View source for Tel Dor

{{Short description|Archeological site in Israel}}
{{about|the ancient cities and archaeological site||Dor (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ancient site
 |name        = Tel Dor 
 |native_name=
 |alternate_name= Tell el-Burj, Khirbet el-Burj (Arabic)
 |image       = PikiWiki Israel 3628 Tel Dors shoreline.JPG
 |alt=
 |caption     = Tel Dor from above
 |map_type    = Israel haifa#Israel
 |map_alt=
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 |coordinates = {{coord|32|37|03|N|34|55|03|E|display=inline,title}}
 |location    = [[Haifa District]], Israel
 |region      = [[Levant]]
 |type        = Settlement
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 |built=
 |abandoned   = 630s
 |epochs=
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 |archaeologists=
 |condition   = In ruins
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}}
[[File:Tulipa agenensis sharonensis 1.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Tulipa agenensis]] sharonensis'', Dor-Habonim beach]]

'''Tel Dor''' ({{langx|he|דוֹר}} or {{Script/Hebrew|דאר}}, meaning "generation", "habitation") or '''Tell el-Burj''', also '''Khirbet el-Burj''' in [[Arabic]] (lit. Tell, or Ruin, of the Tower), is an [[archaeological site]] located on the [[Israeli coastal plain]] of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] next to modern [[moshav]] [[Dor, Israel|Dor]], about {{convert|30|km|mi|sp=us}} south of [[Haifa]], and {{convert|2.5|km|mi|sp=us}} west of [[Hadera]]. Lying on a small headland at the north side of a protected inlet, it is identified with D-jr of Egyptian sources, Biblical Dor, and with Dor/Dora of Greek and Roman sources.<ref>Gibson, S., Kingsley, S. and J. Clarke. 1999. "Town and Country in the Southern Carmel: Report on the Landscape Archaeology Project at Dor," ''Levant'' 31:71-121.</ref>

The documented history of the site begins in the [[Canaan#Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BC)|Late Bronze Age]] (though the town itself was founded in the [[Canaan#Middle Bronze Age (2000–1550 BC)|Middle Bronze Age]], c. 2000 BCE), and ends in the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusader]] period.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} The city was successively ruled by [[Canaanites]], [[Sea Peoples]], [[Phoenicians]], [[ancient Assyrians|Assyrians]], [[Persian Empire|Persians]], [[Greeks]], [[Jews]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]]. The port dominated the fortunes of the town throughout its 3,000 year history. Its primary role in all these diverse cultures was that of a commercial [[entrepôt]] and a gateway between East and West. The remains of the pre-1948 [[Palestinian Arab]] village of [[Tantura]] lie a few hundred meters south of the archaeological site. A [[kibbutz]] and the resort of [[Nahsholim]] were built on the site of the village.

==Etymology==
{{hiero|1=djr<ref name = Bernd/> |2=<hiero>D46-Z4-D21-Z1-T14-N25-O49</hiero>|era=lp|align=right}}

''Dor'' ([[Standard Hebrew|Hebrew]]: דוֹר or דאר, meaning "generation", "habitation"), was known as Dora ({{langx|el|τὰ Δῶρα}})<ref name = Josephus1>Josephus, The Jewish War (1:52).</ref> to the Greeks and Romans, and as '''Dir''' in the Late Egyptian [[Story of Wenamun]].<ref name = Bernd>{{Cite book|title=Die Erzählung des Wenamun: ein Literaturwerk im Spannungsfeld von Politik, Geschichte und Religion|last=Schipper|first=Bernd|publisher=Academic Press Fribourg|year=2005|isbn=3-525-53067-6|location=Göttingen|page=45}}</ref>

