View source for Tell (archaeology)

{{short description|Ancient settlement mound}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Tell Barri 1.jpg|thumb|[[Tell Barri]], northeastern [[Syria]], from the west; this is {{convert|32|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} high, and its base covers {{convert|37|ha|acre|abbr=off}}]]
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 71724 tel sheva national park.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Be'er Sheva]],  [[Beersheva]], [[Israel]]]]

In [[archaeology]], a '''tell'''{{efn|name=Borowski}} (from {{langx|ar|{{script|Arab|تَلّ}}}}, {{transliteration|ar|tall}} {{gloss|mound, small hill}}){{sfn|Kirkpatrick|1983|p=1330}} is an artificial topographical feature, a [[mound]]{{efn|name=mound}} consisting of the accumulated and stratified debris of a succession of consecutive settlements at the same site, the refuse of generations of people who built and inhabited them and natural sediment.{{sfn|Shaw|2002|p=566}}{{sfn|Negev|Gibson|2001|p=497}}{{sfn|Matthews|2014}}{{efn|name=paradox}}

Tells are most commonly associated with the [[ancient Near East]] but are also found elsewhere, such as in [[Southern Europe]] and parts of [[Central Europe]], from [[Greece]] and [[Bulgaria]] to [[Hungary]] and [[Spain]],{{sfn|Bailey&al|1998|pp=373–396}}<ref name=ABGmap>{{harvnb|Blanco-González|Kienlin|2020}}, see map.</ref> and in [[North Africa]].{{sfn|Shaw|2002|p=566}}{{sfn|MacDonald|1997|pp=40–42}}{{sfn|Davidson&al|2010|pp=1564–1571}}{{sfn|Kotsakis|1999|p=66}} Within the Near East they are concentrated in less arid regions, including [[Upper Mesopotamia]], the [[Southern Levant]], [[Anatolia]] and [[Iran]], which had more continuous settlement.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2003|pp=100–127}} [[Eurasia]]n tells date to the [[Neolithic]],{{sfn|Blanco-González|Kienlin|2020}} the Chalcolithic and the Bronze and Iron Ages.{{sfn|Chapman|2020}} In the Southern Levant the time of the tells ended with the conquest by [[Alexander the Great]], which ushered in the [[Hellenistic]] period with its own, different settlement-building patterns.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Many tells across the Near East continue to be occupied and used today.{{sfn|ASOR|2019}}

==Etymology==
The word ''tell'' is first attested in English in an 1840 report in the ''[[Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|Journal of the Royal Geographical Society]]''.{{sfn|OED - tell}} It is derived from the Arabic {{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|تَلّ}}}} ({{transliteration|ar|tall}}) meaning "mound" or "hillock".{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|1983|p=1330}} Variant spellings include ''tall'', ''tel'', ''til'' and ''tal''.{{sfn|Hirst|2019}}

The Arabic word has many [[cognate]]s in other [[Semitic languages]], such as [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] {{transliteration|akk|tīlu(m)}} ({{lang|akk|𒋾𒇻}}/{{lang|akk|𒋾𒄿𒈝}}), [[Ugaritic language|Ugaritic]] {{transliteration|uga|tl}} ({{lang|uga|{{script|Ugar|𐎚𐎍}}}}){{sfn|Leslau|1958|p=55}} and [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] {{transliteration|he|tel}} ({{lang|he|{{script|Hebr|תל}}}}).{{sfn|Biblehub: tel}} The Akkadian form is similar to [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] {{transliteration|sux|DUL}}, which can also refer to a pile of any material, such as grain, but it is not known whether the similarity reflects a borrowing from that language or if the Sumerian term itself was a loanword from an earlier Semitic [[Stratum (linguistics)|substrate language]].{{sfn|Suriano|2012|pp=214, notes 17–19}} If Akkadian {{transliteration|akk|tīlu}} is related to another word in that language, {{transliteration|akk|til'u}}, meaning "woman's breast", there exists a similar term in [[South Semitic languages|the South Semitic]] classical Ethiopian language of [[Geʽez]], namely {{transliteration|gez|təla}}, "breast".{{sfn|Leslau|1958|p=55}} Hebrew {{transliteration|he|tel}} first appears in the biblical book of [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] {{Bibleverse|Deut||13:16|1000|13:16}} (c. 700–500 BCE),{{sfn|Bos|2013}} describing a heap or small mound and appearing in the books of [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] and [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] with the same meaning.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===Equivalents===
There are lexically unrelated equivalents for this geophysical concept of a town-mound in other [[Southwest Asia]]n languages, including {{transliteration|arz|kom}} in [[Egyptian Arabic]],{{sfn|Shaw|2002|p=567}} {{wikt-lang|tr|tepe}} or {{lang|tr|tappeh}} ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]/{{Langx|fa|{{script|fa-Arab|تپه}}}}), {{lang|tr|hüyük}} or {{lang|tr|höyük}} (Turkish) and ''[[Chogha (disambiguation)|chogha]]'' ({{Langx|fa|{{script|fa-Arab|چغا}}|links=no}}, from Turkish {{lang|tr|çokmak}} and derivatives {{lang|tr|çoka}} etc.).{{sfn|Matthews|2020|p=7260}}

