senior army officer become a [[Senior general (Myanmar)|Senior general]] (equivalent to [[Field marshal]] rank in Western armies) and held the positions of chairman of [[State Law and Order Restoration Council]] ([[State Law and Order Restoration Council|SLORC]]), [[prime minister|Prime Minister]] and [[defence minister|Defence Minister]], as well as being appointed [[Commander in Chief|Commander-in-Chief]] of the Defence Services. He thus exercised both political and operational control over the entire country and armed forces.

From 1989, each service has had its own [[commander in chief|Commander-in-Chief]] and [[Chief of staff (military)|Chief of Staff]]. The Army Commander in Chief is now elevated to full [[general]] ({{lang|my|Bo gyoke Kyii}}) rank and also acted as deputy commander in Chief of the Defence Services. The C-in-C of the Air Force and Navy hold the equivalent of [[lieutenant general]] rank, while all three Service Chiefs of Staff were raised to [[major general]] level. Chiefs of Bureau of Special Operations (BSO), the heads of Q and A Staffs and the Director of Defence Services Intelligence (DDSI) were also elevated to [[lieutenant general]] rank. The reorganisation of the armed forces after 1988 resulted in the upgrading by two ranks of most of the senior positions.

A new command structure was introduced at the Ministry of Defence level in 2002. The most important position created is the Joint Chief of Staff (Army, Navy, Air Force) that commands commanders-in-chief of the Navy and the Air Force.

The Office of Strategic Studies (OSS, or {{lang|my|Sit Maha Byuha Leilaryay Htana}}) was formed around 1994 and charged with formulating defence policies, and planning and doctrine of the Tatmadaw. The OSS was commanded by [[Lieutenant General]] [[Khin Nyunt]], who is also the Director of Defence Service Intelligence (DDSI). Regional Military Commands (RMC) and [[Light Infantry]] Divisions (LID) were also reorganised, and LIDs are now directly answerable to [[Commander in Chief]] of the [[Myanmar Army|Army]].

A number of new subordinate command headquarters were formed in response to the growth and reorganisation of the Army. These include Regional Operation Commands (ROC, or Da Ka Sa), which are subordinate to RMCs, and Military Operations Commands (MOC, or Sa Ka Kha), which are equivalent to Western infantry divisions.

The [[Chief of staff (military)|Chief of Staff]] ([[Myanmar Army|Army]]) retained control of the Directorates of Signals, Directorate of Armour Corps, Directorate of Artillery Corps, Defence Industries, Security Printing, Public Relations and Psychological Warfare, and Military Engineering (field section), People's Militias and Border Troops, Directorate of Defence Services Computers (DDSC), the Defence Services Museum and Historical Research Institute.

Under the Adjutant General Office, there are three directorates: Medical Services, Resettlement, and Provost Martial. Under the Quartermaster General Office are the directorates of Military Engineering (garrison section), Supply and Transport, Ordnance Services, and Electricaland Mechanical Engineering.

Other independent department within the Ministry of Defence are Judge Advocate General, Inspector General, Military Appointment General, Directorate of Procurement, Record Office, Central Military Accounting, and Camp Commandant.

All RMC Commander positions were raised to the level of [[major general]] and also serve as appointed chairmen of the state- and division-level Law and Order Restoration Committees. They were formally responsible for both military and civil administrative functions for their command areas. Also, three additional regional military commands were created. In early 1990, a new RMC was formed in Burma's north west, facing [[India]]. In 1996, the Eastern Command in [[Shan State]] was split into two RMCs, and South Eastern Command was divided to create a new RMC in country's far south coastal regions.<ref>see Order of Battle for further details</ref>

In 1997, the [[State Law and Order Restoration Council]] ([[State Law and Order Restoration Council|SLORC]]) was abolished and the military government created the [[State Peace and Development Council]] ([[State Peace and Development Council|SPDC]]). The council includes all senior military officers and commanders of the RMCs. A new Ministry of Military Affairs was established and headed by a [[lieutenant general]]. This new ministry was abolished after its minister Lieutenant General [[Tin Hla]] was sacked in 2001.