The city was known as Dor even before the Greeks arrived or had contact with the peoples in Israel. When the Greeks came to the city and learned its name to be Dor, they called it Dora, possibly after a  Dorus said to be a son of [[Poseidon]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wachsmann |first1=Shelley |last2=Raveh |first2=Kurt |title=A concise nautical history of Dor/Tantura |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=August 1984 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=223–241 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.1984.tb01194.x |bibcode=1984IJNAr..13..223W |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1984.tb01194.x |access-date=22 August 2022 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=Richard |last2=Rengakos |first2=Antonios |last3=Sistakou |first3=Evina |title=Hellenistic Studies at a Crossroads: Exploring Texts, Contexts and Metatexts |date=3 March 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY0FCgAAQBAJ&dq=Dorus+son+poseidon&pg=PT423 |access-date=22 August 2022 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-036813-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Location and identification==
Dora of the classical period has been placed in the ninth mile from [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]], on the way to [[Acre, Israel|Ptolemais]] (Acre). Just at the point indicated was the small village of Tantura, probably an Arabic corruption of ''Dora''.<ref name=Stern>Stern, E. 1994. ''Dor&nbsp;— Ruler of the Seas''. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.</ref>

==Hebrew Bible==
[[File:1759 map Holy Land and 12 Tribes.jpg|thumb|right|250px|1759 map of the Holy Land and 12 tribes, showing Dor as part of Manasseh]]

Many scholars doubt the historical accuracy of biblical texts relevant to times prior to the 9th century BCE. They suggest that the biblical context for such places as early Dor is more mythology than history.<ref>Finkelstein, Israel and Neil Asher Silberman. 2002. ''The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts''. New York: Touchstone.</ref>

In the Hebrew Bible, Dor is depicted as an ancient royal city of the [[Canaanites]], ({{bibleverse|Joshua|12:23}}) whose ruler was an ally of Jabin king of [[Tel Hazor|Hazor]] against [[Joshua]], ({{bibleverse|Joshua 11:1,2|multi=yes}}). It appears to have been within the territory of the tribe of [[Tribe of Manasseh|Manasseh]], though they never managed to conquer it ({{bibleverse|Joshua|17:11}}; {{bibleverse|Judges|1:27}}). It was one of [[Solomon]]'s commissariat districts ({{bibleverse|Judges|1:27}}; {{bibleverse|1 Kings|4:11}}).<ref name=Stern/>{{clarify|reason=Not sure E. Stern is the source for this biblical speculation. The Stern reference was at the end of a passage attached to this one, and dealing with the location and identification of Dora, which has nothing to do with biblical matters and now has its own paragraph.|date=July 2021}}

==History and archaeology==
[[File:תל דור.JPG|thumb|Antiquities at Tel Dor]]
According to [[Israel Antiquities Authority|IAA]] archaeologists, the importance of Dor is that it is the only natural harbour on the [[Levant|Levant coast]] south of the [[Ladder of Tyre]], and thus was occupied continuously from Phoenician times until the late 18th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Freeman-Greenville|first=G.S.P.|title=Reviewed Work: The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land by [[Ephraim Stern]] |journal=[[Journal of the Asiatic Society]]|volume=4|issue=3 |page=327|date=1994|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|jstor=25182937}}</ref> According to [[Josephus]], however, its harbour was inferior to that of [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Josephus |author-link=Josephus |title=Josephus Complete Works |publisher=Kregel Publications |translator=[[William Whiston]] |date=1981|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |page=331|isbn=0-8254-2951-X }}, s.v. ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D15%3Asection%3D331 15.9.6.] (15.331)</ref>

Dor is mentioned in the 3rd-century [[Mosaic of Rehob]] as being a place exempt from tithes, seeing that it was not settled by Jews returning from the [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian exile]] in the 4th century BCE.

=== Early Iron Age (Iron Age I) ===
After the [[Late Bronze Age collapse]], the town appears to have been settled by a migrant group called the [[Tjekker]].

'''Ramesses XI'''. In the Egyptian literary text known as the [[Story of Wenamun]], the main character visits Dor and is received by Tjekker prince named Beder. This layer of the settlement is known archaeologically as Dor XII, and dates from c. 1150–1050 BC.