===In toponyms===
Equivalent words for town-mound often appear in place names,{{sfn|Hirst|2019}} and the word "tell" itself is one of the most common [[prefix]]es for Palestinian [[toponym]]s.{{sfn|Warfield|1885|p=274}} The Arabic word ''[[khirbet]]'', also spelled ''khirbat'' ({{Lang|ar|{{script|Arab|خربة}}}}), meaning "ruin", also occurs in the names of many archaeological tells, such as [[Et-Tell|Khirbet et-Tell]] (roughly meaning "heap of ruins").{{sfn|Wagemakers|2014|p=40}}

==Formation==
[[File:Citadel of Aleppo.jpg|thumb|The [[Citadel of Aleppo]], northern [[Syria]], on top of a tell occupied since at least the third millennium BCE]]
[[File:תל מגידו.JPG|thumb|[[Tel Megiddo]], northern [[Israel]]]]

A tell can form only if natural and man-made material accumulates faster than it is removed by [[erosion]] and [[Truncation (archaeology)|human-caused truncation]],{{sfn|Matthews|2014}} which explains the limited geographical area they occur in.{{original research inline|date=October 2021}}

Tells are formed from a variety of remains, including organic and cultural refuse, collapsed [[mudbrick]]s and other building materials, water-laid sediments, residues of biogenic and geochemical processes and [[Aeolian processes|aeolian sediment]].{{sfn|Wilkinson|2003|p=108}} A classic tell looks like a low, truncated cone with sloping sides{{sfn|Albright|1949|p=16}} and a flat, [[mesa]]-like top.{{sfn|Suriano|2012|p=213}} They can be more than {{convert|43|m|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|Matthews|2020|p=7260}}

== Occurrence ==
===Southwest Asia===
[[File:Tell Barri 2.jpg|thumb|[[Tell Barri]], northeastern [[Syria]]]]

The earliest known examples of tells are in the [[Jordan Valley]], such as at the 10-meter-high mound, dating back to the [[Neolithic|proto-Neolithic period]], at [[Tell es-Sultan]] (Jericho) in the [[West Bank]].{{sfn|Shaw|2002|p=566}} More than 5,000 tells have been detected in the [[Southern Levant]], covering Jordan, Israel, and Palestine.{{sfn|Lapp|1975|p=1}} Of these, [[Nancy Lapp|Paul Lapp]] calculated in the 1960s that 98% had yet to be touched by archaeologists.{{sfn|Lapp|1975|p=1}}

In Syria, tells are abundant in the [[Upper Mesopotamia]] region, scattered along the [[Euphrates]], including [[Tell al-'Abr]], [[Tall Bazi|Tell Bazi]], Tell Kabir, Tell Mresh, Tell Saghir and [[Tell Banat]].{{sfn|Porter|2018|pp=195–224}} The last is thought to be the site of the oldest [[war memorial]] (known as the White Monument), dating from the 3rd millennium BCE.{{sfn|Porter|McClellan|Wilhelm|Weber|2021|pp=900–918}}

===Europe===
Tells can be found in Europe in countries such as Spain, Hungary, [[Romania]],<ref name=ABGmap /> Bulgaria,{{sfn|Bailey&al|1998|p=378}} [[North Macedonia]], and [[Greece]].<ref name=ABGmap />