===2005 to 2010===
On 18 October 2004, the OSS and DDSI were abolished during the purge of General [[Khin Nyunt]] and military intelligence units. OSS ordered 4 regiment to raid in DDSI Headquarter in Yangon. At the same time, all of the MIU in the whole country were raided and arrested by OSS corps. Nearly two thirds of MIU officers were detained for years. A new military intelligence unit called Military Affairs Security (MAS) was formed to take over the functions of the DDSI, but MAS units were much fewer than DDSI's and MAS was under control by local Division commander.

In early 2006, a new Regional Military Command (RMC) was created at the newly formed administrative capital, [[Naypyidaw]].

[[File:Myanmar Armed Forces command structure 2010-2011.jpg|772px|Tatmadaw Command Structure as of 2005]]
{{Clear}}

==Service branches==

===Myanmar Army ({{lang|my|Tatmadaw Kyee}})===
{{main|Myanmar Army}}
[[File:Flag of the Myanmar Army.svg|100px|right]]
The [[Myanmar Army]] has always been by far the largest service and has always received the lion's share of Burma's defence budget.<ref>Working Papers – Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, ANU</ref><ref>Andrew Selth: ''Power Without Glory''</ref> It has played the most prominent part in Burma's struggle against the 40 or more insurgent groups since 1948 and acquired a reputation as a tough and resourceful [[military force]]. In 1981, it was described as "probably the best [[army]] in [[Southeast Asia]], apart from [[People's Army of Vietnam|Vietnam's]]".<ref>Far Eastern Economic Review, 20 May 1981</ref> This judgment was echoed in 1983, when another observer noted that "Myanmar's infantry is generally rated as one of the toughest, most combat seasoned in Southeast Asia".<ref>Far Eastern Economic Review, 7 July 1983</ref>

===Myanmar Air Force ({{lang|my|Tatmadaw Lay}})===
{{main|Myanmar Air Force}}
[[File:Flag of the Myanmar Air Force.svg|100px|right]]
Personnel: 23,000 <ref>Myoe, Maung Aung: Building Tatmadaw</ref>

The [[Myanmar Air Force]] was formed on 16 January 1947, while Myanmar (also known as Burma) was under British colonial rule. By 1948, the new air force fleet included 40 [[Airspeed Oxford]]s, 16 [[de Havilland Tiger Moth]]s, 4 [[Auster Aircraft|Auster]]s and 3 [[Supermarine Spitfire]]s transferred from [[Royal Air Force]] with a few hundred personnel. The primary mission of [[Myanmar Air Force]] since its inception has been to provide transport, logistical, and close air support to [[Myanmar Army]] in counter-insurgency operations.

===Myanmar Navy ({{lang|my|Tatmadaw Yay}})===
{{main|Myanmar Navy}}
[[File:Naval Ensign of Myanmar.svg|100px|right|border]]
The [[Myanmar Navy]] is the naval branch of the armed forces of Burma with estimated 19,000 men and women. The [[Myanmar Navy]] was formed in 1940 and, although very small, played an active part in Allied operations against the Japanese during the [[Second World War]]. The Myanmar Navy currently operates more than 122 vessels. Before 1988, the Myanmar Navy was small and its role in the many counterinsurgency operations was much less conspicuous than those of the army and air force. Yet the navy has always been, and remains, an important factor in Burma's security and it was dramatically expanded in recent years to a provide blue water capability and external threat defence role in Burma's territorial waters. Its personnel number 19,000 (including two naval infantry battalions).<ref name="ReferenceB">Myoe, Maung Aung: Building the Tatmadaw</ref>

===Myanmar Police Force ({{lang|my|Myanmar Ye Tat Hpwe}})===
{{main|Myanmar Police Force}}
[[File:Myanmar Police Flag.svg|100px|right]]
The [[Myanmar Police Force]], formally known as The [[People's Police Force]] ({{MYname|MY=ပြည်သူ့ရဲတပ်ဖွဲ့|MLCTS=Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe}}), was established in 1964 as independent department under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Myanmar)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. It was reorganised on 1 October 1995 and informally become part of the Tatmadaw. Current [[director general]] of [[Myanmar Police Force]] is [[Brigadier General]] Kyaw Kyaw Tun with its headquarters at [[Naypyidaw]]. Its command structure is based on established civil jurisdictions. Each of Burma's seven states and seven divisions has their own Police Forces with headquarters in the respective capital cities.<ref>http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ministry/home/mpf/{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Israel]] and [[Australia]] often provide specialists to enhance the training of Burma's police.<ref name=":2" /> Personnel: 72,000 (including 4,500 Combat/SWAT Police)