The city was violently destroyed in the mid-11th century BCE, with the conflagration turning the mud bricks red and depositing a huge layer of ash and debris. [[Ephraim Stern]] linked the city's destruction to the Phoenician conquest of the Tjekkers. After this event, until the end of 1st millennium BCE, the city was inhabited primarily by Phoenicians, despite a brief period of Israelite rule around 1000 BCE.<ref>[[Ephraim Stern|Stern, Ephraim]]  (August 1990). "New Evidence from Dor for the First Appearance of the Phoenicians along the Northern Coast of Israel" ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' No. 279, pp.&nbsp;27–34.</ref>

===Persian period===
For supporting his conquest of [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Egypt]], King [[Cambyses II]] of Persia awarded [[Sidon]] with rule of Dor.{{Sfn|Briant|2002|p=490}}
In ca. 460 BCE, the [[Classical Athens|Athenians]] formed an alliance with the Egyptian leader [[Inaros II|Inaros]] against the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]].<ref>{{cite book |title=History of the Peloponnesian War |last=Thucydides |author-link=Thucydides |others=[[Richard Crawley]] (trans.) |at=1.104 |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_1 |access-date=10 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Library of History |last=Diodorus Siculus |author-link=Diodorus Siculus |others=C. H. Oldfather (trans.) |volume=4 |year=1946 |publisher=Loeb Classical Library |isbn=978-0-674-99413-3 |at=[https://archive.org/details/diodorussiculus09diod/page/11 11.71.3-6] |url=https://archive.org/details/diodorussiculus09diod/page/11 |access-date=10 September 2010 }}</ref> In order to reach the [[Nile Delta]] and support the Egyptians, the Athenian fleet had to sail south. Athens had secured landing sites for their [[trireme]]s as far south as [[Cyprus]], but they needed a way station between Cyprus and Egypt. They needed a naval base on the coast of [[Lebanon]] or [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], but the Phoenician cities of [[Sidon]] and [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] held much of the mainland coast and those cities were loyal to Persia. Fifty miles south of those cities, however, the Athenians found an isolated and tempting target for establishing a way station.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lords of the Sea: The Epic Story of the Athenian Navy and the Birth of Democracy |last=Hale |first=John |year=2009 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=978-0-670-02080-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lordsofseaep00hale/page/102 102–103] |url=https://archive.org/details/lordsofseaep00hale/page/102 |url-access=registration }}</ref>

The Athenians seized Dor from Sidon. Dor had many strategic advantages for the Athenians, starting with its distance from Sidon. The Athenians had a maritime empire built on oared ships. They did not need large tracts of land and instead needed strategically situated coastal sites that had fresh water, provisions and protection from bad weather and enemy attack. Dor had an unfailing freshwater spring near the edge of the sea and to its south a lagoon and sandy beach enclosed by a chain of islets. This was precisely what the Athenian fleet needed for landing their ships and resting their crews. Dor itself was strategically situated. It stood atop a rocky promontory and was protected on its landward side by a marshy swale that formed a natural moat. Beyond the coastal lowlands was [[Mount Carmel]]. The town had Persian-built fortifications. In addition to this, the town had straight streets and Phoenician dye pits for the purpling of cloth. For these reasons, Dor became the most remote outpost of the Athenian navy.

===Hellenistic period===
During the [[Hellenistic period]], Dor became a strategic site frequently contested by the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] and the [[Seleucid Empire]], both vying for control of the region. In 219 BCE, the city, then under Ptolemaic rule, withstood an attack by Seleucid king [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]].<ref name=":0" /> At the turn of the century, Dor, along with the regions of [[Judea]] and [[Phoenicia]], was incorporated into Seleucid rule.<ref name=":1" /> In 138 BCE, Seleucid king [[Antiochus VII Sidetes]] and Jewish leader [[Simon Thassi]] besieged Dor, which was occupied by the usurper [[Diodotus Tryphon]]. This siege led to Tryphon's flight and eventual death.<ref name="Josephus1"/><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The battle is corroborated by the discovery of lead sling bullets and other projectiles found near the site.<ref name=":0" />

