View source for Telecommunications in Tunisia

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'''Telecommunications in Tunisia''' includes telephones (fixed and mobile), radio, television, and the Internet. The [[Ministry of Communication Technologies (Tunisia)|Ministry of Communication Technologies]], a cabinet-level [[Government of Tunisia|governmental agency]], is in charge of organizing the sector.

==Telephones==
{{See also |Telephone numbers in Tunisia}}

*International calling code: 216 (for calls from outside of Tunisia)<ref name=BBC-Tunisia-Facts>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14107553 "Tunisia profile: Facts"], ''BBC News'', 14 December 2011</ref>
*International call prefix: 00 (for international calls from within Tunisia)
*Fixed lines: 1.2 million (2011),<ref name=CIAWFB-Tkunisia-5Feb2013>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia/ "Tunisia profile"], ''World Factbook'', U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 5 February 2013</ref> 1.3 million (2009),<ref name=CIAWFB-Tunisia-18Oct2011>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia/ "Tunisia profile"], ''World Factbook'', U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 18 October 2011</ref> 1.2 million (2005); 654,000 (1997)
*Mobile cellular: 12.4 million (2011),<ref name=CIAWFB-Tkunisia-5Feb2013/> 9.8 million (2009),<ref name=CIAWFB-Tunisia-18Oct2011/> 7.2 million (2007); 1.9 million (2003); 50,000 (1998)
*Teledensity: ~100 telephones per 100 persons (fixed-line and mobile-cellular combined)<ref name=CIAWFB-Tunisia-18Oct2011/>
*System: Above the African average and continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; telephone network is completely digitized<ref name=CIAWFB-Tunisia-18Oct2011/>
**domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay
**international: 5 submarine cables; 2 satellite earth stations - Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; 2 international gateway digital switches

==Radio and television==
{{See also|Établissement de la Radiodiffusion-Télévision Tunisienne|Radio Tunisienne|Télévision Tunisienne}}
First radio service began in 1935 in Tunisia.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yushi Chiba |title=Media History of Modern Egypt: A Critical Review |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2433/155745|journal=Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series|page=6|year=2010|volume=84 |hdl=2433/155745}}</ref> 

*Radio stations: Several state-owned and private radio networks (2012)<ref name=BBC-Tunisia-Media/>
*Radios: 2.06 million (1997){{update after|2013|2|21}}
*Television stations: State-owned and private national TV channels; Egyptian, French, and pan-Arab satellite TV command large audiences (2012)<ref name=BBC-Tunisia-Media>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14107557 "Tunisia profile: Media"], ''BBC News'', 15 June 2012</ref>
*Televisions: 920,000 (1997){{update after|2013|2|21}}
*Households with television: 91.7% (2003)<ref>[http://www.nationmaster.com/country/ts-tunisia/med-media "Tkunisia > Media"], Nation Master, accessed 21 October 2011</ref>{{update after|2013|2|21}}

The government of former President Ben Ali tightly controlled the press and broadcasting. But since the 2011 popular revolt, many journalists have enjoyed new-found freedoms. The number of radio and TV channels and print publications has increased, as has their freedom to report and debate political and social issues. State TV, which had toed the government line, has changed tack, giving airtime to the former opposition.<ref name=BBC-Tunisia-Media/>

Prior to the Tunisian revolution there were four private radio stations operating in Tunisia. In June 2011, following the [[Tunisian revolution]], a recommendation to license twelve new private radio stations was forwarded to the interim Prime Minister. In August 2011 none of the recommendations had been acted upon. However, several stations began broadcasting under time-limited provisional licenses. The stations operate without specific operating rules because a new regulatory framework is not yet in place.<ref>[http://www.latunisievote.org/en/politics/item/253-new-private-radios-authorized-but-still-voiceless "New Private Radios: Authorized but still Voiceless"], Latifa Al-Mekbali, 27 August 2011</ref><ref>[http://nawaat.org/portail/2012/07/17/tunisia-the-hijacking-of-free-radio/ "Tunisia: The hijacking of free radio"], Sana Sbouai, [[Nawaat]], 17 July 2012</ref> In part due to the lack of a regulatory framework the government's National Office of Broadcasting (ONT) requires broadcasters to pay a licensing fee of 120,000 dinars (approximately $75,000), and while that license is not necessary to broadcast, it confers a certain amount of legitimacy that broadcasters need to draw advertisers. The large fee is difficult for new start-up stations and the new stations feel that the fees provide an unfair advantage for the older more established private groups organized under the previous regime.<ref>[http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/11/14/emerging-from-the-underground-pirate-radio-seeks-legitimacy/ "Emerging from the Underground, Pirate Radio Seeks Acceptance"], Paul Rosenfeld, ''Tunisia Live'', 14 November 2012</ref>