==Rank structure==
{{main|Military ranks of Myanmar}}
===Commissioned officer ranks===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
|-
| rowspan=2| '''{{flagicon image|Flag of the Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) of Myanmar.svg}} Myanmar Armed Forces'''<ref name="Cooke">{{cite book |last1=Cooke |first1=Melinda W. |editor1-last=Bunge |editor1-first=Frederica M. |title=Burma: a country study |series=Area Handbook |date=1983 |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |lccn=83-25871 |page=256 |edition=3rd |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/burmacountrystud0000fred/page/256/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=limited |access-date=7 July 2024 |chapter=National Security|isbn=978-0-16-001601-1 }}</ref>
| colspan=2| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 10.png|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 9.5.png|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 9.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 8.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 7.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 6.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 5.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 4.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 3.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 2.png|50px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 1.5.png|50px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Myanmar officer rank insignia 1.png|50px]]
|-
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီး}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Builʻkhyupʻmhūʺkrīʺ}}
| colspan=1| {{lang|my|ဒုတိယဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီး}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Dutiya builʻkhyupʻmhūʺkrīʺ}}
| colspan=1| {{lang|my|ဗိုလ်ချုပ်ကြီး}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Builʻkhyupʻkrīʺ}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|ဒုတိယဗိုလ်ချုပ်ကြီး}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Dutiya builʻkhyupʻkrīʺ}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|ဗိုလ်ချုပ်}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Builʻkhyupʻ}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|ဗိုလ်မှူးချုပ်}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Builʻmhūʺkhyupʻ}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီး}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Builʻmhūʺkrīʺ}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|ဒုတိယဗိုလ်မှူးကြီး}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Dutiya builʻmhūʺkrīʺ}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|ဗိုလ်မှူး}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Builʻmhūʺ}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|ဗိုလ်ကြီး}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Builʻkrīʺ}}
| colspan=3| {{lang|my|ဗိုလ်}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Builʻ}}
| colspan=3| {{lang|my|ဒုတိယဗိုလ်}}<br />{{lang|my-Latn|Dutiyabuilʻ}}
|-
| colspan=38| {{hr}}
|-
| Army and air force translation<ref name="Cooke" />
| colspan=2| [[Senior general (Myanmar)|Senior general]]
| colspan=1| [[Vice-senior general]]
| colspan=1| [[Four-star rank (Myanmar)#General/Admiral|General]]
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant general]]
| colspan=2| [[Major general]]
| colspan=2| [[Brigadier general]]
| colspan=2| [[Colonel]]
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant colonel]]
| colspan=2| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| colspan=2| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| colspan=3| [[First lieutenant]]
| colspan=3| [[Second lieutenant]]
|-
| Navy translation<ref name="Cooke" />
| colspan=2| [[Senior general (Myanmar)|Senior admiral]]
| colspan=1| [[Vice-senior general|Vice-senior admiral]]
| colspan=1| [[Four-star rank (Myanmar)#General/Admiral|Admiral]]
| colspan=2| [[Vice admiral]]
| colspan=2| [[Rear admiral]]
| colspan=2| [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]]
| colspan=2| [[Captain (naval)|Captain]]
| colspan=2| [[Commander]]
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant commander]]
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]]
| colspan=3| [[Lieutenant junior grade]]
| colspan=3| [[Sub-lieutenant]]
|}