Northeastern Bulgaria has a rich archaeological heritage of [[Chalcolithic|eneolithic]] (4900–3800 BCE{{sfn|Bailey&al|1998|p=375)}}) tells from the 5th millennium BCE.{{sfn|Bailey&al|1998|p=378}}

In Neolithic Greece there is a contrast between the northern [[Thessaly|Thessalian]] plain, where rainfall was sufficient to permit densely populated settlements based on [[dry-farming]], and the more dispersed sites in southern Greece, such as the [[Peloponesus]], where early villages sprang up around the smaller arable tracts close to springs, lakes, and marshes.{{sfn|Bintliff|2012|p=53}} Two models account for the tell structures of this part of southern Europe, one developed by Paul Halstead and the other by John Chapman. Chapman envisaged the tell as witness to a nucleated [[communal society]], whereas Halstead emphasized the idea that they arose as individual household structures.{{sfn|Bintliff|2012|pp=53–54}} Thessalian tells often reflect small hamlets with a population of around 40–80.{{sfn|Bintliff|2012|p=55}}

The [[Toumba]]s of Macedonia and the Magoulas of Thessaly are the local names for tell sites in these regions of Greece.

==See also==
* [[List of tells]]
* [[Acropolis]]
* [[Archaeological site]]
* [[Midden]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist| refs =<!-- Please keep the following list-defined references (WP:LDR) in alphabetical order by refname -->

{{efn|name=Borowski|Oded Borowski notes that, when transliterating a Hebrew toponym, the English spelling is '''tel''', as opposed to conversion from Arabic, when the word is written "tell". {{harv|Borowski|2021}}}}

{{efn|name=mound|"Artificial mounds are a characteristic feature of permanent and semipermanent settlement locations in past cultural landscapes, particularly on sedimentary plains, but also in arid and semiarid regions." {{harv|Orengo|Conesa|Garcia-Molsosa|Lobo|2020|p=18240}}}}

{{efn|name=paradox|"It is a paradox that a tell cannot by definition begin life as a tell – its earliest incarnation is as a flat site, like other flat sites in its vicinity. Such places did not take on the visual characteristics of tells for some generations but remained ''in statu nascendi''. There is a critical time between the first reoccupation of a placed and the physical manifestation of a mound-a period of generations, if not centuries… The physical transformation of a tell-to-be into a tell depends upon two long-term physical concentrations – of people and house daub.. The nucleation of people in households living close to one another is the first prerequisite of tell-becoming." {{harv|Chapman|2000|p=207}}}}

}}<!-- Please keep the above list-defined references (WP:LDR) in alphabetical order by refname -->