At the beginning of the reign of the [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmonean]] king [[Alexander Jannaeus]], Dor was under the control of the tyrant Zoilus, who also ruled [[Caesarea Maritima|Straton's Tower]] and [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. Alexander Jannaeus eventually took control of the city and incorporated it into the Jewish kingdom.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Stewart, A., & Martin, S. R. (2003). Hellenistic Discoveries at Tel Dor, Israel. ''Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens'', ''72''(2), p. 131</ref> In 63 BCE, the Roman general [[Pompey]] conquered Judaea and subsequently annexed Dor to the [[Roman Syria|province of Syria]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Roman period ===
In the early 40s CE, young men in Dor placed a statue of Emperor [[Claudius]] inside a Jewish synagogue, provoking a challenge to Jewish ownership of the space. [[Herod Agrippa|Agrippa]] responded by appealing to [[Publius Petronius|Petronius]], the [[Legatus|legate]] of [[Roman Syria|Syria]], who ordered the statue's removal and reaffirmed Jewish rights to practice their customs freely under imperial decree.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Guy MacLean |title=For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE |date=2021 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24813-5 |location=New Haven |pages=93, 536}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Introduction: Dor and the boundary between Judaea and Syria-Phoenice |date=2011-09-15 |work=Caesarea and the Middle Coast: 1121-2160 |pages=831–836 |editor-last=Ameling |editor-first=Walter |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110222180.831/html |access-date=2024-07-24 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110222180.831 |isbn=978-3-11-022218-0 |editor2-last=Cotton |editor2-first=Hannah M. |editor3-last=Eck |editor3-first=Werner |editor4-last=Isaac |editor4-first=Benjamin|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the early phases of the [[First Jewish–Roman War|Great Jewish Revolt]] against Rome (66–73 CE), [[Gaius Cestius Gallus (governor of Syria)|Cestius Gallus]] held Jewish hostages in Dora, which was described as a city of [[Phoenice (Roman province)|Phoenice]].<ref name=":0" />

Dor's decline seems to have started in the first century, despite evidence suggesting otherwise.<ref name=":0" /> Excavations have revealed numerous Roman-period structures, including a theater, public building, baths, and temples. Underwater surveys show artifacts spanning from the [[Herodian kingdom|Herodian period]] to the mid-seventh century. Epigraphical evidence indicates a thriving urban life during the Roman era, with dedications to emperors and local officials.<ref name=":0" /> The town appears on the [[Tabula Peutingeriana]], indicating its significance as a coastal station during the Roman period. A second-century papyrus also mentions it.<ref name=":0" /> Coins minted in Dora used a calendar beginning from its separation from the Jewish kingdom by Pompey in 63 BCE, with minting activities continuing into 212 CE.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oliveira |first=Gabriela R. Marques de |date=2021-07-15 |title=Coin and Identity: The Provincial Roman Coinage, a Brief Case Study of Tel Dor's Coins |url=https://socialscienceresearch.org/index.php/GJHSS/article/view/102391 |journal=Global Journal of Human-Social Science |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=D3 |page=42 |issn=2249-460X}}</ref> By [[Jerome]]'s time (340s–420 CE), the town was reportedly deserted.<ref name=":0" />

=== Byzantine period ===
During the [[Byzantine Palestine|Byzantine period]], Dor remained an active settlement. Archaeological findings indicate a vibrant community with evidence of economic, religious, and administrative activities. The town served as a [[Diocese|bishopric]], with bishops documented in 449 (just a few decades after Jerome described it as deserted), and again in 518 and 553. The place is mentioned in two lists from the 6th century. Additionally, a Byzantine church discovered from this period was found to remain in use into the Islamic period.<ref name=":0" />

===State of Israel===
A [[moshav]] south of Tel Dor is named "[[Dor (moshav)|Dor]]" after the ancient city.