===Other ranks===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/Blank}}
|-
| rowspan=2| '''{{flagicon image|Flag of the Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) of Myanmar.svg}} Myanmar Armed Forces'''
| colspan=6| [[File:Myanmar-Army-OR-9.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Myanmar-Army-OR-8.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Burma-army-OR-6.svg|50px]]
| colspan=12| [[File:Burma-army-OR-5.svg|50px]]
| colspan=4| [[File:Burma-army-OR-4.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Burma-army-OR-3.svg|50px]]
| colspan=6 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=1| '''No insignia'''
| colspan=1| '''No insignia'''
|-
| colspan=6| {{lang|my|အရာခံဗိုလ်}}<br>{{lang|my-Latn|’araākhaṃ bauilaʻ}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|ဒုတိယအရာခံဗိုလ်}}<br>{{lang|my-Latn|dautaiya ’araākhaṃ bauilaʻ}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|တပ်ခွဲတပ်ကြပ်ကြီး}}<br>{{lang|my-Latn|tapaʻ khavai tapaʻ karpaʻ karīʺ}}
| colspan=12| {{lang|my|တပ်ကြပ်ကြီး}}<br>{{lang|my-Latn|tapaʻ karpaʻ karīʺ}}
| colspan=4| {{lang|my|တပ်ကြပ်}}<br>{{lang|my-Latn|tapaʻ karpaʻ}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|my|ဒုတိယတပ်ကြပ်}}<br>{{lang|my-Latn|dautaiya tapaʻ karpaʻ}}
| colspan=1| {{lang|my|တပ်သား}}<br>{{lang|my-Latn|tapaʻ saāʺ}}
| colspan=1| {{lang|my|တပ်သားသစ်}}<br>{{lang|my-Latn|tapaʻ saāʺ sacaʻ}}
|}

== Air Defence ==
{{Main|Myanmar Air Defense Forces}}
The [[Myanmar Air Defense Forces]] ({{lang|my|လေကြောင်းရန်ကာကွယ်ရေးတပ်ဖွဲ့}}) is one of the major branches of the Tatmadaw. It was established as the Air Defence Command in 1997 but was not fully operational until late 1999. It was renamed the Bureau of Air Defence in the early 2000s. In early 2000s, the Tatmadaw established the Myanmar Integrated Air Defence System (MIADS) ({{lang|my|မြန်မာ့အလွှာစုံပေါင်းစပ်လေကြောင်းရန်ကာကွယ်ရေးစနစ်}}) with help from [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]] and [[China]]. It is a tri-service bureau with units from all three branches of the armed forces. All air defence assets except [[anti-aircraft artillery]] are integrated into MIADS.<ref name="Indrastra MIADS">{{cite web|url=https://www.indrastra.com/2015/12/ANALYSIS-Myanmar-Integrated-Air-Defense-System-0516.html?m=1|title=Myanmar Integrated Air Defense System|author=IndraStra Global Editorial Team|access-date=7 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065753/https://www.indrastra.com/2015/12/ANALYSIS-Myanmar-Integrated-Air-Defense-System-0516.html?m=1|archive-date=31 October 2020|url-status=live|date=30 October 2020}}</ref>

==Military intelligence==
{{Main|Office of the Chief of Military Security Affairs}}
The Office of the Chief of Military Security Affairs (OCMSA), commonly referred to by its Burmese acronym {{lang|my|Sa Ya Pha}} ({{lang|my|စရဖ}}), is a branch of the Myanmar's Armed Forces tasked with intelligence gathering. It was created to replace the Directorate of Defence Services Intelligence (DDSI), which was disbanded in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Paing|first1=Yan|title=Burmese Military Reshuffle Sees New Security Chief Appointed|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/burmese-military-reshuffle-sees-new-security-chief-appointed.html|accessdate=2015-08-18|publisher=The Irrawaddy|date=September 9, 2014|ref=1|archive-date=7 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207213125/http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/burmese-military-reshuffle-sees-new-security-chief-appointed.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Defence industries==
{{Main|Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries}}
The Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries (DI) consists of 25 major factories throughout the country that produce approximately 70 major products for Army, Navy and Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathieson |first=David Scott |date=2023-01-16 |title=Targeting Myanmar's factories of death |url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/targeting-myanmars-factories-of-death/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055826/https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/targeting-myanmars-factories-of-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The main products include [[automatic rifle]]s, [[machine gun]]s, [[sub-machine gun]]s, [[anti-aircraft guns]], complete range of mortar and [[artillery shell|artillery ammunition]], [[aircraft]] and anti-aircraft ammunition, [[tank]] and anti-tank ammunition, [[Bomb|bombs]], [[grenade]]s, [[anti-tank mine]]s, [[anti-personnel mine]]s such as the [[M14 mine|M14]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karenhumanrightsgroup.org/photoreports/2008photos/gallery2008/section5.html |access-date=2 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501105138/http://www.karenhumanrightsgroup.org/photoreports/2008photos/gallery2008/section5.html |archive-date=1 May 2011 |title=Karen Human Rights Group &#124; KHRG Photo Gallery 2008 &#124; Landmines, mortars, army camps and soldiers }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HK04Ae01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229045738/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HK04Ae01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=29 December 2006|title=Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news – Myanmar, the world's landmine capital|access-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> [[pyrotechnics]], commercial [[Explosive|explosives]] and [[commercial products]], and [[Rocket|rockets]] and so forth. DI have produced new [[Assault rifle|assault rifles]] and [[Light machine gun|light machine-guns]] for the infantry. The MA series of weapons were designed to replace the old German-designed but locally manufactured [[Heckler & Koch]] [[Heckler & Koch G3|G3s]] and G4s that equipped Burma's army since the 1960s.<ref name=":2" />