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Expanding the Dimensions of Early Agricultural Tells: The Podgoritsa Archaeological Project, Bulgaria
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}}
*{{Cite book| title = The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D
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}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Introduction: Learning from Prehistoric Tells
 | last1 = Blanco-González | first1 = Antonio
 | last2 = Kienlin | first2 = Tobias L.
 | year = 2020
 | title = Current Approaches to Tells in the Prehistoric Old World: A cross-cultural comparison from Early Neolithic to the Iron Age
 | editor1-last = Blanco-González | editor1-first = Antonio
 | editor2-last = Kienlin | editor2-first = Tobias L.
 | publisher = [[Oxbow Books]]
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R6QGEAAAQBAJ
 | isbn = 978-1-78925-487-7
}}
*{{cite web| title = How to Tell a Tell: Uncovering buried cities of the biblical world
 | last = Borowski | first = Oded
 | website = biblicalarchaeology.org
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 | url = https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/how-to-tell-a-tell/
 | date = 13 September 2021 | access-date = 12 May 2024
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Reconsidering the Date and Provenance of the Book of Hosea
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 | isbn = 978-0-415-15803-9
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Then, Now, to Come – A Commentary
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 | title = Current Approaches to Tells in the Prehistoric Old World: A cross-cultural comparison from Early Neolithic to the Iron Age
 | editor1-last = Blanco-González | editor1-first = Antonio
 | editor2-last = Kienlin | editor2-first = Tobias L.
 | publisher = [[Oxbow Books]]
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R6QGEAAAQBAJ
 | isbn = 978-1-78925-487-7
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Tell formation processes as indicated from geoarchaeological and geochemical investigations at Xeropolis, Euboea, Greece
 | last1 = Davidson | first1 = Donald A.
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 | hdl-access = free
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}}
*{{Cite web| title = What Is a Tell? The Remnants of Ancient Mesopotamian Cities
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
*{{Cite journal | title = More forgotten tells of Mali: an archaeologist's journey from here to Timbuktu
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| hdl-access = free}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia| title = Tells in Archaeology
 | last = Matthews | first = Wendy | year = 2020
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 | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology
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 | url = https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_1512
 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_1512 | isbn = 978-3-030-30016-6 | s2cid = 241215415
| url-access = subscription
 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia| title = Tell
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 | year = 2001
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}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Automated detection of archaeological mounds using machine-learning classification of multisensor and multitemporal satellite data
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 | bibcode = 2020PNAS..11718240O | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2005583117 | pmc = 7414161 | pmid = 32690717
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}}
*{{cite book| chapter = The Tell Banat Settlement Complex during the Third and Second Millennia BCE
 | last = Porter | first = Anne | year = 2018
 | title = From Pottery to Chronology: The Middle Euphrates Region in Late Bronze Age Syria. Proceedings of the International Workshop in Mainz (Germany), May 5-7, 2012
 | editor-last = Otto | editor-first = Adelheid
 | publisher = PeWe-Verlag | location = Gladbeck
 | series = Münchener Abhandlungen zum Alten Orient
 | chapter-url = https://www.vorderas-archaeologie.uni-muenchen.de/forschung/projekt_syrien/literatur_bazi/2018f_maao-1-porter.pdf
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 | isbn = 978-3-935012-29-4
}}
*{{cite journal | title = "Their corpses will reach the base of heaven": a third-millennium BC war memorial in northern Mesopotamia?
 | last1 = Porter | first1 = Anne
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 | last4 = Weber | first4 = Jill
 | last5 = Baldwin | first5 = Alexandra
 | last6 = Colley | first6 = Jean
 | last7 = Enriquez | first7 = Brittany
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 | last10 = Malinov | first10 = Vladislav
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 | journal = Antiquity
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 | date = August 2021 | volume = 95 | issue = 382 | pages = 900–918
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}}
*{{Cite dictionary| title = Tell
 | last = Shaw | first = Ian | year = 2002
 | dictionary = A Dictionary of Archaeology
 | editor1-last = Shaw | editor1-first = Ian
 | editor2-last = Jameson | editor2-first = Robert
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 | pages = 566–567
 | isbn = 978-0-631-23583-5
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Ruin Hills at the Threshold of the Netherworld: The Tell in the Conceptual Landscape of the Ba'al Cycle and Ancient Near Eastern Mythology
 | last = Suriano | first = Matthew J.
 | journal = Die Welt des Orients
 | year = 2012 | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 210–230
 | doi = 10.13109/wdor.2012.42.2.210 | jstor = 23342127
}}
*{{Cite web| title = tel
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}}
*{{Cite OED|term=tell|id=198786|ref={{harvid|OED - tell}}}}
*{{Cite web| title = TerraWatchers, UCSD, and ASOR CHI Partner to Monitor Archaeological Sites
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}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Khirbet Et-Tell (Ai?)
 | last = Wagemakers | first = Bart | year = 2014
 | title = Archaeology in the 'Land of Tells and Ruins': A History of Excavations in the Holy Land Inspired by the Photographs and Accounts of Leo Boer
 | publisher = [[Casemate Publishers|Oxbow Books]]
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}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = The Scenes of the Baptist's Work
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 | pages = 267–282
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East
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 | pages = 100–127
 | isbn = 978-0-816-52173-9
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book| title = Mounds of the Near East
 | last = Lloyd | first = Seton | year = 1963
 | author-link = Seton Lloyd
 | publisher = [[Edinburgh University Press]]
 | url = https://archive.org/details/moundsoftheneare000330mbp | via = [[Internet Archive]]
 | ref = none
}}
*{{Cite book| title = The Ancient Greeks: Social Structure and Evolution
 | last = Small | first = David B. | year = 2019
 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
 | isbn = 978-0-521-89505-7
 | ref = none
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Tell (archaeology)}}

{{Ancient Mesopotamia}}

[[Category:Tells (archaeology)| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Near East]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in the Near East]]
[[Category:Mounds]]