==Internet==
{{Main |Internet in Tunisia |Tunisian Internet Agency}}

*[[Country codes|Top level domain (TLD)]]: [[.tn]]<ref name=BBC-Tunisia-Facts/>
*Access: Available throughout the country using a [[fibre-optic]] backbone<ref name=budde-2011>[https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Tunisia-Telecoms-Mobile-Broadband-and-Forecasts.html "Tunisia - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Forecasts"], Budde.com.au, accessed 21 October 2011</ref>
*Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 12 (2005){{update after|2013|2|21}}
*International bandwidth: 62&nbsp;Gbit/s in 2012, 50&nbsp;Gbit/s in 2010, 1.3&nbsp;Gbit/s in 2006<ref>[http://www.mincom.tn/index.php?id=312&L=2 "Capacity of International Internet Bandwidth"], Tunisian Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies, retrieved 20 February 2013</ref>
*Internet users: 4,196,564 (2012),<ref name=IWS-Tunisia>[http://www.internetworldstats.com/africa.htm#tz "Tunisia"], Internet World Stats, accessed 20 February 2013</ref> 840,000 (2005); 410,000 (2001)
*Internet penetration: 39.1% (2011), 36.8% (2010), 17.1% (2007), 9.7% (2005), 2.8% (2000)<ref>[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/material/excel/Individuals%20using%20the%20Internet2000-2011.xls "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2011"], spreadsheet, International Telecommunication Unions (ITU), Geneva, 2011</ref>
*Fixed (wired) Internet subscriptions: 604,102 (2011); 543,290 (2010); 253,149 (2007); 150,220 (2005); 36,657 (2000)<ref>[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/material/excel/FixedInternetsubscriptions%202000-2010.xls "Fixed (wired)-Internet subscriptions 2000-2011"], spreadsheet, International Telecommunication Unions (ITU), Geneva, 2011</ref>
*Broadband Internet subscribers: 544,392 or 5.1% (2011),<ref>[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/material/excel/Fixed%20broadband%202000-2011.xls "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions 2000-2011"], spreadsheet, International Telecommunication Unions (ITU), Geneva, 2011</ref> 481,810 or 4.6% (2010),<ref name=ITU-KGTI-2011>[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/at_glance/keytelecom.html "Key Global Telecom Indicators for the World Telecommunication Service Sector"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303061300/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/at_glance/KeyTelecom.html |date=2013-03-03 }}, International Telecommunication Unions (ITU), Geneva, 2011</ref> 372,818 or 3.6% (2009), 43,845 or 0.4% (2006)<ref>[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/tunisia/fixed-broadband-internet-subscribers "Tunisia - fixed broadband internet subscribers"], Index Mundi, accessed 21 October 2011</ref>
*Facebook subscribers: 2,602,640 (2011)<ref name=IWS-Tunisia/>
*Facebook penetration: 24.5% (2011)<ref name=IWS-Tunisia/>
*Public CyberCafés: 350 (2005){{update after|2013|2|21}}

==Information and communications technology==
The Tunisian government considers [[information and communications technology]] (ICT) an important tool to boost the country's economy and to adapt the education system to the opportunities available from using Information Technology (IT) as a tool. [[E-commerce]], [[e-learning]], and [[Telemedicine|e-medicine]] are all areas of strong interest where the Government is seeking international partnership and investments. During the last 15 years, several important efforts were made to invest in ICT and the Internet. Physical infrastructures were modernised. In July 2004 the World Bank approved a  $13 million loan to the Tunisian government to support the government effort in accelerating its ICT reforms. Though, beyond the high priority the government is giving to ICT, development of telecommunications in Tunisia has been slower than expected compared to other developing countries in [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]].<ref>[https://members.weforum.org/pdf/GITR10/Part2/Chap%203_ICT%20in%20Tunisia.pdf "Chapter 2.3: ICT on Tunisia: A Strategic Lever for Building a Knowledge-Based Economy"], Tawfix Jelassi, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (France), ''The Global Information Technology Report 2009-2010'', World Economic Forum, 9 March 2010</ref>

==2005 World Summit on the Information Society==
{{Main |World Summit on the Information Society}}

The first World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) was held in Geneva in 2003. [[Tunisia]] hosted the second World Summit in November 2005. The Tunisian government took the initiative to host the summit in 1998. It was organised by the [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) under the auspices of [[UNESCO]]. A declaration of Principles and Plan of Action were approved in order to bridge the [[digital gap]] between developing and developed countries within the World Information Society.<ref>[http://www.itu.int/wsis/tunis/index.html "Second Phase of the WSIS, 16-18 November 2005, Tunis"], World Summit on the Information Society, International Telecommunication Union, retrieved 20 February 2013</ref>

==See also==
* [[Higher School of Communication of Tunis]]
* [[Moez Chakchouk]]
* [[Media of Tunisia]]
* [[Economy of Tunisia]]

==References==
{{Reflist |30em}}

{{Economy of Tunisia}}
{{Africa topic|Telecommunications in}}
{{Telecommunications}}

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[[Category:Telecommunications in Tunisia| ]]
[[Category:Communications in Tunisia| ]]