The Palestinian victims of the 1948 [[Tantura massacre]] are buried in a [[mass grave]] under a car park for the nearby Tel Dor beach.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raz |first=Adam |date=2022-01-20 |title=There's a mass Palestinian grave at a popular Israeli beach, veterans confess |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-01-20/ty-article-magazine/theres-a-mass-palestinian-grave-at-a-popular-israeli-beach-veterans-confess/0000017f-f230-d223-a97f-fffdbd5b0000 |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=correspondent |first2=Bethan McKernan Jerusalem |date=2023-05-25 |title=UK study of 1948 Israeli massacre of Palestinian village reveals mass grave sites |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/25/study-1948-israeli-massacre-tantura-palestinian-village-mass-graves-car-park |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Excavation history==
[[File:Evandigging.jpg|thumb|250px|Excavations at Tel Dor]]
[[File:Eolianite beach Dor Israel.jpg|thumb|250px|Beach at Tel Dor]]

Tel Dor ("the Ruin of Dor") was first investigated in the 1920s by [[John Garstang]], on behalf of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. J. Leibowitz excavated in the lower town around the [[tell (archaeology)|tell]] in the 1950s. From 1979 to 1983, [[Claudine Dauphin]] excavated a church east of the tell. Avner Raban excavated harbour installations and other constructions mainly south and west of the mound in 1979 - 1984. Underwater surveys around the site were carried out by Kurt Raveh, Shelley Wachsman and Saen Kingsley.  [[Ephraim Stern]], of the Institute of Archaeology at the [[Hebrew University]], directed twenty seasons of excavations at the site between 1980 and 2000, in cooperation with the [[Israel Exploration Society]].<ref>STERN, EPHRAIM. "EXCAVATIONS AT DOR, FINAL REPORT: VOLUME I A—AREAS A AND C: INTRODUCTION AND STRATIGRAPHY." Qedem Reports, vol. 1, 1995, pp. 1–369</ref> The eleven excavation areas opened have revealed a wealth of information about the [[History of the ancient Levant#Iron Age|Iron Age]], [[History of the ancient Levant#Classical Age|Persian, Hellenistic and Early Roman]] periods.

==Archaeological findings==
===Purple dye production ===
As of 2001, excavations at the site have yielded an apparatus for the production of a purple dye solution, dating to the Persian and Hellenistic periods, wherein there was still a thick layer of [[quicklime]] (calcium oxide) which served, according to scholars, in helping to separate the dye from the mollusks after they had been broken and removed from their shells.<ref>{{cite book |author-last1=Spanier |author-first1=Yossi |title=Limekilns in the Land of Israel (כבשני סיד בארץ-ישראל) |author-last2=Sasson |author-first2=Avi |date=2001 |publisher=[[Land of Israel Museum]] |location=Ariel: Jerusalem |page=8 (Preface) |language=he |oclc=48108956 |author-link2=Avi Sasson}}</ref> These mollusks were primarily imported into the region from other places along the Mediterranean coast, and consisted of species [[Phorcus turbinatus]], [[Patella caerulea]], [[Stramonita haemastoma]], [[Hexaplex trunculus]], among other species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gilboa|first1=Ayelet |last2=Sharon |first2=Ilan |last3=Zorn  |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Matskevich |first4=Sveta |title=Excavations at Dor, Final Report: Volume IIB Area G, The Late Bronze and Iron Ages: Pottery, Artifacts, Ecofacts and other Studies |journal=Qedem Reports |publisher=Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem|volume=11|year=2018|pages=III–340 |jstor=26493565|language=en }}</ref>