==Political representation in Myanmar's legislature==
25% of the seats in both houses of the [[Pyidaungsu Hluttaw]], Myanmar's legislature, are reserved for military appointees.

===House of Nationalities ({{lang|my|Amyotha Hluttaw}})===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Total seats reserved
! Total votes
! Share of votes
! Outcome of election
! Election leader
|-
![[2010 Burmese general election|2010]]
| {{Composition bar|56|224|hex={{party color|Military}}}}
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|
| {{increase}} 56 seats
| [[Than Shwe]]
|-
![[2012 Burmese by-elections|{{small|(after)}} 2012]]
|{{Composition bar|56|224|hex={{party color|Military}}}}
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|
| {{steady}}
| [[Min Aung Hlaing]]
|-
![[2015 Myanmar general election|2015]]
|{{Composition bar|56|224|{{party color|Military}}}}
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|
| {{Steady}}
| [[Min Aung Hlaing]]
|-
![[2020 Myanmar general election|2020]]
|{{Composition bar|56|224|{{party color|Military}}}}
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|
| {{Steady}}
| [[Min Aung Hlaing]]
|}

===House of Representatives ({{lang|my|Pyithu Hluttaw}})===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Total seats reserved
! Total votes
! Share of votes
! Outcome of election
! Election leader
|-
![[2010 Burmese general election|2010]]
|{{Composition bar|110|440|hex={{party color|Military}}}}
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|
| {{increase}} 110 seats
| [[Than Shwe]]
|-
![[2012 Burmese by-elections|{{small|(after)}} 2012]]
|{{Composition bar|110|440|hex={{party color|Military}}}}
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|
| {{steady}}
| [[Min Aung Hlaing]]
|-
![[2015 Myanmar general election|2015]]
|{{Composition bar|110|440|{{party color|Military}}}}
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|
| {{Steady}}
| [[Min Aung Hlaing]]
|-
![[2020 Myanmar general election|2020]]
|{{Composition bar|110|440|{{party color|Military}}}}
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|
| {{Steady}}
| [[Min Aung Hlaing]]
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|Myanmar}}
* [[Aung San]]
* [[Royal Burmese armed forces]]
* [[Military history of Myanmar]]
* [[Ma Chit Po]]
* [[Myanmar Economic Corporation]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last=Dun | first=Smith | title=Memoirs of the Four-Foot Colonel, Volumes 113–116 | publisher=Cornell University SEAP Publications | year=1980 | isbn=978-0-87727-113-0 | location=Ithaca, New York}}
* {{cite book | last=Hack | first=Karl |author2=Tobias Rettig | title=Colonial armies in Southeast Asia | publisher=Psychology Press | year=2006 | isbn=9780415334136 | edition=illustrated}}
* {{cite book | last=Seekins | first=Donald M. | title = Historical dictionary of Burma (Myanmar), vol. 59 of Asian/Oceanian historical dictionaries | volume=59 | publisher=Sacredcrow Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8108-5476-5 | edition=Illustrated}}
* {{cite book | last=Steinberg | first=David I. | title=Burma/Myanmar: what everyone needs to know | year=2009 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=9780195390681}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.myanmartatmadaw.net/}}
* [http://www.burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=411&lo=d&sl=0 Burma Library Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820002330/http://www.burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=411&lo=d&sl=0 |date=20 August 2019 }}

{{Burma (Myanmar) topics}}
{{Military of Asia}}
{{Association of Southeast Asian Nations Armed Forces}}

[[Category:Military of Myanmar| ]]