=== Neolithic tsunami ===
In 2020, archaeologists discovered evidence of a tsunami that destroyed middle [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] coastal settlements in Tel Dor. The tsunami occurred at some time between 7900 - 7200 BCE. It traveled between 3.5 and 1.5&nbsp;km inland and was approximately 16 m high. Recovery in the affected areas was slow but overall, it did not significantly affect the social development of the southern Levant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shtienberg |first1=Gilad |last2=Yasur-Landau |first2=Assaf |last3=Norris |first3=Richard D. |last4=Lazar |first4=Michael |last5=Rittenour |first5=Tammy M. |last6=Tamberino |first6=Anthony |last7=Gadol |first7=Omir |last8=Cantu |first8=Katrina |last9=Arkin-Shalev |first9=Ehud |last10=Ward |first10=Steven N. |last11=Levy |first11=Thomas E. |date=2020 |title=A Neolithic mega-tsunami event in the eastern Mediterranean: Prehistoric settlement vulnerability along the Carmel coast, Israel |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=12 |article-number=e0243619 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243619 |doi-access=free |pmid=33362214 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543619S |pmc=7757801 }}</ref> Whilst the tsunami is not identified with the [[Biblical flood]], it is believed to contribute to the [[flood myth]]s found in numerous cultures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiderra |first=Inga |date=December 23, 2020 |title=Massive Tsunami Hit the Neolithic Middle East 9,000+ Years Ago |url=https://today.ucsd.edu/index_redis_default_site.php?/story/massive-tsunami-hit-the-neolithic-middle-east-9000-years-ago&/pressrelease/massive-tsunami-hit-the-neolithic-middle-east-9000-years-ago |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215044613/https://today.ucsd.edu/index_redis_default_site.php?/story/massive-tsunami-hit-the-neolithic-middle-east-9000-years-ago&/pressrelease/massive-tsunami-hit-the-neolithic-middle-east-9000-years-ago |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |website=UC San Diego Today}}</ref>

==Museum==
[[File:Nahsholim-Tel-Dor-3020.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Former glass factory at Nahsholim, now a museum]]

The historic 'Glasshouse' museum building, located in kibbutz [[Nahsholim]], some 500 meters south of the site itself, now houses the Center for Nautical and Regional Archaeology at Dor (CONRAD), consisting of the expedition workrooms and a museum displaying the finds from Tel Dor and its region such as documenting the city's importance in the ancient world as a manufacturer of the prestigious [[Azure (color)|azure]] and [[crimson]] colours from [[sea snail]]s.<ref>[http://www.mizgaga.com/Site/pages/homePage.asp HaMizgaga Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629023242/http://www.mizgaga.com/Site/pages/homePage.asp |date=2008-06-29 }}</ref> The house is an old glass-making factory from the 19th century built by Baron [[Edmond James de Rothschild]].<ref>[http://www.bashanfoundation.org/finalhistory2.html History of the Bashan family<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122020709/http://www.bashanfoundation.org/finalhistory2.html |date=2008-11-22 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Dor}}
{{Portal|History|Israel}}
*[[Cities of the ancient Near East]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Briant |first=Pierre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC |title=From Cyrus to Alexander: A history of the Persian Empire |date=2002 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=9781575061207 |location=Winona Lake, IN |pages= |language=en}}
* Olami, Y., Sender, S. and Oren, E., ''Map of Dor (30)'' (Jerusalem, Israel Antiquities Authority, 2005).
* Full Tel Dor bibliography http://dor.huji.ac.il/bibliography.html

==External links==
* [http://dor.huji.ac.il/ Tel Dor Project] Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of Haifa and Boston University.
* [[doi:10.6078/M7PG1PTT|Open data from excavations in Area G at Tel Dor]]
* Gilad Shtienberg ''et&nbsp;al.'': [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0243619 A Neolithic mega-tsunami event in the eastern Mediterranean: Prehistoric settlement vulnerability along the Carmel coast, Israel]. In: PLOS ONE. 23 December 2020. [[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243619]]. — Dor paleo-tsunami:
:* [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-12/p-efa121620.php Evidence for a massive paleo-tsunami at ancient Tel Dor, Israel]. On: EurekAlert! Dec 23, 2020.
:* [http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/neolithic-mega-tsunami-israel-09188.html Archaeologists Find Evidence of Neolithic Mega-Tsunami in Israel]. On: sci-news. Dec 24, 2020.

{{Phoenician cities and colonies}}
{{Sites of the Israelite Settlement}}

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[[Category:Sea Peoples]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible cities]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Israel]]
[[Category:Hof HaCarmel Regional Council]]
[[Category:Tells (archaeology)]]
[[Category:Phoenician cities]]